Дисертації з теми "Social security of judges"
Щоб переглянути інші типи публікацій з цієї теми, перейдіть за посиланням: Social security of judges.
Оформте джерело за APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard та іншими стилями
Ознайомтеся з топ-50 дисертацій для дослідження на тему "Social security of judges".
Біля кожної праці в переліку літератури доступна кнопка «Додати до бібліографії». Скористайтеся нею – і ми автоматично оформимо бібліографічне посилання на обрану працю в потрібному вам стилі цитування: APA, MLA, «Гарвард», «Чикаго», «Ванкувер» тощо.
Також ви можете завантажити повний текст наукової публікації у форматі «.pdf» та прочитати онлайн анотацію до роботи, якщо відповідні параметри наявні в метаданих.
Переглядайте дисертації для різних дисциплін та оформлюйте правильно вашу бібліографію.
1
Ковалюмнус, Е. Л., та E. L. Kovalyumnus. "Правовий механізм захисту трудових та соціальних прав суддів в Україні". Thesis, КНУ ім. Т. Г. Шевченка, 2021. https://openarchive.nure.ua/handle/document/15694.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Дисертацію присвячено дослідженню правового механізму захисту трудових та соціальних прав суддів в Україні. У роботі розкривається поняття та зміст трудових і соціальних прав суддів, а також сутність, соціально-правове значення та структура правового механізму захисту цих прав суддів. У рамках розкриття змісту досліджуваного правового механізму особлива увага приділяється нормативній основі цього механізму, системі суб’єктів захисту прав суддів, а також формам (враховуючи способи і засоби) і методам захисту правового механізму захисту трудових та соціальних прав суддів. Узагальнено основні актуальні проблеми захисту трудових і соціальних прав суддів в Україні, а також сформульовано конкретні пропозиції й рекомендації щодо удосконалення правового регулювання захисту трудових і соціальних прав суддів, зокрема: ратифікація Конвенції Міжнародної організації праці № 151 1978 року та прийняття Закону України «Про захист права на організацію державних службовців», що передбачатиме внесення змін до законодавства про поширення на суддів права на створення профспілки, вступу до неї та виходу з неї; внесення змін до Закону України «Про судоустрій і статус суддів» у частині окреслення переліку трудових і соціальних прав суддів, особливостей, форм і суб’єктів захисту цих прав. В диссертации впервые комплексно раскрыта сущность правового механизма защиты трудовых и социальных прав судей в Украине, а также проблематика его функционирования, в результате чего сформулированы конкретные предложения по его оптимизации, которые предложено учесть в рамках предстоящей судебно-правовой реформы. Обосновывается, что правовой механизм защиты трудовых и социальных прав судей в Украине представляет собой нормативно определённый, основанный на идее социального государства целостный юридический конструкт, охватывающий правовые средства и способы, посредством которых прямо или косвенно реализовывается защитная функция государства относительно защиты трудовых и социальных прав судей. В соответствующем контексте указывается, что данный механизм имеет особое социально-правовое значение, формируя условия надлежащего обеспечения социальной безопасности судей и в обществе в целом, а также способствуя развитию государства в качестве правового и демократического, делая возможной реализацию евроинтеграционных стремлений Украины.
Доказывается, что исследуемый правовой механизм своей структурой охватывает: нормы национального законодательства и международно-правовых актов по защите трудовых и социальных прав человека в целом и судей в частности; общеправовые и специальные правовые принципы защиты прав судей; субъектов защиты трудовых и социальных прав судей, условно разделённых на соответствующих субъектов международного и национального уровня; формы и методы защиты трудовых и социальных прав судей. При этом обращается внимание на то, что структуру системы субъектов защиты трудовых и социальных прав судей можно условно разделить на такие две группы: субъекты международно-правового уровня защиты (международный судебный орган, международные неправительственные организации, осуществляющие защиту трудовых и социальных прав судей); субъекты национального правового уровня защиты (административные суды, органы судейского самоуправления, органы судейского управления, ассоциации судей). На основе критического анализа правозащитного потенциала соответствующих субъектов защиты трудовых и социальных прав судей, особенностей форм (способов и средств) защиты утверждается, что наиболее эффективным образом судья может защитить права в судебном порядке, который непосредственно зависит от уровня обеспечения государством достойного труда и социальной безопасности судей.
Обосновывается позиция, в соответствии с которой на сегодняшний день основными проблемами защиты трудовых и социальных прав судей являются следующие: общее снижение уровня социальной безопасности в государстве; десоциализация сферы труда профессиональных публичных служащих в целом и судей в частности; недостаточное качество правового регулирования функционирования правового механизма защиты трудовых и социальных прав судей; недостаточная эффективность защитного влияния субъектов защиты трудовых и социальных прав судей; частое осуществление в Украине судебно-правовых реформ, не учитывающих потребностей комплексной оптимизации защиты трудовых и социальных прав судей. Для решения вышеизложенных проблем предложено: создать и утвердить концепцию по совершенствованию правового механизма защиты трудовых и социальных прав судей, которая должна быть учтена при проведении очередной судебно-правовой реформы в Украине; привести национальное законодательство в соответствие с международно-правовыми актами, касающимися защиты трудовых и социальных прав работников, в частности госслужащих; принять Закон Украины «О внесении изменений в Закон Украины «О судоустройстве и статусе судей» относительно защиты трудовых и социальных прав судей»; устранить институциональные барьеры, препятствующие эффективной защите трудовых и социальных прав судей в Украине; усилить правозащитные возможности отдельных субъектов защиты трудовых и социальных прав судей, а именно Совета судей Украины и ассоциаций судей.
The dissertation is devoted to the research of the legal mechanism of protection of labor and social rights of judges in Ukraine. The paper reveals the concept and content of labor and social rights of judges, as well as the essence, socio-legal significance and structure of the legal mechanism for the protection of these rights of judges. As part of the disclosure of the content of the studied legal mechanism, special attention is paid to the normative basis of this mechanism, the system of subjects of protection of judges' rights, as well as forms (including methods) and methods of protection of legal mechanism of labor and social rights of judges. The main current issues of protection of labor and social rights of judges in Ukraine are summarized, as well as specific proposals and recommendations for improving the legal regulation of protection of labor and social rights of judges, in particular: ratification of the ILO Convention 1978 151 and development and adoption of the draft Law " On protection of the right to organize civil servants ”, which will provide for amendments to the legislation on extending to judges the right to form, join and leave a trade union; amendments to the Law of Ukraine "On the Judiciary and the Status of Judges" in terms of outlining the list of labor and social rights of judges, features, forms and subjects of protection of these rights.
2
Карпушова, О. В. "Проблеми правового регулювання праці суддів в умовах євроінтеграції України". Thesis, КНУ ім. Т. Г. Шевченка, 2020. http://openarchive.nure.ua/handle/document/14013.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Дисертацію присвячено визначенню та вирішенню проблемних аспектів правового регулювання праці суддів у межах поглибленої євроінтеграції України. Надано комплексну соціально-правову характеристику праці суддів, а саме розкрито соціальне значення праці суддів, визначено критерії та ознаки якісної роботи суддів, що засвідчують її належний соціальний вплив. Встановлено актуальні перешкоди ефективній роботі суддів в Україні, а також стан виконання державою євроінтеграційних завдань відносно поліпшення функціонування судів та суддів. Окреслено комплекс теоретичних і практичних проблем, які перешкоджають забезпеченню трудових прав суддів в Україні, впровадженню в систему правосуддя стандартів гідної праці на всіх етапах існування трудових правовідносин із цією категорією працівників: під час виникнення трудових відносин із кандидатами на посаду судді, у процесі перебігу та припинення трудових відносин із суддями. На підставі аналізу судової практики щодо захисту трудових прав суддів в Україні на кожному з означених етапів встановлено реальні проблеми, з якими стикаються судді на практиці під час реалізації свого права на працю, а також визначено роль судового захисту прав суддів у нашій державі. Виявлено особливості правового регулювання виникнення, перебігу та припинення трудових правовідносин за участю суддів в окремих державахчленах ЄС. Враховуючи проаналізований зарубіжний досвід, сформульовано конкретні пропозиції щодо вдосконалення національного законодавства у досліджуваній сфері. The dissertation is devoted to the search and solution of problematic aspects of legal regulation of judges' work within the framework of deep European integration of Ukraine. The study provides complex socio-legal characteristics of the work of judges. It defines the social significance of the work of judges, determinates the criteria and signs of quality work of judges, which confirm its proper social impact. A complex of theoretical and practical problems that hinder the provision of labor rights of judges in Ukraine and interfere the implementation of decent work standards in the justice system is described. The analysis of problems is made at all stages of the existence of labor legal relations with this category of workers: in the beginning of labor relations with candidates for the position of a judge, in the process and termination of employment with judges. Based on the analysis of judicial practice on the protection of labor rights of judges in Ukraine at each of these stages identified real problems faced by judges in practice during the realization of their right to work. The role of judicial protection of the rights of judges in state is also defined. Peculiarities of legal regulation of the emergence, course, and termination of employmentwith judges in some EU member states areinvestigated. Considering the analyzed foreign experience, specific proposals for improving national legislation in the study area are formulated.
3
MacKay, Donald Bruce. "Ethnicity and Israelite religion, the anthropology of social boundaries in judges." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp02/NQ27686.pdf.
Повний текст джерела
4
Shipman-Sercu, Chris. "A False Sense of Security: The Social Security Debate." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2010. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/65.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
My motivation to write this thesis is based on the controversy surrounding the Social Security system that has recently infiltrated the media. Through my research, I have discovered the debate concerning Social Security is not a recent development but has existed since the 1930’s. Many sources are warning citizens to no longer count on Social Security as they most likely will not receive benefits until a extremely old age if they receive benefits at all. Current retirees are fearful of either a decrease in benefits or not receiving the money they contributed to the system through the years of employment at all. Proposals and options for overhauling the system have moved to center stage in politicians’ agendas and numbers of solutions have surfaced. Unfortunately, this debate is creating a huge divide between party lines in Congress. Some argue for more government control while others advocate privatization. The goal for this thesis is to perform a cost/benefit analysis of the two ideologies and determine which is more practical and realistic for both the government and the people.
5
Wetherille, Patrick. "Reforming Social Security the effects of personal accounts on the beneficiaries of Social Security /." Diss., Connect to the thesis, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10066/585.
Повний текст джерела
6
Chung, Kim-wah, and 鍾劍華. "Social security for rural China." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2004. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31245262.
Повний текст джерела
7
LIMA, MARIANA MARQUES. "BRAZILIAN SOCIAL SECURITY BENEFIT RESERVE." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2007. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=10193@1.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DO PESSOAL DE ENSINO SUPERIORNos últimos anos no Brasil algumas modificações paramétricas foram implementadas na Previdência Social para tentar diminuir o crescente déficit entre os pagamentos de benefícios e o recebimento de contribuições. Nesse trabalho, Previdência Social é estudada sob um ponto de vista diferente: ao invés de uma análise focada apenas nos déficits atuais, utiliza-se a reserva de benefícios concedidos como uma forma de medir o impacto futuro das atuais regras de concessão de aposentadorias e pensões. Dependendo dos parâmetros utilizados, o valor da reserva supera o PIB real de 2005. O resultado também mostra que decisões sobre o aumento real do salário mínimo têm impacto bastante significativo nos gastos com benefício da Previdência Social.
In the last few years the Brazilian Government had implemented some parametrical changes to the Social Security System so to try to diminish the growing deficit in between its benefits and contribution. In this work, the Social Security is studied under a different point of view: instead of looking at nowadays deficits, the necessary reserve to benefits already under payment will be calculated, so as to measure the future impact on the political decisions which are made today. Depending on the assumed parameters, the value of this reserve can be bigger than the GDP in 2005. This result shows also how the real value increase of the minimum wage impacts significantly this reserve.
8
Naka, Poontavika. "Essays on social security insurance." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2018. http://livrepository.liverpool.ac.uk/3020265/.
Повний текст джерела
9
Sainz, de Baranda Pedro 1963. "Social Security reform in Spain." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/34344.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Thesis (M.B.A.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sloan School of Management, 2001.Includes bibliographical references (p. 91-92).
The Spanish public pension system is currently based on the pay as you go (PA YOO) principle. This thesis examines the current structure of this public system and its financial viability in the face of expected demographic changes. First, demographic and macroeconomic models were created extending out to 2050 and, based on them, the finances of the system were estimated assuming that the current regulations would remain largely unchanged. The simulations indicate that the system will show small surpluses for the next years followed by an alarming deterioration beyond 2020, mainly driven by demographic factors such as increasing life expectancy and the reduction in fertility rate observed in the last two decades. The baseline demographic and macroeconomic scenario results in a projected deficit of about 7% of GDP by 2045. This outlook includes a reduction of unemployment and an increase in labor force participation within reasonable limits. It is also shown that high immigration, fertility and productivity growth, again, within reasonable limits, while improving the financial outlook, do not resolve the issue. Without significant reforms, the system will be faced with a reduction in benefits and/or an increase in the payroll-tax by the second quarter of this century. The model is further used to test the effectiveness of potential reforms. We conclude that a permanent solution could be supported on three pillars: 1. The creation of a Pension Fund with the surpluses of the PAYOO system and a creative investment policy such as that recommended by Modigliani et al. 2. The contribution of the prospective surpluses from the unemployment system (INEM) to the fund during a transitory period. 3. Reforms in the pension calculating procedures that will foster participation in the labor force and eliminate some of the distortions introduced by the current system. These reforms would maintain financial viability without having to raise the payroll-tax. Furthermore, the tax could be reduced gradually beyond 2045. Additionally, this reform would combine advantages from funded pension systems, such as deepening of the capital stock and consolidation of the financial markets, with those of PAYOO schemes, such as their redistributive aspects and "defined benefit" character.
by Pedro Sainz de Baranda.
M.B.A.
10
Ptanawanit, Surapone. "Crucial factors in the development of social security in Thailand in comparison with Australia." Connect to full text, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/487.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Sydney, 2002.Title from title screen (viewed Apr. 24, 2008). Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy to the Dept. of Social Work, Social Policy & Sociology, Faculty of Arts. Includes bibliography. Also available in print form.
11
Dean, H. "Social security, social control and the tribunal process." Thesis, University of Kent, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.383014.
Повний текст джерела
12
Reyes, Carlos. "European portability rules for social security benefits and their effects on the national social security systems." SFB International Tax Coordination, WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 2004. http://epub.wu.ac.at/1726/1/document.pdf.
Повний текст джерела
13
Friedman, Nicholas. "Judges, social rules and the Constitution : an empirical inquiry into the foundations of South African law." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2017. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:e2fd7b6e-6667-4d22-a0af-f9e90a95ac5b.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This thesis examines whether HLA Hart's theory of the nature of law has explanatory power for the South African legal system. The thesis discusses and elaborates on the empirical conditions necessary for the existence of the master rule of recognition that Hart posits as the foundation of every legal system properly so-called, and addresses certain difficulties associated with attempts to apply Hart's theory to the concrete facts of any particular legal system. Drawing on a series of in-depth interviews with 12 past and present Justices of the Constitutional Court of South Africa, the thesis then explores whether the existence conditions for a Hartian rule of recognition can be observed in the practices and attitudes of the Justices, insofar as these relate to their judicial decision-making processes. The thesis concludes that many such existence conditions are absent from the Justices' practices and attitudes: (i) the Justices do not appear to converge in their ultimate criteria of legal validity; (ii) the Justices do not perceive a common standard of judicial decision-making amongst their colleagues, but rather see fundamental differences; (iii) at least partly on account of their strong sense of judicial independence, the Justices are unconcerned with the kind of official criticism that is essential to motivate conformity to a Hartian rule of recognition; and (iv) the Justices celebrate, rather than condemn, decision-making processes that depart from their own. The thesis concludes that these findings provide strong prima facie evidence that Hart's theory lacks explanatory power for the South African legal system. It also reflects on the implications of its findings for Hart's theory more generally, and for the project of analytic legal philosophy as it is now conceived by its most prominent advocates.
14
Kharlamova, G. "Environmental security: economic and social aspects." Thesis, Видавництво СумДУ, 2011. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/10022.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Ecology – is complex problem, so complex decisions are needed.
Preservation of environment and acceptance of administrative decisions, recreational use of natural resources of natural-resources fund territories demand certain regulating actions. These actions have to be based on exact basis of complex interdisciplinary approach to environment security.
When you are citing the document, use the following link http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/10022
15
Rowe, Brent R. "Will Outsourcing IT Security Lead to a Higher Social Level of Security?" NCSU, 2007. http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/theses/available/etd-03272007-163006/.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
More firms outsource information technology (IT) security activities each year, as they determine that they can achieve cost savings or a higher level of security at the same cost. However, despite the estimated benefits, many firms still fail to see a clear positive net benefit from their (private) perspective, given the risks and costs involved. This paper investigates the positive externalities associated with IT security outsourcing. My research suggests that, when one organization decides to outsource its security, both direct and indirect benefits can accrue to other organizations and users. In this paper I analyze how a variety of decision characteristics affect whether and to what level such positive externalities will result. I also discuss implications for public policy and for firm-level decision making.
16
Estenberg, Gabriel. "The National Security Perspective Revisited. States’ Energy Security and the Environmental Security." Thesis, Malmö universitet, Fakulteten för kultur och samhälle (KS), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-22800.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The purpose of this thesis is to counterargue Simon Dalby’s claim that the national security perspective should be replaced by a global security perspective. Dalby argues that the national security is inappropriate to capture the current issues regarding the environmental security. To counterargue Dalby’s claim, I represent the national security perspective by using the perspective of states’ energy security, and compare current trends and issues regarding states’ energy security and the environmental security. This is done to argue that states can either chose to enhance their own energy security or the environmental security. Prisoners' Dilemma is then used as a theoretical framework on an explanatory example to provide insights about a dilemma, called the Energy- Environment Dilemma in this thesis, that curbs states’ ability to commit themselves to the cause of protecting the environmental security. The explanatory example used is the strategic importance of the Northwest passage for the U.S. and Canada. The results of this thesis suggests that the national security perspective, in combination with Prisoners’ Dilemma, is useful to provide insights about the Energy-Environmental Dilemma. Replacing it with a global security perspective would be to ignore a perspective which can provide insights about a challenge for states to commit to the cause of protecting the environmental security.
17
Bredenkamp, Caryn. "Falling through the cracks : income security and the South African social security system." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/52269.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2001.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This thesis focuses on the extent to which the South African social security system succeeds in providing protection in the vulnerable periods of the life-cycle and against the major contingencies of unemployment, disability and disease. Through a detailed examination of the different social insurance and assistance programmes, it isolates which particular population segments (by occupation, income quintile and race group) "fall through the cracks" in the provision of income security. It does not look only at the articulation between different social insurance and social assistance programmes, but also acknowledges how social security complements other governmental interventions, such as social services, and non-state sources of income security, such as those provided by the private insurance market and the family and community. Part One of the thesis is devoted to an examination of social insurance in South Africa, in other words, to those programmes that seek to compensate for a loss of income in the event of particular contingencies and that are funded by contributions from employers and employees. In addition, theoretical perspectives on social security, and social insurance in particular, are provided, with a discussion of the various economic arguments in favour of and against the provision of social security. Part Two of the thesis examines the range of non-contributory social assistance - cash benefits paid form general revenue - that are available to South Africans who qualify in terms of the means tests. Each chapter provides an analysis of the extent to which the social assistance programme under analysis provides a safety net for the relevant category of vulnerable people. It does this by examining the appropriateness of the programme structure, take-up rates and the fiscal sustainability of the programmes. In addition, the budgetary process by which revenue is allocated to social assistance programmes and expenditure trends are examined. The thesis concludes that although the South African social security system has achieved a fairly advanced level of development and covers a fairly wide range of risks, there are a number of constraints facing its further expansion. Social insurance schemes provide generous benefits, but their membership is restricted to the employed. Expanding coverage by social insurance would require substantial growth in remunerative employment which, given prevailing labour market conditions, seems unlikely. The provision of more generous social assistance programmes catering for a broader range of contingencies is severely curtailed by already high fiscal expenditure on welfare and macroeconomic constraints. Moreover, changing demography, household structures and dependency burdens, especially as the HIV/AIDS epidemic spreads, seem likely to increase demands on social assistance programmes. Consequently, until employment can be expanded so that more people can contribute to their own income security, the informal social security provided by the family and/or community will remain the first line of support for many.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In hierdie tesis word gefokus op die mate waartoe die Suid-Afrikaanse bestaansbeveiligingstelsel daarin slaag om ondersteuning tydens kwesbare periodes in die lewensiklus en beskerming teen groot gebeurlikhede soos werkloosheid, ongeskiktheid of langdurige siekte te bied. Daardie bevolkingsegmente (volgens beroep, inkomstegroep of ras) wat nie volledig toegang tot inkomstesekuriteit het nie, word uitgesonder deur 'n gedetaileerde ondersoek van die verskillende maatskaplike versekerings- en bystandsprogramme. Daar word ook gekyk na die artikulasie tussen die verskillende programme sowel as na hoe ander regeringsintervensies (bv. verskaffing van maatskaplike dienste) en private bronne van inkomstesekuriteit - verskaf deur die privaat versekeringsmark, die gemeenskap en die familie - deur maatskaplike bystand aangevul word. Deel Een word gewyaan 'n ondersoek van maatskaplike versekering in Suid-Afrika - daardie programme wat vir inkomsteverlies weens spesifieke gebeurlikhede probeer kompenseer en wat tipies deur bydraes van werkgewers en werknemers befonds word. Teoretiese perspektiewe op bestaansbeveiliging in die algemeen en maatskaplike versekering in besonder word ook verskaf en argumente vir en teen die verskaffing van bestaansbeveiliging word bespreek. Deel Twee ondersoek die reeks nie-bydraende bestaansbeveiligingsprogramme wat uit algemene owerheidsinkomste befonds word, asook bestedingstendense in maatskaplike bystand. Die tesis kom tot die gevolgtrekking dat, alhoewel Suid-Afrikaanse bestaansbeveiliging 'n redelik gevorderde vlak van ontwikkeling bereik het en 'n wye reeks risiko's dek, daar 'n aantal beperkinge op verdere uitbreiding is. Maatskaplike versekeringskemas bied uitgebreide voordele, maar lidmaatskap is tot indiensgeneemdes beperk. Uitbreiding van dekking vereis beduidende groei in formele indiensneming, wat onwaarskynlik lyk, gegewe huidige arbeidsmarktendense. Die verskaffing van gunstiger maatskaplike bystandsprogramme gemik op meer gebeurlikhede word ernstig deur reeds hoë fiskale uitgawes op welsyn en deur makroekonomiese oorweginge beperk. Verder sal veranderende demografiese strukture, huishoudingstrukture en afhanklikheidslaste, veral teen die agtergrond van die toename in HIVNIGS, aansprake op maatskaplike bystandsprogramme vergroot. Gevolglik sal die informele inkomstesekuriteit gebied deur die familie en/of gemeenskap die eerste of enigste ondersteuning vir groot dele van die bevolking bly, totdat indiensneming genoeg uitgebrei kan word sodat meer mense tot hul eie inkomstesekuriteit kan bydra.
18
Liang, Xiaoli. "Three essays on Social Security and retirement." Related electronic resource: Current Research at SU : database of SU dissertations, recent titles available full text, 2005. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/syr/main.
Повний текст джерела
19
Wu, Mingqin, and 吴明琴. "Essays on job assignment and social security." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2011. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B46090873.
Повний текст джерела
20
Shang, Xiaoyuan. "Institutional changes in China's social security system." Thesis, University of Sussex, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.262720.
Повний текст джерела
21
LEITE, ANDERSON RIBEIRO. "SOCIAL SECURITY: FACTORS THAT EXPLAIN THE RESULTS." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2007. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=11343@1.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
O objetivo desta pesquisa é identificar um conjunto de
fatores que exerce
influência no resultado financeiro e nos componentes de
receitas e benefícios
previdenciários do Regime Geral de Previdência Social
(RGPS). Para isso, foi
feita uma revisão da literatura especializada à procura de
referências aos fatores.
De posse da relação de fatores citados pelos especialistas
no tema, foram
selecionados indicadores para representá-los. Em seguida,
foram obtidos os dados
constituídos por séries temporais dos indicadores. Esses
dados foram submetidos
ao método de análise de regressão múltipla aplicada à luz
do referencial teórico da
econometria de séries temporais. Os resultados confirmam a
influência dos fatores
demográficos, salário mínimo, rendimentos, trabalho
informal e desemprego nas
receitas, benefícios e resultado financeiro do RGPS.The objective of this study is to identify a set of factors that explains the financial results of the General Regime of Social Security (GRSS) in Brazil, including the components of revenues and benefits. To achieve this objective, specialized literature was consulted and the factors referred were listed. For each factor, one indicator was selected to represent it and the time series of indicators values were obtained. In the next phase, the time series were submitted to the multiple regression analysis method, implemented according to the assumptions of econometrics. The results confirmed the influence of demographic factors, minimum salary, wage, informal work and unemployment on revenues, benefits and the global financial result of the GRSS.
22
Punjabi, V. (Vikesh). "Security risks:threats & rewards in social media." Master's thesis, University of Oulu, 2015. http://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:oulu-201502111069.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In the last decade, without any doubt, social media i.e. social network platforms that are mainly created in order to interact with each other such as Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn, Google +, Tumblr, Instagram, Flickr, Myspace, Blogs, YouTube, or any user generated content websites gained huge access in public daily life including individuals and organizations. These social network platforms, especially Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, were grown in such fast pace manner that even the big companies including Microsoft, Google, etc. has changed their strategies, and adapted social network platforms very well. That was the time when people, and small organizations who did not have platform for user generated content, had to pay fee to upload their content over Internet. Most of small companies were using privately purchased platform to distribute and share their content; whereas, individuals were limited to post their contents; Emails & IMs were used frequently to share their text, pictures, videos, etc.
By the year 2004, freely/ free social network platforms became so common/easy to use and were hugely successful. Platforms were able to provide users to share content quite easily. Small businesses started using social network to promote their business. Veterans were easily connected with their users & followers to provide help & information they are looking for. Upon such rapid growth of these social media platforms; benefits, rewards & opportunities are uncountable, however, it also came with risks and security issues.
This research is limited, however it provides valuable information presented in scientific articles in digital libraries. There was total of 214 articles found related to research topic. By refining results, number of articles were reduced to 30 which were selected for actual research using SLR steps.
The results were summarized in tabular format and answers the research question in discussion chapter which can be helpful to existing social network platforms, their operators and users.
23
Hunt, Erin. "Macroeconomic Consequences of Uncertain Social Security Reform." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/23719.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The U.S. social security system faces funding pressure due to the aging of the population. This dissertation examines the welfare cost of social security reform and social security policy uncertainty under rational expectations and under learning. I provide an overview of the U.S. social security system in Chapter I.
In Chapter II, I construct an analytically tractable two-period OLG model with capital, social security, and endogenous government debt. I demonstrate the existence of steady states depends on social security parameters. I demonstrate a saddle-node bifurcation of steady states numerically, and demonstrate a transcritical bifurcation analytically. I show that if a proposed social security reform is large enough, or if the probability of reform is high enough, the economy will converge to a steady state.
In Chapter III, I develop a three-period lifecycle model. The model is inherently forward looking, which allows for more interesting policy analysis. With three periods, the young worker's saving-consumption decision depends on her expectation of future capital. This forward looking allows analysis of multi-period uncertainty. Analysis in the three-period model suggests that policy uncertainty may have lasting consequences, even after reform is enacted.
In Chapter IV, I develop two theories of bounded rationality called life-cycle horizon learning and finite horizon life-cycle learning. In both models, agents use adaptive expectations to forecast future aggregates, such as wages and interest rates. This adaptive learning feature introduces cyclical dynamics along a transition path, which magnify the welfare cost of changes in policy and policy uncertainty. I model policy uncertainty as a stochastic process in which reform takes place in one of two periods as either a benefit cut or a tax increase. I find the welfare cost of this policy uncertainty is less than 0.25% of period consumption in a standard, rational expectations framework. The welfare cost of policy uncertainty is larger in the learning models; the worst-off cohort in the life-cycle horizon learning model would be willing to give up 1.98% of period consumption to avoid policy uncertainty.
24
Resende, Tiago Simões. "Bosch security systems : impacto cultural e social." Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/22127.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Mestrado em Línguas e Relações EmpresariaisA cultura organizacional é algo imaterial, intangível mas percetível através dos seus efeitos e consequências. Uma organização pode ser comparada a um indivíduo como possuidor de uma identidade, única e irrepetível. Com este trabalho pretende-se estudar o impacto da empresa Bosch, Security Systems no concelho de Ovar, a partir do início das suas atividades até à atualidade. Isto, com o objetivo de perceber se a implementação provocou modificações ao integrar-se no concelho. A partir das análises dos indicadores sociais e económicos, da realização de entrevistas procurou-se demonstrar que o concelho tem sofrido alterações com a implementação de empresas internacionais ao longo do tempo.
The organizational culture is something immaterial, intangible but perceptible through its effects and consequences. An organization can be compared to an individual as possessor of an identity, unique and unrepeatable. We intend to study the impact of the company Bosch, Security Systems in the Ovar municipality. From the start of its activities to the present time. This, in order to understand if the implementation has caused regarding its integration. Starting from the analyses of social and economic indicators, and the realization of interviews we intend to demonstrate that the municipality has improved positive consequences with the implementation of international companies in its area along the time.
25
Prevo, Brian T. "A review of Social Security and Supplemental Security Income from a federal budget perspective." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2001. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA389413.
Повний текст джерела
26
Klot, Jennifer. "The United Nations Security Council's agenda on 'Women, Peace and Security' : bureaucratic pathologies and unrealised potential." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2015. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/3101/.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Considered the single greatest achievement in ‘engendering’ global security policy, UN Security Council Resolution 1325 (SCR 1325) is celebrated as a triumph of women’s peace movements and transnational feminist organizing. My central claim is that SCR 1325 has both over performed and under delivered. The remarkable achievements it catalysed in establishing new international standards have not been fully appreciated, explored, or understood, while its successful utilisation by women rights and peace activists in the context of 'informal peace building' has not fundamentally challenged the workings of the Security Council itself, as feminists had hoped. This has resulted in an overestimation of SCR 1325’s symbolic and practical importance, and an underestimation of the broader institutional and geopolitical factors that shaped SCR 1325’s genesis and continue to drive Security Council decision-making in relation to women and gender issues. I suggest that SCR 1325’s perceived failures have less to do with its oft-criticized textual content than with the institutions, actors, strategies, and processes that have been most central to its implementation. Historically, the geopolitics of UN decision-making on gender issues demonstrate an extreme form of bureaucratic pathology that has circumscribed opportunities for bringing gender issues onto the UN’s peace and security agenda. I introduce the concept of ‘relegation’ to explain why decision-making on women has been extrinsic to the UN mechanisms and entities that have the greatest potential for autonomous action. SCR 1325’s implementation failures also reflect the absence of a collaborative feminist epistemic community of research and praxis in the nascent field of feminist security studies. This has further limited the UN’s ability to internalise, institutionalise, and implement actions that advance, rather than undermine feminist peace building agendas.
27
Sinclair, Stephen P. "The ideology of entitlement : public opinion, social division and social security." Thesis, University of Kent, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.300943.
Повний текст джерела
28
Wisnu, Dinna. "Governing Social Security: economic crisis and reform in Indonesia, the Philippines and Singapore." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1179867530.
Повний текст джерела
29
Viklund, Åsa. "National Security, Gendered Insecurity : Feminist Perspectives on Militarism, Masculinities & Security." Thesis, Teologiska högskolan Stockholm, Avdelningen för mänskliga rättigheter, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ths:diva-219.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
I denna uppsats granskas militariserad säkerhet i relation till kvinnors osäkerhet. Uppsatsen genomsyras av ett genusperspektiv och berör skadliga sociala normer såsom våldsuttryck knutna till maskulinitetsideal, nationens betydelse, maskuliniseringen av den säkerhetspolitiska arenan och hur den Amerikanska armén använde sig av feminisering som förhörsmetod i det skandalomsusade Irakiska fängelset Abu Ghraib. Uppsatsen finner att militariserad säkerhet utgör ett hot mot kvinnors säkerhet i och med den könsmaktsordning som upprätthålls och förstärks i samband med konflikt och militär närvaro och som resulterar i specifikt våld riktat mot kvinnor och feminiserade grupper.
30
Weikard, Hans-Peter. "Industrial policies and social security : investigating the links." Universität Potsdam, 1997. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2010/4876/.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This paper opens a series of discussion papers which report about the findings of a research project within the Phare-ACE Programme of the European Union. We, a group of Bulgarian, German, Greek, Polish and Scottish economists and agricultural economists, undertake this research to provide An Integrated Analysis of Industrial Policies and Social Security Systems in Countries in Transition.1 This paper outlines the basic motivation for such study.
31
Lu, Zhenghong. "The Effects of Social Security on Private Saving." TopSCHOLAR®, 1995. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/991.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The purpose of this paper is to re-estimate the impact of Social Security on aggregate private saving behavior by using new time series data for the period 1947 through 1993. The analysis is based on the life-cycle hypothesis developed by Modigliani and Ando. Feldstein's extended life-cycle model, incorporating Social Security Wealth (SSW) into the traditional life-cycle model, provides the building block for this paper. A Generalized Least Squares (GLS) procedure is used to perform the time series analysis in order to avoid autocorrelation, which is usually associated with the Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) procedure. Compared with OLS estimations, the results from the GLS procedure do not indicate a large divergence regarding the statistical significance of the coefficient of SSW as well as those of other variables included except the smaller estimated parameter values. The major finding in this paper is that SSW does depress potential personal and private saving. The result support Feldstein's 1974 findings, but the magnitude of the coefficient of SSW is smaller. Feldstein's estimations, by using OLS, indicated that SSW reduced potential personal saving by 50% and induced total private saving to decrease by 38%. Our estimates imply that SSW reduces personal and private savings by 44% and 13% , respectively. The most important finding in this paper is that if SSW reduces total private saving by 13%), in the long run the decrease in the rate of private saving would also depress the private capital stock by 13%, which implies a substantial reduction in GDP and a lower level of real income.
32
WEN, XUE. "THREE ESSAYS ON SOCIAL SECURITY WITH MYOPIC AGENTS." Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/1469.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Questa tesi si compone di tre capitoli. Nel primo capitolo, si presenta una rassegna della letteratura sui principali contributi teorici di modellazione per la progettazione della sicurezza sociale, assumendo gli individui come non-standard preferences. Ci concentriamo su tre approcci particolari: time inconsistent preferences, temptation preferences e myopia. Il secondo capitolo studia gli incentivi politici per la progettazione della politica di sicurezza sociale nelle democrazie competitive con le famiglie lungimiranti e miopi in un ambiente di probabilistic voting. In particolare, l'analisi si concentra sul trade-off tra le dimensioni e il grado di redistribuzione del sistema pensionistico. Il terzo capitolo introduce il comportamento miope di risparmio in un modello pensionistico a due paesi, in cui vengono confrontate le politiche pensionistiche non-cooperative e cooperative. Inoltre, questo capitolo analizza gli effetti di cooperazione per l'accumulo di capitale mondiale con la presenza di agenti miopi.This dissertation consists of three chapters. In Chapter 1, I present a literature review on the main theoretical contributions modeling social security design assuming non-standard household preferences. We focus on three particular approaches: time inconsistent preferences, temptation preferences and myopia. Chapter 2 investigates the political incentives for the design of social security policy in competitive democracies with both far-sighted and myopic households in a probabilistic voting setting. In particular, the analysis focuses on the trade-off between the size and the redistribution degree of the equilibrium social security policy. Chapter 3 introduces myopic saving behavior in a two-country normative model of social security, in which non-cooperative and cooperative pension policies are compared. Moreover, this chapter analyzes the effects of cooperation to world capital accumulation with the presence of myopic agents.
33
Profeta, Paola. "The Political economy of retirement and social security." Phd thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/7596.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
¿Porqué existen programas de seguridad social que transfieren recursos desde los trabajadores a los mayores? (ii) ¿Porqué los programas de seguridad social preveen que para cobrar la pensión los trabajadores tienen que jubilarse? (iii) ¿Cuál es el impacto del proceso de envejecimiento de la población sobre la jubilación y la seguridad social? (iv) ¿Cuál es la evidencia empírica sobre la importancia de la finámica demográfica como determinante de la jubilación y de la seguridad social en el mundo?
Esta tesis contribuye a contestar a estas preguntas en un contexto político-económico.
Primero, examina el estado del arte, y las principales contribuciones en la literatura de los modelos político-económico de la seguridad social.
Segundo, considera los elementos políticos que relacionan la seguridad social con la jubilación, desarrollando un modelo de votación`probabilística. Una hipótesis crucial es que el tiempo libre en la edad mayor representa un "merit good", es decir un bien que tiene valor positivo para todos los agentes en la sociedad (jóvenes y viejos). En consecuencia, los jóvenes inducen los políticos a establecer un impuesto positivo sobre la renta laboral de los viejos, que los induce a retirarse. Esto aumenta el nivel de homogeneidad ideológica de los viejos, y por lo tanto su poder político para obtener una transferencia desde los jóvenes.
Tercero, la tesis examina el nivel de equilibrio de jubilación y de seguridad social en un contexto económico y demográfico, desarrollando un modelo a generaciones solapadas con grupos de interés. El modelo estudia la solución política que sandrá cuando la proporción de viejos en la población aumentará.
Cuarto, la tesis ofrece nuevas evidencias sobre los determinantes del nivel de jubilación y de seguridad social en el mundo, construyendo un nuevo data set que incluye las informaciones sobre demografía, jubilación y seguridad social para muchos paises.
34
Celovsky, Jason. "Social Security : a discussion of the proposed reform /." Staten Island, N.Y. : [s.n.], 2006. http://library.wagner.edu/theses/business/2006/thesis_bus_2006_celov_socia.pdf.
Повний текст джерела
35
Huffman, Adrienne N. "Security and social implications of radio frequency identification." [Ames, Iowa : Iowa State University], 2007.
Знайти повний текст джерела
36
Majidi, Ghani. "Fiscal policy and social security reform in Iran." Thesis, University of Essex, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.446044.
Повний текст джерела
37
Larkin, Philip M. "The rule of forfeiture and social security law." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.268387.
Повний текст джерела
38
Tesfay, Kibrom Gebregziabher. "Threats to and alternatives for financing Social Security." Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2003. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion-image/03Dec%5FTesfay.pdf.
Повний текст джерела
39
Borgmann, Christoph. "Social security, demographics, and risk : with 18 tables /." Berlin ; Heidelberg [u.a.] : Springer, 2005. http://swbplus.bsz-bw.de/bsz113139179inh.htm.
Повний текст джерела
40
Tran, Chung Quang. "Essays on general equilibrium effects of social security." [Bloomington, Ind.] : Indiana University, 2008. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3337244.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Thesis (Ph.D.)--Indiana University, Dept. of Economics, 2008.Title from PDF t.p. (viewed on Jul 28, 2009). Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 69-12, Section: A, page: 4811. Adviser: Gerhard Glomm.
41
Glass, Thomas Westbrook. "Essays on the distributional aspects of Social Security /." Digital version accessible at:, 1999. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/main.
Повний текст джерела
42
Wei, Wei. "Improving Security and Privacy in Online Social Networks." W&M ScholarWorks, 2013. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539623628.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Online social networks (OSNs) have gained soaring popularity and are among the most popular sites on the Web. With OSNs, users around the world establish and strengthen connections by sharing thoughts, activities, photos, locations, and other personal information. However, the immense popularity of OSNs also raises significant security and privacy concerns. Storing millions of users' private information and their social connections, OSNs are susceptible to becoming the target of various attacks. In addition, user privacy will be compromised if the private data collected by OSNs are abused, inadvertently leaked, or under the control of adversaries. as a result, the tension between the value of joining OSNs and the security and privacy risks is rising.;To make OSNs more secure and privacy-preserving, our work follow a bottom-up approach. OSNs are composed of three components, the infrastructure layer, the function layer, and the user data stored on OSNs. For each component of OSNs, in this dissertation, we analyze and address a representative security/privacy issue. Starting from the infrastructure layer of OSNs, we first consider how to improve the reliability of OSN infrastructures, and we propose Fast Mencius, a crash-fault tolerant state machine replication protocol that has low latency and high throughput in wide-area networks. For the function layer of OSNs, we investigate how to prevent the functioning of OSNs from being disturbed by adversaries, and we propose SybilDefender, a centralized sybil defense scheme that can effectively detect sybil nodes by analyzing social network topologies. Finally, we study how to protect user privacy on OSNs, and we propose two schemes. MobiShare is a privacy-preserving location-sharing scheme designed for location-based OSNs (LBSNs), which supports sharing locations between both friends and strangers. LBSNSim is a trace-driven LBSN model that can generate synthetic LBSN datasets used in place of real datasets. Combining our work contributes to improving security and privacy in OSNs.
43
Jousten, Alain 1972. "Essays on annuity valuation, bequests and Social Security." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/10123.
Повний текст джерела
44
Godínez, Olivares Humberto. "Dynamic modelling and stability in social security schemes." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2016. http://livrepository.liverpool.ac.uk/3003829/.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Since social security involves several individual parameters, in recent years considerable attention has been focused on the impact these parameters on pension and social security systems. The literature on pensions has long been highlighting concerns that public Pay-As-You-Go (PAYGO) pension systems will turn out to be unsustainable in the long run and are a concern for most countries around the world, from the industrialised nations to the developing countries. The common trend in responses to what is a pensions crisis is a wave of parametric pension adjustments during the last years. These parametric reforms include, among others, changes in the contribution ceilings, increases in the retirement age, reductions in the indexation of pensions or even carrying out a structural reform from a Defined Benefit pension system to a Notional Defined Contribution (NDC). Following this process of reforming the pension system, this thesis is focused on the most important innovation in public pension schemes over the past years, first on Actuarial Balancing Mechanism (ABM) in PAYGO and second in some aspects of the Notional Defined Contributions, both in a deterministic framework. The ABM mechanism, that uses non-linear optimization models, identifies and applies an optimal path of these variables into a PAYGO system and absorbs fluctuations in longevity, fertility rates, life expectancy or any other events in a pension system. For the NDC, the Survivor Dividend (SD), also called inheritance gains, kept by most NDCs is analysed under different assumptions to calculate the maximum mortality decrease a scheme can cover if the SD is not distributed and whether the SD is a potential solution to cover the longevity. The research has considerable potential impact. It addresses a clear need in political, business, economic and societal contexts. This project also bridges the gap between academics and policy makers for better pension's public policies under alternative financial and economic scenarios. As a result, it will allow to design and assess the path of reforms in a more efficient manner. Further development will include a stochastic framework, considering stochastic dynamic programming, robustness, sensitivity analysis and error bounds.
45
Nyambayo, Nyashadzashe Faith. "Does Zimbabwe view social security as a right?" Diss., University of Pretoria, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/76752.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This research examines the attitude that Zimbabwe portrays towards the protection, promotion and enforcement of the right to social security. Zimbabwe did not have a Constitution that provided for the realisation of the right to social security before 2013. With the enactment of the 2013 Constitution, many people now have a chance to enjoy economic, social and cultural rights (including social security) which ordinarily was not possible in the past.
Provision of the right to social security plays a pivotal role by assuring human dignity for people when they are faced with circumstances such as the deteriorating and unpredictable economic situation in Zimbabwe in recent years.
This study uses academic textbooks, journals, legislation, international treaties, newspaper reports and other sources of literature to analyse Zimbabwe’s outlook on social security and examines the structures, policies and institutions put in place to enforce the right to social security. The Constitutional provisions for social security are also analysed in the light of international instruments’ provisions of social security to find out if they are adequate and effective in the protection and promotion of social security in Zimbabwe. The study also examines the national polices; the national commission for human rights and the courts to determine their efficacy in their administration of the right to social security.
The Constitution of Zimbabwe states that when provisions of the declaration of rights and any legislation such as the provisions for the right to social security are being interpreted, international law and all treaties and conventions that Zimbabwe is a party to must be taken into consideration. Thus, in this study the application and influence on the enforcement of the right to social security by international law and all the treaties and conventions that Zimbabwe is a party to, are scrutinised.
Budgets mirror the government’s values and can be reflective of the attitude that a State has towards a priority. That is why the study also examines the budget allocation and spending patterns of Zimbabwe towards the protection and promotion of the right to social security.Mini Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2019.
Public Law
LLM (Socio-Economic Rights)
Unrestricted
46
Govindjee, Avinash. "The constitutional right of access to social security." Thesis, University of Port Elizabeth, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/280.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The inclusion of the right of access to social security in the Constitution did not meet with wholehearted approval in South Africa. This right, however, is of vital importance for the future upliftment of the country. The present social security system is based upon a clear distinction between social assistance and social insurance. There is a gap in current social security provisions in that the unemployed middle aged individual is not covered. Unemployment itself is one of the greatest challenges obscuring the implementation of a comprehensive social security system. The Constitutional right is to have ‘access’ to social security and the amount of resources at the state’s disposal is directly related to increasing this right, although it is true that a number of available resources are misspent. The state must take reasonable legislative and other measures, within its available resources, to achieve the progressive realisation of the right of access to social security. The principles of solidarity and ubuntu must be cultivated so that national social development becomes a concern for all citizens. There are numerous problems facing South Africans in attaining the goal of access to social security – even if national social development does become a priority. Budgetary constraints, poverty, unemployment, HIV/Aids and foreigners are examples of these. By making social security a priority for everyone, existing ideas (almost all of which have merit) may be converted into long-term solutions for poverty and unemployment. Currently, numerous opportunities to salvage the situation are being overlooked as a result of the lack of a comprehensive and structured plan to better the access to social security. The constitutional right of access to social security is enforceable, although the jurisprudence in this field remains underdeveloped. Conditions are currently favourable, within the country and beyond its borders, for an imaginative and concerted attempt to be made to find potential solutions. It is possible for resources to be increased and for tax benefits to be incorporated for businesses which have the capacity to contribute. The issue of defence spending is controversial, but could hold the key to lowering unemployment. Should jobs be created, it is likely that they will initially be of a temporary nature. Consequently, provisions are needed to ensure some guarantee of income in the lacuna between when a job is lost and another found. Ultimately, one thing is certain: the constitutional right of access to social security will only be complete once the people who are recipients of this right make sacrifices and create corresponding duties for themselves to ensure that the next generation of inhabitants of this country are not facing similar problems. The state’s goal should be to ensure that the basic rights which all people enjoy in terms of the Constitution (in particular the other socio-economic rights) are guaranteed for the duration of their existence, even if the level of benefits received by such people is low.
47
Maduga, Frank. "Public communication and social security delivery in Tanzania." Thesis, University of West London, 2015. https://repository.uwl.ac.uk/id/eprint/1268/.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Less than 30 per cent of the world’s population is covered by some form of modern social security scheme. In the African continent the coverage in some places is well below 10% of the population. Tanzania and its East African neighbours Kenya, Uganda, Rwanda and Burundi are no exception. This research explores the factors that restrict the widening of social security coverage in Tanzania and discusses whether or not lack of effective communication is a contributing factor. In Tanzania, traditionally societies are known to have practiced some form of social insurance within specific communities including tribe, clan, and extended family. This study examines whether there has been a shift of attitudes from traditional social security towards modern social insurance arrangements It also explores the types of communication that are taking place and suggests ways in which such communication can be improved for more effective results. Furthermore the study evaluates awareness and level of understanding of the public regarding modern social security schemes. It measures acceptability and willingness of people to learn about the schemes and it explores the factors that hinder participation. Grunig J. (1992) and other authors from the developed world have suggested concepts of excellent communication including two way asymmetrical and symmetrical approaches. This study looks at the application of these approaches in Tanzania. Surveys were conducted in nine regions involving workers from both formal employment and the informal sector: fishing, mining, farming, livestock keeping, small scale business and other self-employed personnel. The need to investigate the informal sector comes from the fact that more than 80% of the active labour force make their living through such ventures. Finalist students from A level secondary schools and teacher training colleges were investigated as these are just about to enter the employment market and could share their knowledge and experience as dependents. Interviews were conducted with stakeholders within the insurance industry itself including service provider institutions in Tanzania, the retirees, academicians, aged group associations, the unemployed, communication practitioners and members of the public. These were recorded and for those who did not wish to be recorded, notes were taken. For quantitative data SPSS and STATA software were utilized while NVivo and ATLAS were deployed as tools for qualitative data analysis. More qualitative data were obtained through secondary sources and interviews conducted in Burundi and Uganda. The aim was to establish if there were any similarities in social security coverage and its communication aspects with cross border neighbours. Modern communication theory (Grunig and Hunt, 1984) emphasizes a two-way rather than a one-way relationship between an organisation and its stakeholders. The subject of symmetrical and asymmetrical communication is addressed with regard to establishing the type of communication taking place and suitability of the same. Other theories related to effective communication are examined. These include diffusion of innovation theory and mass communication. The practices of social security schemes in Tanzania appear to show that there is a need to apply a tailor made communication approach to fit local realities. The study establishes that modern life challenges coupled with the effects of globalisation have eroded the value and practicability of traditional social security. Hence, societies have sought for an alternative solution but most people do not look at modern social security providers as their way forward. The survey has established that only about 20% of the population accepts modern social security systems. Moreover the communication approaches used by the main service providers are mainly tactical as they do not go deep enough to address the information needs. In addition, the level of interaction required between the service providers and their potential clients is insufficient. Social security institutions carry the image of being huge financial institutions, donating and participating in a wide range of social activities. On the contrary, however, they do not seem to play an active part in assisting their contributors who have lost employment. In this regard the institutions fail to demonstrate care beyond paying the basic entitlement. The present research found a lack of savings culture, a low degree of risk appreciation, and the common belief that when faced with social and economic contingencies, society in general, family members, or one’s own assets would come to the rescue. Most of these shortfalls could be addressed with the application of effective communication strategies including conduct of a public communication campaign that includes a special national campaign. The findings have also established that low income, fragmentation of the schemes, unattractive benefit packaging, unfriendly restrictions and corruption have had an impact on the low coverage. Finally, there are suggestions regarding the need to adopt a more suitable communication frame work that could be applied in addressing the deficiencies uncovered during the study. This should make a substantial difference.
48
Sanches, Diogo Miguel Assunção de Freitas. "Shadow economy and the portuguese social security system." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/14360.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Mestrado em FinançasApesar da existência de diferentes estudos sobre a economia paralela, a literatura dedicada ao estudo da relação entre esta e os sistemas de segurança social é praticamente inexistente, o que pode ser, de certa forma, explicado pela sua difícil medição e incerteza do seu impacto. Como tal, este estudo pretende explorar a relação entre a economia paralela e o sistema de segurança social português, abordando as mútuas influências e as consequências que daí possam advir. Utilizando dados do período 1983-2015, foi construído um modelo econométrico que relaciona o tamanho da economia paralela com os gastos da segurança social. De acordo com este estudo foi possível concluir que existe evidência estatística para se poder afirmar que em Portugal, durante o período em análise, um aumento dos gastos da segurança social exerceu um impacto negativo no tamanho da economia paralela.
Despite the existence of many studies regarding shadow economy, literature dedicated to study the relation between it and social security systems is almost inexistent, partly explained by the hard measurement of the former one and the uncertainty of its impact. Thus, this study intends to explore the relation between shadow economy and the Portuguese social security system, discussing what kind of influence they can have on each other and what consequences arise from it. Using data from 1983 to 2015, an econometric model that relates shadow economy size with social security expenditure was built. From this study, it was possible to conclude that there is statistical evidence to affirm that in Portugal, during this period, a growth of social security expenditure exerted a negative impact in the shadow economy size.
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
49
Shawa, Dziwana Matilda. "Social security system reform : the case of Malawi." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/6253.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Mestrado em Ciências ActuariaisThis thesis examines the Malawi pension fund reform using an integrated simulation model. The aim is to explore why the Malawi government moved from Pay as you go (PAYG) system to define contribution (DC) system. Malawi is a relatively young country and its pension schemes are deficient in design, financing, execution and administration. Malawi has persistent macroeconomic fluctuations and an unstable financial sector that make effective pension fund management challenging. Also there are high inflation rates and politically motivated low-yield investment loans. The thesis assumes that in Malawi an average person retires by 50 years and the maximum age of death is 70. The average starting wage ranges from 65,000-75,000 Mk. The contribution rate is 15% of payroll with a transaction cost of 5% of wages. The common investment strategy is a 50-50-0-0-0 approach, i.e. 50% of assets are allocated to bank deposits and government bonds respectively. In addition a risk return analysis is employed to test the portfolio riskiness. The test include the Sharpe ratio, the Jensen measure and the Treynor measure. It was observed following the simulation tests that replacement rates are higher when retirement age rises to 60 or 65, but retiring at 50 had very low replacement rates. Meaning, pensioner can get favourable retirement income when he/she retires at 65 but this is a problem since life expectancy is 54 years. The portfolio risk test indicated very low results meaning low risks. This is as a result of allocating the funds in less risky assets i.e. government bonds which have low investments yield trickling down to low pensions. To improve the current pension system, Malawi needs to redesign its pension system to tackle the life expectancy problem, diversify pension fund portfolios to achieve a high and stable return, and invest in the economy in order to have a stable macro-economy that can protect the real value of pension assets.
Esta tese examina o fundo de pensão de reforma do Malawi usando um modelo de simulação integrada. O objetivo é explorar por que o governo do Malawi passou do sistema Pay as you go (repartição ) para um sistema de contribuição definida (capitalização). Malawi é um país relativamente jovem e os seus regimes de pensões são deficientes em design, financiamentos, execução e administração. Malawi tem flutuações macroeconômicas persistentes e um sector financeiro instável que fazem a gestão eficaz de fundos de pensões desafiante. Além disso, existem altas taxas de inflação e politicamente motivadas empréstimos de investimento de baixo rendimento. A tese parte do princípio de que no Malawi uma pessoa média se aposenta aos 50 anos e de que a idade máxima de morte é de 70 . O salário médio inicial varia de 65,000-75,000 Mk. A taxa de contribuição é de 15% do salário, com um custo de transação de 5% dos salários. A estratégia comum de investimento é uma abordagem 50-50-0-0-0 , ou seja, 50% dos activos são alocados para os depósitos bancários e títulos do governo, respetivamente. Além disso, uma análise de retorno de risco é utilizada para testar o grau de risco da carteira. O teste inclui o índice de Sharpe, a medida Jensen e a medida Treynor. Observou-se nos ensaios de simulação que as taxas de substituição são mais elevados quando a idade da reforma sobe para 60 ou 65 anos, mas se a reforma for aos 50 anos obtêm-se taxas de substituição muito baixas. Ou seja, o pensionista pode obter uma pensão favorável quando se aposenta aos 65 anos , mas existe um problema, já que a expectativa média de vida é de 54 anos. O teste de risco da carteira dá resultados muito baixos indicando baixo risco. Este é o resultado da alocação dos recursos em ativos de menor risco, ou seja, títulos do governo, produzindo pensões baixas. Para melhorar o actual sistema de pensões, Malawi precisa redesenhar o seu sistema de pensões para enfrentar o problema da expectativa de vida, diversificar carteiras dos fundos de pensões para conseguir um retorno alto e estável, e investir na economia, a fim de ter uma macroeconomia estável, que pode proteger o valor real dos ativos de pensões.
50
Тєлєтов, Олександр Сергійович, Александр Сергеевич Телетов, Oleksandr Serhiiovych Tielietov, Наталія Євгенівна Летуновська, Наталия Евгеньевна Летуновская, and Nataliia Yevhenivna Letunovska. "Features of social security marketing in the region." Thesis, National Mining University, 2015. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/43435.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
У тезах доповідей досліджується вплив соціальних факторів на розвиток регіону. Зазначається про важливість долучення кожного суб'єкта, що діє в регіоні, до здійснення соціального впливу, що забезпечить усебічність підтримки системи соціального забезпечення кожної місцевої громади.В тезисах доклада исследуется влияние социальных факторов на развитие региона. Отмечается важность каждого субъекта, который действует в регионе, в осуществлении социального влияния, что может обеспечить всестороннюю поддержку системы социального обеспечения каждой местной громады.
The author investigated the influence of social factors on the region development. It is noted the importance of the adding of each entity of the region to the implementation of social impact, providing circumstantiality support for social security system of each local community.