Дисертації з теми "Social Security Laws"
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Gurung, Pramita. "Study of social security laws and policy relating to labour in organized sector in India." Thesis, University of North Bengal, 2018. http://ir.nbu.ac.in/handle/123456789/2818.
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Mangammbi, Mafanywa Jeffrey. "The laws regulating beneficiary funds in South Africa : a critical analysis." Thesis, University of Limpopo (Turfloop Campus), 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/1165.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Thesis (LLM. (Labour Law)) -- University of Limpopo, 2013This mini-dissertation evaluates the laws regulating beneficiary funds in South Africa. A beneficiary fund is a fund established for the purposes of accepting lump sum death benefits awarded in terms of Section37C of the Pension Funds Act (the Act) to a beneficiary (dependant or nominee) on the death of a member, which are not paid directly to that beneficiary or to a trust nominated by the member, or to the member’s estate or to the guardian’s fund. This replaces the previous payments to trusts and a fund can now only pay to a trust if the trust was nominated by the member, a major dependant or nominee; a person recognised in law or appointed by a court as the person responsible for managing the affairs or meeting the daily care needs of a minor or incapacitated major dependant or nominee. Any association of persons or business carried on under a fund or arrangement established with the object of receiving, administering, investing and paying benefits, referred to in section 37C on behalf of beneficiaries, payable on the death of more than one member of one or more pension funds is a beneficiary fund and must be registered by the Financial Services Board and approved. Beneficiary funds were introduced as a result of the amendments to the Pension Funds Act into the Financial Services Laws General Amendment Act, 22 of 2008. The beneficiary funds were introduced with stronger regulatory framework. They have sufficient governance, reporting requirements and conduct annual audits.
3
Bjornberg, Karin. "Rethinking human security : taking into consideration gender based violence." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/71706.
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Includes bibliographyENGLISH ABSTRACT: The human security concept challenges the traditional view of state security. The very essence of human security means to respect human rights. The Commission on Human Security did not focus on women as a special area of concern in the 1994 Human Development Report. The report does not recognise that being subject to gender hierarchies increases women’s insecurity and that women experience human security differently from men and shows that the human security concept does not include gender based violence (GBV) because there is no specific attention paid to issues that predominantly pertain to women. This study is conducted from a feminist perspective. It is reflexive research and based on standpoint theory. The data is gathered through analysis of secondary data and primary data, collected through interviews. GBV in South Africa tends to be continuous and the perpetrator is most likely to be a spouse or partner. Studies show that women are seen as being dependent on and weaker than men. Many men view women’s rights legislation as a challenge to the legitimacy of men’s authority over women. Women who try to be more independent in their relationships are regarded as threats and violence against them becomes a way for men to show control. The criminal justice system in South Africa has made progress in protecting women from GBV but myths, stereotypes and social conventions still prevent women from receiving justice. Traditionally, the state regards what happens in the private sphere as outside its responsibility. The public/private dichotomy challenges state regulations and norms which is evident in the case of domestic violence. It is often argued that GBV has remained imperceptible because it takes place in the private sphere. However, this research indicates that due to the socio-economic situation in South Africa, the abuse is often publicly known by those in the immediate environment as people live in informal housing. This research shows that a human security framework that targets GBV has to be developed for those who bear its consequences. When women are not viewed as subjects, issues that mainly affect them remain invisible. It is necessary that analysis of human insecurity starts from the conditions of women’s lives. Many women in South Africa live highly traumatic lives. Fighting GBV requires that we know the victims of GBV and let them decide what they need to feel secure. Creating human security requires that other threats which contribute to GBV, such as poverty, gender stereotypes and prejudice are also addressed. GBV has become an epidemic in South Africa and is a permanent constraint in women’s lives and impacts society as a whole. The security of the state rest on the security of women and as long as the state fails to treat GBV as a serious crime and protect women the state is more likely to use violence on a larger scale against its citizens.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die Menslike Veiligheidskonsept daag die tradisionele siening van staatsveiligheid uit: die kerbetekenis van Menslike Veiligheid is om menseregte te respekteer. Die Kommissie op Menslike Veiligheid het nie op vroue as ‘n spesiale area van kommer gefokus in die Menslike Ontwikkelingsverslag van 1994 nie. Die verslag het daarin gefaal om te erken dat die realiteit van geslags-hiërargieë vroue se insekuriteit verhoog, en dat die ervaring van menslike sekuriteit van mans en vroue verskil. Hierdie navorsing sal toon dat die menslike veiligheidsbegrip nie in staat is om geslags-gebaseerde geweld (GGG) in ag te neem nie, aangesien daar geen spesifieke aandag verleen is aan vraagstukke wat hoofsaaklik op vroue betrekking het nie. Hierdie studie is vanuit 'n feministiese perspektief gedoen. Die navorsing is reflektief en op standpunt-teorie gebaseer. Die data is deur die analise van sekondêre data, asook die gebruik van primêre data i deur middel van onderhoude ingesamel . GGG in Suid-Afrika is geneig om oor ‘n uitgerekte tydperk plaas te vind en die mees waarskynlike oortreders is ‘n eggenoot of lewensmaat. Navorsing toon dat gemeenskappe geneig is om vroue as swakker en afhanlik van mans te sien. Wetgewing op die regte van vroue word deur vele mans as ‘n uidaging van hul legitieme superioriteit, ten op sigte van vroue, gesien. Vroue wat dus onafhanklikheid in hul verhoudings probeer uitoefen, word as bedreigings gesien en geweld word gebruik om hulle “in hul plek te hou”. Die Suid-Afrikaanse kriminele regstelsel het al vordering gemaak in terme van die beskerming van vroue teen GGG, maar mites, stereotipes en sosiale konvensies belemmer steeds die volle gang van die gereg. Die staat het in die verlede die private sfeer as buite sy jurisdiksie gesien. Die openbare/private sfeer digotomie bied uitdagings vir staatsregulering en vir die implementering van regulasies , en dit word veral duidelik in die geval van huishoudelike geweld. Daar word aangevoer dat aangesien GGG in die private sfeer plaasvind, dit onsigbaar bly. Hierdie navorsing het egter bevind dat GGG in die Suid-Afrikaanse konteks dikwels in die openbare gemeenskapsfeer (deur diegene in die onmiddelike omgewing) opgemerk word, omdat baie mense in Suid-Afrika informele nedersettings woon.Hierdie navorsing het verder bevind dat ‘n GGG raamwerk vir menslike veiligheid ontwikkel moet word wat diegene wat die gevolge van GGG dra insluit. Indien vroue nie spesifiek as navorsingssubjekte geag word nie, bly faktore wat hulle spesifiek beïnvloed onsigbaar. Dit is belangrik dat analise van menslike insekuriteit begin om die omstandighede van vrouens se lewens in ag te neem. Vroue in Suid-Afrika leef in hoogs traumatiese omstandighede. In die bestryding van GGG is dit belangrik dat die slagoffers van GGG in ag geneem word en dat dit hulle toelaat om dit duidelik te maak wat hulle onveilig laat voel. Die skep van menslike veiligheid vereis dat bedreigings wat bydra tot GGG, naamlik armoede, geslagstereotipes en vooroordeel , ook aangespreek word. GGG in Suid-Afrika het ‘n epidemie geword, en plaas ‘n permanente beperking op vroue se lewens. Dit het ook ‘n blywende impak op die samelewing as ‘n geheel. Die veiligheid van die staat rus op die veiligheid van vroue. Solank as wat die staat versuim om GGG te bekamp en as ‘n ernstigge misdaad te erken, en vroue nie die beskerming van die staat geniet nie, is daar ‘n hoër moontlikheid vir die gebruik van geweld deur die staat teen sy eie burgers op ‘n groter skaal.
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Cossío, Rodríguez María Patricia de. "La Gran Invalidez en el Régimen General de la Seguridad Social: "el cuarto grado" de la incapacidad permanente." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/670839.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Tras la Ley de Integración Social de los Minusválidos de 1982, la Gran invalidez se convirtió en el cuarto grado de la contingencia de Incapacidad permanente del nivel contributivo. En adelante se podría acceder a él no solo después de una revisión por agravación de una Incapacidad permanente absoluta previa, como hasta entonces, sino también de la de cualquier otro grado de Incapacidad permanente, e incluso directamente, en una calificación inicial. En este último caso, como consecuencia del cambio normativo, la calificación de la Gran invalidez dejaba de asentarse solo en factores extraprofesionales para tener también en cuenta los profesionales, porque debería ser objeto de valoración, además de la necesidad de ayuda para realizar los actos más esenciales de la vida, la afectación de la capacidad para el trabajo.
En todo caso, ya que esto nunca ha cambiado, para reconocer el grado de Gran invalidez, tanto en una calificación inicial como en una por revisión debida a agravación o a error de diagnóstico, la valoración de la necesidad de ayuda de tercera persona se limita a determinar si como consecuencia de las lesiones, enfermedades o dolencias padecidas el potencial beneficiario de las prestaciones requiere o no asistencia de otra persona para realizar alguno de los actos básicos para la vida. Puesto que no se tiene en cuenta hasta qué punto la autonomía personal del trabajador queda limitada, al no existir graduación de la dependencia personal mediante baremo, se será gran inválido si se requiere de la ayuda de otra persona, porque resulte imposible la realización de alguno de los actos esenciales para la vida, y no se será en caso contrario, por más que la ejecución de estos se lleve a cabo con cierta e incluso con mucha dificultad.
La inclusión de la Gran invalidez como grado autónomo de una contingencia protegida por el nivel contributivo, pese a su implícito carácter asistencial, supone que el régimen jurídico previsto para la Incapacidad permanente, principalmente en cuanto a los requisitos exigidos para su reconocimiento y el de las oportunas prestaciones económicas, resulte también aplicable al último de sus grados, lo que supone que la protección de las situaciones de dependencia personal que conlleva la Gran invalidez solo sea posible, con carácter general, antes del cumplimiento de la edad ordinaria de jubilación que corresponda cada año en función de la cotización acreditada por el interesado.
En definitiva, el cambio normativo llevado a cabo por la Ley de Integración Social de los Minusválidos de 1982, que propició un intenso debate doctrinal sobre la conveniencia o inconveniencia de la nueva configuración de la Gran invalidez como un grado autónomo
de la Incapacidad permanente, apenas supuso cambios en la consideración legal ni jurisprudencial de esta situación, porque con carácter general se siguió considerando el más grave de los grados de la Incapacidad permanente, como lo había sido hasta ese momento, dando con ello lugar a numerosas incongruencias en el régimen jurídico aplicable, que son objeto de atención en el presente trabajo doctoral.Després de la Llei d'Integració Social dels Minusvàlids de 1982, la Gran invalidesa es va convertir en el quart grau de la contingència d'Incapacitat permanent del nivell contributiu. D'ara endavant es podria accedir a ell no sols després d'una revisió per agreujament d'una Incapacitat permanent absoluta prèvia, com fins llavors, sinó també de la de qualsevol altre grau d'Incapacitat permanent, i fins i tot seria possible declarar-la en una qualificació inicial. En aquest últim cas, a conseqüència del canvi normatiu, la qualificació de la Gran invalidesa deixava d'assentar-se només en factors extra professionals per a tenir també en compte els professionals, perquè hauria de ser objecte de valoració, a més de la necessitat d'ajuda per a realitzar els actes més essencials de la vida, l'afectació de la capacitat per al treball. En tot cas, ja que això mai ha canviat, per a reconèixer el grau de Gran invalidesa, tant en una qualificació inicial com en una per revisió deguda a agreujament o a error de diagnòstic, la valoració de la necessitat d'ajuda de tercera persona es limita a determinar si a conseqüència de les lesions o malalties patides, el potencial beneficiari de les prestacions requereix o no de la assistència d'una altra persona per realitzar algun dels actes bàsics per a la vida. Com que no es té en compte fins a quin punt l'autonomia personal del treballador queda limitada, al no existir graduació de la dependència personal mitjançant barem, es serà gran invàlid si es requereix l'ajuda d'una altra persona per a la realització d'algun dels actes essencials per a la vida, i no es serà en cas contrari, per més que l'execució d'aquests es dugui a terme amb certa i fins i tot amb molta dificultat. La inclusió de la Gran invalidesa com a grau autònom d'una contingència protegida pel nivell contributiu, malgrat el seu implícit caràcter assistencial, suposa que el règim jurídic previst per a la Incapacitat permanent, principalment quant als requisits exigits per al seu reconeixement i el de les oportunes prestacions econòmiques, resulti també aplicable a l'últim dels seus graus, la qual cosa suposa que la protecció de les situacions de dependència personal que comporta la Gran invalidesa només sigui possible, amb caràcter general, abans del compliment de l'edat ordinària de jubilació que correspongui cada any en funció de la cotització acreditada per l'interessat. En definitiva, el canvi normatiu dut a terme per la Llei d'Integració Social dels Minusvàlids de 1982, que va propiciar un intens debat doctrinal sobre la conveniència o inconveniència de la nova configuració de la Gran invalidesa com un grau autònom de la Incapacitat permanent, gairebé no va suposar canvis en la consideració legal ni jurisprudencial d'aquesta situació, perquè amb caràcter general es va continuar tractant com el més greu dels graus de la Incapacitat permanent, com ho havia estat fins aquell moment, donant amb això lloc a nombroses incongruències en el règim jurídic aplicable, que són objecte d'atenció en el present treball doctoral.
Following the Social Integration of Disabled Persons Act of 1982, the Great Disability became the fourth degree of the Permanent Disability contingency at the contributory level. Hereafter, it could be accessed not only after a review for aggravation of a previous absolute permanent disability, as it was until then, but also after a review of any other degree of permanent disability and even directly after an initial qualification. In the latter case, as a consequence of the regulatory change, the qualification of Great Disability ceased to be based only on extra-professional factors to also take into account professional ones, since, in addition to the need for help to carry out the most essential acts in life, impairment of the ability to work should also be subject to assessment. In any case, since this has never changed, in order to recognize the degree of Great Disability, both in an initial qualification and in a revision due to aggravation or diagnostic error, the assessment of the need for help from a third-party is limited to the determination of whether or not the potential recipient of benefits as a consequence of injuries or illnesses requires the assistance of another person to perform any of the basic acts for life. Since the extent to which the personal autonomy of the worker is limited is not taken into account, since there is no graduation of personal dependency through a scale, it will be considered a great invalidity only if the help of another person is required to carry out any of the essential acts for life, and otherwise it will not, even if the execution of these is carried out with certain and even great difficulty. The inclusion of the Great Disability as an autonomous degree of a contingency protected by the contributory level, despite its implicit assistance character, supposes that the legal regime foreseen for permanent Disability, mainly regarding the requirements demanded for its recognition and the right to the corresponding financial benefits, is also applicable to the greatest of its degrees, which means that the protection of situations of personal dependency entailed by Great Disability is only possible, in general, before reaching the ordinary retirement age of the corresponding year, depending on the contribution accredited by the interested party. In short, the regulatory change carried out by the Social Integration of Disabled Persons Act of 1982, led to an intense doctrinal debate on the convenience or inconvenience of the new configuration of the Great Disability as an autonomous degree of permanent disability, hardly involved changes in the legal or jurisprudential consideration of this situation, because in general it was still considered the most serious of the degrees of permanent disability, as it had been up to that time, giving place to numerous inconsistencies in the applicable legal regime, which are the subject of attention in this doctoral work.
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Larkin, Philip M. "The rule of forfeiture and social security law." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.268387.
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Obore, Caroline Agonzibwa. "Legal and policy implications of Uganda's social security law." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/14965.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 73-78).Social security is an expression of social solidarity and an attempt to curb the ills of exclusion and poverty. The welfare state was premised on this very ideal of social solidarity. As a result of the changed and changing times, the welfare state which has now come to be known as social security is under siege by several forces unique to individual states. For this reason, social security is an area of rich diversity and the challenges facing social security are not homogenous. Whereas for rich and industrialized countries social security is very meaningful, for most of Sub Saharan Africa it is an abstract and relatively novel concept. The Universal Declaration for the Rights of man, to which every country should aspire and to which most, if not all, constitutions are modeled provides for the right to social security. Whereas the declaration implies that social security is an inalienable right, the definition of social security or 'western notion of social security' adopted by most countries with a semblance of social security eliminates the vast majority of people namely; those in the informal sector, the poor and those in the rural areas. Studies of social security advance the theory-that the conventional definition of social security is not adequate for the African continent because formal social security schemes were introduced in Africa during the colonial era as a response to the social security needs of expatriate white workers. In Uganda, formal social security caters for less than 20 per cent of the population leaving the rest to harness any other means possible to maintain subsistence and a level of sanity. The needs envisaged by traditional formal social security are not the needs an ordinary Ugandan today faces. As a result of this disparity, there has been and there continues to be out cries to reform a system that government has been reluctant to change much because of the multi-faceted and overwhelming social demands. The cliché that 'a drowning man clutches at a straw' could not be put better: Africans do not give up; we simply make the most of what we have.
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Khembo, Loness. "Decent work in Malawi: social security; extension of social insurance to all workers." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/15174.
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The only way Malawi can ensure adequate social security coverage to her citizens is to extend the scope and coverage of social security benefits provided by the labour legislations to all workers as they are more reliable and less burdensome on the poor state. This is premised on the fact that most Malawians work, but only a few are employees as shall be seen later in this chapter. This will reduce the burden on the state of providing social security to all her citizens as most will be covered by social insurance. It is against this background that this study analyses the Malawian pieces of legislation on social security with the aim of identifying the gaps that are affecting social security coverage to Malawian workers. In doing so, these legislations will be examined against the relevant international conventions specifically the ILO C 102 and the SADC Code. The study will also focus on how best to improve social security benefits coverage in Malawi and making it more relevant to Malawians.
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El-Harudi, El-Muner. "New developments in the law of aviation security." Thesis, McGill University, 1989. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=61887.
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Simon, Sascha. "Conceptualizing lethal autonomous weapon systems and their impact on the conduct of war - A study on the incentives, implementation and implications of weapons independent of human control." Thesis, Malmö universitet, Fakulteten för kultur och samhälle (KS), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-23904.
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The thesis has aimed to study the emergence of a new weapons technology, also known as ‘killer robots’ or lethal autonomous weapon system. It seeks to answer what factors drive the development and deployment of this weapon system without ‘meaningful human control’, a component that allows the decision to kill to be delegated to machines. The research question focuses on seeking the motivations to develop and deploy LAWS, as well as the consequences this would have on military conduct and conflict characteristics.The incentives they bring up and the way of adopting them has been studied by synthesizing antinomic democratic peace theory and adoption capacity theory respectively. The findings of this qualitative content analysis lead to two major conclusions. (1) That LAWS present severe risk avoidance and costs reduction potential for the user. These factors have a more prevalent pull on democracies than autocracies, since they stand to benefit from LAWS’ specific capabilities more in comparison. (2) That their adoption is aided by low financial intensity needed to adopt it, due to the high commercial profitability and applicability of AI technology, and the ease of a spillover to military sphere. Their adoption is hindered by high organizational capital needed to implement the drastic changes LAWS bring. All of this leads to the prediction that LAWS are likely to proliferate further, at a medium speed, and potentially upset the balance of power.
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Gugwana, Monde Barrington. "The position of asylum seekers in South African social security law." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/6159.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The legal position of asylum seekers in South African social security system is more nuanced as a result of their transitional stay or status in the country. Asylum seekers may often be present in South Africa for a quite a long time but their social security entitlement is more restricted, and similar to that of temporary residents. For example, asylum seekers’ social security position is completely different from that of refugees. Refugees enjoy the same social security treatment similarly to South African citizens and permanent residents. Refugees qualify for the constitutionally entrenched right to have access to social security, including appropriate social assistance. Refugees also qualify for other socio-economic rights contained in the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996. The exclusion of asylum seekers occurs despite the fact they are one of the vulnerable groups of noncitizens. Such exclusion forces asylum seekers to live under precarious conditions. It is fundamentally accepted that the drafters of the Constitution included the right to have access to social security, in order to ensure that everyone, irrespective of nationality and citizenship enjoys an acceptable standard of living. It is also fundamentally accepted that the right to have access to social security contained in section 27(1)(c) is limited by section 27(2) of the Constitution. Section 27(2) requires the State to take reasonable legislative measures, within its available resources, to achieve the progressive realisation of the right to have access to social security. The South African courts had on several occasions confirmed that the content of section 27(1)(c) is limited by section 27(2) of the Constitution and that the state cannot implement the right to have access to social security on demand. It had also been confirmed that the right to have access to social security is enforceable. This means the beneficiaries of this right may seek recourse from the courts of law when they are not satisfied about the progress relating to the implementation of the programmes relevant to the right to have access to social security. The right to have access to social security is also limited by section 36(1) of the Constitution. In the international arena, the right to have access to social security is recognised as the entitlement of everyone, but in some instances differential treatment can be made by the states. Such differential treatment should serve the legitimate state objective and all noncitizens should be treated equally.
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de, Larrinaga Miguel. "Alterity, social order, and the meaning(s) to security." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/6124.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This thesis provides a genealogy of security. The first two chapters situate it in relation to the discipline of International Relations and present the approach to develop the genealogy. It is argued that what has enabled the lack of problematization of the concept of security within the discipline is precisely the security project of the discipline itself: the securing of an ontological ground through the deployment of epistemological precepts that pervade the way the discipline is predominantly understood and its evolution is retroactively (re)written. I argue that the discipline itself is enabled by, and is a manifestation of, "sovereign thought"---i.e. a form of knowledge inextricably related to the articulation of the sovereign State as the predominant form of social order in modernity. What is revealed is how the structure of sovereign thought occults its generative principles and enables a framing of issues and problems via objective knowledge while simultaneously masking its role as a frame. It is this deployment of knowledge that enables the naturalization of "security." These first two chapters provide the groundwork and the rationale for the genealogical investigation found in the second part of the thesis. The three following chapters apply this approach to the relationship between the meaning(s) to security and the production of social order. This genealogy is developed by tracing the intimate complicity between the meaning to security and the articulation of social order via alterity. These chapters are constructed around three interregna : the shift from Roman Republic to Empire and the advent of Christianity; the shift from Christendom to sovereign State in the classical age; and the advent of the modern sovereign State and the present mutations of sovereign order. Through this genealogy it is argued that our present articulation of "security" serves as a mechanism of depoliticization in the service of sovereign order increasingly deployed throughout the social above and below statal space. Finally, I argue that it is within the context of modernity and its intimate relation with the advent of democracy that a new horizon of possibility to articulate a counter-discourse to security is opened up.
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Govindjee, Avinash. "The constitutional right of access to social security." Thesis, University of Port Elizabeth, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/280.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The inclusion of the right of access to social security in the Constitution did not meet with wholehearted approval in South Africa. This right, however, is of vital importance for the future upliftment of the country. The present social security system is based upon a clear distinction between social assistance and social insurance. There is a gap in current social security provisions in that the unemployed middle aged individual is not covered. Unemployment itself is one of the greatest challenges obscuring the implementation of a comprehensive social security system. The Constitutional right is to have ‘access’ to social security and the amount of resources at the state’s disposal is directly related to increasing this right, although it is true that a number of available resources are misspent. The state must take reasonable legislative and other measures, within its available resources, to achieve the progressive realisation of the right of access to social security. The principles of solidarity and ubuntu must be cultivated so that national social development becomes a concern for all citizens. There are numerous problems facing South Africans in attaining the goal of access to social security – even if national social development does become a priority. Budgetary constraints, poverty, unemployment, HIV/Aids and foreigners are examples of these. By making social security a priority for everyone, existing ideas (almost all of which have merit) may be converted into long-term solutions for poverty and unemployment. Currently, numerous opportunities to salvage the situation are being overlooked as a result of the lack of a comprehensive and structured plan to better the access to social security. The constitutional right of access to social security is enforceable, although the jurisprudence in this field remains underdeveloped. Conditions are currently favourable, within the country and beyond its borders, for an imaginative and concerted attempt to be made to find potential solutions. It is possible for resources to be increased and for tax benefits to be incorporated for businesses which have the capacity to contribute. The issue of defence spending is controversial, but could hold the key to lowering unemployment. Should jobs be created, it is likely that they will initially be of a temporary nature. Consequently, provisions are needed to ensure some guarantee of income in the lacuna between when a job is lost and another found. Ultimately, one thing is certain: the constitutional right of access to social security will only be complete once the people who are recipients of this right make sacrifices and create corresponding duties for themselves to ensure that the next generation of inhabitants of this country are not facing similar problems. The state’s goal should be to ensure that the basic rights which all people enjoy in terms of the Constitution (in particular the other socio-economic rights) are guaranteed for the duration of their existence, even if the level of benefits received by such people is low.
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Warry, Christine Margaret. "Distinction and disparity : the rise of discrimination in British social security law." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.340315.
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Powell, Rhonda L. "Security and the right to security of person." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2008. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:26e81a46-54d5-44f5-a3cd-c74a5798ea0d.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This thesis inquires into the meaning of the right to security of person. This right is found in many international, regional and domestic human rights instruments. However, academic discourse reveals disagreement about the meaning of the right. The thesis first considers case law from the European Convention on Human Rights, the South African Bill of Rights and the Canadian Charter. The analysis shows that courts too disagree about the meaning of the right to security of person. The thesis then takes a theoretical approach to understanding the meaning of the right. It is argued that the concept of ‘security’ establishes that the right imposes both positive and negative duties but that ‘security’ does not determine which interests are protected by the right. For this, we need consider the meaning of the ‘person’. The notion of personhood as understood in the ‘capabilities approach’ of Amartya Sen and Martha Nussbaum is then introduced. It is suggested that this theory could be used to identify the interests protected by the right. Next, the theoretical developments are applied to the legal context in order to illustrate the variety of interests the right to security of person would protect and the type of duties it would impose. As a result, it is argued that the idea of ‘security of person’ is too broad to form the subject matter of an individual legal right. This raises a question over the relationship between security of person and human rights law. It is proposed that instead of recognising an individual legal right to security of person, human rights law as a whole could be seen as a mechanism to secure the person, the capabilities approach determining what it takes to fulfil a right and thereby secure the person.
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Shefloe, Scott. "The proliferation security initiative and United Nations Security Resolution 1540: international law and the world's recent efforts to combat proliferation of weapons of mass destruction." Thesis, McGill University, 2008. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=21991.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Efforts to combat the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction (WMD) have existed ever since the first WMD were created. In recent years, the proliferation of WMD has been recognized as a threat to international peace and security. The recognition of this threat led to recent efforts by the international community to create two new mechanisms for combating the proliferation of WMD. The new mechanisms are the Proliferation Security Initiative and United Nations Security Council Resolution 1540. These new mechanisms were instituted to fill gaps in the existing nonproliferation regime, though they approach nonproliferation by different methods. One utilizes a small voluntary coalition, while the other imposes mandatory obligations of a universal nature. Both were created through international legal methods, but arguably exist due to novel legal authorities. Their bases in international law will be crucial to their effectiveness in the nonproliferation regime. If they do not adhere to existing international law and comport with the existing nonproliferation regime, then their success in combating WMD proliferation will be limited. This thesis provides background on the nonproliferation regime and these two recent mechanisms and then analyzes their adherence to international law. I then argue that in order for a WMD non-proliferation instrument to be successful, it must comport with international law. In this respect, Resolution 1540 may be superior to The Proliferation Security Initiative.Depuis l'apparition des toutes premières armes de destruction massive (ADM), des efforts sont déployés pour contrer leur prolifération. Depuis quelques années, il est reconnu que la prolifération des ADM constitue une menace envers la paix et la sécurité internationale. La reconnaissance de cette menace a incité la communauté internationale à créer deux nouveaux mécanismes pour combattre la prolifération des ADM, soit l'Initiative de sécurité contre la prolifération et la résolution 1540 du Conseil de sécurité de l'ONU. Ces mécanismes ont été mis en place pour combler les lacunes présentes dans le régime de non prolifération, mais ils abordent la non prolifération à l'aide de méthodes différentes. Le premier se fonde sur une petite coalition de volontaires, tandis que l'autre impose des obligations à teneur universelle. Les deux mécanismes ont été créés à l'aide de moyens juridiques internationaux, mais on peut considérer qu'ils existent en fait depuis l'émergence de nouvelles autorités légales. Leur enracinement dans le droit international sera crucial pour assurer leur efficacité au sein du régime de non prolifération. Si ces mécanismes ne se conforment pas au droit international et qu'ils concordent avec le régime de non prolifération actuel, leur efficacité pour contrer la prolifération des ADM sera restreinte. La présente thèse propose une étude des fondements du régime de non prolifération et de ces deux nouveaux mécanismes, pour ensuite analyser leur conformité respective au droit international. Je soumet ensuite que pour assurer le succès d'un instrument contre la prolifération des armes de destruction massive, il faudra que cet instrument se conforme au droit international. Sur cette considération, la resolution 1540 de l'ONU est peut-être bien superieur a l'Initiative de sécurité contre la prolifération.
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Kgatla, Itumeleng Peter. "Social security and retirement reforms in South Africa : prospects and challenges." Thesis, University of Limpopo, Turfloop Campus, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/1114.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Thesis (LLM. (Development and Management Law)) -- University of Limpopo, 2013This mini-dissertation discusses South African social security and retirement reforms that will be used as guidelines towards promulgation of the new Pension Funds Act which will incorporate both private and public pensions. These proposals have been highlighted in the Retirement Reform Discussion Paper issued by National Treasury in 2004 and the Social Security and Retirement Reform paper, issued by both National Treasury and Department of Social Development, 2007. Further, the recent discussion papers entitled ‘Strengthening Retirement Savings and a Safer Financial Sector to Serve South Africa Better’ published in 2011 and 2012 respectively have strengthened social security and retirement reforms debate in South Africa. This mini-dissertation will incorporate both social security and retirement reforms.
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Rodriguez, Gemma. "The Right to Social Security in Pilipino Law: Legality, Availability, Accessibility, Acceptability and Adaptability." Thesis, Griffith University, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/407554.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This thesis argues that the Philippines is yet to fulfil its international social security obligations. Based on the criteria of legality, availability, accessibility, acceptability and adaptability (LAAAA), a socio-legal research assessment tool that is developed in this thesis, detects that more than 58 per cent of Filipinos have no legal right to social security. Expressed differently, more than half of the Philippine population have no access to the provision of social security in the Philippines. It is argued that corruption is a significant factor that limits the Philippines compliance with its international obligations.
There are three sections to this thesis. The first section of the thesis analyses whether the Philippines has internalised its social security obligations through an examination of the policies and programs which prevent and ameliorate poverty in its domestic legal order. This part examines how poverty is identified and measured in the Philippines, the composition of its social security system, and how its system compares with that of other Asian nations. It establishes that the Pilipino provision of social security is composed of three elements: social insurance, social assistance, and sub-systems of welfare assistance, but these do not alleviate or prevent poverty. The cash rate for social assistance is insufficient. This section identifies that the family is considered the primary institution of the Pilipino social security.
The second section examines how the human right to social security was established by many nations, including the Philippines, following World War II. It traces the development of internationalisation and looks at varying opinions regarding the interpretation of what constitutes the right to social security. This part also contains a discussion about the Philippines’ obligations established under the 1966 International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR), the 1952 International Labour Organization Convention 102 on the Minimum Standards of Social Security and the 1969 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties. This part establishes that the Philippines has international obligations concerning the right to social security that it took an active part in establishing.
Having identified the Philippines’ obligations under international law, the LAAAA assessment tool is used to measure the Philippines’ level of compliance concerning its international obligations regarding the right to social security. LAAAA has been developed from the four standards of availability, accessibility, acceptability, and adaptability adopted by the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (CESCR) to measure the fulfilment of the other rights enumerated by the ICESCR. The additional standard, legality, has been added to assess whether the Philippines has complied with its treaty obligations. The assessment tool shows that, in practice, the Philippines has not achieved the goals of its international obligations. The standard of legality indicates that the Philippines has implemented more welfare programs based on contributory rather than non-contributory legislation. Overall, the use of the assessment tool has detected that the Pilipino provision of social security contains selective welfare programs, policies and legislations that limit the availability, accessibility, acceptability, and adaptability of the system. Thus, the provision of social security in Pilipino law has not responded appropriately to the needs of its people.
The final section of the thesis provides explanations for the high number of Filipinos without adequate social security. It argues that corruption has been a significant drain on public resources, thus limiting their availability for other purposes, including social security. Focusing on the period 1965-2016, it finds that there was an endemic culture of corruption arising from patron-client relations between public officials, the economic and political elites, and the poor. This section establishes the ways in which public corruption has impeded the design and implementation of welfare programs that complied with the intended spirit of the nation’s international obligations.Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Griffith Law School
Arts, Education and Law
Full Text
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Huchim, Jennifer. "Policy Analysis of the Homeland Security Act of 2002." Thesis, California State University, Long Beach, 2018. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10751639.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Unaccompanied children arrive at the U.S. border in seek of refugee from the gang activity, abuse and/or poverty from their country of origin. The purpose of this thesis is to analyze the values, intentions, objectives and effects of the Homeland Security Act of 2002 with connection to unaccompanied children. There will be an analysis of how the Homeland Security Act of 2002 and other related policies have affected the care, processing, treatment and apprehension of unaccompanied children.
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Munshedzi, Thivhakoni Kingsley. "An assessment of the impact of the management of the social security system on access to services in Limpopo Province." Thesis, University of Limpopo, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/1574.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Thesis (M. Dev.) -- University of Limpopo, 2016In attacking poverty in post-apartheid South Africa, the country’s new government adopted a multiple approach focusing on building institutions and organisations on a macro regional and local level, levels to facilitate growth, reconstruction and social upliftment. In its effort to alleviate poverty and inequality, the Government of South Africa introduced a social security system. In an endeavour to address the deficiencies surrounding this system, the government has established a number of mechanisms. In order to distribute these grants to the right people in the right place, the government formed the South African Social Security Agency (SASSA). The research problem was, therefore, to find out how the management and administration of social security by SASSA is enhancing or retarding access to the services for which the agency was established to render. The aim of this study was to assess how the management and administration of the social security system impact on the accessibility of social services by those who require them. In order to achieve the aim of this study, the following objectives were addressed: how social security is managed in the Limpopo Province; to assess the impact of the management of the system on access to services; to identify possible strategies that could enhance access to social security services; and to provide recommendations based on the literature and research findings. The findings of this study was that the administration system of the South African grant system has been somewhat cumbersome for both the applicant and the administrator because the forms used for most grants are detailed and often quite technical. Furthermore, it was established that were service delivery challenges of severe staff shortages at critical operational levels where grant applications are processed and infrastructural challenges such as insufficient office space (too many staff members in a specific office) and insufficient or no connectivity at certain service delivery points. These are all organisational challenges that SASSA is facing. This research recommend that the Limpopo regional office must not only be responsible for giving information about newly enrolled recipients to the SASSA national office but the regional office should be able to complete the whole process within its offices without passing it on to the national office The research also recommends that a Monitoring and Evaluation unit must be established in regional offices. This unit will assist the management and administration of social grants in particular with improving services. This unit will visit different SASSA offices in the local municipalities on a regular basis in order to evaluate the performance of those particular offices. This will help to monitor the service delivery to the beneficiaries. Lastly, SASSA should do more research and development in consultation academic institutions or by structure within SASSA offices
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Ackson, Tulia. "Social Security Law and Policy reform in Tanzania with reflections on the South African Experience." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/4615.
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Cook, Geoffrey Stephen. "The development of social security in Ireland (before and after independence) 1838-1990." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.319908.
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Kelly, Sue. "Ruling on cohabitation : a critical study of the cohabitation rule in UK social security law." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/29192.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This thesis demonstrates that the cohabitation rule in UK law rests on questionable assumptions about financial support and on an unreliable adjudication procedure. It is out-of-step with private law constructions of the obligations of cohabitants and with modern relationship aspirations. It continues to discriminate against women with children, forcing many of them into financial dependence on a male breadwinner who may or may not be willing or able to provide the financial support they need. It is hoped that the thesis will reignite a debate which seemed to fizzle out in the 1970s, by re-examining the underlying assumptions which support arguments for retaining the rule. The thesis includes an empirical exploration of the contexts in which couples cohabit and sometimes lie about their relationships. This empirical evidence challenges assumptions about cohabitation and its concomitant obligations which underlie arguments used to defend the rule. The insights it generates undermine the basis of cohabitation rule fraud; suggest a different understanding of the value of lone parent status from that favoured by governments and raise serious questions about conflicting and inappropriate constructions of child support obligations. The thesis seeks to investigate three research questions: How can cohabitants’ attitudes and behaviour in relation to money, be understood? How should ‘cohabitation’ be understood? Does the retention of the cohabitation rule in UK social security law have any social costs? Answers to these questions are based on interviews with 20 participants in the UK, who were or had been affected by the cohabitation rule, and 8 participants in Denmark, who were or had been affected by the reelt enlig or really single rule. The small comparative element of the study provides a different lens through which to view the cohabitation rule. The comparison enables me to argue for a different approach to social security for families which respects the rights of individual family members and reflects the value of parenting rather than breadwinner status. The thesis discusses the wider implications of the study for family policy and concludes that there are significant problems with any form of non-contractual regulation of personal obligations.
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Weller, Charles E. "Statutory Response to Court Security Concerns." Thesis, University of Nevada, Reno, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3608800.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This paper proposes that legislation should be used to reduce the occurrence of courthouse violence. It begins with a review of what is known about the nature and costs of court targeted and non-targeted violence, drawing on published materials of the U.S. Marshals Service, the U.S. Secret Service, the Center for Judicial and Executive Security, and others. Previously unpublished materials are also reported. Court security efforts made in response to the violence are described. In the absence of empirical studies of the effectiveness of court security laws, the paper suggests that theories of criminology be used as guides for assessing the effectiveness of existing legislation and formulating new legislation. Criminological theories, including classical theory, rational choice theory, strain theory, and routine activity theory are discussed as models appropriate for use in evaluating court security legislation. Existing state and federal laws on paper terrorism, including false liens and U.C.C. filings; address confidentiality programs; and enhanced punishments for crimes against those involved in the judicial process are described, catalogued, and analyzed.
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Du, Plessis Meryl Candice. "Access to work for disabled persons in South Africa : the intersections of social understandings of disability, substantive equality and access to social security." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/15492.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This thesis examines possible synergies and points of friction between understandings of disability that emphasise its social contingency and jurisprudential debates on substantive equality and access to social security in the context of the promotion of access to work for disabled persons in South Africa. In consequence of an analysis of theoretical debates in the field of disability studies and how these find application in the sphere of employment equity law, it is concluded that, while social understandings of disability mostly focus on structural changes that would see people with disabilities who can and want to work gain access to such work, the positive obligations imposed on employers and the state in terms of equality rights and employment equity legislation are of limited depth and breadth. It is proposed that one potential course of action to address the limited scope of equality law would be to emphasise the state's obligations in terms of socio-economic rights where these rights are relevant to work inequality. Particular emphasis is placed on how the interpretation and application of the right to access to social security could be used to activate government's duties in respect of unemployment protection and work creation. The conclusion reached is that while this strategy poses risks and has its limitations, it can be used to improve information gathering in respect of disabled work seekers that will aid planning and enforcement; to facilitate support for disabled work seekers who experience discrimination; to compel government to improve the implementation and enforcement of employment equity laws in respect of disabled work applicants; to catalyse a holistic approach to social security that considers the interrelationship between social assistance and promoting unemployment protection for disabled persons who are willing and able to work; and to provide different forms of support to disabled people who do not operate in the formal labour market, but who can and do perform work that falls outside the scope of traditional labour market regulation.
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Kanyongolo, Ngeyi Ruth. "Social security and women in Malawi : a legal discourse on solidarity of care." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2007. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/1152/.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Increasing levels of poverty and social exclusion in Africa, and Malawi in particular, have heightened interest in social security with varying proposals for refonn. Feminist scholarship highlights how women experience social security differently. However, debates on refonn have not fully engaged with how social security can reflect the needs of women in a context of plural and competing legal discourses, nonns and values. This thesis investigates the interplay between nonns and values and the lived realities of women in social security from a feminist and radical legal pluralist perspective. It uses predominantly qualitative data from a case study of women in Zomba, Malawi, based on grounded theory complemented by discourse analysis and appreciative inquiry. This study found that women's specific risks and the disproportionately adverse impact of general risks on women are in the majority of cases marginalised due to struggles for resources and power. Plural social responses at family, community, market and state levels reflect this marginalisation. Dominant legal discourses in these institutions devalue non - material disruptions of life mainly related to care practices. This weakens solidarity and results in social insecurity for the majority of women. The marginalisation is further reinforced by dominant conceptions of umunthu and human rights which obscure the disparities in solidarity and care. At the same time, there is practical resistance to the dominant discourse using idioms of jenda and substantive complementarity being generated within the same or modified regulatory institutions. These practices are creating a gap which IS precipitating the changes aspired by women. The changes include increased access to both material and non-material resources and sharing of care within and between the family, community, market and the state. This reflects solidarity of care. The thesis argues that, social security systems should be underpinned by a legal discourse of solidarity of care in order to improve women's social security.
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Wennberg, Lena. "Social security for solo mothers in Swedish and EU law : on the constructions of normality and the boundaries of social citizenship." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala : Iustus, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-1904.
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Sivalingam, Harini. "Discourses of fear and victimization: the impact of national security legislation on the Tamil Canadian community." Thesis, McGill University, 2009. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=32391.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
National security discourses have a significant impact on migrant, refugee and immigrant communities. This thesis will address the impact that national security legislations have on vulnerable ethnic communities using the Tamil community in Canada as a case study. In highlighting concerns about rashly buying into the dominant discourses of terrorism and security, critical insights into how laws and policies impact community groups and society as a whole will be raised by exploring the discourses of fear and victimization. In particular, two important questions will be addressed. Firstly, how does the dominant discourse on fear of terrorism in national security legislation impact on the victimization of community groups, such as Tamil-Canadians? And secondly, what methods should be employed by communities so that the cycle of fear and victimization can be broken to enable the community to act with agency and resist these dominant discourses?Les discours présenter par la Sécurité nationale ont un impact signifiant sur les itinérants, les communautés de réfugié, et immigrés. Cet exposé adressera l'impact que les législations de la sécurité nationales ont sur la vulnérabilité dans les communautés ethniques, utilisant la communauté Tamoule au Canada comme une étude de cas. En soulignant les inquiétudes concernant imprudemment accepter les discours dominants de terrorisme et de sécurité, un aperçu critiques dans comment les lois et les politiques influent les groupes de communauté et la société comme un ensemble sera élevé en explorant les discours de crainte et de persécution. En particulier, deux questions importantes seront adressées. Premièrement, comment le discours dominant sur la crainte de terrorisme dans la législation de sécurité nationale influe-t-il sur la persécution de groupes de communauté, comme Tamoul-Canadiens? Et deuxièmement, quelles méthodes devraient-ils être employés par les communautés pour que le cycle de crainte et de persécution puisse être cassé pour permettre à la communauté d'agir avec l'agence et s'opposer à ces discours dominants?
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Martínez, Ulloa Ximena. "desigualdad social y delincuencia común. Condicionantes estructurales del delito y gestión municipal de la seguridad pública en las comunas de la Región Metropolitana de Santiago de Chile." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/673346.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Aquesta recerca estudia la relació entre la desigualtat social i la delinqüència comuna a les comunes de la Regió Metropolitana de Santiago de Xile. I al seu torn analitza la gestió municipal de la seguretat pública explicant el tractament de la delinqüència comuna amb intervencions subvencionades per l'Estat per a la prevenció de l'delicte.
Els objectius es desenvolupen a partir d'un disseny metodològic mixt seqüencial, que parteix amb la recol·lecció de dades secundàries sobre dimensions estructurals de les comunas (pobresa, ocupació, educació i amuntegament) examinant-a través d'l'anàlisi de correlació i de mínims quadrats ordinaris. L'estudi continua en una segona fase qualitativa, amb la realització d'entrevistes a persones encarregades de la seguretat pública municipal per a aproximar-se a la gestió de l'delicte mitjançant l'anàlisi de contingut.
A partir de les troballes és possible assenyalar que la desigualtat social a les comunes de la Regió Metropolitana de Santiago és condicionant en l'ocurrència de delictes comuns. Precisant que els delictes contra la propietat es veuen afectats per indicadors socials diferents als delictes contra les persones. Així mateix, les condicions socioestructurals de les comunas influeixen en la gestió municipal la qual està regida per les polítiques públiques de l'Estat amb intervencions homogènies en els territoris, reproduint desigualtats. A més, els programes d'intervenció que desenvolupen els municipis per al desplegament de la seguretat no escapen als models hegemònics de la prevenció de l'delicte en l'àmbit situacional i social.Esta investigación estudia la relación entre la desigualdad social y la delincuencia común en las comunas de la Región Metropolitana de Santiago de Chile. Y a su vez analiza la gestión municipal de la seguridad pública explicando el tratamiento de la delincuencia común con intervenciones subvencionadas por el Estado para la prevención del delito. Ambos objetivos se desarrollan a partir de un diseño metodológico mixto secuencial, que parte con la recolección de datos secundarios sobre dimensiones estructurales de las comunas (pobreza, empleo, educación y hacinamiento) examinándose a través del análisis de correlación y de mínimos cuadrados ordinarios. El estudio continúa en una segunda fase cualitativa, con la realización de entrevistas a personas encargadas de la seguridad pública municipal para aproximarse a la gestión del delito mediante el análisis de contenido. A partir de los hallazgos es posible señalar que la desigualdad social en las comunas de la Región Metropolitana de Santiago es condicionante en la ocurrencia de delitos comunes. Precisando que los delitos contra la propiedad se ven afectados por indicadores sociales distintos a los delitos contra las personas. Asimismo, las condiciones socioestructurales de las comunas influyen en la gestión municipal la que está regida por las políticas públicas del Estado con intervenciones homogéneas en los territorios, reproduciendo desigualdades. Además, los programas de intervención que desarrollan los municipios para el despliegue de la seguridad no escapan a los modelos hegemónicos de la prevención del delito en los ámbitos situacional y social.
This research studies the relationship between social inequality and common crime ("normal crimes") in the communes (district) of the Metropolitan Region of Santiago de Chile. At the same time it analyzes the municipal management of public security, explaining the treatment of "normal crime" with interventions subsidized by the State for crime prevention. The objectives are developed from a mixed sequential methodological design, which begins with the collection of secondary data on structural dimensions of the communes (poverty, employment, education and overcrowding). These are examined through correlation analysis and Ordinary Least Squares. In a second qualitative phase, interviews were conducted with people in charge of the municipal public security, to approach crime management through content analysis. Based on the findings of this research, it is possible to that social inequality in the communes of the Metropolitan Region of Santiago is a determining factor for the occurrence of common or normal crimes. It is noteworthy that crimes against property are affected by different social indicators than crimes against people. Likewise, the socio structural conditions of the communes influence municipal management, which is governed by public policies of the State with homogeneous interventions in the territories, reproducing inequalities. Furthermore, the intervention programs developed by municipalities for the deployment of security do not differ from the hegemonic models of crime prevention in the situational and social spheres.
Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. Programa de Doctorat en Sociologia
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Elorza, Guerrero Fernando. "Law and collective bargaining on retirement in Spain." Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2015. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/116672.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The process of legislative reform driven in Spain since 2010 within the framework of the economic crisis that is plaguing the country, has touched in a significant effect on the legal regime of the retirement. Institution which is not outside to the reform of the legal regime of collective bargaining, which, in parallel, has been practiced in these years. In this sense, the adoption of legislative measures in favor of the prolongation of the active life of the workers and the increase in retirement age, has coincided in time with the promotion of legal enterprise collective bargaining, by declaring its applicative preference. To analyze these issues is dedicated this article, in which, on the other hand, it highlights the lack of a credible legislative action in favor of the development of complementary social protection in the area of retirement.El proceso de reformas legislativas impulsadas en España desde 2010, en el marco de la crisis económica que asola al país, ha incidido de forma significativa sobre el régimen jurídico de la jubilación. A esta institución tampoco es ajena la reforma del régimen jurídico de la negociación colectiva que, paralelamente, se ha practicado en estos años. En este sentido, la adopción de medidas legislativas en favor de la prolongación de la vida activa de los trabajadores y el incremento de la edad de jubilación ha coincidido en el tiempo con la promoción legal de la negociación colectiva de empresa, mediante la declaración de su preferencia aplicativa. Al análisis de estas cuestiones se dedica el presente artículo, en el que, por otra parte, se destaca la falta de una acción legislativa creíble en favor del desarrollo de la protección social complementaria en materia de jubilación.
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Wiel-Rammeloo, Dominique Virginia. "De dienstbetrekking in drievoud : het bereik in arbeidsrecht, fiscaal recht en socialeverzekeringsrecht = Employment in triplicate : its scope in labour law, tax law and social security law /." Rotterdam : Kluwer, 2008. http://opac.nebis.ch/cgi-bin/showAbstract.pl?sys=000256260.
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McConnell, Clare Marie. "The Social Security Advisory Committee : a study of the role of the SSAC in the law-making process." Thesis, University of Bristol, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.259515.
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Silva, Rámon Jorge Almeida da. "A família previdenciária como prenúncio de um paradigma emergente dos grupos familiares fundamentados no afeto." Universidade Catolica de Salvador, 2014. http://ri.ucsal.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456730/225.
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Inserido na linha de pesquisa “Aspectos jurídicos da família”, este trabalho investiga o que são famílias para a Previdência Social brasileira e para sua instituição congênere na França. Mediante revisão de literatura, pesquisa documental e de campo, com abordagem qualitativa por meio de questionário semiestruturado, dirigido a um grupo de duzentas pessoas – entre brasileiros e franceses adultos, trabalhadores ou não, escolhidos aleatoriamente, o autor pesquisa o Estado-Providência, suas origens e principais modelos; a inteligência econômica e a Economia Política da Proteção Social. A seguir formula a seguinte tese: uma vez que a Previdência tem caráter contributivo, o instituidor do benefício de pensão por morte pode escolher livremente os seus dependentes com base no afeto. A tese fundamenta-se nos princípios da proteção social integral, da não discriminação e da dignidade das famílias. A partir deste último princípio, o estudante extrai, em contraponto ao equilíbrio financeiro e atuarial da Previdência Social, o princípio do equilíbrio financeiro das famílias e o índice de desenvolvimento previdenciário da família. Conclui seu raciocínio com argumentos teóricos aptos a propor medidas para combater a “indústria das pensões”, desenvolver o conceito de inteligência social e sustentar a classificação “famílias previdenciárias” como prenúncio de um paradigma emergente de grupos familiares fundamentados nos laços afetivos.
Inserted in the searchline "Legal Aspectsof the family", this work is about the meaning of the word “families” for the Brazilian Social Security and its counterpart institution in France. By means of literature review, document and field research, with qualitative approach using a semi-structured questionnaire, applied to a group of two hundred people – among Brazilian and French adults, workers or not, randomly chosen, the author researches the Welfare State, its origins and main models; business intelligence and the Political Economy of Social Protection. Next he formulates the following thesis: since Social Security is a contributing system, its insured can freely choose their dependents based on affection. The thesis is anchored to the principles of full social protection, non-discrimination and dignity of families. From this last principle, the student extracts, in contrast to the financial and actuarial balance of Social Security, the principle of financial stability of families and the index of welfare development of the family. He concludes his reasoning with theoretical arguments that are able to propose measures to fight the "pension industry", develop the concept of social intelligence and sustain the classification "social insurance families" as the prognostic of an emerging paradigm of family groups based on affective bonds.
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Dort, Aurélie. "Fiscalité et sécurité sociale : étude de la fiscalisation des ressources de la sécurité sociale." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AIXM1070.
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La fiscalisation des ressources de la sécurité sociale constitue non seulement le basculement d’un financement par cotisations sociales vers un financement par l’impôt au sein de la sécurité sociale, mais également un mécanisme d’ensemble aboutissant à la globalisation du droit des finances publiques, à l’uniformisation des prélèvements obligatoires et des modèles sociaux. Elle traduit la mutation des finances sociales, et l’harmonisation des règles applicables. La thèse propose ainsi une redéfinition de la fiscalisation qui constitue ainsi le pont entre la fiscalité et la sécurité sociale, dont les répercussions sont tant structurelles que parlementairesThe taxation of social security resources is a switch between social contributions and taxes in social security resources, and also a general mechanism leading to the globalization of the public finance law, the standardization of obligatory contributions and social models. Social finances become integral parts of public finances due to taxation system. The thesis proposes a redefinition of taxation that is the link between tax system and social security. The repercussions of this mechanism are both structural and parliamentarians
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Matotoka, Motlhatlego Dennis. "Section 37C of the Pension Funds Act, 24 of 1956 : a social security measure to escape destitution." Thesis, University of Limpopo, Turfloop Campus, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/1102.
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Thesis (LLM. (Labour Law)) -- University of Limpopo, 2013The study will analyse section 37C of the Pension Funds Act, 24 of 1956. This section limits the deceased’s freedom of testate by placing the death benefits and the control of the board of trustees who are tasked to distribute such benefits equitably among the dependants and nominees of the deceased. Section 37C of the Act was enacted to protect dependency by ensuring that the dependants of the deceased are not left in destitute. In order to achieve this, three duties are placed on the board of trustees namely, to identify the dependants and nominees of the deceased member; to effect an equitable distribution of the benefit among the beneficiaries; and to determine an appropriate mode of payment. This section sees to all the interest of the dependants without discriminating consequently there are three classes of dependants that are created under section 37C namely; legal dependants, non-legal dependants, and future dependants.
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Spencer, Liesel Emma. "Regulating food security: A comparative public health law analysis of Australian income management and US food welfare." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2019. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/21297.
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Food insecurity is a significant public health problem in Australia and the United States. In both countries, people who depend upon welfare benefits are at increased risk of food insecurity, socioeconomic disadvantage, and adverse health outcomes – including malnutrition, obesity, and associated chronic disease. In this dissertation, I compare the ways that Australia and the US have used welfare (social security) law as part of the state response to food insecurity. The purpose of this comparison is to consider how the US experience can inform Australia’s approach to using welfare law to regulate the risk of food insecurity in vulnerable population groups. In comparative law methodology, borrowing legal ideas from another jurisdiction is an established law reform method, the ‘legal transplant’. I take an interdisciplinary approach – comparative legal geography – to legal transplants as a law reform methodology. Legal geography is a ‘law-and-’ discipline which examines the relationships between law and the social and environmental context (or ‘place’) where law is implemented. I use case studies of specific places, Bankstown in Australia and Oakland in the US, to investigate how local social and environmental realities condition and limit the effectiveness of welfare law in regulating the risk of food insecurity. In Australia, welfare benefits are usually provided as cash transfers. In recent years, however, Australia has implemented trials of ‘income management’, which quarantines a proportion of welfare recipients’ benefits onto an electronic benefits transfer card and places restrictions on where people can shop and what they can buy. Prior to implementing the scheme, the Australian government failed to investigate whether alternatives to cash transfers have improved food security in other countries – despite citing other countries, including the US, as precedent. Compounding this failure, the various trials of income management have not been properly evaluated to see if they are improving food security as intended. In a case study of the trial of ‘place-based income management’ in the New South Wales city of Bankstown, I find that the trial is not successful as a public health intervention into the risk of food insecurity, and that it entrenches social and cultural exclusion by restricting where people can buy food. The US experience of using welfare law to address food insecurity, in its suite of food assistance programs, provides a rich body of evidence for comparative law purposes. I consider the food security outcomes of each of the three major US food welfare schemes: SNAP, formerly known as food stamps; WIC, targeting women, infants and children; and the school food programs. In a case study of the localised effects of food welfare programs in Oakland, California, I consider how the effectiveness of those programs as a food security intervention is mediated by sociocultural and environmental factors. I argue that income management laws in Australia, and food welfare laws in the US, are not solely welfare laws but are also a form of de facto public health regulation of the risk of food insecurity. I apply Lawrence Gostin and Lindsay Wiley’s systematic framework for the evaluation of public health regulation to US food welfare laws to assess whether those laws are a justifiable form of public health regulation. I find that the results are nuanced in relation to the various US food assistance programs, but that, regardless, it is important to consider the legitimacy and impact of onerous public health regulation – especially before imposing it on disadvantaged groups of people. I propose that Gostin and Wiley’s evaluation framework be extended to include an additional criterion of whether regulation is ‘place-sensitive’, or suitably adapted to the place or places where it is implemented. I recommend that Australian welfare law be reformed via a legal transplant, in adapted form, of a WIC-style scheme and a school food program; however, I reject SNAP, or ‘food stamps’, as inappropriate for Australia. I argue that Australia should retain cash transfers as the basis of food security for disadvantaged households, and that a WIC-style scheme and a school food program should be implemented as a supplement to, and not a replacement for, existing entitlements, with the goal being to build upon and improve food security for disadvantaged groups. In the legal transplant proposal, I argue that law reform should be implemented in a way that promotes food security, is appropriately adapted to the social and environmental conditions of individual places, and respects human dignity and autonomy as essential components of justifiable public health regulation.
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Mineiro, Michael. "The dilemma of national security and international cooperation in outer space: space technology trade and proliferation controls and their impact on global civil space cooperation." Thesis, McGill University, 2011. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=103692.
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In this thesis space technology trade and proliferation controls are analyzed, focusing on two substantive issues that illustrate the challenges and opportunities of reform. The first substantive issue examined is the challenge of domestic law and policy reform in light of international regulatory divergence. This issue is examined through a case study of the U.S. commercial communication satellite export control regime. The second issue is the international implications of space technology trade and proliferation control on global civil space cooperation. The unifying demonstration of this doctoral thesis is that States operate in an international legal system that perpetuates a self-justified security dilemma whose basis originates in the sovereign legal right of States to produce, procure, and maintain space technologies of a military nature. As a result, the international legal system governing space technology trade and proliferation creates a tension between perceived national security needs and the benefits of global cooperation.Cette thèse a pour objet l'étude des contrôles du commerce et de la prolifération de la technologie spatiale. Elle se concentre sur deux questions majeures illustrant d'une part les défis que poseraient une future réforme et d'autre part les perspectives que cette dernière serait susceptible d'ouvrir. La première question examinée est le défi posé par une réforme de la politique et du droit interne au regard de la diversité de la règlementation internationale. Elle est abordée à travers une étude de cas portant sur le régime américain de contrôle des exportations de satellites de communication. La seconde question concerne les conséquences internationales induites par le contrôle du commerce et de la prolifération de la technologie spatiale sur la coopération spatiale civile mondiale. Cette thèse vise à démontrer que les Etats opèrent dans un système juridique international qui entretient un dilemme sécuritaire auto-justifié provenant du droit international des Etats à produire, acquérir et entretenir des technologies spatiales d'ordre militaire. Par conséquent, le système juridique international gouvernant le commerce et la prolifération de la technologie spatiale génère une tension entre les besoins de sécurité nationale tels qu'ils sont perçus et les bénéfices d'une coopération mondiale.
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Martin, Lauren Leigh. "TECHNOLOGIES OF APPREHENSION: THE FAMILY, LAW, SECURITY, AND GEOPOLITICS IN US NONCITIZEN FAMILY DETENTION POLICY AND PRACTICE." UKnowledge, 2011. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/gradschool_diss/138.
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This dissertation examines how US immigrant family detention policy emerged from reinvigorated border security priorities, immigration policing practices, and international migration flows. Based on a qualitative mixed methods approach, the research traces how discourses of threat, vulnerability, and safety produce detainable child and parent subjects that displace “the family” as a legal entity. I show that immigration law relies on specific kinds of geographical knowledge, producing what I call the ‘geopolitics of vulnerability.’ More broadly, I analyze how current immigration enforcement practices work at local, national, and international scales, so that detention deters future migration as much as it penalizes existing undocumented migrants. Tracing how legal categorization, isolation, criminalization, and forced mobility discipline detained families, I show how detention bears down on migrant networks, defying individualized and national scalings of immigration law. Family detention, like the broader detention system, is authorized through overlapping forms of administrative discretion, and I analyze how the “plenary doctrine of immigration” resonates with ICE’s discretionary authority. Finally, I trace how immigrant rights advocates mobilizes conceptions of “home-like” and “prison-like” facilities, and how ICE reimagined its “residential” facilities in response. Empirically and theoretically, my project contributes the first academic study of US family detention to research on kinship, citizenship, security, geopolitics, and immigration enforcement.
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Gnata, Noa Piatã Bassfeld. "Refundando a solidariedade social no direito previdenciário." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2138/tde-09122014-134818/.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A solidariedade social é princípio fundante do Estado e do Direito, elevada na disciplina constitucional a núcleo do ordenamento jurídico. Na fase atual de evolução da civilização, o Direito Social, a construção da solidariedade social implica a realização concreta das finalidades constitucionais de inclusão e justiça sociais, na perspectiva material e teleológica da democracia, por meio dos instrumentos tributários e financeiros necessários, com a participação do Estado e da sociedade no financiamento da consecução daquelas atividades-fim. Uma das expressões da solidariedade social do Direito Social na sociedade capitalista baseada na exploração do trabalho é a existência efetiva da Previdência Social, que proteja os trabalhadores de infortúnios. A proteção da universalidade dos trabalhadores em Regime Geral de filiação obrigatória realiza a aspiração de solidariedade social. A filiação obrigatória enseja segurança obrigatória, e independe do atendimento do caráter contributivo no caso concreto, tendo em vista a estrutura de normas constitucionais integradas protetivas do trabalhador, que não induzem a interpenetração das relações jurídicas previdenciária e tributária decorrentes do trabalho, que são autônomas, distintas e incomunicáveis, à exceção dos prazos de carência, quando exigidos, em certos casos. A interpretação conforme a solidariedade social, a partir da experiência da teoria hermenêutica, da estrutura constitucional dos regimes de previdência, evidencia a impropriedade flagrante com que o instituto vem sendo tratado na doutrina, nos tribunais e na atividade legislativa decorrente. Este trabalho propõe a reconstrução da interpretação do instituto, com a apresentação de sua construção histórica e dos desvios da experiência pós-constitucional, para dar contornos claros ao conteúdo jurídico conforme as aspirações democráticas do pacto social traduzido na Constituição da República.Social solidarity is a founding principle of the State and of law. The historic building of the democratic state of law raised the constitutional discipline to the core of law. At the current stage of development of society, the social law, building social solidarity implies the concrete realization of the constitutional purposes of inclusion and social justice at material and teleological perspectives of democracy, through tax and financial instruments needed, with the participation of State and society in financing activities for the achievement of those goals. One of the expressions of social solidarity at Social Law is the actual existence of Social Security, which protects workers from misfortunes. The protection of the universality of workers at the General Board of compulsory membership performs the aspiration for social solidarity. The compulsory membership entails mandatory security, and independent of the contributory duty situation, given the structure of integrated protective constitutional requirements of the worker, who did not induce fluency of social security and tax legal relations arising from the fact itself of working, except in certain situations. The interpretation under social solidarity, at the experience of hermeneutical theory and the constitutional structure of pension schemes, demonstrates the blatant impropriety with which the institute is being addressed in the doctrine, the courts and the resulting legislative activity. This paper proposes the reconstruction of the interpretation of the institute, with the presentation of its historical construction and deviations from post- constitutional experience, to enlighten the legal content as the democratic aspirations of the social pact translated in the Constitution outlines.
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Nascimento, Guilherme da Costa. "Constitucionalização da seguridade social." Pós-Graduação em Direito, 2014. https://ri.ufs.br/handle/riufs/4351.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This Dissertation is inserted into the search Achieving the Fundamental Rights and their
Impacts on Social Relationships line. Presently too wonder about the concept of constitutional social rights , which its origin, its applicability and what those rights . Thus the complexity of the work being prepared emerges an idea of realization of these rights throughout its historical, cultural and
doctrinal development. On the other hand , brings out the importance of both objective factors, subjective as it comes to remodeling and induce the light of the new constitutional right , the structural
bases of social rights. The new constitutional model facilitates the demonstration of the rights enshrined here, and allows a better view of their applicability , bringing a look since its origin, its provision in the written constitutions , and through the various international covenants, which Brazil is a signatory also demonstrating the continued expansion of neoconstitutionalism. As a demonstration of principled load the Federal Constitution of 1988 and in particular the principle of human dignity , its applicability with social security. Another north, this thesis outlines the timeline of social welfare , compared to the
ideologies of justice, freedom , humanity and legal certainty through the current constitutional framework.
Finally the work proves necessary the applicability of the principle of solidarity and dignity of the human person means to promote equality and universality of social security.A presente Dissertação está inserida na linha de pesquisa Concretização dos Direitos Fundamentais e seus Reflexos nas Relações Sociais. Na atualidade muito se pergunta sobre o conceito de direitos sociais constitucionais, qual a sua origem, sua aplicabilidade e quais são esses direitos. Assim a complexidade do trabalhoelaborado desponta numa idéia de concretização desses direitos ao longo do seu desenvolvimento histórico, cultural e doutrinário. Por outro lado, aponta a importância de fatores tanto objetivos, como subjetivos que vem a induzir e remodelar a luz do novo direito constitucional, as bases estruturais dos direitos sociais. O novo modelo constitucional facilita a demonstração dos direitos aqui defendidos, e possibilita uma melhor visão de sua aplicabilidade, trazendo um olhar desde a sua origem, sua disposição nas constituições escritas, e através dos diversos pactos internacionais, que o Brasil, é signatário demonstrando também a contínua expansão do neoconstitucionalismo. Assim como a demonstração da carga principiológica da Constituição Federal de 1988, e em especial o princípio da dignidade da pessoa humana, sua aplicabilidade junto a seguridade social. De outro norte, a presente dissertação delimita a linha cronológica do bem estar social, frente às ideologias de justiça, liberdade, humanidade e segurança jurídica, por meio do arcabouço constitucional vigente. Por fim o trabalho desenvolvido comprova os meios necessários a aplicabilidade do principio da dignidade da pessoa humana e solidariedade, para fomentar a igualdade e universalidade da seguridade social, assegurando esses direitos como de importância fundamental.
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Aguiar, Rodolfo Ramer da Silva. "O contribuinte individual no direito previdenciário brasileiro." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2014. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/6559.
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Previous issue date: 2014-09-03This research aims to investigate preliminarily the rise of the individual contributor and its constant evolution, through an historic, positive and systemic study; then traces the legal relationship of this from, under the protection of Civil Law (precedent law) and Social Security Law (current law), without forgetting the constant liaison with the Constitutional Law and of its origin on the dignity of the human person. The study will check the current rules by which the genus of individual taxpayer encompasses several species of policyholders, the overwhelming majority of self-employed workers, protecting them and ensuring their social security. Addressing the details of the origin of individual contributors, in addition to clarifying the requirements for its membership, subscription, contribution scheme, as well as the institutes of the rate, the contribution salary and legal design with the general social security scheme (RGPS) are fundamental aspects to understand the institute. Another highlight is the modern context of significant legislative changes, particularly the introduction of Law No. 9.876/1999, which included in the Brazilian social security system the individual taxpayer as it is known today. From this act on, those who work on their own and get income are automatically affiliated to the RGPS , so, are considered single taxpayers, hence the duty to contribute to social welfare. The constant increase in the number of individual taxpayers in the Country deems relevant a detailed study of the role from such taxpayers, as well as the institute of social security and its real conditions to minimize the social risks
Esta pesquisa tem por objetivo investigar, preliminarmente, o surgimento do contribuinte individual e sua constante evolução, por meio de estudo histórico, positivo e sistêmico; para, em seguida, traçar a relação jurídica dessa figura, sob a proteção do Direito Civil (direito precedente) e do Direito Previdenciário (direito atual), sem se esquecer de sua estreita ligação com o Direito Constitucional e de sua origem na dignidade da pessoa humana. O trabalho trata de verificar as regras vigentes pelas quais o gênero contribuinte individual abarca diversas espécies de segurados obrigatórios, uma imensa maioria de trabalhadores por conta própria, protegendo-lhes e garantindo-lhes a seguridade social. Aborda os pormenores da origem do contribuinte individual, além de esclarecer as exigências para a sua filiação, inscrição, contribuição no regime, assim como os institutos da alíquota, o salário de contribuição e a concepção legal perante o regime geral de previdência social (RGPS), aspectos fundamentais para o entendimento do instituto. Destaca, ainda, o contexto moderno de significativas mudanças legislativas, em especial a introdução da Lei no 9.876/1999, que incluiu no sistema previdenciário brasileiro o contribuinte individual tal qual é conhecido atualmente. A partir dessa Lei, todos aqueles que trabalham por conta própria e auferem renda são automaticamente filiados ao RGPS, portanto, contribuintes individuais, daí o dever de contribuírem para a seguridade social. O aumento constante do número de contribuintes individuais no País torna necessário um estudo detalhado para esclarecer com precisão o papel desses contribuintes, bem como o instituto da seguridade social e suas reais condições de minimizar os riscos sociais
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Knels, Christopher. "Das Sozialversicherungsprinzip als wesentliches Merkmal der Sozialversicherung und seine verfassungsrechtliche Relevanz /." Berlin : Logos-Verl, 2007. http://deposit.d-nb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?id=2938400&prov=M&dok_var=1&dok_ext=htm.
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Paula, Afonso Henrique Arantes de. "As contribuições para a seguridade social à luz da Constituição." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2133/tde-29112013-075617/.
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Essa pesquisa utilizou o método dogmático, instrumental, para estudar as contribuições para a seguridade social à luz da Constituição, com objetivo de investigar sua origem, natureza jurídica e classificação, identificar o regime jurídico que lhes é peculiar e as limitações à sua instituição, inclusive, no que diz respeito à destinação que lhes é própria, por meio de emenda à Constituição. Ao fim da pesquisa, concluí tratar-se de tributos vinculados, destinados e não restituíveis, que constituem espécie tributária autônoma, dotada de regime jurídico próprio, cuja instituição encontra limites nos princípios da igualdade, irretroatividade, anterioridade, vedação ao confisco, uniformidade geográfica e deve observar as imunidades previstas nos arts. 195, II; §§ 2º e 7º e 149, § 2º, da Constituição, não lhes sendo aplicáveis as do art. 150, VI, da Constituição, cuja observância é reservada aos impostos. Os arts. 149 e 195 da Constituição atribuem competência exclusiva à União para instituir as contribuições objeto deste trabalho, podendo alcançar os rendimentos do trabalho pagos a e recebidos por pessoa física, a receita ou o faturamento, o lucro, a receita dos concursos de prognósticos, as operações de importação, tendo por base o valor aduaneiro, e o resultado das atividades do produtor, parceiro, meeiro e arrendatário rurais e do pescador artesanal, e seus respectivos cônjuges. Permite-se, ainda, por meio da competência residual, criar novas contribuições, desde que por lei complementar e que não possuam base de cálculo própria dos impostos ou contribuições já previstos na Constituição. Foi possível perceber também que os princípios do benefício e da capacidade contributiva tem importante relação com as contribuições para a seguridade social, servindo-lhe tanto para definir o sujeito passivo possível, quanto na graduação das alíquotas, vedada a progressividade. Por fim, concluí haver um possível desvirtuamento por parte da União na utilização das contribuições sociais como um todo e das para a seguridade social em particular, que estão por isso a demandar maior atenção e rigor da doutrina e da jurisprudência, a fim de impedir que a União desvirtue o fim que lhes é próprio, pondo em risco a autonomia dos demais entes federados, além, é claro, das notórias insegurança jurídica e injustiça fiscal a que são submetidos os contribuintes em razão dos desvirtuamentos encontrados.This research used the instrumental dogmatic method to study the contributions to social protection according to the Constitution. Its goal was to investigate the origin of these contributions, its legal nature and categorization, as well as to identify its specific legal regime and the limitations of its implementation, including what concerns the resources that must be fully applied to social protection through constitutional rule and the consequences of its disrespect by through constitutional amendment. At the end of the research, I concluded that it is a matter of taxes related to specific Government activities set for specific purposes and that are non-refundable. These are autonomous taxation endowed with its own legal regime, and since its establishment is limited on the principles of equality, non-retroactivity, precedency, confiscation prohibition, geographic uniformity and must observe the immunities in article. 195, II, § § 2 and 7 and 149, § 2, of the Constitution. This is not applicable to the article 150, VI of the Constitution, which is related to the three classic Brazilian taxes. The articles 149 and 195 of the Constitution confer exclusive jurisdiction to the Union to establish the contributions, which was the basis of this research, and it might encompass labor income paid to and received by an individual, income or revenue, profit, lottery income, import operations based on customs value, and the result of the activities of producers, partners, sharecroppers, rural tenants and fishermen, as well as their spouses respectively. New contributions, besides the ones foreseen in the Constitution, might be added as long as it is done through supplementary law. However, these contributions cannot have their own taxation system or contributions calculation assessment as of that already contemplated in the Constitution. It was also possible to notice that the benefit and the tax-paying ability principles have an important relationship with the contributions for social protection, suited to define the possible taxable individuals, and also to define the contribution amount, progressivity is prohibited. Finally, I concluded that there is a possible misuse of the revenue generated by individual contributions that should be fully applied to social protection, funding all the government spending on social security, welfare and health. Therefore, greater attention and severity is needed regarding the doctrine and the jurisprudence in order to avoid that the Union misuse the resources that must be allocated to social protection as this would endanger the autonomy of other federal entities. Moreover, it could be the cause of notorious legal insecurity and injustice which tax payers are subjected to because of this poor administration of resources.
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Gresham, Melissa S. "Local Law Enforcement's Ability to Transform Inputs Into Counterterrorism Outputs." ScholarWorks, 2018. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/5871.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Leadership within local police organizations should be able to, but do not, process information and create actionable strategies aimed toward proactive counterterrorism practices. This problem could lead to future terrorist attacks within the United States if police agencies do not adjust their tactics in response to growing terrorist threats. A possible cause of this problem is that leadership within local law enforcement agencies is reactive in nature and as a consequence, do not encourage officers to engage in proactive strategies. Using Easton's conceptualization of systems theory as the foundation, the purpose of this case study of a single law enforcement agency in the southwest was to explore how police leadership influences counterterrorism strategies. Research questions focused on how police leadership processed information within their organization to develop counterterrorism tactics. Data were collected from interviews with police leadership and officers, observations of policing activities, and document review of policies, directives, and unclassified reports. These data were coded and analyzed following Yin's procedure for schematic analysis. The results indicated that this agency has a successful counterterrorism strategy based on 6 organizational pillars of leading, proactive, learning, processing, policy, and communication. This study may promote positive social change by helping police leaders identify which system inputs provide the best detail for developing counterterrorism policy, and what community partnerships help police identify terrorism threats.
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Valero, Carreras Diego. "Análisis económico actuarial del desarrollo de planes de pensiones complementarios en las empresas latinoamericanas y de países emergentes." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/52153.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
La tesis pretende demostrar que el desarrollo de pensiones complementarias en países emergentes puede ser una fórmula posible de reducción de la pobreza en la vejez, entendida esta como la provisión de elementos suficientes para que el ingreso tras el retiro permita mantenimientos dignos del nivel de vida. Para ello se analiza la viabilidad económica para las empresas y el Estado, y la suficiencia económica para las personas. Concretamente esta tesis investiga acerca del nivel adicional de coste que pueden tener las empresas en el desarrollo de pensiones complementarias que sean suficientes para mantener el nivel de vida. Se determina el incremento en sus costes laborales, también la incidencia que un marco impositivo ad-hoc puede tener para ellas.The doctoral thesis demonstrates that occupational pension plan development in emerging countries can be a way to prevent poverty in old age, understood as income under retirement would be enough to maintain a minimum standard of living. Thus, the economic feasibility for companies and governments is analyzed. This thesis also deals with level of coverage for population as well. More specifically, research is focused on additional cost for companies to set up occupational pension plans, after designing several models. Labour cost increasing is calculated and put on place comparing among different countries with the benchmarked case study, the Dominican Republic. A tax framework for the country and its companies is proposed and validated, foreseeing the economic flows during the next following 25 years.
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Brooks, David J. "Public street surveillance: A psychometric study on the perceived social risk." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2003. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/114.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Public street surveillance, a domain of Closed Circuit Television (CCTV), has grown enormously and is becoming common place with increasing utilization in society as an all-purpose security tool. Previous authors (Ditton, 1999; Davies, 1998; Horne, 1998; Tomkins, 1998) have raised concern over social, civil and privacy issues, but there has been limited research to quantify these concerns. There are a number of core aspects that could relocate the risk perception and therefore, social support of public street surveillance. This study utilized the psychometric paradigm to quantitatively measure the social risk perception of public street surveillance. The psychometric paradigm is a method that presents risk perception in a two factor representation, being dread risk and familiarity to risk. Four additional control activities and technologies were tested, being radioactive waste, drinking water chlorination, coal mining disease and home swimming pools. Analysis included spatial representation, and multidimensional scaling (MDS) Euclidean and INDSCAL methods. The study utilized a seven point Likert scale, pre and post methodology, and had a target population of N=2106, with a sample of N=135 (alpha=0.7).
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Paganelli, Cleber Regian. "Reflexos previdenciários no contrato individual de trabalho." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2015. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/6909.
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Previous issue date: 2015-10-20Labor Law and Social Security Law currently represent two autonomous fields of Legal Science, and encompass the idea of protection for the working person, especially the employee under a work contract. Labor Law is responsible for protecting labor rights, whereas Social Security Law includes a significant number of provisions, represented by benefits and services available to the employee whenever he/she is faced with the contingencies which this field of law seeks to cover. The ultimate goal of this study is to analyze the impact of social security benefits on the individual work contract. To this end, we provide a brief overview of labor concepts, especially those regarding the work contract itself. Next, we present a few established social security laws in order to allow for a better comprehension of that which is the essence of this paper, that is, the theoretical and practical implications of social security benefits of Regime Geral de Previdência Social (General Social Security System and Special Social Security) RGPS on the work contract. Among all the benefits currently provided by the RGPS, we have not touched on the issue of pension benefit due to death, neither that of the reclusion aid, as they both involve benefits for the dependents of the insured individual, and therefore do not require debates regarding work contracts. Finally, we were able to establish that the social security benefits have a greater or lesser impact on the work contract, depending on each specific benefit, as they guard against different social risks
Direito do Trabalho e Direito Previdenciário representam na atualidade dois ramos autônomos da Ciência Jurídica, e encerram a ideia de proteção à pessoa que trabalha, em especial àquele trabalhador submetido a um contrato de trabalho subordinado. O Direito do Trabalho é responsável pela garantia de direitos trabalhistas, ao passo que o Direito Previdenciário contém um rol expressivo prestações, representadas por benefícios e serviços que estão à disposição do empregado quando este estiver sujeito às contingências que este ramo do direito objetiva amparar. O propósito último desse estudo é analisar o reflexo dos benefícios previdenciários no contrato individual de trabalho. Para tanto, fez-se uma breve exposição de conceitos trabalhistas, sobretudo no que diz respeito ao próprio contrato de trabalho. Em seguida foram descritos alguns institutos do Direito Previdenciário, a fim de permitir uma melhor compressão daquilo que é a essência dessa obra, qual seja, as implicações teóricas e práticas dos benefícios previdenciários do Regime Geral de Previdência Social RGPS no contrato de trabalho. De todos os benefícios que atualmente o RGPS dispõe, não se tratou acerca da pensão por morte, nem tampouco do auxílio-reclusão, por serem benefícios destinados aos dependentes do segurado e, portanto, não demandam debates frente ao contrato de trabalho. Ao final, foi possível constatar que os benefícios previdenciários impactam em maior ou menor medida no contrato de trabalho, a depender de cada benefício em específico, haja vista que tutelam riscos sociais distintos
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Carreira, Daniele de Mattos. "A divergência jurisprudencial em matéria de direito social: um estudo sob a ótica da interpretação da norma previdenciária." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2016. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/18850.
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This paper conducts a study on the jurisprudential disagreement on social rights, starting, therefore, from the interpretation of the rule. With thesis and antithesis, bringing de advantages and disadvantages of jurisprudential divergence, it seeks to reach the synthesis, in the conclusion, stating what would be more advantageous to the effectiveness of social security rights
presente trabalho realiza um estudo sobre a divergência jurisprudencial em matéria de direito social, partindo-se, para tanto, da interpretação da norma. Com tese e antítese, trazendo as vantagens e desvantagens da divergência jurisprudencial, busca-se alcançar a síntese, na conclusão, com o que seria mais vantajoso à efetividade dos direitos previdenciários
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Gómez, de Hinojosa Guerrero Alicia. "Seguridad privada global ¿Amenaza u oportunidad en el marco de las Naciones Unidas?" Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/665545.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
El incremento de los servicios de seguridad privada a nivel mundial, tanto cuantitativo como cualitativo, ha generado en los últimos años posturas contrapuestas en cuanto al papel de la seguridad privada y su posible regulación a nivel global. Estas controversias llegan al punto de que las causas y los efectos de la seguridad privada global están siendo tratados en el marco de las Naciones Unidas por diferentes organismos que posicionan sus efectos desde el enfoque de amenaza para los derechos humanos, hasta el de oportunidad para la mejora de la seguridad humana.
De estos posicionamientos depende en gran medida la percepción y el reconocimiento social de los más de 20 millones de profesionales que trabajan en el sector de la seguridad privada a nivel mundial. De hecho, aunque estos profesionales están desempeñando cometidos aparentemente de gran valor para el conjunto de la sociedad, su reconocimiento no parece ser proporcional a la labor que desempeñan, y lo que es más, entre otras circunstancias, tras los efectos de la globalización y el inicio del debate de las empresas de seguridad privadas que actúan en entornos complejos desde una perspectiva transnacional, en ocasiones no sólo no se reconoce apropiadamente la contribución de la seguridad privada en relación con la seguridad de las personas y de las comunidades en general, sino que incluso llega a ser considerada como una amenaza para dicha seguridad.
Por ello, la presente tesis tiene como objeto analizar la situación actual de la seguridad privada desde un enfoque global, especialmente en relación con las opciones de regulación internacional debatidas en el entorno de las Naciones Unidas desde diferentes perspectivas de análisis y enfoques, ya que pretendemos demostrar que dicha regulación es uno de los principales instrumentos de reconocimiento social de los profesionales del sector de la seguridad privada y que sólo desde un planteamiento global de sus posibilidades y de sus limitaciones podría encontrar su espacio en la gobernanza global de la seguridad para, posteriormente, ser acotado y desarrollado a través de las legislaciones nacionales que constituirían la verdadera legitimización del papel de la seguridad privada en su contribución a la seguridad ciudadana, y por extensión a la seguridad humana.
Así pues, teniendo en cuenta todos los aspectos mencionados, la presente tesis se organiza a través de seis capítulos. En el primero de ellos se contextualiza la situación actual de la seguridad privada global, para dar paso en los capítulos posteriores al análisis desde los diferentes enfoques; en concreto, en el capítulo dos desde la perspectiva de la seguridad como amenaza, en el tres como oportunidad y en el cuarto como oportunidad ante la amenaza. Por último, en el capítulo cinco se introduce la importancia del derecho administrativo global para el posible establecimiento de un marco internacional para la regulación de la seguridad privada global, se analizan los principales instrumentos de dimensión global que se han generado o se están generando, y tras el análisis del alcance, la naturaleza, los contenidos, las potencialidades y las limitaciones de dichos instrumentos, realizamos una propuesta integradora que acabamos resumiendo en las conclusiones del capítulo seis, como complemento al conjunto de conclusiones de los cinco capítulos anteriores.The increase in worldwide private security services, both quantitative and qualitative, has in recent years generated conflicting positions regarding the role of private security and its possible global regulation. These controversies reach a point where the causes and effects of global private security being dealt with within the framework of the United Nations by different agencies that position their effects from the approach of threat to human rights, to the opportunity for the improvement of human security. The perception and social recognition of the more than 20 million professionals working in the private security sector worldwide depends to a large extent on these positions. In fact, though these professionals are apparently performing tasks of great value to society as a whole, their recognition does not seem to be proportional to the tasks they perform, and furthermore, due to other circumstances, after the effects of globalisation and start of the debate of private security companies operating in complex environments from a transnational perspective, sometimes not only is the contribution of private security in relation to the security of people and communities in general not properly recognised, but it can even come to be considered a threat to said security. With this in mind, this thesis aims to analyse the current situation of private security from a global approach, especially in relation to the international regulation options discussed in the United Nations environment from different perspectives of analysis and approaches, as we expect demonstrate that such regulation is one of the main instruments of social recognition of professionals in the private security sector and that only from a global perspective of its possibilities and limitations could it find its place in the global governance of security, subsequently, be limited and developed through the national legislations that would constitute the true legitimisation of the role of private security in its contribution to citizen security, and by extension to human security. Thus, taking into account all the aspects mentioned, this thesis is organised into six chapters. In the first chapter, the current situation of global private security is contextualised to make way for subsequent chapters to analyze from different approaches; in particular, in chapter two from the perspective of security as a threat, in the third as an opportunity and the fourth as an opportunity to face the threat. Lastly, chapter five introduces the importance of global administrative law for the possible establishment of an international framework for the regulation of global private security, discussing the main instruments of global dimension that have been generated or are being generated, and after analysing the scope, nature, contents, potentialities and limitations of these instruments, an integrative proposal is made that ends up summarizing in the conclusions of chapter six, as a complement to the set of conclusions from the previous five chapters.
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Costa, José Guilherme Ferraz da. "Seguridade social internacional." Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 2015. http://www.bdtd.uerj.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=9507.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Esta tese parte da demonstração da existência de um conceito genérico de seguridade social incorporado ao ordenamento jurídico internacional - a ser interpretado conforme sua função socioeconômica e construção histórica no direito comparado o qual garante direitos subjetivos a medidas protetivas. Passa a averiguar então o desenvolvimento de um padrão ou receituário rudimentar previsto naquele ordenamento para implementação progressiva de sistemas de seguridade social com contornos protetivos cada vez mais precisos e abrangentes, inclusive no tocante ao tratamento do problema das migrações. Detecta então as insuficiências desse aparato normativo para oferecer atualmente uma cobertura efetiva à maioria da população mundial e aponta estratégias jurídicas internacionalizadas empregadas para fomentar ao menos a expansão imediata de uma cobertura mínima em seguridade social às populações mais vulneráveis do globo. Enfoca, por fim, a cooperação financeira internacional como solução viável para suprir as carências emergenciais das populações dos países em situação de maior déficit de cobertura em seguridade social, notadamente quanto a prestações de saúde. Expõe, em seu conjunto, caminhos para estruturação de sistemas de seguridade social harmônicos, coordenados e eficazes em prol da segurança econômica de todos.This doctoral thesis demonstrates the existence of a generic concept of social security incorporated in the international juridical order being interpreted according to its social and economical role and historical development with reference to compared law institutes which garantees subjectives rights to protective measures. Therefore, it becomes to verify the development of a pattern or a rough sketch prescription expected in that order, aiming at a progressive introduction of social security systems more and more protective, accurate and wide-ranging, including, furthermore, an approach regarding migration problems. It identifies the internal failures of this normative and regulatory system in order to offer an effective coverage to the majority of the worldwide population and highlights international juridical strategies which are nowadays being used at least to stimulate an immediate expansion in social security to the more vulnerable worldwide population. It emphasizes, at last, a financial international cooperation as a viable solution in order to supply urgent social deficiencies concernig to the populations in countries which outstands lack of social security coverage, mainly as for health support. It exposes, on the whole, ways to build and develop harmonic social security systems, integrated an effective, in the name of the economical security of all.
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Jakob, Olaf. "Perspectives on determining permanent disablement in South African occupational law." Thesis, North-West University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/9068.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The right to be entitled to compensation for injuries sustained in the course of employment has always been an essential component of basic social security rights.
Provision is made in the international sphere by the International Labour Organization and the United Nations. In the regional sphere there are standards that apply within the Southern African Development Community, and on a national level the rights are provided in terms of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996, and the Compensation for Occupational Injuries and Diseases Act, 103 of 1993 (COIDA).
COIDA provides for a system of no fault compensation for employees who have sustained injuries or contracted occupational diseases during the course of their employment. “No fault compensation” provides that an employee does not have to prove fault with the employer or any other party in to be entitled to claim compensation.
COIDA’s main purpose is to provide for compensation for disablement caused by occupational injuries or diseases sustained or contracted by defined employees in the course of their employment.
Section 49 of COIDA provides for compensation for permanent disablements. In terms of section 49, the Commissioner must assess the permanent disablement of the employee by applying Schedule 2 of COIDA, which stipulates percentages of disablement for different injuries or mutilations. By “matching” the injury or mutilation from which the employee is suffering to the corresponding injury or mutilation provided for in Schedule 2, the Commissioner is then able to determine the degree of permanent disablement.
Discretions are also granted to the Commissioner in terms of which he is allowed to determine the degree of disablement suffered by an employee under certain circumstances. The nature and amount of compensation awarded depend on the degree of disablement that the employee is afflicted with. Compensation for permanent disablement may be paid either in a lump sum or a monthly pension depending on the degree of disablement determined.
Problems arise with the application of both these approaches of determining the permanent disablement of an employee. The guidelines in Schedule 2 have been previously described to be applied “mechanically” with no consideration being given to the individual circumstances of the employee. In practice the discretion granted to the Commissioner in terms of section 49 is often not applied judicially, which has led to numerous objections being lodged against the initial amount of compensation granted.
The lack of medical expertise at the initial assessment of the disablement, and the “mechanical application” of Schedule 2, often lead to the incorrect determination of the degree of permanent disablement from which the employee is actually suffering. The determination of the degree of disablement is often not consistent with Schedule 2 of COIDA and results in an unjustifiable amount of compensation granted to the employee which holds no relation to the impairment suffered.
The core question that needs to be considered is whether and to what extent the employee is still useful for the labour market in the line of his or her employment, and the disablement should be assessed in the light thereof.Thesis (LLM (Labour Law))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013.