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1
Masters, Roger D. "Biological Perspectives in the Social Sciences." Politics and the Life Sciences 13, no. 1 (February 1994): 125–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0730938400022401.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
From July 31 to August 6, 1993, the Gruter Institute for Law and Behavioral Research and the Nelson A. Rockefeller Center for the Social Sciences at Dartmouth College cosponsored a Faculty Seminar on “Biological Perspectives in the Social Sciences” at Dartmouth. Participants included scholars and graduate students from anthropology, communications, economics, political science, psychology, and sociology, as well as representatives from business and the public sector.
2
Khodadady, Ebrahim, and Zahra Hosseini Zahani. "Which Self Represents Sapiens? Biological, Psychiatric, Psychological or Religious?" Journal of Clinical Research and Reports 08, no. 05 (August 28, 2021): 01–07. http://dx.doi.org/10.31579/2690-1919/189.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Background: The physical science of biology and social sciences of psychiatry, psychology and religion address “self” as one of their main themes of investigation. Objective: to find out which self-described by these sciences represents “sapiens” distinguished from all other organisms because of having wisdom. Methodology: a representative text of biology was chosen and subjected to textual and statistical analyses and contrasted to those of psychiatry, psychology and religion. Results: Biology, psychiatry and psychology employ the eight-taxon structure of Linnaeus [1] in which wisdom has no role to play and thus “sapiens” are treated as if they were similar, if not the same as, all other species of plants and animals. Religion, however, divides “sapiens” to three types of self-based on whether they exercise their wisdom or not. Conclusion: Biology, psychiatry and psychology render all selves including “sapiens” subject to life on the earth and justify whatever they do in terms of securing and enjoying it. Religion, however, lifts “sapiens” to the vicegerency of God and holds them responsible for the type of self they choose to become by extending life to hereafter.
3
Scott, Bernard. "Cybernetics for the Social Sciences." Brill Research Perspectives in Sociocybernetics and Complexity 1, no. 2 (April 15, 2021): 1–128. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/25900587-12340002.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract This publication meets a long-felt need to show the relevance of cybernetics for the social sciences (including psychology, sociology, and anthropology). User-friendly descriptions of the core concepts of cybernetics are provided, with examples of how they can be used in the social sciences. It is explained how cybernetics functions as a transdiscipline that unifies other disciplines and a metadiscipline that provides insights about how other disciplines function. An account of how cybernetics emerged as a distinct field is provided, following interdisciplinary meetings in the 1940s, convened to explore feedback and circular causality in biological and social systems. How encountering cybernetics transformed the author’s thinking and his understanding of life in general, is also recounted.
4
Jackson, John P. "Definitional Argument in Evolutionary Psychology and Cultural Anthropology." Science in Context 23, no. 1 (January 26, 2010): 121–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269889709990263.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
ArgumentEvolutionary psychologists argue that because humans are biological creatures, cultural explanations must include biology. They thus offer to unify the natural and social sciences. Evolutionary psychologists rely on a specific history of cultural anthropology, particularly the work of Alfred Kroeber to make this point. A close examination of the history of cultural anthropology reveals that Kroeber acknowledged that humans were biological and culture had a biological foundation; however, he argued that we should treat culture as autonomous because that would bring benefits to the biological sciences as well as the human sciences. Hence, the historical caricature of his work by evolutionary psychology fails. The paper concludes that cultural anthropologists were successful in creating their discipline, at least in part, because they argued by pragmatic definition. Evolutionary psychology, on the other hand, offers an essentialist definition of “culture” and thus offers a much less promising vision of interdisciplinary collaboration.
5
Белопольский, В. И., А. Л. Журавлев, and А. А. Костригин. "THE USSR ACADEMY OF SCIENCES." Институт психологии Российской академии наук. Социальная и экономическая психология, no. 3(19) (October 28, 2020): 197–226. http://dx.doi.org/10.38098/ipran.sep.2020.19.3.008.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Авторы обращаются к истории организации и становления сектора социальной психологии в структуре Института психологии АН СССР в 1972-1975 гг. Описывается социально-исторический и научный контекст возникновения сектора. Обнаруженные архивные материалы показывают, как происходило обособление социально-психологической проблематики в самостоятельное научное подразделение, и как развивались темы научно-исследовательской деятельности в первые годы работы сектора. Рассматривается научная деятельность первых сотрудников сектора социальной психологии (зав. сектором Е.В. Шороховой, С.С. Паповяна, К.К. Платонова, М.И. Бобневой, О.И. Зотовой, Е.В. Спивак, Н.В. Кучевской, Ю.М. Жукова, П.Н. Шихирева), перед которыми стояла задача разработки социально-психологических проблем, а также участие других сотрудников Института психологии (Л.И. Анцыферовой, Е.А. Будиловой) и внешних исследователей (А.Р. Лурии) в социально-психологических исследованиях. Описываются первые планы и отчеты о научно-исследовательской деятельности сектора за 1972-1975 гг. Основными направлениями научных исследований являлись: методологические проблемы социальной психологии, история отечественной и зарубежной социальной психологии, социально-психологические факторы формирования личности, психологическая структура личности в разных социальных группах, социально-психологические особенности коллектива, психологические механизмы социальной регуляции поведения. Показывается научно-организационная деятельность сектора социальной психологии в эти годы: семинар «Методологические проблемы социальной психологии» (рук. Е.В. Шорохова), конференция-совещание «Биологическое и социальное в развитии человека» (сентябрь 1975 г.). Научно-исследовательская и научно-организационная деятельность сектора позволила Институту психологии стать одним из крупнейших научных центров в стране, занимающихся вопросами социальной психологии. The authors address the history of the organization and formation of the sector of social psychology in the structure of the Institute of Psychology of the USSR Academy of Sciences in 1972-1975. The social-historical and scientific context of the emergence of the sector of social psychology at the Institute of Psychology is described. The discovered archival materials show how the social-psychological problems were separated into an independent scientific unit and how the topics of research activities developed in the first years of the sector's work. The authors examine the scientific activity of the first employees of the sector of social psychology (head of the sector E.V. Shorokhova, S.S. Papovyan, K.K. Platonov, M.I. Bobneva, O.I. Zotova, E.V. Spivak, N.V. Kuchevskaya, Yu.M. Zhukov, P.N. Shikhirev), who were faced with the task of developing social-psychological problems, as well as the participation of other employees of the Institute of Psychology (L.I. Antsyferova, E.A. Budilova) and external researchers (A.R. Luria) in social-psychological research. The first plans and reports on the sector's research activities for 1972-1975 are described. The main directions of scientific research were: methodological problems of social psychology, history of Russian and foreign social psychology, social-psychological factors of personality formation, psychological structure of a personality in different social groups, social-psychological characteristics of a collective, psychological mechanisms of social regulation of behavior. The scientific-organizational activity of the sector of social psychology in these years is shown: the seminar “Methodological problems of social psychology” (headed by E.V. Shorokhova), the conference-meeting “Biological and social in human development” (September 1975). The research and scientific-organizational activities of the sector of social psychology allowed the Institute of Psychology to become one of the largest scientific centers in the country dealing with issues of social psychology.
6
CICCHETTI, DANTE, and SHEREE L. TOTH. "Social policy implications of research in developmental psychopathology." Development and Psychopathology 12, no. 4 (December 2000): 551–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954579400004016.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In concluding his review of the historical underpinnings of the field of developmental psychopathology, Cicchetti (1990) asserted the following: . . . this discipline should contribute greatly to reducing the dualisms that exist between the clinical study of and theoretical research into childhood and adult disorders, between the behavioral and biological sciences, between developmental psychology and psychopathology, and between basic and applied research. (p. 20)
7
Kosiewicz, Jerzy. "Social and Biological Context of Physical Culture and Sport." Physical Culture and Sport. Studies and Research 50, no. 1 (December 1, 2010): 5–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10141-010-0021-1.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Social and Biological Context of Physical Culture and SportAuthor underlines that biological sciences connected with the human being are traditionally - after MacFadden, among others - counted among physical culture sciences. Because of the bodily foundations of human physical activity, they perform - shortly speaking - a significant cognitive function: they describe natural foundations of particular forms of movement. In spite of the fact that knowledge in that respect is extremely important for multiform human activity in the field of physical culture, it is not knowledge of cultural character. From the formal (that is, institutional) viewpoint it is strictly connected with culture studies, but it has separate methodological and theoretical assumptions. Knowledge of that type is focused on the human organism and not on effects of mental, axiocreative, symbolic activity of the human being entangled in social relations. It includes auxiliary data which support practical - that is, in that case, physical, bodily - activity. Its reception of axiological (ethical and aesthetical), social (philosophical, sociological, pedagogical, historical {universal or strictly defined - referring e.g. to art and literature with the connected theories} or political) character is dealt with by the humanities (in other words: social sciences) constituting an immanent and the fundamental - and hence the most important - part of culture studies. Putting stress on alleged superiority and the dominating role of natural (biological in that case) sciences within physical culture sciences and the connected marginalization of the humanities - which constitute, after all, a necessary and hence an unquestionable foundation for culture studies, their essence and objectivisation - is, euphemistically speaking, a clear shortcoming in the field of science studies.The abovementioned exaltation and aspirations for superiority, as well as deepening and more and more aggressive marginalization of the humanities (understood in that paper as a synonym for social sciences) in the field of physical culture sciences may lead to the separation of biological sciences.
8
Cross, Emily S., Ruud Hortensius, and Agnieszka Wykowska. "From social brains to social robots: applying neurocognitive insights to human–robot interaction." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 374, no. 1771 (March 11, 2019): 20180024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2018.0024.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Amidst the fourth industrial revolution, social robots are resolutely moving from fiction to reality. With sophisticated artificial agents becoming ever more ubiquitous in daily life, researchers across different fields are grappling with the questions concerning how humans perceive and interact with these agents and the extent to which the human brain incorporates intelligent machines into our social milieu. This theme issue surveys and discusses the latest findings, current challenges and future directions in neuroscience- and psychology-inspired human–robot interaction (HRI). Critical questions are explored from a transdisciplinary perspective centred around four core topics in HRI: technical solutions for HRI, development and learning for HRI, robots as a tool to study social cognition, and moral and ethical implications of HRI. Integrating findings from diverse but complementary research fields, including social and cognitive neurosciences, psychology, artificial intelligence and robotics, the contributions showcase ways in which research from disciplines spanning biological sciences, social sciences and technology deepen our understanding of the potential and limits of robotic agents in human social life. This article is part of the theme issue ‘From social brains to social robots: applying neurocognitive insights to human–robot interaction’.
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Warne. "Crossing the Rubicon from the Social to the Biological Sciences." American Journal of Psychology 133, no. 4 (2020): 536. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/amerjpsyc.133.4.0536.
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Moldovan, Iosif Florin. "THE FAMILY - A BIOLOGICAL, SOCIAL AND JURIDICAL REALITY." Agora International Journal of Juridical Sciences 8, no. 1 (February 4, 2014): 104–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.15837/aijjs.v8i1.945.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The family is a biological reality entailed by the union between a man and a womanand by procreation; it is a social reality, given the community of life between the spouses,between parents and children and, generally, between the family members; last but not least,it is a legal reality, by way of the legal regulations regarding the family.In a narrow sense, the notion of the family includes the spouses and their minorchildren. In a broader sense, the notion of the family would mean the genealogical tree thatincludes the totality of the persons descended from a common author, to whom are added thespouses of those persons.A precise and rigorous definition of the notion of family is hindered by manydifficulties, simply because it is an object of research in various and numerous sciences,such as sociology, psychology, law, medicine, etc., each trying to capture its characteristicaspects from their particular angles. The motivation? The legislators themselves are notconsistent in establishing a legal definition of the family, providing this notion with an arrayof different meanings.In this paper, we will attempt to outline and account for these realities of the familyfrom a legal standpoint, as evinced by various statutory regulations in this field.
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李, 文杰. "Social Perception from the Perspective of Psychology." Advances in Social Sciences 12, no. 09 (2023): 5464–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.12677/ass.2023.129749.
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Bartalesi, Lorenzo. "Aesthetic models in the human sciences." Boletín de Estética, no. 51 (June 19, 2020): 7–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.36446/be.2020.51.142.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Starting from the assumption that aesthetic is an anthropological fact which —like language or symbolic thought— belongs to the behavioral, cognitive and social register of our species, the article aims to clarify the uses of the category of aesthetic in the human sciences (social anthropology, cognitive psychology, evolutionary anthropology). The epistemological analysis focuses on the implicit assumptions that guide the different methodologies and leads to the elaboration of a conceptual map of the several models of aesthetic adopted in the contemporary debate. Such a result is presented as a preliminary analytical step aimed at fostering an interdisciplinary approach to the complexity and socio-biological diversity of aesthetic phenomena.
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Coder, Megan. "Book Review: The Biology of Beauty: The Science behind Human Attractiveness." Reference & User Services Quarterly 58, no. 4 (October 25, 2019): 268. http://dx.doi.org/10.5860/rusq.58.4.7170.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Rachelle M. Smith, an associate professor of psychology and the chair of social sciences at Husson University, is the author of this one-volume work. The subject of beauty is complex and has been heavily researched among many academic disciplines like anthropology, biology, evolutionary studies, psychology, and sociology. This research “has added to a foundation of understanding what it means to be attractive and the biological underpinnings of beauty” (vii).
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Scott, Campbell L., and Henderikus J. Stam. "The Body in Psychology: Biological Entity or Social Construction?" Theory & Psychology 6, no. 2 (May 1996): 305–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959354396062008.
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Kowalik, Stanisław. "Co to znaczy, że psychologia jest nauką społeczną? Próba odpowiedzi na pytanie poprzez psychologiczną analizę migracji arabskiej do Europy." Człowiek i Społeczeństwo 45 (March 15, 2018): 19–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/cis.2018.45.2.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Psychological research rarely undertakes macrosocial issues. An analysis of the specificity of research conducted in the framework of social sciences revealed that incorporating psychology into them is not only possible but also desirable if, while studying these macrosocial phenomena and processes, scientists take into account biological and social factors as well. Basing on the conceptions of evolutionary psychology and the findings of research on the situation of migrants fromArab countries to Europe, it has been shown what value resorting to psychological knowledge in the search for the solution to migration problems may have.
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Plotkin, Henry. "Evolution and the Human Mind: how far can we go?" Royal Institute of Philosophy Supplement 49 (March 2001): 267–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1358246100007207.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
There is a close coincidence in time between the appearance of psychology as a science and the rise of evolutionary theory. The first laboratory of experimental psychology was established in Germany by Wilhelm Wundt just as Darwin's writings were beginning to have their enormous impact, especially as they might be applied to understanding the human mind (Darwin, 1871). Psychology is an important discipline because it straddles the boundary between the biological sciences and the social or human sciences (defined as those sciences that study exclusively human characteristics) of anthropology, sociology and economics. Given that importance, and given that new sciences lack the conceptual history within which older, established sciences might be mired, it might have been expected that psychology would have embraced in a way that established sciences did not the equally new, sensational and central theorem of biology which spoke to the origins of species as well as the origins of their traits and, crucially, the functions of those traits. Yet for over a century evolutionary theory had virtually no presence in psychology, despite having powerful friends like William James at court (James, 1880).
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Dell, Paul F. "UNDERSTANDING BATESON AND MATURANA: TOWARD A BIOLOGICAL FOUNDATION FOR THE SOCIAL SCIENCES*." Journal of Marital and Family Therapy 11, no. 1 (January 1985): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-0606.1985.tb00587.x.
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Losco, Joseph. "Book Reviews: Degler - In Search of Human Nature: The Decline and Revival of Darwinism in American Social ThoughtCarl N. Degler New York: Oxford University Press, 1991, 400 pp. US$24.95 cloth. ISBN 0-19-506380-5. Oxford University Press, 200 Madison Ave., New York, NY 10016, USA." Politics and the Life Sciences 11, no. 2 (August 1992): 279–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0730938400015355.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
PrécisHistorian and Pulitzer Prize winner Carl Degler analyzes the reasons for Darwinism's fall from favor among American social scientists throughout the early and mid-twentieth century and for its revival in recent years. The work is divided into four parts. In the first part, Degler reviews the impact of Darwin on turn-of-the-century social science and its association with the politics of IQ testing, eugenics, and racism. He denies, however, that social scientists of either Darwinian or anti-Darwinian stripe had any real impact on policies like restrictive immigration laws. In Part II, Degler reconstructs the history of the rise of culture as an explanatory concept and its dissociation from biological roots. Degler explains that much of this movement is attributable to ideological factors and not merely to the results of research. Special emphasis is placed upon the influence of Franz Boas, but the work of Margaret Mead, John Watson, and B. F. Skinner is also examined. Part III examines the resurrection of biological modes of thinking in sociology, psychology, philosophy, and political science in the 1960s and 1970s, largely as a result of the convergence of two factors: (1) dissatisfaction with prevailing social science theory, and (2) new discoveries in the life sciences. Degler finds recent use of biology in the social sciences less deterministic and more egalitarian in orientation than the social Darwinism of an earlier era. In his epilogue, Degler explores recent studies in animal awareness to discern future patterns in biologically based social science, including the potential for greater understanding of the biological roots of human morality.
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Grimshaw, Allen D., and Richard Totman. "Social and Biological Roles of Language: The Psychology of Justification." Contemporary Sociology 15, no. 4 (July 1986): 661. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2069353.
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Kantorovich, Aharon. "Scientific genius—A psychology of science." Journal of Social and Evolutionary Systems 15, no. 1 (January 1992): 105–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/1061-7361(92)90040-k.
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Fish, Jefferson M. "Introduction Social and Biological Trends in Applied and Clinical Psychology." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 602, no. 1 Psychology (September 1990): 169–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1990.tb22737.x.
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Kosiewicz, Jerzy. "Championing Physical Cultural Sciences." Physical Culture and Sport. Studies and Research 82, no. 1 (June 1, 2019): 67–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pcssr-2019-0014.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractThe term “physical culture” is, first of all, associated (referring to the etymology of the word “culture” from the Latin “colo,-ere”, meaning “to cultivate”, “to inhabit” or “to honor”) with cultivation and taking care of the human “physis” – obviously in the context of social and natural environment. What matters in physical cultural reflection is not movement as such – as a purely physical phenomenon – but only such a form of movement which has been cultivated and attributed with conventionalized social values of symbolic and autotelic character. Biological sciences connected with the human being are traditionally – after MacFadden, among others – counted among physical cultural sciences. Because of the bodily foundations of human physical activity, they perform a significant cognitive function: they describe natural foundations of special forms of movement, but they are not offering knowledge of cultural character. As there are no values in the human being’s nature, the biological sciences within the institutional field of physical culture can with their separate methodological and theoretical assumptions only offer an auxiliary, supportive function. Physical cultural sciences are primarily dealing with the significant relations between humans in physical cultural practices, with knowledge of an axiological (ethical and aesthetical) and social (philosophical, sociological, pedagogical, historical or political) character. The alleged superiority of biological sciences within physical cultural sciences and the connected marginalization of the humanities – which constitute, after all, a necessary and hence an unquestionable foundation for cultural studies – is, therefore, a clear challenge in the institutional field of physical culture.
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Kenrick, Douglas T., Jon K. Maner, Jon Butner, Norman P. Li, D. Vaughn Becker, and Mark Schaller. "Dynamical Evolutionary Psychology: Mapping the Domains of the New Interactionist Paradigm." Personality and Social Psychology Review 6, no. 4 (November 2002): 347–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15327957pspr0604_09.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Dynamical systems and evolutionary theories have both been proposed as integrative approaches to psychology. These approaches are typically applied to different sets of questions. Dynamical systems models address the properties of psychological systems as they emerge and change over time; evolutionary models address the specific functions and contents of psychological structures. New insights can be achieved by integrating these two paradigms, and we propose a framework to begin doing so. The framework specifies a set of six evolutionarily fundamental social goals that place predictable constraints on emergent processes within and between individuals, influencing their dynamics over the short-term, and across developmental and evolutionary time scales. These social goals also predictably influence the dynamic emergence and change of cultural norms. This framework has heuristic as well as integrative potential, generating novel hypotheses within a number of unexplored areas atpsychology's interface with the other biological and social sciences.
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Schooler, Carmi. "Psychology and sociology: Beyond neither determinism nor science." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 22, no. 5 (October 1999): 903–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x99432200.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
While agreeing with Rose's reasoning about why the causes of organisms' behaviors cannot be reduced to the solely biological and molecular, this review questions Rose's uses of the terms “determinism” and “contingency”; his occasional seemingly cavalier acceptance as fact of unproven hypotheses about social and psychological phenomena; and his general disdain for the psychometric tradition and its causal modeling extensions.
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Shephard, Roy J. "Assumptions Inherent in Biological Research." Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly 15, no. 3 (July 1998): 222–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/apaq.15.3.222.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A quantitative hypothetico-deductive approach has continued to contribute greatly to advances in biological and medical science. Quantitative methods are adopted over other approaches primarily because they contribute the most new knowledge about biological processes. Nevertheless, investigators make many assumptions when testing a biological hypothesis quantitatively. These assumptions may become invalid unless experiments are designed with great care. Problems arise in relation to formulating appropriate hypotheses, using volunteer samples, controlling the experimental intervention and potentially interfering behaviors, reaching an acceptable level of proof, excluding alternative hypotheses, and generalizing findings beyond the immediate experimental sample. When biologists are aware of these issues, they can take appropriate countermeasures and reach valid conclusions. However, the issues become more critical and resolution is less clear-cut when the same methods are extended from biology to psychology and the social sciences, and from general to special populations. In such situations, case studies and single-subject designs may have continuing relevance.
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Levy, Neil. "Evolutionary Psychology, Human Universals, and the Standard Social Science Model." Biology & Philosophy 19, no. 3 (June 2004): 459–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/b:biph.0000036111.64561.63.
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Kosiewicz, Jerzy. "Social Sciences and Common Perceptions of Sport." Physical Culture and Sport. Studies and Research 60, no. 1 (December 1, 2013): 64–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pcssr-2013-0027.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract This paper provides a discussion on various aspects and features of the concept of the social sciences of sport. The concept originated recently and was formulated in 2007 during the preparations for the establishment of the International Society for the Social Sciences of Sport. The Society, however, was not formed until the beginning of 2009. Among other things, the concept includes such academic disciplines and fields as sport sociology, sport philosophy, sport psychology, sport pedagogy, the history of physical fitness, sport and Olympism, sport politics and the international conditions of sport, sport economics, sport organizations and management, the social and cultural foundations of tourism and recreation, the social relations regarding training and sport tactics, as well as the humanistic theory of martial arts. The author presents a growth in interest of different social aspects and issues of sport at the beginning of the twentieth century. He indicates the significant development of sport during the second half of the last century, especially towards its end and at the beginning of the twenty-first century. The social sciences of sport was also underlined as the reason for the creation of a new, dynamically developing cognitive paradigm. According to the Author, it is mainly connected with the institutional and functional, organizational and methodological conditions of the social science of sport which specifically complemented the educational and research standards for the academic community around the globe. The Author emphasizes the social sciences of sport’s distinctive and autonomous part in sport science due to its specific and detailed merit-related issues and methodological foundations. He also stresses that not only does natural science (particularly biological science) play an important role in sport science, but also that the social science of sport has a vital and fundamental value in it. In his opinion, natural (biological) science in relation to sport refers mainly to one person’s organism, whereas social science refers, for the most part, to the axiological, cultural, symbolical, esthetic, ethical perception of physical exertion. Moreover, research conducted in this field encompasses the professional, pragmatic, utilitarian, cathartic, escapist, ludic, hedonistic, epistemological and recreational aspects of differently perceived professional sports or sport for all. The Author points out that the amount of available courses - lectures, classes, seminars - in the field of social sciences themselves, as well as in the social science of sport, is being gradually reduced, which undoubtedly lowers not only the knowledge, but also the perception, interpretation, explanation and comprehension of sport in the context of the humanistic approach. Furthermore, he indicates this trend’s influential role in the development of common-sense thinking, which makes opinion-forming and valuable comments on the subject of sport undergo cognitive deformations. He points out its negative influence on the listeners, audience and fans’ consciousness, opinion and attitude, as well as on the interpretative context of the observed events - not only ones associated with sport, but also those happening beyond it, for instance in social, family, peer, professional, political and religious life.
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Verona, Edelyn, Melanie Bozzay, and Craig J. Bryan. "Contributions of Biobehavioral Sciences to the Study and Prevention of Firearm Violence: Perceived Threat, Cognitive Control, and Firearm Culture." Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences 10, no. 2 (October 2023): 272–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/23727322231196498.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The study and prevention of firearm violence are clearly in the realm of psychology, yet the potential contributions of the biobehavioral sciences to the study of firearm violence are underexplored. Most biobehavioral research has identified individual-level vulnerabilities for violence more broadly, with less focus on how biological risk manifests in the context of firearm culture in particular. Reviewing the literature leads to two main insights: first, the nature of firearm acquisition in the United States (easy access, self-protection motives, and exaggerated perceptions of threat) can itself trigger biobehavioral processes (e.g., threat disruptions in cognitive control) representing a risk for firearm violence. Second, cutting-edge research using digital and biological phenotyping represents a potentially useful approach for tracking and forecasting the momentary risk of firearm violence among high-risk firearm carriers. Policy recommendations informed by the reviewed research can help improve prevention and intervention efforts.
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Barkow, Jerome H. "Précis ofDarwin, sex and status: Biological approaches to mind and culture." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 14, no. 2 (June 1991): 295–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x00066711.
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AbstractDarwin, Sex and Statusargues that a human sociobiology that mistakes evolutionary theory for theories of psychology and culture is wrong, as are psychologies that could never have evolved or social sciences that posit impossible psychologies. Status develops theories of human self-awareness, cognition, and cultural capacity that are compatible with evolutionary theory. Recurring themes include: the importance of sexual selection in human evolution; our species' preoccupation with self-esteem and relative standing; the individual as an active strategist, regularly revising culturally provided information; and awareness as an impressionmanagement device. Culture is a somewhat structured information pool that itself evolves, often in ways that reduce the genetic fitness of its participants.
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Gentile, Douglas A. "Just What Are Sex and Gender, Anyway? A Call for a New Terminological Standard." Psychological Science 4, no. 2 (March 1993): 120–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.1993.tb00472.x.
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The terms sex and gender have come to be used as synonyms in the social sciences literature. However, nothing has been gained by the use of the term gender except confusion. This article identifies five meanings for which social scientists often use the terms sex or gender and proposes a distinct term for each of those five meanings. The terms proposed are (1) sex: to refer to the biological function; (2) biologically sex-linked: to refer to traits or conditions that are causally biologically related to being male or female; (3) gender-linked: to refer to traits or conditions that are causally linked with maleness or femaleness but are culturally based as opposed to biologically based; (4) sex- and gender-linked: to refer to traits or conditions that are causally related to both a biological component and a cultural component; and (5) sex-correlated: to refer to traits or conditions that are related to being male or female without asserting a causal relation to either biology or culture (because we do not wish to make such an assertion or cannot do so confidently). It is hoped that adopting a terminological standard will reduce the confusion resulting from nonspecific language use.
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Maltseva, Kateryna. "Linking social stress, health and social behavior through the lens of evolution." NaUKMA Research Papers. Sociology 5 (November 16, 2022): 14–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.18523/2617-9067.2022.5.14-25.
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Stress has been systematically shown to affect health. Social life introduces additional sources of stress, and social stressors emerge as a particular kind of stressors. Living in groups and embedded into their social networks, humans live a complex life based on regular social interactions, elaborate cultural routines and mental life rooted in intersubjectivity, capacity for social learning and affiliative needs. Social Safety Theory and life history orientation approach use this ground to develop an evolutionary-based perspective on life stress and health. While life history orientation framework is already well established in social epidemiology, medical anthropology and sociology, Social Safety Theory is a novel approach building on the psychological ability embedded in human sociality to form and maintain lasting social bonds. It hypothesizes that threats to social safety are a critical feature of psychological stressors that increase risk for disease. By doing so it provides a link between social behavior, psychosocial stress and human health when considered in the light of evolution. Life history orientation approach stems from the evolutionary premises and expands its biologically-grounded reasoning into the realm of psychology as well as health sciences. Among other things, it contributes to sociological frameworks linking the effects of childhood adversity to patterns of disease and social behavior in adult life. Both these frameworks provide important conceptual junctures for the researchers of stress, health and social behavior by developing explanations of different avenues by which our social ecologies affect biological risks.
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Kim, Uichol, and Jisun Kim. "Understanding the Software of the Mind, Self and Culture: The Scientific Foundation of Indigenous and Cultural Psychology." Psychology and Developing Societies 35, no. 2 (September 2023): 347–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09713336231185203.
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The understanding of the nature and the software of the mind has generated immense debate in religion, philosophy, sciences and psychology. Drucker notes that the basic assumption about the reality is the foundation for science, axiom and algorithm adopted for the theory, concept and method. The assumption differentiates what is important from what is noise. In the medieval Europe, the Catholic Church provided a unified theory of the world as a reflection of God’s grand design and purpose. They held the power to define and thus had the power to control people’s lives. Their power was challenged during the Renaissance with the emergence of humanism. The Cartesian duality of separating the mind from body allowed the separation of church and state and science to flourish. In East Asia, Confucius articulated a different set of assumptions. Humans are defined as ingan 人間 (‘human between’) and assume relationship and compassion as the basic foundation. This is the basis of the cultural difference and theory of the mind. The Darwinian Evolutionary Theory replaced the religious definition, Cartesian duality, and empathy with the biological traits, instincts and natural selection. Psychology adopted the biological model to explain human behaviour. Research in paleoanthropology, genetics, and neurobiology outline the limitations of the biological model in explaining the human mind and behaviour. Bandura has documented the importance of human agency, consciousness, and self-efficacy in explaining human behaviour and provided empirical results with greater predictive and explanatory power than the traditional psychological theories. Indigenous and cultural psychology represents the continuation of the assumptions, theory and concepts outlined by Wilhelm Wundt and Albert Bandura. Kim outlines the transactional model of science, where human agency (measured by self-efficacy) can explain a person’s performance and outcome. Empirically, the Harvard Study of Adult Development, the 85-year longitudinal study, found the unexpected results that challenge the previous held assumptions. Waldinger and Schulz have found that maintaining good relationship is the most important predictor of happiness, health and longevity and not high income, success, IQ and personality. Kim and Kim found that for Millennials and Gen Z, happiness is predicted by relational and social efficacy, positive outlook, and receiving social support from family, friends and online communities, replicating previous results found across three generations and for the past 25 years in Korea. These results point to the importance of examining the basic assumptions of the theories in psychology and the scientific foundation of indigenous and cultural psychology.
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S, Alić. "Social Roots of Insensibility and Narcissism." Philosophy International Journal 5, no. 4 (October 10, 2022): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/phij-16000278.
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The aim of this talk/paper is to briefly describe the influences on a human being that result in the feelings of helplessness, selfish attachment to objects and/or people, indifference, and a tendency to seek refuge in political, corporate, or religious hierarchies. Man as a social being is today faced with a situation of having to realize his or her personality within a “sick society” that neglects its members and overemphasizes hierarchical structures. The paper also aims at detecting the impact of the media on the production of depressive passivity that prevents empathy and creates a “prison without walls.” A special dimension of the presentation has been to connect Freud’s interpretation of narcissism with the contemporary spread of this phenomenon due to the powerful influence of modern mass media. Narcissism as a phenomenon goes beyond the field of psychology and becomes a kind of behavioural matrix that can have far-reaching effects on all dimensions and forms of organizing social communities.
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Карпин and Vladimir Karpin. "Synergetic scientism and social picture of the world." Complexity. Mind. Postnonclassic 3, no. 1 (April 7, 2014): 29–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/3395.
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The paper discusses possible ways of solving the fundamental problem of the community of scientific knowledge – the integration of natural and social sciences and humanities. Attempts to find common patterns of special scientific pictures of the world, in particular, biological and social, have led to a discussion of an interdisciplinary science as sociobiology which attempts to explain the social behavior of living beings by set of certain advantage generated in the course of evolution. Research field of sociobiology intersects with the study of evolutionary theory, zoology, genetics and other disciplines. In the field of social sciences it is close to evolutionary psychology exploring the behavior theory. Attempts to explain such behaviors as altruism, aggression are made using evolutionary mechanisms. Today we are witnessing the birth of the third, synergetic paradigm based on emerging, formation, development and change (evolution) of complex open nonlinear nonequilibrium systems. The theory of self-organization claims to interdisciplinarity and universality, including in the field of creation of the modern social picture of the world. The central problem under the consideration is the fact that synergy deals with the collective, mass processes, with complex social systems and is the most rational key to this problem solving.
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Huppert, Felicia A., and Nick Baylis. "Well–being: towards an integration of psychology, neurobiology and social science." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 359, no. 1449 (September 29, 2004): 1447–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2004.1520.
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The study of well–being is a rapidly evolving field, and an exquisite example of a truly multidisciplinary endeavour. Two of the strongest strands have emerged from recent research on positive psychology and on social capital, but the field reaches well beyond these domains. We summarize some of the major themes that unite these different approaches and disciplines, highlighting both commonalities and controversies. The five themes on which we focus are: (i) evolution and development; (ii) the nature of wellbeing; (iii) well–being and capabilities; (iv) the relationship between health and well–being; and (v) the implications of the findings of the research for intervention strategies and public policies.
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Taratukhin, E. О. "Biology and biography: revisiting the biosocial pathogenesis of non-communicable diseases." Russian Journal of Cardiology 28, no. 11 (October 12, 2023): 5640. http://dx.doi.org/10.15829/1560-4071-2023-564.
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The modern idea of a disease as a situation, an event, increasingly includes the social side along with the biological one. Although the biomedical side of the problem still dominates, factors such as adherence, decision-making and informed consent or refusal, psychosocial aspects of etiology and pathogenesis and other non-biological disease components become part of care provision. Of course, the social side was predominant before the development of evidencebased medicine. But in the modern context, the development of the humanities and social sciences, as well as neuroscience and psychology, makes it possible to take into account the biographical narrative of the patient’s personality as an integral part of the doctor-patient relationship. At the intersection of "biological" and "biographical" in the disease nature there are a number of factors, such as loneliness, stress, emotions, that reify, enact a person’s social self into somatic pathology or somatic health. The problem of combining humanities and natural science knowledge is very complex due to the fundamental difference in the methods of study, but for modern medicine such a connection is absolutely necessary.
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Catmur, Caroline, Emily S. Cross, and Harriet Over. "Understanding self and others: from origins to disorders." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 371, no. 1686 (January 19, 2016): 20150066. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2015.0066.
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In order to interpret and engage with the social world, individuals must understand how they relate to others. Self–other understanding forms the backbone of social cognition and is a central concept explored by research into basic processes such as action perception and empathy, as well as research on more sophisticated social behaviours such as cooperation and intergroup interaction. This theme issue integrates the latest research into self–other understanding from evolutionary biology, anthropology, psychology, neuroscience and psychiatry. By gathering perspectives from a diverse range of disciplines, the contributions showcase ways in which research in these areas both informs and is informed by approaches spanning the biological and social sciences, thus deepening our understanding of how we relate to others in a social world.
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Scull, Andrew. "Contending Professions: Sciences of the Brain and Mind in the United States, 1850–2013." Science in Context 28, no. 1 (February 9, 2015): 131–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269889714000350.
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ArgumentThis paper examines the intersecting histories of psychiatry and psychology (particularly in its clinical guise) in the United States from the second half of the nineteenth century to the present. It suggests that there have been three major shifts in the ideological and intellectual orientation of the “psy complex.” The first period sees the dominance of the asylum in the provision of mental health care, with psychology, once it emerges in the early twentieth century, remaining a small enterprise largely operating outside the clinical arena, save for the development of psychometric technology. It is followed, between 1945 and 1980, by the rise of psychoanalytic psychiatry and the emergence of clinical psychology. Finally, the re-emergence of biological psychiatry is closely associated with two major developments: an emphasis that emerges in the late 1970s on rendering the diagnosis of psychiatric illnesses mechanical and predictable; and the long-term effects of the psychopharmacological revolution that began in the early 1950s. This third period has seen a shift the orientation of mainstream psychiatry away from psychotherapy, the end of traditional mental hospitals, and a transformed environment within which clinical psychologists ply their trade.
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Castro, L. C. "Affective Neuroscience: A Crucial Role in Psychiatry." European Psychiatry 24, S1 (January 2009): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(09)71130-7.
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Background:Neuroscience has been a growing revolutionary field of scientific knowledge. The increasing recognition of the importance of emotional processes and subjective experience in several aspects of human behaviour parallel the growing amount of research in the field of affective neuroscience. Affective neuroscience studies the brain mechanisms subjacent to emotional behaviour.Aim:To discuss the relevance of affective neuroscience research in social and biological sciences, namely within psychiatric and psychological researches.Methods:Review of the literature. MEDLINE and PubMed databases searches for peer-reviewed studies, published between 1994 and 2008, using combinations of the Medline Subject Heading terms affective neuroscience, emotions, affective sciences and psychiatry, psychology, biological sciences, social sciences.Results:Several studies addresses brain functions and how emotions relate to genetics, learning, primary motivations, stress response and human behaviour. Some actual areas of research within affective neuroscience include: emotional learning, affective behaviour, emotional empathy, psychosomatic medicine, functional and structural biomarkers, emotional disorders and stress response, among others.Discussion:In Psychiatry, affective neurosciences find application in understanding the neurobiology of mood disorders, the neural control of interpersonal and social behaviour and the emotional systems that underlie psychopathology. Affective neuroscience reflects the integration of knowledge across disciplines allowing a broader understanding of human functioning. The field of affective neuroscience is an exciting field of future psychiatric research and it provides an investigational framework for studying psychiatric morbidity.
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Freund, Philipp Alexander, Heinz Holling, and Franzis Preckel. "A Multivariate, Multilevel Analysis of the Relationship Between Cognitive Abilities and Scholastic Achievement." Journal of Individual Differences 28, no. 4 (July 2007): 188–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1614-0001.28.4.188.
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Abstract. This study investigates the relationship between scholastic achievement (teacher-assigned grades) and cognitive abilities while explicitly modeling the multilevel structure of a large data set from an educational context. A multivariate analysis of composite scores in three subject domains (math and natural sciences, languages, and social sciences) was conducted using as predictors reasoning capacity, creativity, memory, and speed as well as student gender and type of school attended. The results showed meaningful differences in the relationships between the different abilities and school grades, and also significant contributions from student gender and school type. Specifically, reasoning capacity had the largest impact on achievement in math and natural sciences, whereas creativity explained more variability in performance for social sciences. Furthermore, girls outperformed boys. There was significant random variation in the intercepts at the between-classroom level, indicating that students sharing a common educational and ecological background tend to have more similar teacher-assigned grades when compared to students in other classrooms. Yet, there was no significant slope variation between the classrooms, which points to stable relationships between cognitive abilities and scholastic achievement.
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Carroll, Patrick J., Aaron L. Wichman, Robert Agler, and Robert Arkin. "The Regulation of Personal Security." Journal of Theoretical Social Psychology 2023 (July 19, 2023): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/7593709.
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Although most motivational psychologists recognize that security is important for healthy development and functioning (e.g., attachment theory), we add to prior work by proposing that the ongoing regulation of security under potential threat involves three unique features. Specifically, security regulation involves an initial preconscious system of threat processing (neuroception) and an internally (vs. externally) generated stop signal of goal completion (yedasentience) as well as the sequential activation of avoidance and approach systems (anxiety-to-approach). Throughout, we consider how the integration of these insights across social and biological sciences accounts for both adaptive and maladaptive patterns of security regulation (e.g., obsessive-compulsive disorder, reactive attachment disorder, contingent self-esteem).
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Rikel, Alexander M., and Yegor A. Dorokhov. "Analysing Generation in Social Psychology: Research or Reject?" Moscow University Psychology Bulletin, no. 3 (2023): 143–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.11621/lpj-23-31.
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Background. Against the background of increased attention to the category of generation in social psychology, the methodological possibility of studying generations and intergenerational differences is analyzed. The existing limitations of this kind of research are suggested and classified; methods for leveling these limitations are proposed. Objective is to propose and test an empirically correct scheme for the study of generations in social psychology. Sample. The material on which this scheme was tested was obtained in the course of an Internet survey (951 people). Methods. The survey included a modified author's Lifeline methodology to explore perceptions of cultural life scenarios. The method of analysis of the results involved the study of the possibility to apply APC (age-period-cohort) analysis to socio-psychological studies of intergenerational differences. Results. A scheme for the study of intergenerational differences has been proposed and substantiated, including, in particular, the use of theoretical meta-analyses, the methodology of APC analysis and the study of complex attitudes of the cultural life script (CLS). Conclusions. The conclusion is made on the need to abandon studies of traditional generations and the need to move to smaller units of analysis — quasi-generations in line with socio-psychological methodology.
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Hunter, David E. K. "BIOLOGICAL REDUCTIONISM, REDUCTIONIST BEHAVIORISM, AND THE SOCIAL ECONOMY OF CLINICAL PRACTICE." Family Process 24, no. 3 (September 1985): 352–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1545-5300.1985.00352.x.
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TARDY, CHARLES H. "Biological Perspectives on Language and Social Interaction." American Behavioral Scientist 36, no. 3 (January 1993): 339–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002764293036003006.
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Wass, Sam V., and Victoria Leong. "Developmental Psychology: How Social Context Influences Infants’ Attention." Current Biology 26, no. 9 (May 2016): R357—R359. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2016.03.051.
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Blackman, Derek E. "B. F. SKINNER AND G. H. MEAD: ON BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE AND SOCIAL SCIENCE." Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 55, no. 2 (March 1991): 251–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1901/jeab.1991.55-251.
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Ruffalo, Mark L. "Understanding Schizophrenia: Toward a Unified Biological and Psychodynamic Approach." Psychoanalytic Social Work 26, no. 2 (June 5, 2019): 185–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15228878.2019.1616570.
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Bridgeman, Bruce. "It is not evolutionary models, but models in general that social science needs." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 29, no. 4 (August 2006): 351–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x06279081.
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Mathematical models are potentially as useful for culture as for evolution, but cultural models must have different designs from genetic models. Social sciences must borrow from biology the idea of modeling, rather than the structure of models, because copying the product is fundamentally different from copying the design. Transfer of most cultural information from brains to artificial media increases the differences between cultural and biological information.
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BACA BİÇER, Feyza. "Nöropsikoloji Alanında Yapılan Akademik Çalışmaların Son 20 Yılı Üzerine Bir Bibliyometrik Analiz." Journal of Social Research and Behavioral Sciences 9, no. 19 (September 27, 2023): 562–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.52096/jsrbs.9.19.41.
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Bibliometric analysis is an analysis study that examines the developments and academic studies in a field to be examined with methods such as common word analysis, citation analysis, bibliometric matching. When bibliometric analysis is applied in a very comprehensive field such as neuropsychology, it provides a good road map for researchers to determine the areas they will work in. However, when the literature on psychology and its subfields is reviewed, it is seen that the number of bibliometric analysis studies is quite low. For this reason, this study aims to analyze the last 20 years of academic studies in the field of neuropsychology. For this purpose, in the first stage of the research, articles on "neorupsychology" were searched in the WoS database, and the fields of psychology, clinical psychology, psychiatry, neuroscience, experimental psychology, behavioral sciences, developmental psychology, pediatrics, educational psychology, neuroimaging, biological psychology, social psychology, applied psychology and psychoanalytic psychology, which were considered to be most related to the field of neuropsychology, were selected. Common word analysis and social network analysis were performed on the articles containing the related words, and concept maps were created to enable visualization. Accordingly, it was observed that words such as "schizophrenia", "psychosis", "depression" lost their influence, albeit slowly, while words such as "assessment", "performance validity", "clinical neuropsychology", "rehabilitaion" increased their influence. It can be said that current studies in the field of neuropsychology have shifted away from focusing on a specific clinical condition and towards studies that include neuropsychological assessments and rehabilitation approaches.
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Schmuck, Peter, and Charles Vlek. "Psychologists Can Do Much to Support Sustainable Development 1Authors' names in alphabetical order. E-mail schmuck@gp.tu-berlin.de and C.A.J.Vlek@ppsw.rug.nl." European Psychologist 8, no. 2 (January 2003): 66–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027//1016-9040.8.2.66.
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With our biosphere steadily degrading, a solid psychological perspective on environmental, social, and economic (un)sustainability is urgently needed. This should supplement and strengthen biological, technological, and economic perspectives. After discussing positivistic and constructive psychology, we summarize major environmental problems with their social and economic implications. We also compose some essential psychological reasoning about them, including the commons dilemma model, different behavioral processes and strategies of behavior change, and various aspects of human quality of life (QoL). Psychologists can help analyze and mitigate the biggest sustainability problems: population growth, resource-intensive consumption, and harmful technologies—if their research is well-tuned to other environmental sciences, if the incentive structure for this work is improved, and if more attention is paid to the collective side of human behavior.