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1
Goodwin, Joy Noel. "KNOWLEDGE AND PERCEPTIONS OF AGRICULTURE PRACTICES AND LEGISLATION RELATED TO SOCIAL INFLUENCES AS PREDICTORS OF VOTING ON AGRICULTURE POLICY." The Ohio State University, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1274705418.
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2
Hanisch, Markus [Verfasser]. "Property Reform and Social Conflict : A Multi-Level Analysis of the Change of Agricultural Property Rights in Post-Socialist Bulgaria / Markus Hanisch." Aachen : Shaker, 2004. http://d-nb.info/1170541283/34.
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3
Luck, Kelly. "Contested rights : the impact of game farming on farm workers in the Bushmen's River area." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1004144.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This thesis is an investigation of the impact of commercial game farming on former farm workers in the Bushman's River area of the Eastern Cape. In its examination of the broader economic and political changes that have facilitated a move from agriculture to game farming, it analyses how these changes affect farm workers. The main concern of the thesis is the ways in which farm workers (at the local level) respond to changes at the national and global level (legal and political changes, the advent of tourism, and the injection of foreign capital and businessmen into the area). Lack of knowledge about their rights under the current political dispensation, as well as the perceived need for mediation between themselves and foreign landowners, points to a general sense of powerlessness. Feelings of alienation from local government structures aimed at fulfilling this function indicate a significant gap between the statute at the national level and the local reality. Local reality is informed by a strong conservatism which is generated by African Independent Church structures and local Xhosa perceptions of manhood and respectability. This conservative discourse leads to a frame of reference which is largely informed by pre-1994 interactions with farmers and government. This results in a situation in which farm workers, largely unaware of their rights in the new dispensation, operate as they did in the past; waiting for landowners to decide their fate for them. What ensues is a lack of meaningful interaction with government and landowners, perpetuating their subjugation and cynicism as to whether government structures are in fact working in their interests. The thesis comes to three main conclusions. The first is that game farming has been negatively received by farm workers due to the associated threats of unemployment and eviction. The second is that despite high levels of subjugation, even the very poor are agents to some degree. The creation of a masculine identity which is internally articulated, as opposed to outwardly expressed, and the grounding of reputation in the family suggest that farm workers have developed mechanisms to deal with their disempowered position. Lastly, farm workers are in possession of social capital which has made it possible for them to deal with their low status in the societal hierarchy. This includes the Church, family and fellow community members. These coping strategies have however proved a disadvantage in the current era because they prevent direct communication with landowners, government and NGOs.
4
Vinez, Margaux. "Terres et agriculture en milieu forestier : essais sur des politiques historique et contemporaine en République Démocratique du Congo : rumble in the jungle." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PSLEH027.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
En Afrique sub-saharienne, l’insécurité foncière associée aux régimes de droits fonciers dits “coutumiers” ainsi que la sous-utilisation d’intrants modernes sont deux facteurs souvent évoqués comme limitant le potentiel agricole de l’Afrique. Sur cette base, les décideurs politiques ont pensé et mis en place des interventions visant à individualiser le droit de la terre et à promouvoir l’adoption d’intrants améliorés. Cette thèse utilise des données originales collectées en République Démocratique du Congo pour étudier deux exemples de politiques publiques s’inscrivant dans cette lignée et mises en oeuvre à 50 ans d’intervalle. Elle montre qu’elles ont eu des implications de court terme et de longterme allant bien au delà de celles qui sont généralement attendues. Les deux premiers chapitres s’intéressent à une politique mise en oeuvre durant la dernière décennie de la colonisation belge qui entraîna l’individualisation de terres communales et leur allocation à des familles individuelles. Ils utilisent une expérience naturelle pour étudier ses implications sur les structures sociales et les mécanismes coutumiers de résolution des conflits. Le troisième chapitre s’intéresse à une politique récente de subvention d’intrants agricoles. En utilisant une expérience aléatoire, il montre que l’intervention a conduit à une augmentation de l’utilisation de semences améliorées, et analyse ses conséquences sur les décisions d’allocation des ressources en terre et en travail par les ménages<br>Contending that tenure insecurity under informal “customary” land institutions and theunder-utilization of modern inputs are two important factors holding back sub-SaharanAfrican agriculture, policy makers have designed policies to shift communal rights towardmore individualization and formalization, and to promote the adoption of improved inputs.This doctoral thesis uses an original database to explore two examples of such policiesthat took place 50 years apart in the Democratic Republic of Congo. It shows that theyhad short-term and long-term implications far beyond those commonly expected. The firsttwo Chapters focus on an intervention by the Belgian Colony that took place during thelast decade of colonization. It led to the division of communal land and its allocation toindividual families. Using a natural experiment, they study its consequences for socialstructures and customary conflict resolution mechanisms. The third Chapter focuses on arecent agricultural input subsidies intervention. It uses an experimental design to show that the subsidies successfully increased the use of improved seeds, and analyses its implications for households’ labor and land allocation
5
Matondi, Prosper Bvumiranayi. "The struggle for access to land and water resources in Zimbabwe : the case of Shamva district /." Uppsala : Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences (Sveriges lantbruksuniv.), 2001. http://epsilon.slu.se/avh/2001/91-576-5805-6_abstract+errata.pdf.
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6
Mitchell, Leslie Roy. "Discourse and the oppression of nonhuman animals: a critical realist account." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003951.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This work examines the use of nonhuman animals in the farming industry and seeks to understand why this practice takes place and what supports its continuation. The research is approached from a critical realist perspective and after a description of past and current practices in the industry, it uses abduction and retroduction to determine the essential conditions for the continuation of the phenomenon of nonhuman animal farming. One essential condition is found to be the existence of negative discourses relating to nonhuman animals and this aspect is examined in more detail by analyzing a corpus of texts from a farming magazine using Critical Discourse Analysis. Major discourses which were found to be present were those of production, science and slavery which construct the nonhumans respectively as objects of scientific investigation, as production machines and as slaves. A minor discourse of achievement relating to the nonhumans was also present. Further analysis of linguistic features examined the way in which the nonhumans are socially constructed in the discourses. Drawing on work in experimental psychology by Millgram, Zimbardo and Bandura it was found that the effects of these discourses fulfil many of the conditions for bringing about moral disengagement in people thus explaining why billions of people are able to support animal farming in various ways even though what happens in the phenomenon is contrary to their basic ethical and moral beliefs.
7
Fabre, Cecile. "Constitutional social rights." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.339816.
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8
LAPA, Lais de Carvalho. "As antinomias da função social da propriedade rural: as experiências do assentamento Normandia e do acampamento Papagaio na região Agreste de Pernambuco." Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 2016. https://repositorio.ufpe.br/handle/123456789/19610.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
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Previous issue date: 2016-04-27<br>CNPQ<br>A função social da propriedade rural, enquanto direito, princípio e garantia
estabelecidos na Constituição Federal de 1988, constitui o conceito central da
presente dissertação de mestrado e sua abordagem teve como fundamento a versão
contra-hegemônica dos direitos humanos, aqui reconhecida como instrumento de
transformação e superação de maneira radicalmente democrática dos conflitos por
terra no Brasil. O objetivo geral da pesquisa reside na análise das experiências
históricas do Assentamento Normandia e do Acampamento na Fazenda Papagaio -
ambos localizados na região Agreste do estado de Pernambuco -, nas quais
procuramos identificar as determinações sociojurídicas que conduziram, na primeira,
ao reconhecimento da função social da propriedade rural e, na segunda, ao
impedimento à sua efetivação enquanto condição que possibilita a expansão da
justiça social, ainda que nos marcos de uma sociedade capitalista. Nessa
perspectiva, fizemos a opção metodológica pela pesquisa bibliográfica e documental
com abordagem qualitativa. Inicialmente, dedicamo-nos ao estudo das principais
obras dos autores clássicos do pensamento social brasileiro com a finalidade de
compreender os fundamentos históricos da estrutura agrária do Brasil e os níveis
elevados de concentração fundiária que a caracterizam. Em seguida, investigamos a
regulamentação do conceito de função social da propriedade rural nas cartas
magnas brasileiras e no plano jurídico infraconstitucional, bem como os principais
debates travados a seu respeito. Construído o quadro teórico, pudemos
desenvolver, com maior consistência, a última etapa da presente dissertação, na
qual realizamos uma pesquisa documental com base nos processos administrativos
e judiciais relativos a cada uma das citadas experiências. Ao final, a pesquisa nos
permitiu concluir que o próprio texto constitucional sofre diferentes interpretações,
podendo ser instrumentalizado para atender aos interesses da elite agrária
brasileira. Assim, se, por um lado, a experiência do Assentamento Normandia
revelou a inserção da dimensão social e política do conflito por terra no debate
jurídico e o reconhecimento da função social da propriedade rural como instrumento
que possibilita a efetivação de um conjunto de direitos fundamentais, por outro, a
experiência do Acampamento Papagaio demonstrou a limitação do debate sobre a
reforma agrária a uma discussão exclusivamente técnica relativa à (im)produtividade
da terra, acabando por gerar uma leitura do dispositivo constitucional que regula a
função social da propriedade rural funcional à reprodução da lógica segragacionista
imposta pelo direito de propriedade em seu aspeto mais tradicional.<br>The social function of rural property, as related to rights, principle and guaranty
stated in the Federal Constitution of 1988, forms the basis for the central concept of
this master degree thesis and its approach had as basement the counter hegemonics
version of human rights, here recognized as an instrument of transformation and
overcoming in a radical and democratic way of conflicts for land in Brazil. The
general aim of this search is the analyses of historic conflicts in Normandia
settlement and encampment on Papagaio farm.- both located in rural area of the
state of Pernambuco - where we sought to identify the social and juridical
determinations that drove, in the first, to the acceptance of social function of rural
property and second, to the obstruction to its execution while condition that enables
the expansion of social justice, even though in the marks of a capitalist society.
Based on these facts, we made the methodological choice of bibliographical and
documentary with qualitative approach. Initially, we devoted to the study of the major
works of classical authors of the social Brazilian thought with the objective to
understand the historical basement of agrarian structure of Brazil and the high levels
of landholding concentration that features it. Then, we explored the regulation of the
concept of social function of rural property in Brazilian magna-letter and the infra
constitutional judicial plan and also the main debates that happened regarded to it.
Built the theorist chart, we developed with more consciousness the last stage of this
present thesis, in which we got the direction to have a documental search based on
judicial and administrative proceedings related to each of the mentioned
experiments. Finally, the search let us to deduce that the constitutional text itself
admits different interpretations, it can be exploited to attend the interests of Brazilian
agrarian elite. So, if by one side the experiment of Normandia settlement revealed
the insertion of social dimension and the political conflicts for land in judicial debate
and the recognition of social function of rural property as an instrument that enables
the execution of a set of fundamental rights, on the other side, the experiment of
Papagaio encampment showed the restriction of debate about agrarian reform to an
exclusive technical discussion related to the poorness of the land, leading to create a
reading of the constitutional apparatus that regulates the social function of functional
rural property to the reproduction of logical segregation imposed by the rights of
property in its more traditional aspect.
9
Dudas, Jeffrey R. "Rights, resentment, and social change : treaty rights in contemporary America /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/10719.
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10
Osburn, Andrew Wesley. "Understanding Weed Species Diversity in Railroad Crossing Rights-of-way." The Ohio State University, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1574641066802878.
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11
Hursh, John. "Women's rights and women's land rights in postcolonial Tunisia and Morocco: legal institutions, women's rights discourse, and the need for continued reform." Thesis, McGill University, 2014. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=123322.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This paper explores women's rights and women's land rights in postcolonial Tunisia and Morocco by examining the legal institutions and social discourse that shape these rights. Tunisia and Morocco share key similarities as well as important differences, and studying women's rights and women's land rights provides a rewarding comparison of how two postcolonial states address these contested issues. Understanding land rights requires an understanding of the institutions that govern and administer land. Accordingly, this paper investigates key land and property arrangements from the colonial and postcolonial eras in these two states. Likewise, understanding women's rights requires an understanding of the social and cultural considerations of women's status in Islamic society, as well as the women's rights movements and women's rights discourse that emerged in Tunisia and Morocco.This paper contains five parts. Part I explores the relationship between extractive institutions, development narratives, and the legal system in colonial and postcolonial states. Part II investigates land rights within colonial and postcolonial Tunisia and Morocco, as well as the institutions that govern and administer land in these two states. Parts III and IV examine the legal construction of gender in postcolonial Tunisia and Morocco. These parts also detail the emergence of strong women's rights movements and women's rights discourse in both states. Part V concludes by discussing the importance of women's land rights and the challenges and opportunities for securing strong women's land rights in Tunisia and Morocco.<br>Ce document explore les droits des femmes et les droits fonciers des femmes en post-coloniale en Tunisie et au Maroc en examinant les institutions juridiques et discours social qui façonnent ces droits. Tunisie et le Maroc partagent des similitudes clés ainsi que des différences importantes, et d'étudier les droits des femmes et les droits fonciers des femmes fournit une comparaison enrichissante de la façon dont deux états postcoloniaux répondre à ces questions litigieuses. Comprendre les droits fonciers nécessite une compréhension des institutions qui gouvernent et administrent la terre. En conséquence, le présent document examine fonciers et immobiliers dispositions clés des époques coloniale et postcoloniale dans ces deux états. De même, la compréhension des droits de la femme exige une compréhension des considérations sociales et culturelles de la situation des femmes dans la société islamique, ainsi que les mouvements des droits des femmes et les droits du discours de femmes qui a émergé en Tunisie et au Maroc.Ce document contient cinq parties. Partie I étudie la relation entre les institutions extractives, les récits de développement, et le système judiciaire dans les états coloniaux et postcoloniaux. Partie II examine les droits fonciers dans la coloniale et postcoloniale Tunisie et le Maroc, ainsi que les institutions qui gouvernent et administrent les terres dans ces deux états. Les parties III et IV examinent la construction juridique de l'égalité dans postcoloniale Tunisie et le Maroc. Ces pièces détaillera également l'émergence de puissants mouvements de défense des droits des femmes et des discours sur les droits des femmes dans les deux états. Partie V conclut en discutant de l'importance des droits fonciers des femmes et les défis et opportunités pour la sécurisation des droits fonciers solides des femmes en Tunisie et au Maroc.
12
Berglund, Emma. "Rights, Inclusion and Free Movement : Social Rights and Citizenship in the European Union." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Sociologiska institutionen, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-131864.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The free movement of persons in the EU has been fraught with tension since the Eastern enlargements. This culminated in 2016 when the UK demanded the possibility to limit rights and benefits to intra-EU migrants, making for a fresh investigation into the state of the free movement. From a constructivist perspective of rights and citizenship this in-depth case study aims to elucidate how EU actors describe the free movement of persons. It will further look at how they situate limitations and obstacles and analyze what this reflects in terms of underlying logics and rationales of rights and citizenship in the EU free movement regime. The interviews with EU actors reveal how distinctions of politically constructed categories of migrants which define Insiders and Outsiders are used to rationalize who has the right to social rights. Inclusion is defined in terms of market liberalism and individual responsibility, logics which thus also define the Insiders of Europe. This produces an image of the EU citizen and indirectly defines those who diverge from this image as Outsiders, including “lesser” Europeans. The underlying logics within the EU could therefore contribute to negative perceptions of those who cannot meet the requirements of the ideal European.
13
Gillian, MacNaughton. "Equality rights, social spending and human development." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.567727.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Equality rights have the potential to play an important role in realizing social rights, as well as in preventing and eliminating poverty. All governments have undertaken legal obligations - both international and domestic - to protect and promote the rights to equality and nondiscrimination. Yet, our societies are generally characterized by growing economic and social inequalities that adversely impact on many dimensions of people's lives, including health, life expectancy, personal security and political participation, implicating a myriad of human rights. This thesis examines the relationship between equality and social rights in the International Bill of Human Rights. It argues that minimum threshold approaches that focus on basic capabilities or core obligations are insufficient to fully realize social rights and eliminate multi-dimensional poverty. Because inequality prevents full enjoyment of social rights, as well as other human rights, invoking equality rights is a logical step toward realizing these rights. Considerable scholarship and jurisprudence addresses status-based inequalities, however, it generally fails to address economic status. Moreover, there is little discussion of the right-based equality in the context of social rights. Drawing on the drafting history and the language of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the two International Covenants, as well as the work of the United Nations human rights bodies, scholarly commentary and domestic law, the thesis proposes that the International Bill of Human Rights should be reinterpreted to encompass the right to nondiscrimination on the basis of economic status as well as the right to social equality. Examining specific examples of unequal health care and education systems, it argues that both status-based and rights- based equality are necessary complements to social rights in the holistic framework of the International Bill of Human Rights guaranteed under article 28 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
14
FRANCO, LARA MOURA. "THE EFFECTIVENESS OF SOCIAL RIGHTS IN BRAZIL." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2003. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=4736@1.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Trata-se de dissertação na qual se procura analisar
criticamente a efetividade dos direitos sociais no Brasil,
sob o duplo aspecto, jurídicoobjetivo, com ênfase às
prestações, e os meios jurídicos colocados à disposição
pela Constituição de 1988 para cumprimento dos deveres
estatais nela consignados. O estudo se desenvolve a partir
da trajetória dos direitos fundamentais nos modelos
constitucionais que permearam o Estado liberal e o Estado
social, passando pela análise de alguns conceitos-chave
relacionados ao tema escolhido da estrutura e entraves à
plena efetividade dos direitos sociais, culminando por
fazer em exame da conjuntura atual do modelo de direito
social, em termos de efetividade, no Brasil e nos sistemas
global e regionais de proteção dos direitos humanos.<br>This work intends to analyse the effectiveness of social
rights in Brazil, under both points of view, the juridical-
objective and the juridicalsubjective ones, emphasizing,
about the last one, the existence of a subjective right and
the juridical means set forth by the 1988 Constitution
to accomplish the duties of State which this constitution
comprehends. The study starts at the trajectory of
fundamental rights in the constitutional models of the
liberal State and the Social State, moving on the analysis
of some key concepts related to the chosen subject and of
the structure and difficulties to the real effectiveness of
social rights, and ending with an exam of the current
scenario of social rights model, in terms of effectiveness,
in Brazil and in global and in regional systems of
protection of human rights.
15
Eristavi, Konstantine. "Towards a radical conception of social rights." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/22932.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This thesis intends to demonstrate the radical potential of rights. I argue that rights are capable, on the one hand, of challenging capitalist social relations and the liberal legal order which sustains those relations, and, on the other hand, of constituting a new political system. I argue that without reconceptualising rights in this manner, we are unable to comprehend certain social movements which employ the language of rights for challenging the existing systems and for articulating transformative visions of a new world. This thesis suggests that we need to rethink rights as political alliances and agreements and rights-claims as political proposals between co-citizens. Here, the content of rights is formulated through a political action of the rights-holders themselves, as opposed to being derived from the pre-political sphere. Furthermore, I argue that our understanding of the scope of these political proposals and, hence, our understanding of the nature of the new order that rights can potentially constitute, depends on the way we conceptualise the conflictual dimension of rights-claims. It is the notion of a rights-claim as a challenge to the constituted order, as opposed to a petition to be included within that order, which captures how rights inaugurate a radical discursive space where potentially transformative political proposals regarding the matters of collective life can be made. Throughout this thesis I refer to a transnational movement of peasants, La Via Campesina, which fights for a new socio-political arrangement where ‘feeding the world’ is the end in itself rather than a dictate of the capitalist market. Crucially, this movement makes extensive use of the language of rights and of ‘the right to food’ in particular. I argue that it is only the radical theory of social rights constructed in this thesis that allows us to analyse the transformative core of the movements like this one.
16
Swanson, Alan D. "International human rights law and development : a human rights way to development." Thesis, University of Essex, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.341236.
Повний текст джерела
17
Daya, Yusuf. "Intellectual property rights and the protection of traditional knowledge in Western Cape agriculture." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/49992.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Thesis (MComm)--Stellenbosch University, 2004.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study analyses the extent to which the current intellectual property system is
suited to the protection of traditional knowledge in the Western Cape. Employing a
multidisciplinary approach that incorporates economic and legal theory as well as
legal philosophy, this study argues that although advances in the fields of
biotechnology has brought with it the need for greater intellectual property rights
protection, the protection of traditional knowledge has largely been ignored.
Traditional ethnobotanical knowledge holds immense economic value for both
commercial entities seeking to develop products based on traditional knowledge as
well as for the communities that possess such knowledge. Protecting traditional
knowledge is necessary to ensure that the communities contributing their knowledge
are recognized and compensated for such contributions. In order for a system to
provide adequate protection for traditional knowledge it has to be consistent with and
suited to the needs of traditional knowledge holders. This study therefore evaluates
the prevailing system of knowledge protection as embodied in the intellectual
property rights regime as a means of protecting traditional knowledge. The analysis
reveals that the dominant justification for the existence ofIPRs is based on utilitarian
considerations that promote IPRs as a necessary incentive encouraging innovative
activity. This utilitarian justification also provides the basis for an economic
justification for the existence of IPRs that suggests that the conferring of exclusive
rights (in the form of IPRs) to innovators ensure that such innovators are able to
recover their research costs and realize profits from their inventions. The IPR system
as it exists is underpinned by these considerations and embedded in principles of
individualism and private property. The WTO reinforces and promotes this approach
to intellectual property in the TRIPs agreement by recognizing intellectual property as
a 'trade related' issue. The inclusion of IPRs as a 'trade related' issue in the
multilateral framework of the WTO reflects the interests of multinational corporations
and developed nations who rely extensively on these mechanisms to maintain their
power and wealth in an increasingly knowledge driven global economy. The
exclusion of traditional knowledge within the TRIPs, coupled with the desire to
extend patents to cover life forms is also indicative of this bias inherent in the system.
South African intellectual property legislation is then applied to the traditional
knowledge of an indigenous medicinal plant to test whether IPRs are able to provide adequate protection to traditional knowledge. In this regard it is found that patent
protection, which could potentially provide the greatest form of protection for
traditional knowledge is. not suited to the needs of traditional knowledge holders.
Problems of identifying owners, determining inventors and novelty, time limited
rights and costs all limits the potential of patents as a tool for protecting traditional
knowledge. Similar constraints limit the potential of other categories of IPRs to
provide protection for traditional knowledge. However, it was found that IPRs do
provide a certain measure of defensive protection. The study therefore concludes that
the IPR system as it exists, both in the international trade environment as well as at
the national level, fails to adequately address the threat of appropriation and the
concerns of traditional knowledge holders. Amending the IPR system and/or
developing sui generis systems of protection are therefore necessary to ensure that the
knowledge of communities are protected and such communities are able to benefit
from the exploitation oftheir knowledge and resources.<br>AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die doel van hierdie studie is om vas te stel in hoe 'n mate die huidige sisteem vir die
beskerming van intellektuele eiendom geskik is vir die beskerming van tradisionele
kennis in die Wes-Kaap. 'n Multidissiplinêre benadering, wat uit elemente van
ekonomiese- en regsteorie sowel as regsfilosofie haal, is gevolg om te wys dat die
beskerming van tradisionele kennis grootliks geïgnoreer is, alhoewel nuwe deurbrake
in biotegnologie die behoefte skep vir groter bekerming van intellektuele eiendom.
Tradisionele etnobotaniese kennis het geweldige ekonomiese waarde vir beide die
kommersiële entiteite wat produkte uit sodanige kennis wil produseer sowel as vir
tradisionele gemeenskappe aan wie die kennis behoort. Dus, indien sulke
gemeenskappe voordeel wil trek uit hierdie kennis, is dit nodig dat hul bydraes erken
moet word, en dat hulle daarvoor vergoed moet word. Sulke beskerming sal net
doeltreffend wees indien dit aangepas is by die behoeftes van hierdie gemeenskappe.
Dus word die huidige sisteem vir die beskerming van tradisionele kennis geevalueer
in hierdie studie. Die ondersoek wys dat die sisteem vir die beskerming van
intellektuele eiendom berus op die teoretiese basis van nutsmaksimering, waar die
hoofdoel te vinde is in die bydrae wat dit kan maak tot ekonomiese welvaart deur
middel van innovasie. In hierdie opsig word beskerming van intellektuele eiendom
beskou as 'n manier waardeur die innoveerder sy navorsings- en ontwikkelingskostes
kan delg en wins kan maak. Hierdie benadering word onderskryf deur die WTO in die
TRIPS Ooreenkoms. In hierdie opsig word die belange van veral die ryk lande en die
multinasionale maatskappye bevorder, 'n sleutelvoordeel in 'n wêreld waar kennis
gepaardgaan met mag in die mark. Hierdie verskynsel word versterk deur die
uitsluiting van tradisionele kennis van die TRIPS Ooreenkoms en die behoefte
daaraan om patentregte uit te brei.
Suid-Afrikaanse wetgewing oor intellektuele eiendom word vervolgens toegepas op
die geval van tradisionele kennis oor 'n inheemse medisinale plant om te toets of
intellektuele eiendomsreg genoegsame beskerming aan tradisionele kennis bied. Daar
is gevind dat patentregte, wat potensieël die grootste mate van beskerming sou kon
bied, nie gepas is in die geval van houers van tradisionele kennis nie. Probleme wat
voorkom sluit in die identifisering van eienaars, innoveerders en innoverings, die tydsbeperking op regte, asook kosteoorwegings. Ander vorms van beskerming is aan
soortgelyke kritiek onderhewig, alhoewel bevind is dat intellektuele eiendomsreg wel
'n mate van defensiewe beskerming bied. Die gevolgtrekking word dus gemaak dat
die huidige vorms van beskerming vir intellektuele eiendomsreg, beide internasionaal
sowel as in Suid-Afrika, nie die belange van die houers van tradisionele kennis
beskerm nie. Dit is dus nodig om die huidige vorms aan te spreek, of om sui generis
beskerming te ontwikkel om hiervoor te sorg.
18
Betz, Michael R. "Three Essays on African Agriculture: Land Rights, Extension, and Market Participation in Uganda." The Ohio State University, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1299610476.
Повний текст джерела
19
DeJong, David Henry. "The Sword of Damocles: Pima Agriculture, Water Use and Water Rights, 1848-1921." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/195634.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This study identifies the historical factors that impacted Pima agriculture, water use and water rights in south-central Arizona between 1848 and 1921. Federal land and resource policies, especially federal Indian policies, impacted the dynamics of Pima agriculture and water use during these crucial years when the federal government utilized economic liberalism to open the West to homesteading and facilitate the development of the region's vast resources.As an agricultural people, the Pima did not passively accept these policies and events. Rather, they proved adaptive, demonstrating their resourcefulness in important ways. In response to water deprivation and infringement of their water rights, the Pima reduced the amount of land they cultivated. While before 1880 they had increased their cultivated acreage and expanded their trade networks, in the years after they creatively found ways to keep land in production despite water shortages. As the water crisis deepened, the Pima abandoned their least productive lands. In the midst of great deprivation, they relocated (or abandoned) a number of villages and scores of fields in an attempt against great odds to maintain their agricultural economy. To make the most of their diminishing water resources, the Pima adapted by growing small grains such as wheat and barley, even when these crops no longer proved to be economically viable in Arizona. While not new to their crop rotation, the Pima relied almost exclusively upon these crops by the 1910s since they required considerably less water than others.Because the Pima had prior and paramount rights to the water and were wrongfully deprived of their rights to the use of water, their water rights struggle raised a metaphorical Damoclean sword above the heads of those non-Indian farmers who used the water. This study, therefore, focuses on the history of water use and agricultural production among the Pima Indians between 1848 and 1921 and argues that without infringement of their rights to water, the Pima would have equaled and perhaps surpassed the local agricultural economy.
20
Milstein, Theresa V. "Community supported agriculture| Cultivating social capital." Thesis, Western Illinois University, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1550530.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
<p> U.S. citizens disengaged from politics and from each other in the latter half of the 20th century, which is evidence of decreased social capital and a weakening democracy. At the same time, small farms were lost at an alarming rate resulting in fewer farms and the rise of "Big Ag". Community Supported Agriculture (CSA) reconnects people to the food they eat and cultivates a community among the farmers and member-shareholders. CSA democratizes food for growers who are beholden to their members rather than to agribusiness, and for members who elect to support a CSA rather than purchase supermarket foods of unknown origin. This study used a survey of 132 CSA operators from across the United States to test whether operators who described "community" as a motivating factor to run a CSA and measured their success in terms of community took concrete actions to build social capital within their CSA and community. The findings revealed that "community" as a motivation and as a measure of success was significantly correlated with social capital building activities. More specifically, CSA operators who rated "Generating a sense of community" as an important motivation and "Community development/quality of life" as an important measure of success were more likely to survey their members as to their wants and needs, host open house events at the farm, participate in community events, and report that the CSA improved social capital in their communities. CSA could be one method to improve depleted social capital and cultivate food democracy.</p>
21
Morreira, Shannon. "Transnational human rights and local moralities : the circulation of rights discourses in Zimbabwe and South Africa." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/11332.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Includes abstract.<br>Includes bibliographical references.<br>In this multi-sited ethnographic study, based upon anthropological fieldwork conducted in Harare, Zimbabwe and Musina and Cape Town, South Africa in 2010 and 2011, I use the contemporary political and economic context of Zimbabwe, and the resultant movement of Zimbabweans to South Africa, as a case study through which to explore the ways in which the global framework of human rights is locally interpreted, constituted and contested.
22
Fernandez, Inara. "Control and Continuity: Sustainability, Land Rights, and the Politics of Food in Guatemala." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/19725.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This thesis seeks to understand the intersection of cultural identity and food security in a country that has had a difficult time feeding its people. The discourse on food in Guatemala, in the realm of development and international studies, maintains a focus on the lack thereof. Moreover, the author examines the food traditions and beliefs people in Guatemala feel are important as well as the obstacles they face in realizing food self-sufficiency. Many Guatemalans have an intimate connection with their land, and unequal land distribution hinders farmers’ abilities to access the foods they most value. In addition to this, the unfolding sustainable development agenda has resulted in biofuel projects that threaten the livelihoods of many rural farmers. Through interviews with chefs, agricultural workers, and agricultural commodity traders, the author pieces together the differing perspectives of various stakeholders to present a complex mosaic of Guatemalan foodways.
23
Tooze, Jennifer A. "Identification and enforcement of social security and social assistance guarantees under the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.246933.
Повний текст джерела
24
Williams, Randy. "Alberta Social Studies textbooks and human rights education." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/MQ60403.pdf.
Повний текст джерела
25
Laidlaw, Emily. "Internet gatekeepers, human rights and corporate social responsibilities." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2012. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/317/.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Access to the Internet and participation in discourse through the medium of the Internet have become integral parts of our democratic life. Facilitation of this democratic potential critically relies on a governance structure supportive of the right to freedom of expression. In western democracies, governance is largely the preserve of the private sphere. This is because of two reasons. First, the communication technologies that enable or disable participation in discourse online are privately-owned. In order to find information, we use search engines. In order to sort through the clutter, we use portals. In order to access the Internet, we need to use Internet Service Providers (ISPs). Thus we inevitably rely on these companies to participate in discourse online and they thereby become gatekeepers to our digital democratic experience. Second, governance of such technologies has been largely left to companies to address through corporate social responsibility (CSR) frameworks such as in-house codes of conduct found in Terms of Service, through the work of bodies such as the Internet Watch Foundation (IWF), and industry initiatives such as the Global Network Initiative (GNI). The state has stayed out of it, rigidly retaining the focal point of free speech laws on government. This has fractured the administrative structure of free speech between free speech as a legal concept and as an experienced concept. It is in this fissure that CSR has grown and taken shape. This thesis argues that the CSR frameworks that currently govern the activities of these information gatekeepers are insufficient to provide the standards and compliance mechanisms needed to protect and respect freedom of expression online. Equally, topdown legal controls are too blunt a tool for this tricky arena. What is needed is a framework that embraces the legal and extra-legal dimensions of this dilemma. To that end a new corporate governance model is proposed to help mend the deficiencies identified in the case studies and move forward with a democratic vision for the Internet.
26
Aitchison, Cornish G. "Claiming from below : rights, politics and social movements." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2015. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1470585/.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
It is often said that many of the canonical rights we enjoy today are the achievement of past political struggle. While these struggles are typically invoked as a source of political inspiration, this thesis argues that they are also key to understanding the nature and significance of rights as a philosophical concept. The thesis marks a new contribution to the literature on rights, which is predominantly oriented to the formal analysis of rights in relation to the law and to their achievement and enforcement through the institutions of the constitutional state. Part I of the thesis sets out and defends an activist theory of rights that explains the special value the concept has as claims that empower agents with the moral standing to challenge and replace unjust laws, institutions and social practices according to critical moral norms. Part II uses the activist theory of rights as a framework to examine the strengths and weaknesses of four influential models of rights politics: the juridical model of Ronald Dworkin; the parliamentary model of Jeremy Waldron and Richard Bellamy; the liberal civil disobedience model of John Rawls, and the radical critique of rights from within the Marxian tradition. The evaluation of these four models generates an argument in support of the legitimacy and effectiveness of activist citizenship for the achievement and enforcement of rights on the basis of democratic inclusion, moral innovation and civic education. Part III of the thesis provides an illustration of activist citizenship taken from a contemporary squatting movement centered on the right to housing, ‘Take Back the Land’. In exercising the moral right to housing, for which they demand political recognition, the group’s practices reflect the adversarial dimension of rights in keeping with the concept’s historical role in empowering subordinate groups to challenge unjust relations of power and inequality.
27
Johnsone, Amy. "Activating empathy : the social lives of rights images." Thesis, Goldsmiths College (University of London), 2014. http://research.gold.ac.uk/10619/.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This dissertation addresses the increasingly important role visual media plays in the construction of human rights discourse in an attempt to denaturalise the idea of human rights in its western democratic context. This is a shift from other anthropological approaches which have focused on rights in ‘other’ contexts at the expense of naturalising and disguising the constructed nature of human rights in western democratic contexts. To research this I have followed selected images from campaign work of a major human rights organisation through their production, distribution and reception. I base my research on interviews with informants and participant observation as a volunteer with Amnesty UK and as a member of three local Amnesty groups. In doing so I develop an account of images that focusses on their place in social relations, rather than a textual analysis of their representational qualities. An approach that is increasingly prevalent in anthropological accounts of images, but that I believe to be unique as an approach to rights images. I put forward the argument over ten chapters that pictures are used by activists to facilitate a process of imaginative identification with distant others that staff at AIUK call 'empathy'. I examine this process of imaginative relating from both the point of view of staff, and of those publics that encounter images to argue that images mediate imaginative relations in ways that suggest a rethink of both 'empathy' as a concept, and human rights as a practice. In doing this I hope to develop understandings of human rights and visual media, and also rethink anthropology’s role in studying transient phenomena.
28
Pacheco, Rodríguez Miguel Ángel. "Social Rights Enforcement: Some Contributions from Legal Theory." Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2017. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/115475.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This paper explores some of the main contributions developed bylegal theory in favour of social rights enforcement. The first part is devotedto the concept of subjective right and particularly to the conceptions due toRobert Alexy and Luigi Ferrajoli. The second part includes the analysis ofthe relationship between social rights and the principle of equality. Specialattention will be given to Luis Prieto’s theory. Finally, both post-positivisticand neo-constitutionalistic theories of Law will be evaluated in terms of theirdegree of recognition and defence of social rights.<br>En este trabajo se exponen algunas de las principales contribuciones de la teoría del Derecho a la exigibilidad de los derechos sociales. La primera parte está dedicada al concepto de derecho subjetivo y especialmente a las propuestas de Robert Alexy y Luigi Ferrajoli. En la segunda parte, se analiza la relación de los derechos sociales con el principio de igualdad y, más concretamente, la propuesta de Luis Prieto. Finalmente, se exploran las posibilidades que tanto la teoría pospositivista del Derecho como la neoconstitucionalista ofrecen para un mayor grado de reconocimiento y eficacia de los derechos sociales.
29
Hawkins, Kirstan. "Rights, health and power : a critical social analysis of the reproductive health and rights discourse." Thesis, Swansea University, 2002. https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa42673.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This thesis is a critique of the global reproductive health and rights and discourse, which emanated from the 1994 International Conference on Population and Development. The thesis argues that far from being a new population policy paradigm, the reproductive rights and health discourse is a reworking of a neo-Malthusian and neo-liberal policy agenda. The thesis begins with a consideration of the historical and political context in which international population policy has evolved, and questions the extent to which liberal notions of individual rights freedom and choice, enshrined in the reproductive health discourse, bears a relationship to the social, political and economic realities in which poor and socially marginalized people experience their sexual and reproductive health. Through a critical review of the literature the thesis questions the positivist/functionalist paradigms upon which mainstream demographic and reproductive health research is based. In rejecting both the positivism of mainstream demography as well as the relativism of much post-modernism, the thesis draws eclectically upon post-structuralist and practice theory to suggest a framework for "critical social analysis", which understands sexual and reproductive behaviour as both historically grounded and culturally contingent. Central to the framework is an exploration of how constructions of identity and difference shape social and political practice at the national and local level. Drawing upon case study material from Bolivia, the thesis explores how constructions of identity and difference are embedded in historical and structural conditions of inequality and exploitation. Through an ethnographic study the thesis considers how these structural conditions of inequality become embodied in and reproduced through everyday practices, which ultimately shape the experience of health and well being among poor migrant women. The thesis goes on to suggest a methodological approach entitled the "peer ethnographic method" for incorporating such an understanding of identity and difference into programme design and monitoring.
30
VIANNA, ZAMIRA MENDES. "THE EFFICACY OF SOCIAL RIGHTS AND THE SUPREME COURT: A STUDY ON THE NATURE OF SOCIAL RIGHTS AND THEIR LEGAL ENFORCEABILITY." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2010. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=18691@1.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
O presente trabalho apresenta um estudo sobre a eficácia dos direitos sociais
no Brasil, em especial os direitos a prestações e a justiciabilidade desses direitos
perante o poder judiciário. O abismo existente entre o ideal de transformação da
Constituição Federal de 1988 e a inércia demonstrada pelos costumes políticos e
sociais na história recente de nosso país ressaltam o quanto o Estado e a sociedade
estão falhando ao garantir as condições mínimas de existência humana digna, sem
as quais se torna inviável o gozo e a fruição dos direitos fundamentais, frustrandose
a efetividade da maioria das normas constitucionais. Este estudo se inicia pela
análise da trajetória dos direitos fundamentais até o seu reconhecimento e
positivação na Constituição Federal de 1988, passando-se em seguida, à análise
dos direitos sociais como direitos fundamentais, sua aplicabilidade e os limites à
eficácia dos direitos a prestações, reunindo elementos que possam justificar a
crescente atuação do poder judiciário, em especial do Supremo Tribunal Federal
no cenário econômico e social, na medida em que se tem atribuído a ele um novo
papel no quadro da Separação de Poderes, qual seja, atender à tarefa de realização
dos direitos sociais que compete, primariamente ao legislativo e ao executivo. As
fontes de pesquisa são doutrinárias, além do estudo de algumas normas
constitucionais pertinentes ao tema do trabalho e de jurisprudência selecionada
principalmente nos julgados do Supremo Tribunal Federal.<br>This work presents a study on the efficacy of social rights in Brazil, in
special the rights to benefits and justiciability in front of judiciary. The lack
between the ideal transformation of Federal Constitution of 1988 and the tendency
of do not change shown by political and social values in the recent history of our
country highlights how much the State and the society are weakened to support
the minimum conditions to the existence of human dignity, without which
becomes impossible enjoy the fundamental rights, frustrating to the effectiveness
of most constitutional rules. This study bigins by the analysis of the fundamental
rights trajectory until its recognition on the Federal Constitution of 1988, going
through the analysis of social rights as fundamental rights, their applicability and
limits the efficacy of rights to benefits, grouping elements that can justify the
increasing role of Judiciary, especially the Supreme Court in the economic and
social set, according to his new role into the Separation of Powers, that is, comply
with realization of social rights that belongs first to the legislature and the
executive. The research sources are doctrinal, besides the study of some
constitutional rules relevant to the theme and the jurisprudence selected mainly on
the judged from the Supreme Court.
31
Ahmed, Najma. "Child rights : A study of the rights of children in Kenya and violations of the rights of children in Kenya." Thesis, Enskilda Högskolan Stockholm, Avdelningen för mänskliga rättigheter och demokrati, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ths:diva-1356.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This essay is about children's rights in one African country namely Kenya. It includesinternational documents like the United Nations Convention of the Rights of the Child (CRC) andthe regional African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child (ACRWC). The thesis alsoanalyzes the differences between these documents and also the Sustainable development goals arediscussed and how they directly touch children's rights.This thesis also deals with the topic of how children's rights are protected by the Kenyanconstitution . It will mention the international laws and conventions that Kenya is obligated toimplement and follow in order to guarantee the kenyan children their rights. During the work wewill take a look at legislations and policies that Kenya has established to promote and protect therights of the children in Kenya.I will analyze some of the violations of the rights of children in Kenya and will be mainly focusingon laws and policies that the country established. The thesis also includes an investigation ofwhich children's rights are violated in Kenya. It consists of statistics and what the laws in Kenyasay about these violations.
32
Rossall, Jonathan P. J. "The charter of rights and freedoms and the human rights statutes : an uneasy truce or a peaceful coexistence?" Thesis, McGill University, 1986. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=65353.
Повний текст джерела
33
Boone, Barrera Enrique. "Fragmentation of property rights in the Mexican «Ejido» and its effects on the exercise of constitutionally protected rights." Thesis, McGill University, 2014. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=123042.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In order to alleviate poverty in Mexico, the federal government created a form of land tenure called the ejido. People in the ejido work and live under a particular set of federal regulations which, among other things, severely restricts transferring ejido land. After almost a century of being legislated, however, the ejido has not helped its inhabitants rise out of poverty. Moreover, the ejido, I argue, became an impediment to even economic and political progress in Mexico because it isolated a portion of the population within this regime and placed barriers to the exercise of its members' constitutionally protected rights and freedoms. Through an analysis of the conflict in the Atenco ejido, I will show how the ejido's legal regime, which aims to regulate the economic use of the land, filters the ejidatarios' relations with all other levels of government. The ejido's regulations affect, thus, the political agency of the ejidatario outside of the ejido. Using a historical and empirical approach, I explain the failure of the ejido as a productive asset and also as a site for political participation. In the process, I caution against calls for greater autonomy of the ejido if they rely on the idea of an intrinsic characteristic that unites all inhabitants of the ejido into "one people", or if they rely on the idea of self-legitimizing shared understandings that operate without the need of checks and balances. I conclude with law reform proposals that take into consideration Mexico's history and the actual socio-political environment in which ejidos operate. These reforms aim at making the ejido more responsive to the plurality of experiences within the ejido as well as to the plurality of other political units of which it forms part.<br>Afin de remédier à la pauvreté au Mexique, le gouvernement fédéral a créé le ejido, une forme de régime foncier. Ceux qui habitent dans le ejido travaillent et vivent sous une règlementation fédérale, qui restreint, entre autres, le transfert de propriété ejido. Malgré la législation sur le régime foncier pendant presqu'un siècle, le ejido n'aide toujours pas ses habitants à échapper la pauvreté. Cette thèse avance que le ejido est devenu un obstacle au progrès économique et politique au Mexique car ce régime foncier a pour effet d'isoler une portion de la population et de poser des barrières à l'exercice de leurs droits et libertés fondamentaux. À travers une analyse du conflit dans l'ejido d'Atenco, cette thèse démontrera comment le régime juridique du ejido, qui a pour but de règlementer l'utilisation économique de la propriété, filtre les relations des ejidatarios avec tous les autres niveaux du gouvernement. La règlementation du ejido influence l'action politique des ejidatario à l'extérieur de cette propriété. Employant une approche historique et empirique, cette thèse explique l'échec de l'ejido comme agent productif ainsi qu'à titre de site de participation politique. Cette thèse fait preuve de prudence contre l'appel pour une plus grande autonomie attribuée à l'ejido si celle-ci est base sur l'idée d'une caractéristique intrinsèque d'unification de tous les habitants de l'ejido dans "un people", ou bien si cette idée est fondée sur une conception partagée d'autolégitimation qui procède sans recours à un système d'équilibre des pouvoirs. En conclusion, cette thèse propose des réformes du droit aux ejidos qui prennent en considération l'histoire du Mexique ainsi que l'environnement sociopolitique contemporain. Ces réformes ont pour objectif de sensibiliser l'ejido à la pluralité des expériences à l'intérieur de ce dernier ainsi que la pluralité d'autres unités politiques à l'intérieur de laquelle il s'inscrit.
34
Abbay, Futsum. "Disability rights in Africa: towards citizenship approach." Thesis, McGill University, 2013. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=114183.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This thesis evaluates the status of the rights of persons with disabilities in the African context drawing from international, regional and national perspectives. It assesses the adequacy and effectiveness of the existing legal frameworks in Africa for achieving the full citizenship rights of persons with disabilities. It uses the concept of citizenship to justify and advocate for the protection and promotion of the rights of persons with disabilities. The thesis begins by reviewing various theoretical and conceptual models of disability rights and the emergence of anti-discrimination rights and the duty to accommodate in various jurisdictions. It then examines significant developments in international human rights law, culminating in the coming into force of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. I underscore the shift that has occurred away from a biomedical/charity model of disability towards a human rights and citizenship-based paradigm. In the African context, however, this shift has not yet occurred. I argue that the existing regional legal framework in Africa does not provide adequate legal protections and guarantees for safeguarding the human rights of persons with disabilities. The African regional human rights instruments often portray persons with disabilities as recipients of care, assistance and rehabilitation services, replicating the perspective of the individual/bio-medical model. The progress towards a human rights approach to disability rights in Africa has been very slow. I suggest that the African Union should adopt a separate and specific convention or protocol on the rights of persons with disabilities in Africa. At the national level, many African states have disability-related laws that continue to reflect attitudes rooted in the individual/bio-medical model. To date, many African states have not enacted laws that meaningfully respect and protect disability human rights. I argue that states should primarily be responsible for ensuring the full citizenship status of persons with disabilities. I maintain that persons with disabilities should be reasonably accommodated to meet their needs in all circumstances in order to attain this objective. Otherwise, eliminating the exclusion, marginalization and discrimination experienced by persons with disabilities will remain an unfulfilled dream.<br>Cette thèse évalue le statut des droits des personnes handicapées dans le contexte Africain, en puisant dans des perspectives internationales, régionales et nationales. Elle étudie également l'adéquation et l'efficacité des cadres légaux existants actuellement en Afrique pour établir les pleins droits civils des personnes handicapées.La thèse commence par passer en revue plusieurs modèles théoriques et conceptuels des droits des personnes handicapées et l'émergence de droits antidiscriminatoires et du devoir d'accommodation dans plusieurs juridictions. Elle examine ensuite les développements significatifs dans le droit international de la personne, culminant avec l'entrée en vigueur de la Convention relative aux droits des personnes handicapées. À cet égard, je souligne le changement qui s'est opéré en passant d'un modèle biomédical/charité vers un paradigme basé sur les droits des personnes handicapées et la citoyenneté. Dans le contexte Africain, ce changement n'a en revanche pas encore eu lieu. Je soutiens que le cadre légal régional présentement en place en Afrique n'offre pas de protection légale ou de garanties pour la protection des droits des personnes handicapées adéquates. Les instruments régionaux Africains des droits de la personne décrivent souvent les personnes handicapées comme des receveurs d'aide, d'assistance et de services de réhabilitation, reproduisant ainsi la perspective du modèle individuel/biomédical. L'évolution vers une approche des droits de la personne pour les personnes handicapées en Afrique est très lente. Je suggère que l'Union Africaine devrait adopter une convention ou un protocole séparé et spécifique aux droits des personnes handicapées en Afrique. De même, au niveau national, de nombreuses nations Africaines légifèrent des lois sur le handicap qui continuent de refléter des attitudes ancrées dans le modèle individuel/biomédical. Présentement, de nombreux pays Africains n'ont pas adopté de lois qui respectent et protègent de façon significative les droits des personnes handicapées. Je soutiens que les états devraient être principalement responsables d'assurer le plein statut de citoyen des personnes handicapées. Je maintiens que les personnes handicapées devraient être raisonnablement accommodées pour pourvoir à leurs besoins en toutes circonstances pour atteindre cet objectif. Sinon, l'élimination de l'exclusion, de la marginalisation et de la discrimination envers les personnes handicapées restera un rêve inachevé.
35
NETO, JOAQUIM CERQUEIRA. "DISSONANT CITIZENSHIP: THE DIFFICULT EQUATION BETWEEN THE POLITICAL RIGHTS AND THE SOCIAL RIGHTS IN CONTEMPORARY BRAZIL." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2009. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=15062@1.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO<br>COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DO PESSOAL DE ENSINO SUPERIOR<br>A presente dissertação aborda o tema da cidadania como um objeto de
análise autônomo, complexo e historicamente definido. Com base no conceito de
cidadania elaborado por T.H. Marshall e no referencial analítico de José Murilo de
Carvalho, desenvolveu-se uma investigação acerca das dimensões política e social
da cidadania no Brasil Contemporâneo. A partir de uma perspectiva histórica a
respeito do processo de construção da cidadania no Brasil, sustentamos que a
vigência concomitante dos direitos políticos e dos direitos sociais no contexto
atual assume uma relação intrinsecamente dissonante, o que implica, de um lado,
reconhecer a novidade desta convivência, ainda que não virtuosa, no curso
histórico do Brasil republicano, e destacar, por outro lado, a natureza e o
significado dessa dissonância para a realização da cidadania brasileira. Portanto, o
objetivo principal consistiu em verificar o significado e a natureza da dinâmica
entre as dimensões política e social da cidadania no contexto do Brasil
Contemporâneo. A nossa contribuição consiste, neste sentido, em desenhar a
moldura atual em que se encontram colocadas as dimensões da cidadania
brasileira, bem como evidenciar o significado desta nova configuração para o
alcance de uma cidadania plena no país.<br>The present dissertation boards the subject of the citizenship like an
autonomous, complex and historically definite object of analysis. On basis of the
concept of citizenship prepared by T.H. Marshall and the analytical referential
system of José Murilo of Carvalho, an investigation was developed about the
political and social dimensions of the citizenship in Contemporary Brazil. From a
historical perspective as to the process of construction of the citizenship in Brazil,
it was supported that the concomitant validity of the political rights and of the
social rights in the current context assumes an intrinsic dissonant relation, what it
teases, from a side, to recognize the novelty of this contact, still that not virtuous,
in the historical course of republican Brazil, and to make, on the other side, the
nature and the meaning of this dissonance for the problem of the Brazilian
citizenship. So, the principal objective consisted in checking the meaning and the
nature of the dynamic one between the political and social dimensions of the
citizenship in the context of Contemporary Brazil. Our contribution consists, in
this sense, in drawing the current frame in which there are put the dimensions of
the Brazilian citizenship, as well as showing up the meaning of this new
configuration for the reach of a full citizenship in the country.
36
McIntosh, Deborah C. "References and bias towards agriculture in a middle grade social science textbook." Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri-Columbia, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/4602.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Thesis (M.S.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2006.<br>The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file viewed on (February 9, 2007) Includes bibliographical references.
37
Scharla, Løjmand Ida. "Voicing Women’s Rights: Being and Becoming a Women’s Rights Activist in Assam, India." Thesis, Malmö universitet, Fakulteten för kultur och samhälle (KS), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-21191.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This thesis is based on a minor field study (MFS) with the aim of investigating what habitus and forms of capital facilitate women’s rights activism in Assam, India – a state described as highly patriarchal but also a place where women enjoy higher status than elsewhere in the country. Using the concepts of capital and habitus and elements from social movement- and feminist theory, I analyze interviews with eight Assamese women’s rights activists. I conclude that the habitus of social engagement has been embodied early in most participants and that they all possess strong cultural and social capital that enable them to act. The identity of being independent is an integrated part of the participants and it is also what they strive to implement in the communities of women they work with.
38
Vitale, David Anthony. "Political trust and the enforcement of constitutional social rights." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2018. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/3779/.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This thesis addresses the long-debated question of courts’ proper role in enforcing constitutional social rights; and it does so from a new perspective – that of political trust. Its central argument is that the concept of political trust – as it has been conceptualised and theorised in the relevant social science literature – has normative potential for defining such a role for courts. Specifically, I argue that courts, in enforcing constitutional social rights, can, and should, use political trust as an adjudicative tool, employing it to develop a standard to which government, in its provision of social goods and services to the public, can and will be held. To make out this argument, I draw on both theoretical and empirical social science scholarship on trust and how it functions in contemporary societies. I suggest, based on that scholarship, that we can expect constitutional social rights adjudication by courts to be able to impact (and in the right circumstances, to foster) political trust. And following from this impact, in combination with the well-recognised value of political trust by social scientists as well as a host of other principled reasons, I make the claim that political trust can, and should, lie at the very centre of social rights enforcement by courts.
39
Stojić, Damir. "The principles of Catholic social teaching on minority rights." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 2007. http://www.tren.com/search.cfm?p029-0702.
Повний текст джерела
40
Kwak, Hochul. "Rights of Concrete Others: Ethics of Concrete Others, Social Individuality, and Social Multiculturalism." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2012. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cgu_etd/63.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A globalizing world is replete with the vulnerable, who are experiencing economic poverty, medical maltreatment, political persecution, and/or cultural misrecognition. The vulnerable are under systematic oppression and domination. Although the wealth of humankind increases continuously, many are excluded from any benefit of this increased wealth. While human beings have achieved significant progress in medical technology, uncountable numbers of people are exposed to a shortage of appropriate medical care. Despite continued expansion of democracy around the globe, the powerless majority and minorities are experiencing ignorance of their differences, culturally and/or politically. This dissertation searches for a viable human rights scheme that will effectively address the systematic oppression and domination of the vulnerable. By addressing oppression and domination of the vulnerable, I focus on overcoming several dichotomies: a dichotomy between transcendence and immanence within human beings, a dichotomy between equality and difference among human beings, and a dichotomy between individual differences and group differences. Those dichotomies have been detrimental to addressing systematic oppression and domination of the vulnerable.
With relation to the dichotomy between transcendence and immanence within human beings, I frame the vulnerable as concrete others who have both transcendental dimensions and immanent dimensions. In terms of the dichotomy between equality and difference, my proposal is equality that substantially promotes difference, that is, capability equality and least-gap equality. With regard to the dichotomy between individual difference and group difference, my proposal is multiculturalism based on social individuality. These proposals for overcoming aforementioned dichotomies converge on social multiculturalism. I have argued that equality between groups and equality within groups can best address oppression and domination of concrete others. Specifically, reconfigured basic income guarantee, which includes basic income, public education, public healthcare, and linguistic diversity, is a concrete form of equality within groups that is conducive to promoting equality between groups. Therefore, I think that social multiculturalism based on the reconfigured basic income guarantee is a new, viable version of addressing oppression and domination of the vulnerable.
41
Nkhata, Mwiza Jo. "The social trust and leadership roles : revitalising duty bearer accountability in the protection of social and economic rights in Malawi and Uganda." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/1153.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
"The relevance of social and economic rights to societal welfare and well-being need not be overemphasised. The quality of life enjoyed by the citizenry is directly related to the level of enjoyment of social and economic rights in any particular country. However, the enjoyment of social and economic rights is, in turn, largely predicated on the manner in which national resources are managed and directed towards obligations raised by social and economic rights. It is axiomatic, therefore, to devise a framework that ensures that managers of public resources operate within an environment where their actions in relation to the management of national resources are governed by transparency and accountability. In the light of the above, this study explores the relationship that exist between the social trust concept and leadership roles, particularly in as far as duty bearer accountability for social and economic rights is concerned. The study argues that social trust based devices can be used to enhance duty bearer accountability in relation to social and economic rights and that such increased duty bearer accountability will automatically serve to better the welfare of the citizenry. The viability of recognising and enforcing social trust based accountability mechanisms is highlighted by exploring its relevance to Malawi and Uganda. The crux of the study is that public functionaries must always be amenable to censure by the citizenry if diligence is to be infused in the performance of their duties and the social trust concept offers adept mechansisms for achieving this." -- Abstract.
This study consists of five chapters. Chapter one provides the context and foundation of the study. Chapter two is devoted to explaining the nature and scope of the social trust concept and how it can validly, if at all, be extended into the public law realm. Chapter two also expounds on some basic concepts employed in the study. Chapter three is aimed at providing and understanding of leadership roles and explaining their relevance to social economic rights. Briefly put, chapter three explores the interface between social economic rights and social trust based leadership roles. Chapter four discusses the benefits of revitalising a social trust based conception of leadership roles particularly by highlighting why Malawi and Uganda need social trust based leadership roles. The chapter also outlines how the benefits of a revitalised duty bearer accountability can be realised. Chapter five will present the study's conclusions and recommendations." -- Introduction.<br>Thesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa)) -- University of Pretoria, 2005.<br>Prepared under the supervision of Dr. Ben Twinomugisha at the Faculty of Law, Makerere University, Uganda<br>http://www.chr.up.ac.za/academic_pro/llm1/dissertations.html<br>Centre for Human Rights<br>LLM
42
Raible, Lea Alexa. "Human rights unbound : a theory of extraterritorial human rights obligations with special reference to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2018. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/10041896/.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This thesis advances four main arguments aimed at fundamentally changing the way we think about extraterritorial human rights obligations. First, I argue that the questions regarding extraterritoriality are really about justifying the allocation of human rights obligations to specific states. Second, I seek to show that human rights as found in international human rights law, including the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, are underpinned by the values of integrity and equality. Third, I argue that these same values justify the allocation of human rights obligations towards specific individuals to public institutions - including states - that hold political power over said individuals. And fourth, I show that title to territory is best captured by the value of stability, as opposed to integrity and equality. Because of this, models of jurisdiction that incorporate a close relationship with title to territory cannot be successful. The consequence of these arguments is a major shift in how we view extraterritorial human rights obligations. Namely, the upshot is that all standards in international human rights law that count as human rights require that a threshold of jurisdiction, understood as political power, is met. However, on my account, this threshold is not a conceptual necessity but a normative one. It is the relevant threshold not only for practical reasons, but because it justifies the allocation of human rights obligations.
43
Nartea, Alexandru. "Compliance with International Human Rights and Refugee Rights Principles. The Case of Myanmar and its Refugees in Thailand." Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Management and Economics, 2003. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-1952.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
<p>The people of Myanmar find their personal security and well-being threatened by the military authorities of the country and have no option but to leave their homeland and seek refuge in Thailand. Nevertheless, seen as the burden and element of insecurity the refugees are often left unprotected or even expelled by the Thai authorities. The situation as such recalls what some observers shortly named “unwanted and unprotected”. The thesis focuses on the provisions of international human rights and refugee rights principles and traces the impact of international standards on the refugee problem situation. This research aims to assess the compliance with the international human rights and refugee principles in the Myanmar-Thailand case. Taking into account the particularity of this case, the aim has a twofold structure. On the one hand, it seeks to analyze the compliance with the international human rights principles in the Myanmar context. On the other hand, it needs to analyze the compliance with the international refugee and human rights standards of the Myanmar refugees in Thailand. Falling in-between the international law and international relations theories the compliance-based theory is employed to guide the analysis and help answer the fundamental question of this research: Why is compliance with the international human rights and refugee rights principles in the case of Myanmar and Thailand problematic?</p>
44
Ratke, Bruna Nogueira Almeida. "A agricultura familiar brasileira e o pronaf: apontamentos para a construção de um objeto jurídico." Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2013. http://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/handle/tede/5350.
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Previous issue date: 2013-03-08<br>Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Goiás - FAPEG<br>This paper aims at analyzing the legal proceedings that gave rise to the acknowledgment of family agriculture as subject of rights and object of public policies by establishing thematic approaches with the purpose of seeking conclusions involving public policies and family agriculture. Firstly, there is a definition of limits regarding the historical milestone of debates encompassing the family farmer as responsible for a new project of rural development and the main factors that gave rise to their social and political emancipation. Pronafwas chosen in order to obtain a more detailed analysis of guidelines, principles, credit lines, target public, legal institutes of materialization and critical analysis due to the fact that it is the first and main public policy intended to this category. Thereafter, the importance of the public policy legal study is focused, mainly agrarian policies. The justifications that gave rise to the enactment of Law N. 11.326/2006 were presented establishing guidelines to the elaboration of the National Policy of Family Agriculture and Rural Family Ventures delimitating the concept of family farmer. The importance of the identification and delimitation of family agriculture was outlined as well. It is demonstrated that family agriculture builds its social emancipation historical process in the face of a project to overcome traditional unequal and unfair relationships through pluralistic, democratic and participative practices, transforming law into a social transformation tool and promoting dignity of the family unit itself by demanding new normative standards and effective public policies in order to include them as emerging subjects.<br>Esta dissertação tem por objeto analisar o processo jurídico que ensejou o reconhecimento da agricultura familiar como sujeito de direitos e objeto de políticas públicas. Estabelece recortes temáticos no intuito de buscar conclusões envolvendo as políticas públicas e a agricultura familiar. Inicialmente, delimita-se o marco histórico dos debates envolvendo o agricultor familiar como responsável por um novo projeto de desenvolvimento rural e os principais fatores ensejadores de sua emancipação social e política. Selecionou-se o Pronaf para uma análise mais detalhada de suas diretrizes, seus princípios, linhas de crédito, público-alvo, institutos jurídicos de materialização e análise de críticas, em razão de ser a primeira e principal política pública destinada a essa categoria. Após, aborda-se a importância do estudo jurídico de políticas públicas e, especialmente, das políticas agrárias. Apresentam-se as justificativas que ensejaram a promulgação da Lei n. 11.326/2006, que estabelece as diretrizes para a formulação da Política Nacional da Agricultura Familiar e Empreendimentos Familiares Rurais e delimita o conceito do agricultor familiar. Traçou-se a importância da identificação e delimitação da agricultura familiar. Demonstra-se que a agricultura familiar constrói seu processo histórico de emancipação social perante um projeto de superação das tradicionais relações desiguais e injustas, por meio de práticas pluralistas, democráticas e participativas, fazendo do direito um instrumento de transformação social e dignificação da própria unidade familiar, ao exigirem novos padrões normativos e efetivas políticas públicas para incluí-los como sujeitos emergentes.
45
Milli, Ece. "Assessing The Human Rights Regime Of The Council Of Europe In Terms Of Economic And Social Rights." Master's thesis, METU, 2012. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12615020/index.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This thesis seeks to answer the question whether economic and social rights have the same status with civil and political rights under the human rights regime of the Council of Europe. To this end, the thesis examines the assumptions with regard to the nature of economic and social rights, on the one hand, and civil and political rights, on the other. Second, it seeks to find out whether the nature of economic and social rights is different from that of civil and political rights. Third, it examines how the protection of and approach to the two sets of rights developed in the Council of Europe. Finally, it assesses the contemporary protection of economic and social rights in the Council of Europe in comparison to protection of civil and political rights.
46
Eick, Christophe N. "Enforcing international human rights law in domestic courts." Thesis, McGill University, 1987. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=63973.
Повний текст джерела
47
Keeler, Rebecca L. "Corporate Rights." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2015. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/449.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Book Summary: Spanning three volumes, this comprehensive encyclopedia of over six hundred entries covers the full range of civil rights and liberties in America from the antecedents of the Bill of Rights through the most recent controversies over political and social issues, including abortion, free speech, religious liberty, voting rights, and the guarantees of equality. It also addresses the civil rights and liberties issues stemming from America's ongoing war on terrorism. Detailed entries include key concepts, historical events and developments, major trials and appellate court decisions, landmark legislation, legal doctrines, important personalities, and key organizations and agencies. Entries have an objective tone, allowing readers to draw their own conclusions.
Designed as an up-to-date reference source for students, scholars, and citizens, the encyclopedia will help broaden and heighten understanding and appreciation for the wide range of issues associated with civil rights and liberties in the United States, and is the most sophisticated treatment available. The volumes of the encyclopedia consist of original entries, arranged alphabetically, on many current hot-button issues as well as in-depth coverage of the rights Americans hold sacred. Written by experts in the field, including attorneys, judges, and legal scholars, the encyclopedia takes a historical-legal approach, providing important information on the background and development of an issue or event.
The third volume concludes with over three dozen essential primary documents, including landmark statutes, key court decisions, and influential essays.
48
Glenna, Leland L. "On becoming ecologically rational : a social and environmental critque of agriculture /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 1997. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p9841142.
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49
Williams, Carolyn. "Sexuality, rights and development : Peruvian feminist connections." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2009. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/195/.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This thesis is a study of the ways in which the concept of sexuality changes in meaning over time and as it travels through different Peruvian feminist discursive fields and sites of action. Although academic research on Latin American feminists' politics of sexuality has been very limited to date, their own documents reveal a notable absence of debates on same-sex sexuality within the field of sexual and reproductive rights. Moreover, when same-sex sexuality is incorporated into discourse, conceptualized as lesbian rights, it does not refer to low-income women. This paradox is mirrored in feminist connections with British international development agencies. Combining multisited ethnography with a variety of qualitative research methods, I examine the effects of the shifting meanings and normative assumptions in the deployment of 'sexuality' by key Peruvian feminist individuals and organizations in their work at local, national, regional and global levels. In this thesis I show that feminist discourse on sexual rights is implicitly heteronormative with reference to women in Lima's low-income settlements and related national policy advocacy. This limitation is influenced by and reinforces the discursive and funding pressures emanating from international development agencies. Meanwhile, the same feminist actors' national and regional public policy advocacy on lesbian rights and non-discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation does not connect sexuality with, class, ethnic or national differences and inequalities. The consequence is the construction of a normative middle class, modern, global, urban lesbian subject in Peru that is considered of little relevance by UK-based international development agencies. At regional and global levels, feminist discourse on sexual and reproductive rights has very recently incorporated ythe notions of 'sexual and gender diversity', thus incorporating questions of same-sex sexuality. However, differences of social class, race, ethnicity and geo-political location remain unexamined. I argue that in future feminist cultural politics, the pre-theoretical commitments and normative assumptions of sexuality and related rights-based concepts, deployed in different discursive fields and sites of action, need be theorized on the basis of women's knowledge from different economic, ethnic, racial and national contexts.
50
Corlett, Jay Angelo. "Moral Compatibilism: Rights, responsibility, punishment and compensation." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/185747.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The moral status of collectives is an important problem for any plausible moral, social and political philosophy. Are collectives proper subjects of moral rights and moral responsibility (liability) ascriptions? Is it morally justified for the state to punish collectives for criminal offenses, or for the state to force collectives to pay compensation for tort offenses? Moral Individualism denies that collectives are properly ascribed properties such as moral rights, moral liability, and punishability, while Moral Collectivism affirms that some collectives may be legitimately ascribed all such moral properties. I argue for a compatibilist position: "Moral Compatibilism." Using a hybrid interest/choice model of collective moral rights, I argue that it is justified to attribute moral rights to some collectives (prototypically, numerically large nations and corporations). Furthermore, I argue that it is morally unjustified for the state to impose sanctions on collectives. For a necessary condition of the state's imposing sanctions on collectives (in a morally justified way) is that the object of the imposed sanction is a morally liable agent. But collectives, though they can (ideally) be morally liable for their doings, are typically not structured such that they are morally liable agents. Collectives--even highly organized ones--do not typically satisfy some of the conditions jointly necessary for moral liability. It is not clear that they are intentional, epistemic, and voluntary agents. This distinction between what a collective can become and what it typically is in regards to intentionality, voluntariness, etc., is crucial. Yet it is not made by others working in this area. The arguments of this dissertation have important theoretical and practical implications for action theory, moral, social, legal, political philosophy, and business ethics. It in no way follows from my arguments that collectives cannot be restructured so that they can satisfy the conditions of moral liability and become justified objects of state sanction when they act negligently or criminally. In fact, I argue that it is the moral obligation of persons in society to restructure their social institutions so that such collectives become morally liable agents (at least to some meaningful extent). This poses a challenge to moral, social and political philosophers to think of how such collectives might be restructured so that the state may legitimately impose sanctions on them to the extent that they are morally liable agents.