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Дисертації з теми "Social participation; Sociology, Urban"

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Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 10 грудня 2022

Оновлено: 28 січня 2023

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1

Ortega, Nieto Daniel. "The politics of urban poverty| Participation and welfare." Thesis, Georgetown University, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3617802.

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The rapid process of urbanization currently swelling the poor urban neighborhoods of developing countries is changing local and national political landscapes. As the population of urban poor continues to grow—it is expected that by 2030 half of the total urban population will be poor—so are poor peoples' demands for access to public services, as well as the type and intensity of their engagements with political actors. The dissertation focuses on the different types of interactions between the urban poor and politicians and specifically tackles the following questions: What explains the variation in political participation among the urban poor? What drives the urban poor to become active in politics? What types of political activity are these citizens engaging in? The dissertation uses a mixed-methods strategy that makes use of a case study of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and survey data, including an original dataset that includes interviews with over 400 favela dwellers. It finds that in Brazil, there is a "favela effect" in political participation: favela dwellers are more likely to become politically engaged in a number of activities—voting, working for a politician, participating in neighborhood meetings—than people living in more affluent neighborhoods. In addition, the dissertation demonstrates that there are multiple pathways to political participation and that four factors are key in explaining the levels of political engagement: social networks, religious groups, government transfer schemes, and NGO programs. The dissertation contributes to the literature on political participation and democracy, and helps move the debate on political engagement of the urban poor beyond arguments that, on the one hand, portray them as uninterested or unable to engage in political activities and, on the other hand, describe them as the inevitable victims of clientelism and political bosses.

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2

Dube, Nobayethi. "Evaluating community participation in development projects." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/2139.

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Thesis (MPhil (Sociology and Social Anthropology))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009.
Community participation is a concept that is frequently mentioned in community development. Practitioners in development believe that in order for projects to succeed, communities need to actively take part in designing, implementing and shaping the projects that affect them. The aim of this thesis is to evaluate community participation by measuring quantitative and qualitative indicators of participation. It is important to note that there are no universal indicators of participation. The thesis presents three projects as case studies. In order to measure participation in the three cases, the quantitative and qualitative indicators of participation of Oakley et al. are reviewed. The indicators are applied across all three cases and the analysis indicates whether they were high, low or absent. It is also important to note that to measure participation effectively requires one to spend lengthy periods at the project site and this proved to be a challenge, as will be shown in the thesis. The thesis also demonstrates that to a large extent community participation is contextual. Of the three projects, two were rural projects and one an urban project. The two rural projects, Mongoaneng Development Forum and TsweloPele Women‟s Co-operative, were initiated by members of the community and aimed at addressing issues of poverty. The urban project, Motherwell Youth Development Forum, was specifically targeting young people with the aim of providing them with skills. Key findings include the fact that each of the cases was highly diverse, and furthermore, when measuring these cases, a common thread was that not all participation indicators were present at any given stage. Another key finding is that co-operation amongst project members tends to yield positive results and the reverse yields negative results. Another finding relates to the sustainability of the projects, pointing to the fact that even though two of the cases were doing well, their sustainability was questionable.

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3

Steurer, Beate. "The city as a laboratory of democratic innovation: Negotiating legitimacy, technology and urban entrepreneurialism through participative online forums." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Teologiska institutionen, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-424282.

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4

Puleo, Catherine. "Place Attachment in the Revitalization of Post-Industrial Downtown Canton: An Analysis of Social, Political, and Architectural Theory." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1523794003883859.

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5

Berger, Mathieu. "Répondre en citoyen ordinaire: enquête sur les engagements profanes dans un dispositif d'urbanisme participatif à Bruxelles." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210314.

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Cette thèse est le résultat de quatre années d’enquête ethnographique passées à observer, à enregistrer et à décrire les activités de commissions participatives de revitalisation urbaine en Région de Bruxelles-Capitale :les CLDI (Commissions Locales de Développement Intégré). Sur base de ce matériau ethnographique, je me suis intéressé à la stratification des contextes de communication en assemblée (dimensions institutionnelle, écologique, dialogique, historique), et à la manifestation de compétences et d’incompétences communicationnelles d’ordres différents dans les prises de parole des participants non spécialistes de ces assemblées (les « simples habitants », les « citoyens ordinaires », les « profanes »). Comme beaucoup d’autres l’ont déjà fait remarquer, dans l’environnement technocratique de ces commissions, où les titres de spécialistes ont déjà été décernés à l’élu, au chef de projet, à l’expert urbaniste, à l’association spécialisée (.), il est particulièrement incommode pour des participants profanes de faire agir une parole -au sens où l’entend la théorie des actes de discours. Privilégier une approche logocentrique dans l’analyse des matériaux, étudier exclusivement la « grammaire symbolique » (propositionnelle, figurative, discursive.) d’activités publiques systématiquement troublées par les interventions malheureuses de profanes semble conduire l’analyste à répéter continuellement le constat de l’incompétence de ces derniers, et à accréditer une sociologie de la domination, immédiatement critique de ces initiatives de démocratisation. En me référant à l’interactionnisme réaliste et naturaliste de Goffman, et à la lecture que fait Jean-Marc Ferry de la sémiotique peircienne (qui distingue les « symboles » des « indices » et des « icônes »), je montre que la voie empruntée avec le plus de succès par les profanes dans ces assemblées consiste à accentuer l’ordinarité de leurs engagements non pas en « montant en généralité » dans leurs propositions, mais au contraire en désertant le monde spécialisé et officiel des discours, en investissant les modes de signification infrasymboliques de l’ « iconique » et de l’ « indiciel », en jouant, en deçà d’une « grammaire discursive », de codes logiques respectivement « associatifs » et « imputatifs ». (Ferry, 2007). Plutôt que par l’intégration discursive de symboles (proposer, définir, conceptualiser, argumenter.), la contribution heureuse de non spécialistes à ces espaces de démocratie technique passerait par l'opération plus archaïque consistant à agencer provisoirement des icônes (associer, évoquer, rappeler, immiter.) et des indices (indiquer, montrer, pointer, signaler, adresser.). Prendre au sérieux ces formes de compétences primitives dans le cas d’acteurs politiques non spécialistes, c’est aussi pointer l’émergence d’une critique ordinaire qui serait dotée d’une certaine factualité. Plutôt que d’avancer un avis subjectif sur le discours objectif d’un expert urbaniste, un « simple habitant » peut lui même récolter, produire et publier ses « données », ses « objets », ses « images » - dans un espace public défini alors comme lieu d’interobjectivité –à partir des icones et des indices dont regorgent les situations de coprésence (ex :un habitant pointe de l’index l’attitude méprisante d’un élu) et les aventures collectives (ex :un habitant rappelle à l’expert ses propres propos en exhibant le procès-verbal de la réunion précédente et en le citant). Se dessine alors la figure d’un citoyen procédural attaché à l’ordre civil élémentaire de l’action conjointe et de l’expérience partagée :une figure essentielle, à mon sens, dans les dispositifs de concertation que nous connaissons aujourd’hui ;une figure pourtant négligée jusqu’ici par les philosophes et les sociologues de la démocratie.
Doctorat en sciences sociales, Orientation sociologie
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

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6

Kou, Yongxia. "The Impacts of Urban Renewal: The Residents' Experiences in Qianmen, Beijing, China." PDXScholar, 2013. http://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/1497.

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The study examines the influences of the Qianmen urban renewal project on its original residents, which is one of a few demonstration projects under the new policy orientation of urban renewal practices in Beijing, China, entering the new century. It employs "residential satisfaction" as an evaluative indicator to understand the residents' experiences before and after urban renewal. Seventy-two residents were interviewed. Among them, 25 remained in Qianmen; 20 relocated to Hongshan, a neighborhood in the central city area; 21 moved to Longyue, a neighborhood in one of the suburban areas; and 6 residents relocated to other locations. The study found that the participants' level of residential satisfaction was skewed toward dissatisfaction before the urban renewal, whereas participants showed a much higher satisfaction level after the urban renewal, which means that overall the Qianmen urban renewal project had positive impacts on the residents' residential environment. However, among the three neighborhoods, there are no statistically significant differences. The policy arrangements of the Qianmen urban renewal project contribute to the results. Under the new policy orientation, the policy arrangements of the Qianmen urban renewal project featured a government-led approach with a large amount of public investment, which formed a good basis to provide better compensation to the residents, in particular to provide extra aid to low income residents. Therefore, the residents got their housing conditions improved to a large extent contributing to their higher level of residential satisfaction after the project was implemented. Because of the extra aid, the low income residents were even more satisfied than the middle-high income residents. On the other hand, the policy arrangements took into account the opinions of the original residents, in other words, most residents made their own decision about where to live after the urban renewal. In this circumstance, they actually saw the urban renewal as an opportunity to improve their residential environment, in spite of the fact that the urban renewal project was initiated by the municipal government. Therefore residents stayed or relocated voluntarily, which significantly predicts the resulting higher level of residential satisfaction. The findings in the Qianmen case remind us that we do need a more open, balanced perspective for analysis of urban renewal processes and outcomes, rather than a predominantly negative displacement view embedded in a gentrification discourse; and that policy arrangements toward more redistribution and social equity are more likely to achieve positive outcomes for disadvantaged people. However, the improvements in unit size and housing quality are the main achievements of the urban renewal. Many residents still face the shortage of community facilities in the short run, and in the long run they might continue to suffer from poorer accessibility to public facilities and other resources. Furthermore, the urban renewal inevitably caused social disturbances for many residents, in particular for disadvantaged people (low income residents, and the elderly, etc), although the negative impacts of relocation on social networks were mitigated by the benefits of escaping the social conflicts and annoyance in the original neighborhood, and were compensated by the improved housing conditions. Generally, the key argument of this study is that policy makers need to pay more attention to the disadvantaged class; in other words, the government needs to assume its role more actively in redistribution and social equity.

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Wei, Lising L. "Protest Art and Urban Renewal in Taiwan: Convivial Combats from 2010-2013." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1417722721.

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8

Khalatbari, Arash. "La cohésion résidentielle, concepts et mesures." Thesis, La Réunion, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LARE0040.

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La cohésion sociale est un concept récurrent de la politique de la ville et de l’aménagement urbain. Concept idéal dont la notion sous-jacente est l’ordre. Cette recherche étudie une situation d’équilibre d’ensemble à l’échelle territorialisée d’un habitat collectif : La Cohésion résidentielle. Plusieurs facteurs participent à cet équilibre, notamment les comportements des habitants. Nous proposons la théorie des valeurs comme outil de mesure pour son potentiel explicatif des dynamiques comportementales supra individuelles
Social cohesion is a recurrent concept in urban policy and urban planning, an ideal concept whose underlying notion is order. This research studies an overall equilibrium situation on the localized scale of a collective habitat: Residential Cohesion. Several factors contribute to this balance, in particular the behaviors of the inhabitants. We propose the theory of values as a measurement tool for its explanatory potential of supra-individual behavioral dynamics

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9

Elias, Maria Veronica. "Community: An Experience-Based Critique of the Concept." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1214500741.

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10

Dris, Yasmina. "L’exercice de la programmation architecturale et urbaine au prisme de la participation citoyenne : quelles évolutions professionnelles ?" Thesis, Paris, HESAM, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020HESAC038.

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À la croisée de la sociologie de l’architecture, des études urbaines et de la sociologie des groupes professionnels, cette recherche s’inscrit dans la lignée de travaux qui interrogent les transformations des métiers du cadre bâti et aménagé en France. Elle explore les évolutions de l’exercice de la programmation architecturale et urbaine au prisme de l’impératif participatif. Pour saisir ces changements, deux approches ont été mobilisées : une enquête quantitative menée à l’échelle nationale auprès des professionnels de la programmation ; une approche plus qualitative qui combine recueil d’entretiens, observation d'espaces de socialisation professionnelle, analyse d’archives et analyse d’un projet urbain (parc Chapelle Charbon à Paris). La mise en lumière des principaux changements qu’a connus ce groupe au cours des dernières décennies éclaire sur les facteurs à l’origine du positionnement des professionnels concernant la place des habitants dans les projets et sur ses évolutions. La thèse montre ainsi des pratiques et des représentations différenciées des professionnels de la programmation vis-à-vis de la participation citoyenne qui traduisent plus fondamentalement des approches et des modalités d’exercice variées de leur activité. Elle contribue également à la compréhension des dynamiques et clivages internes à ce milieu, entre des professionnels de la programmation architecturale – dont l’activité s’était structurée dans les années 1990 autour de la loi sur la Maîtrise d'Ouvrage Publique –, et ceux qui exercent à l’échelle urbaine – dont la quête de reconnaissance cherche à s'appuyer sur d’autres fondements
At the crossroads of sociology of architecture, urban studies and the sociology of professional groups, this thesis is undertaken within the context of series of work that questions the transformations of trades in architectural and urban production in France. It explores the evolutions of the practice of architectural and urban programming through the prism of the participatory processes. To understand these changes, two approaches were used: a quantitative survey conducted at the national level among programming professionals; a more qualitative approach that combines the collection of interviews, the observation of professional socialization spaces, the review of archive material and the analysis of an urban project (Chapelle Charbon Park in Paris). Highlighting the main changes that this group has experienced in recent decades sheds light on the factors behind the positioning of professionals regarding the place of inhabitants in projects and how this has evolved. The thesis thus shows the differentiated practices and representations of programming professionals with regard to citizen participation which fundamentally reflect the various approaches and methods of their activities. It also contributes to the understanding of internal dynamics in this field, between professionals of architectural programming - whose activity was structured in the 1990s by the french law regarding public contracting authorities -, and those who practice at an urban level - whose quest for recognition seeks to build on other foundations

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Jardin, Antoine. "Voter dans les quartiers populaires : dynamiques électorales comparées des agglomérations de Paris, Madrid et Birmingham." Thesis, Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014IEPP0041/document.

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Cette thèse porte sur l’évolution de la participation électorale des habitants des quartiers populaires depuis 1999. En France, après les émeutes de 2005, ces quartiers ont été marqués par une forte hausse de l’inscription et de la participation lors de l’élection présidentielle de 2007. Pourtant ils cumulent les caractéristiques susceptibles d’éloigner leurs habitants du vote. C’est ce paradoxe que la thèse cherche à expliquer. Pour y parvenir, elle croise plusieurs champs théoriques (sociologie urbaine, sociologie/géographie électorale, action publique) dans une perspective comparative, analysant ces évolutions électorales dans les périphéries marginalisées de Paris, Madrid et Birmingham. L’hypothèse centrale est celle d’une inclusion politique croissante des habitants des quartiers populaires français. La méthodologie est mixte, croisant analyse de données agrégées resituant le contexte, données de sondage, entretiens avec des habitants des quartiers marginalisés, observations de bureaux de vote en région parisienne et analyse des politiques d’incitation au vote. Les résultats montrent qu’il n’y a pas de fatalité à la non-participation des périphéries urbaines marginalisées. Enfin dans les trois pays les dispositifs d’incitation au vote influencent de façon très inégale l’évolution des comportements politiques. Les politiques publiques généralistes inspirées par la tradition républicaine se révèlent être plus mobilisatrices que les actions ciblées menées au Royaume Uni à destination de groupes sociaux ou de quartiers particuliers
This research studies the evolution of voting turnout in in Paris, Madrid and Birmingham’s deprived neighborhoods since 1999. In France, after the 2005 riots, both registration and turnout increased sharply during the 2007 presidential election in those places. Yet their inhabitants face numerous social and physical barriers, reducing the likelihood that they would vote. We try to explain this paradox using combined theoretical frameworks from urban sociology, electoral sociology, electoral geography and public policies in a comparative research design. The core hypothesis is that those social groups are increasingly involved in politics and in voting. This study uses several methodological tools involving aggregate data analysis, survey data analysis, polling station observation and field interviews. The results show that public policies designed to influence turnout are sharply divided. Universalistic approaches appear more likely to get voters to participate

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Quercia, Francesca. "Les mondes de l'action théâtrale : une comparaison dans les quartiers populaires en France et en Italie." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lyon, 2018. https://buadistant.univ-angers.fr/login?url=https://bibliotheque.lefebvre-dalloz.fr/secure/isbn/9782247201334.

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Depuis une trentaine d’années, avec la redéfinition des politiques culturelles et de la ville, les artistes se voient assigner des missions sociales : renforcer le lien social, contribuer au décloisonnement des quartiers et à l’intégration sociale des « exclus ». Dans ce contexte, de nombreuses associations de théâtre ont investi les quartiers populaires européens, en proposant des projets comportant la « participation » des « habitants ». Des nouveaux mondes sociaux semblent ainsi se dessiner dans ces territoires, se situant au croisement de différents univers : le champ du théâtre professionnel, le champ politique, l’espace des mouvements sociaux et celui de l’animation socio-culturelle.Basée sur une enquête ethnographique dans deux quartiers en France et en Italie, cette thèse analyse l’émergence et les évolutions de ces nouveaux univers, que nous désignons sous le terme de « mondes de l’action théâtrale ». D’une part, elle s’intéresse à l’élaboration des politiques de soutien à l’action théâtrale dans les quartiers et au rôle social qui est assigné aux intervenants artistiques dans ces territoires. D’autre part, elle analyse les effets de ces politiques sur lesassociations de théâtre, acteurs intermédiaires entre les pouvoirs publics et les habitants. Elle s’intéresse donc à la façon dont les metteurs en scène endossent leur rôle d’intervenants dans les quartiers, en l’ajustant à un ensemble d’aspirations et dispositions dont ils sont porteurs. Enfin, cette thèse interroge les effets de l’action théâtrale sur les « habitants » qui y participent. Les projets mis en œuvre finissent par véhiculer des représentations misérabilistes des classes populaires, ce qui constitue un obstacle aux missions d’empowerment qu’ils affichent
For the past 30 years, with a new definition of cultural policies and the urban environment, artists are being assigned social missions: reinforcing social connections, contributing to the opening up of low-income neighborhoods, and to the integration of marginalized populations. As a result, many theatre associations have moved into low-income neighborhoods with projects that involve the “direct participation” of the “residents”. New social worlds are arising in those areas at thecross roads of many universes : professional theater, politics, social movements and sociocultural activities.Based on an ethnographic survey in two low-income neighborhoods in France and in Italy, this thesis analyzes the emergence and the evolution of these new universes that we are calling the “worlds of theater actions”. On the one hand, the study focuses on the definition of policies that support the action of the theater in low-income neighborhoods and on the social role assigned to the artistic community in those neighborhoods. On the other hand, it analyses the effects of thosepolicies on the theater associations that act as intermediaries between the public authorities and the residents. The focus is on the way those policies are received by the artistic community working in those territories. The artistic community fulfills its role by making adjustments according to a personal set of aspirations and dispositions. Additionally, this thesis ponders theeffects of these projects on the participating “residents”. Many of these projects end up conveying a negative image of low-income classes, an outcome which constitutes an obstacle to the goals of empowerment theater directors claim to have

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13

Keenan, Marilyn Agnew. "Including young people : exploring citizenship and participation in areas of urban regeneration." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2008. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/135/.

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There has been widespread concern not just in the UK, but also across much of Europe about the disconnection and disengagement of young people from democratic processes, both formal and informal (O’Toole, 2003). Taking into account the series of transformations that have occurred over recent years in the UK and the resulting in changes to established patterns of employment, social reproduction, family life and life experiences, it is young people who find themselves ‘positioned at the leading edge of many aspects of contemporary social change, and experience acutely the risks and opportunities that new social conditions entail’ (Hall et al., 1999). The revival of citizenship, democratic renewal and the participation of communities (and individuals) have been at the core of New Labour’s approach to revitalising cities in the UK. In Scotland, there has been an increasing drive by government to include young people in ‘mainstream’ society in the form of policy initiatives to create and underpin new opportunities for young people to participate more fully within the community. The purpose of this study is twofold, firstly, it focuses on the experiences of young people living in a disadvantaged area and (re) considers their understandings of participation and citizenship. Secondly, the study aims to explore the extent of the role of membership in a ‘consumer’ citizenship within a market dominated postmodern society. Situated at the intersection of social in/exclusion, ‘active’ citizenship and participation debates surrounding young people, this thesis uses the lens of ‘belonging’ and ‘membership’ to explore the issues among young people living in the west of Scotland and aims to widen debates about citizenship. The findings demonstrate that young people’s interests often fail to be understood, largely as a result of the attitudes of those who represent them, many of whom conflate or substitute their own views for those of young people. The study demonstrates that citizenship and participation for young people is neither fixed nor static, but remains homogenous, fluid and deeply entangled with everyday life experiences.

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14

Haj-Ismail, Hanan Ahmad. "The participation of urban women in political and economic activities in the Arab World." Thesis, Keele University, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.261485.

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15

Stack, Wendy M. "The Relationship of Parent Involvement and Student Success in GEAR UP Communities in Chicago." Antioch University / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=antioch1294956956.

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16

Eiweida, Ahmed. "The institutionalisation of urban upgrading processes and community participation in Egypt." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2000. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/1568/.

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A conceptual framework, 'accountable bureaucratic capacity' is utilised to investigate the ability of local government to institutionalise collaborative urban upgrading measures in partnership with civil society organisations. The main argument is that the latter cannot contribute to sustainable development, democratisation or to protect citizens' rights in low-income neighbourhood without accountable representation from their side, a reciprocal and active representation from the citizens concerned, and an accountable public sector. The capacity of urban governance and the extent to which participatory initiatives can exploit the potential within existing structures and systems are examined. This examination allows an evaluation of how far a participatory project rated as 'good-practice' can enhance citizens' awareness of opportunities, political participation and local government performance, while building collaborative and institutionalised planning capacity. The research concludes that the sustainability of urban upgrading depends on the form of citizens' participation and the management styles of cities. Successful participation during an upgrading project may have 'transformative' potential to encourage citizens' political participation. If the citizens are not active, even though they reject the government's development agenda, or have to depend on 'informal' networks to provide their needs, they may be characterised as 'free-riders', who withdraw from urban governance and its collaborative decision-making processes. Legal recognition of squatter settlements is the first step required to institutionalise upgrading policies, particularly for indigenous or customary groups trying to survive in a world characterised by increasing interdependence and escalating threats to local ties. However, although this recognition strengthens a group's ability to negotiate and interact with non-group members, it may also have detrimental effects if it is not supported by additional legislation. Local government needs institutional reform and a strategic capacity-building programme to forge partnerships and the joint responsibility of the public and private sectors, as well as of civil society.

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17

Miller, Camille. "Patterns of Social Participation: Assessing the Long-Term Effects of Creating Social Capital." Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 2008. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/ETD/image/etd2587.pdf.

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18

Schoene, Matthew. "Transnational Social Movement Activism in the New Urban World." The Ohio State University, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1437519854.

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19

Sandovici, Maria Elena. "Social capital and political action." Diss., Online access via UMI:, 2005.

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Harris, Wesley Brian David. "Expanding Planning Public Participation Outreach Through Social Networking." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2011. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/567.

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Public participation is not a form of civic responsibility that it once was. With not only fewer people taking part in the public participation process, there is a trend towards an older (45 years and older) group of residents that come to such meetings or workshops. Plans, such as Specific Plans or General Plans often take years to implement and require all generations to give feedback on what is needed for the future. Additionally, within the last decade, there has been a rise in social media websites such as Facebook and Twitter. These websites emerged as informal virtual places for friends to connect, but have slowly evolved into a tool for businesses, and more importantly, government to connect with constituents. This study explores the relationship between the decline of public participation with findings to support the reasons residents do not take part in the process, and the rise of social media as a tool for engagement with findings to support how cities nationwide use Facebook. Social media provides a two-way form of communication between the community and the local government which aides in promoting genuine participation. Additionally, social media allows for efficient outreach and noticing of meetings or public workshops. As opposed to newspaper or website noticing, websites such as Facebook allow for local governments to target a specific audience by location, age, or interests. Findings indicate that although many cities developed a Facebook Page to engage the “younger generation”, all ages became fans of the City operated Facebook Page. In addition, the findings show that the true potential of Facebook as a participatory tool have not been discovered. cities are developing their own ways of using it as a tool as there is no formal best practices manual for City planning departments. The findings of this study have provided the necessary information to develop a best practices manual for planning practitioners to utilize. The manual provides information on developing a Facebook Page as well as the implications of the technology.

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21

Anderson, Paul D. Jr. "Rural Urban Differences in Educational Outcomes: Does Religious Social Capital Matter?" University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1430749911.

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22

Greer, Kerry. "Social service agencies| An examination of participation, governance, and advocacy in Bloomington, Indiana." Thesis, Indiana University, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3670275.

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Over the past forty years, responsibility for addressing poverty has shifted to the private sector, a result of elite interests and a changing political culture. Policy changes have eroded the state's effort at providing a social safety net, and replaced this effort with a nonprofit sector that is dependent on a complex mix of private and public funding. Using resource dependency theory, this research considers how grantmakers and field-level actors influence policies within nonprofit organizations. Ethnographic research in Bloomington, Indiana, a community that takes pride in its active citizenry and its robust social service sector, serves as a case study for examining how this mix of private and public effort address poverty. Using data collected from 35 social service agencies and in-depth studies of four nonprofit agencies that reflect the range of funding models, this research examines how the external environment affects participation, governance, and advocacy efforts within agencies. In terms of participation, this research shows that some agencies that rely on volunteers and community donations reflect an empowerment organizational culture, but that the complexity of government funding presents a major challenge to agencies, requiring professional skills and knowledge that exceed what is found in the community. With regard to governance, as agencies have to devote more effort to securing and managing funding, missions shift, services are reduced, and empowerment cultures are threatened. Advocacy efforts, except when considered most broadly as securing additional resources for clients, are of minimal importance among agency directors and board members.

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23

Humphrey, Robin. "Social participation and life stories of elderly people in an ex-mining town." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.239250.

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24

Ozdemir, Caner. "Economic, Social And Political Participation Of The Youth In Urban South-eastern Anatolia." Master's thesis, METU, 2010. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12612547/index.pdf.

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This study aims to find out the patterns of economic, social and political participation of the youth in urban South-eastern Anatolia Region of Turkey. Analyses of the data reveal that youth in the South Eastern Anatolia Region does not and cannot participate in various dimensions of the society. Youth in South-eastern Anatolia cannot participate into the labour market. There are too limited job opportunities in the region. On the other hand, working young people are prone to low quality working conditions. Young people also cannot participate into the social life in the public sphere. Social and economic pressures and lack of opportunities are limiting young people in a social life mainly in the private sphere within a closed community. Finally, youth in South-eastern Anatolia Region are keeping themselves away from political mechanisms. Political structure is not attracting young people because of the negative experiences that the people participated in politics having for years. One of the most important findings of the study is that different dimensions of participation namely participation in the labour market, participation in social life and political participation are dependent on each other. Another result is that both the level and experiences of youth participation are highly determined by the social characteristics such as gender, family background, education level and age.

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25

Koon, Sun-fai, and 官晨暉. "Urban governance and social movements in the context of urban regeneration in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2011. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B4673708X.

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26

Winton, Ailsa. "Youth, social capital and social exclusion : examining the well-being of the young urban poor in Guatemala City." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.289190.

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27

Steen-Johnsen, Tale. "Valuable relations? social capital in the urban informal fisheries sector, Kenya /." Connect to this title online, 2001. http://www.duo.uio.no/publ/sum/2001/35231/dt2001.04.steenjohnsen.pdf.

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28

Bascom, Graydon. "Transportation Related Challenges for Persons' with Disabilities Social Participation." DigitalCommons@USU, 2017. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/5265.

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Gaining access to transportation is essential for obtaining employment, education, healthcare, and social interaction. Individuals who face difficulties in gaining this access are considered ‘transportation disadvantaged’ and include individuals of lower socioeconomic status, aging individuals, and persons with disabilities. In our autodependent society, individuals with disabilities face even fewer opportunities to interact within their communities. In order to better understand how individuals with disabilities are limited by their access to transportation, two studies were conducted. The first study specifically seeks to examine how individuals with disabilities gain access to transportation and the interpersonal relationships that affect opportunities for social participation in the community. A self-administered online questionnaire was disseminated to individuals residing in the Rocky Mountain region of the United States. Individuals with disabilities were found to have less access to private vehicles and to utilize public transportation more than previously reported. The majority of individuals with disabilities feel that their access level to transportation hindered their social life. The second study, using the same survey as the first study with some variation of the questions and a larger sample size, sought to understand the needs of individuals with disabilities from a national perspective. Individuals were found to use private vehicles less and more public transportation than previous studies have shown. Individuals with more significant disabilities were more likely to face transportation-related exclusion.

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29

Hirschfield, A. F. G. "Urban deprivation; its causes, manifestation and inter-relationships with urban social structure and health status : An investigation with specific reference to Leeds Metropolitan District." Thesis, University of Leeds, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.371844.

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30

Keenan, Marilyn Agnew. "Including young people exploring citizenship and participation in areas of urban regeneration /." Connect to e-thesis to view abstract. Move to record for print version, 2007. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/135/.

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Thesis (Ph.D.) - University of Glasgow, 2007.
Ph.D. thesis submitted to the Faculty of Law, Business and Social Sciences, Department of Geographical and Earth Sciences, University of Glasgow, 2007. Includes bibliographical references. Print version also available.

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31

Passewitz, Gregory R. "Social Exchange Theory and Volunteer Organizations: Patterns of Participation in Four Environmental/Natural Resource Organizations." The Ohio State University, 1991. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1392653996.

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32

Hagen, Daniel Edward. "Social capital and political participation in South Africa." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/20281.

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Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2012.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Empirical research on the impact of membership in voluntary associations as a dimension of social capital on political participation has been conducted in a number of countries in Europe as well as North America. With the aid of quantitative analysis of survey data, these studies found that members of voluntary associations were more likely to participate both formally and informally in their country’s political processes than those who were not members. This was due to the role played by voluntary associations in the generation of human capital in the form of self-efficacy and participatory skills or values, as well as bridging social capital in the form of increased networking and trust. Existing research by Marion Keim, Cora Burnett and others have indicated that social capital, and particularly the voluntary association of sport, can have a profound societal impact on South African communities. However, no quantitative study has been conducted on the relationship between membership in voluntary associations and the level of formal political participation in the South African context. Therefore, this study applied the social capital theory as developed in the literature on European and North American studies to the South African context in order to determine whether there is a relationship between the variables of membership in voluntary associations, membership in multiple associations, membership in sports as a voluntary association and the level of formal political participation. Using quantitative methodology, a cross-section of 2006 World Values Survey data was analysed. The findings indicated that the social capital theory on political participation did not apply to the South African context in the same way as to the European or North American contexts due to explanatory differences in South Africa’s socio-political climate. Questions were then raised over whether, due to South Africa’s current political culture, membership in voluntary associations is conducive to encouraging informal channels of participation. The findings reached had implications for social capital theory by indicating its uneven application to the South African context. Moreover, the study highlighted the need for a more context-specific understanding of social capital and its impact upon South Africa’s political processes.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Empiriese navorsing oor die uitwerking van lidmaatskap aan vrywillige verenigings as 'n dimensie van maatskaplike kapitaal op politieke deelname is in 'n aantal lande in Europa asook Noord-Amerika uitgevoer. Met behulp van kwantitatiewe analise van opname-data het hierdie studies bevind dat lede van vrywillige verenigings op beide formele en informele wyse meer geneig was om aan hulle land se politieke prosesse deel te neem as diegene wat nie lede was nie. Dit kon toegeskryf word aan die rol wat vrywillige verenigings speel by die ontwikkeling van menslike kapitaal in die vorm van selfwerksaamheid en deelnemende vaardighede of waardes, asook tussentydse maatskaplike kapitaal in die vorm van groter netwerkvorming en vertroue. Bestaande navorsing deur Marion Keim, Cora Burnett en ander het daarop gedui dat maatskaplike kapitaal, en in die besonder die vrywillige verbintenis van sport, 'n diepgaande uitwerking op Suid-Afrikaanse gemeenskappe kan hê. Geen kwantitatiewe studie is egter nog oor die verhouding tussen lidmaatskap aan vrywillige verenigings en die vlak van formele politieke deelname in die Suid-Afrikaanse opset uitgevoer nie. Hierdie studie het dus die maatskaplike kapitaalteorie soos in die literatuur oor Europese en Noord-Amerikaanse studies ontwikkel, op die Suid-Afrikaanse opset toegepas ten einde te bepaal of daar 'n verhouding tussen die veranderlikes van lidmaatskap aan vrywillige verenigings, lidmaatskap aan veelvuldige verenigings, lidmaatskap aan sport as 'n vrywillige verbintenis en die vlak van formele politieke deelname bestaan. Met behulp van kwantitatiewe metodologie is 'n dwarssnit van data uit die 2006- Wêreldwaardes-peiling geanaliseer. Die bevindinge het daarop gedui dat die maatskaplike kapitaalteorie ten opsigte van politieke deelname nie op dieselfde wyse op die Suid-Afrikaanse opset as op die Europese of Noord- Amerikaanse opsette van toepassing is nie weens verklarende verskille in Suid-Afrika se sosiopolitieke klimaat. Vrae is toe gevra of lidmaatskap aan vrywillige verenigings weens Suid-Afrika se huidige politieke kultuur bevorderlik is vir die aanmoediging van informele kanale van deelname. Die bevindinge wat bereik is, het implikasies gehad vir maatskaplike kapitaalteorie deur die ongelyke aanwending op die Suid-Afrikaanse opset aan te dui. Daarbenewens het die studie die behoefte aan ’n meer konteks-spesifieke begrip van maatskaplike kapitaal en die uitwerking daarvan op Suid-Afrika se politieke prosesse beklemtoon.

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33

Eryilmaz, Cagri. "Social Ecology Challenges Environmental Participation: Hes Opposition Cases In Turkey." Phd thesis, METU, 2012. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12614027/index.pdf.

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The main research question of this thesis is &ldquo
How can HES (small scale hydroelectricity plant) opposition be analyzed in terms of social ecology?&rdquo
A second research question is raised to answer first one as &ldquo
How can any environmental action be analyzed in terms of social ecology?&rdquo
About ecological crisis, Murray Bookchin&rsquo
s social ecology develops strong criticism against liberal environmentalism, deep ecology and Marxism and provides an alternative radical social change as Libertarian Municipalism (LM). Social ecology criticizes environmentalism as legitimizing current status quo destroying nature and offers ecological approach for real solution. LM movement is a political program of social ecology to reach rational, ecological and democratic society that is domination free and so does not dominate nature. I developed a LM movement model from Janet Biehl&rsquo
s study and integrated this model into George Pepper&rsquo
s classification of environmentalism to reach a Classification Table (CT) that is based on social ecological principles. CT is an attempt to develop a tool to analyze all sorts of environmental activities according to social ecology. Implementation of CT at field study shows HES opposition has the desire of strict state controls and planning as significant aspects of welfare-liberal environmentalism. On the other hand, the common critique of central, urban, professional and fund dependent environmentalism of national ENGOs fits market-liberal environmentalism critique of LM model. The increasing demand to join decision-making mechanism, the bottom-to-top regional organization of local platforms and &ldquo
living space&rdquo
discourse show LM tendency. In fact, HES threat ignites participation demands of local people in Turkey.

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34

Luke, Jacqueline A. "Urban community gardens in a shrinking city| Community strength and the urban community gardens of Cleveland, Ohio." Thesis, Kent State University, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1555289.

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Cleveland has experienced population loss in the past decade because of the economic and foreclosure crisis, which caused many of the residents to move away, creating an increase in vacant homes and lots. Urban community gardens are a form of greenspace that repurposes vacant homes and lots that would otherwise be potential sites for debris, dumping, arson, squatters, and crime. Other forms of greenspace have been shown to positively increase feelings of community, ties to place, and create feelings of safety while offering social space and recreation areas in urban environments. I conducted a survey at three urban community gardens in different Cleveland neighborhoods to determine who was using the gardens, how they were using them and if garden participation increased feelings of community, community strength, and improved how the participants felt about their neighbors and neighborhood. Non-gardeners were also surveyed for comparison. Survey results indicate that the gardens are similar to other forms of urban greenspace in that they serve to increase feelings of community, create ties to place by creating neighborhood satisfaction, and increasing feelings of safety. This research suggests that urban gardens are a positive way to repurpose vacant land in residential neighborhoods by offering greenspace and strengthening the community.

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35

Suchland, Colin E. "The sacred and the urban the case for social-justice gentrifiers /." Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri-Columbia, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/5673.

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Thesis (M.A.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2008.
The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file (viewed on August 17, 2009) Includes bibliographical references.

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36

Whitney, John Andrew. "Factors Mediating After-School Participation and Delinquency." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2013. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/3777.

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Utilizing Social Control Theory, this study explores the role of participation in After School Programs, mentoring relationships, and commitment to school in reducing adolescent delinquency. This study uses local survey data of 556 youth attending Boys and Girls Clubs collected from 2010-2012. The negative binomial regression results indicate that increased club attendance is associated with reduced delinquency. This effect is mediated by the presence of a mentor and by the youths' commitment to school.

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37

AMOAH, Padmore Adusei. "Social capital, health literacy, and access to healthcare : a study among rural and urban populations in Ghana." Digital Commons @ Lingnan University, 2017. https://commons.ln.edu.hk/soc_etd/41.

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There is ample evidence supporting the association between social networks, and health and well-being. However, existing research and policies to address health-related inequalities in Ghana, have largely neglected this critical nexus. To address the knowledge gap, this study uses the concept of social capital (social relationships and the resources embedded in them) to investigate how and to what extent social relationships influence healthcare access and health literacy among selected rural and urban people. The study also examines how the stock of social capital, and the forms it takes, can influence implementation, and sustenance of local level pro-poor health policies. One such policy in Ghana is the Community-based Health Planning and Services (CHPS). The CHPS is an initiative that aims to reduce healthcare barriers for people in deprived and remote areas. Compared to other countries in the sub-region, Ghana is one of the most politically stable and fastest developing, socioeconomically. However, major health goals are yet to be realised owing to numerous systematic bottlenecks. The study adopts a variety of methods including a cross-sectional survey of 779 individuals; 95 in-depth interviews with rural and urban residents as well as health personnel, community leaders, and six focus group sessions to offer a thorough understanding of the problem. The sample was drawn from eight rural and 36 urban communities/suburbs found in five districts in the Ashanti region. This region has a diverse population profile, which is analogous to that of the country as whole due to its nodal location. The results showed that social capital functions differently across the two population groups regarding its effects on healthcare access and health literacy. While high level of social capital had positive effects on health and well-being in some instances, it demonstrated negative consequences in other circumstances, leading to different levels of health and well-being among rural and urban people. Surprisingly, low degrees of social capital was sometimes better for health and well-being than high levels. Also, the properties and magnitude of different social capital proxies provided an important explanation for why the CHPS policy was fatally troubled in some localities while succeeding in others according to the study’s findings. These findings situate social capital as a vital component, not only at the policy initiation phase, but also in implementation, and in sustaining pro-poor health policies. The study establishes social capital as a “double-edged” determinant of health and well-being. Instead of being an unequivocally positive factor, as some studies suggest, its effects can be ambiguous. It shapes health by itself and in how health literacy and access to healthcare affect health and well-being particularly among rural people. To address health-related inequalities and consequently, disparities in health and well-being by using social capital as a resource, stronger relationships should be forged between social institutions and the populace Moreover, to strengthen social capital while curbing its adverse effects, pertinent social divisions such as rural and urban disparities must be probed. The study thus makes a significant contribution to the literature on social and public health. It postulates that social capital, while not a panacea, should be adopted strategically to improve health and strengthen health services in low-income countries.

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38

Lee, Kai-chuk Bonnie. "Social capital and sustainable community development : a case study of North Point /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 2002. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B25247542.

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39

Mousavi, Sieyd Yaghob. "Urban neighbourhoods of Tehran : the social relations of residents and their 'living place'." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10443/442.

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The city in the contemporary context, is witnessed as the place of many socio-spatial differentations. These are greatly manifested in its urban neighbourhoods. The better-quality urban neighbourhoods are more desirable for existing diverse potentials of social advantages and the poorer-quality urban neighbourhoods can no longer provide a considerable integration between inhabitants and the environment of their 'living place', because of poor housing conditions and the lack of local services needed. Many cities in the world are experiencing such situations. Tehran, as the capital of Iran and one of the largest cities in the Middle East is the typical example in this context. To explore its neighbourhood areas and the relationships between people and the environment of these areas, it is assumed to be a vital task to look at the important dimensions of neighbourhoods and their environment. In terms of local public services and social networks, the relation between residents and the environment of their 'living place' is indicated as the central focus of this study. The aim was to contribute to the goal of expanding choice and opportunity with special responsibility for the needs of residents as groups and as individuals. The identification of this issue in the city of Tehran has been undertaken as a contribution to bridging the existing gap between planning for this city and the reality of the urban environment of its `living places'. From this investigation and the exploration of the explained problems, it is anticipated that this study and its findings will facilitate attempts to investigate and to manage the local conditions of areas such as these A variety of research methods and tools were used. Interviewing local informants, structured observations; analysis of available documents; and a household survey of a representative sample of residents in each of the two selected neighbourhoods in Tehran. Overall, it has been found that residents in both advantaged and disadvantaged residential areas in Tehran used, interpreted, and evaluated their environment of THE residential areas through the filter of their socio-economic reference system. Their attitudes in this case were based on four socio-economic dimensions: the pattern of the dwelling, educational achievements, financial status and jobs. In addition, overall satisfaction with the environment of neighbourhoods was the result of congruence in major components such as: the affordably a suitable housing, the accessibility to public services and the formal and informal social support system in terms of local social networks. From the survey findings it was also evident how small a role social bonding played in advantaged neighbourhoods as a determinant of residential mobility while this notion has been very important to residents in disadvantaged areas. From this point of view it is concluded that social ties and their location were independent of the inclination to move to another neighbourhood in advantaged areas. But, they were related to the level of residential mobility in an area in the sense that the more stable the area, the more likely a household is to establish ties in a neighbourhood, but the existence or absence of such ties does not affect the households' desire to remain or move.

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40

Ball, Jamie L. "Bullying Prevention and Grade-Level Differences in Urban Elementary Schools." Thesis, Grand Canyon University, 2018. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10839783.

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Bullying prevention in schools has arguably met with limited success in the United States. Diversity negatively impacts the success of bullying prevention programs. Furthermore, researchers do not agree upon intervention timing and appropriate grade-level to implement bullying prevention and social-emotional learning and skill-building programs. Urban schools faced with high poverty have an increased need for bullying prevention programs to alleviate bullying and aggression. The purpose of this study was to test for significant differences between urban elementary schools after a treatment group participated in a targeted bullying prevention and social skill-building program and to test for grade-level differences from fall to spring using a quantitative causal-comparative design. The sample included four urban schools in Ohio with 24 grade-levels and six time points each. The data generated were analyzed retrospectively in a causal-comparative research design. A two-way mixed ANOVA BBW was conducted on the summary totals of the number of students disciplined for bullying and aggression using six time points with three for fall or before treatment and three for spring or after treatment comparing a treatment group to a control group. Significant differences were not found between control and treatment or between grade groups (p > .05). Bullying and aggression started the school year and ended the school year slightly higher in the 4-6^th grade group. Significant differences were found from fall to spring (F (5,16) = 7.704, p = .001). Overall the study findings indicate the targeted bullying prevention and social-skill building program did not result in reducing bullying and aggressive behavior in the sample population.

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41

Jike, Victor Teddy. "Us and them syndrome : social determinants of worker attitudes in Nigerian urban employment sectors." Thesis, University of Bath, 1987. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.376273.

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42

Shideler, David Wayne. "Individual social capital : an analysis of factors influencing investment /." Ann Arbor, Mich. : UMI, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1121956017.

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43

Schofield, Sandra Jaqueline. "Social exclusion : an ethnography of community leadership and grass roots activism in the quest for urban regeneration." Thesis, Manchester Metropolitan University, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.263688.

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44

Chen, Wei. "Social capital and social exclusion of the older people under urban renewal in China : a case study of Nanjing /." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2008. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/b40203931.

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45

Graves, Sophie Dupuis. "La participation communautaire et le discours sur le développement durable : l'étude de Revelstoke en Colombie-Britannique." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/9688.

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L'environnement naturel fut avant les annees 1980, la victime des consequences du developpement economique qui n'a pas considere, ou tres peu, son impact ecologique. La relation alienante qu'entretient l'etre humain avec son environnement a occasionne sa domination sur la nature. L'integrite des espaces naturels sera maintenue seulement lorsque nous reussirons a etablir un equilibre entre les activites de developpement et leur viabilite environnementale. La notion de viabilite s'applique dans des conditions ou les capacites de chaque element social, environnemental et economique sont prises en consideration. Il nous faut imaginer de nouvelles facons de developper nos communautes et etablir des methodes telles la participation du public, la prise de decisions par consensus et l'integration des inquietudes environnementales aux questions de developpement, pour que la durabilite du developpement soit assuree. Nous ne pouvons plus mettre de cote l'environnement car il fait partie d'un plus grand ecosysteme qui joue un role fondamental pour le developpement. Pour examiner les methodes mises en place pour effectuer le developpement durable au Canada nous utiliserons le cas de Revelstoke en Colombie-Britannique, exemple d'un micro-projet de developpement durable. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)

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46

Arbab, Eliza. "Function of Social Capital in Sustainable Urban Development Case : Zahedan City (Iran)." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-160854.

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Social capital is a concept which has almost recently entered into the literature of sociologyand during the last two decades, Robert Putnam and James Coleman have paid a particularattention to conceptualizing it. Putnam emphasizes the horizontal relationship among peopleand Coleman puts an emphasis on the vertical contribution and the relation among people incivil institutions as the creators of social capital on the one hand, and the products of socialcapital on the other hand .When it comes to the notion of sustainable development, social capital besides other capitalsis an essential part of the resources that a sustainable community requires, and is consideredas one of the engines of development.It needs to be considered that social capital has the characteristic of multiplication andreproduction. It means that through its proper utilization, there is an opportunity ofaggregating it. On contrary, leaving it not used leads to its destruction and diminishing. Thisfact shows an important difference between social capital and other forms of capital.The main objective of this research is to investigate the relationship between social capitaland sustainable development in the city of Zahedan the center of Sistan and Baluchestanprovince in Southern Iran. This province is located far away from the Capital city of Teheranand thus, compared to more central parts of the country, is considered as one of the leastdeveloped Iranian provinces.Zahedan on the one hand has an increasing population growth in a heterogeneous formconsisting of different cultures, social classes and ethnicities and on the other hand, theprovince shares the same border with two crisis stricken countries of Pakistan andAfghanistan, whose crises have great negative impacts on Zahedan such as social insecurity,economic instability, high risk of financial investment, and high rate of crime related tosmuggling and drug trafficking. The uncontrolled immigration of refugees and their dwellingin the most deprived parts of the city have resulted in conflict, weakened conformity coupledwith little sense of belonging, growth of formlessness in this area and also increase in povertyrate and marginalization. All of these problems created many obstacles in the way of theZahedan’s sustainable development. Thus sustainable development takes a new meaning withsocial capital. Knowing the indices such as public trust, participation and social awarenesscan play a significant role in increasing and decreasing social capital and sustainabledevelopment. According to the latest census, the population of this city was 567449 peoplewhich included the main ethnic groups of Baluch (48%), Zaboli (41%), Birjandi (7%) and others (4%). For the analysis of the above mentioned indices in this research, 183 peoplewere selected based on the proportion of each ethnic group through random sampling and thenecessary information was collected through using questionnaires and it was analyzedthrough using the Pearson Test in SPSS software. The results are as follows: The average level of each of the main components of social capital, namely publictrust, participation and awareness is low among the citizens of Zahedan. There is a positive correlation between the low level of social capital indices and the weak situation of sustainable development in the city of Zahedan.

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47

Sun, Lei. "Public participation in the urban regeneration process : a comparative study between China and the UK." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2015. http://livrepository.liverpool.ac.uk/2038501/.

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The primary aim of this research is to explore how the urban regeneration policies and practices are shaped by the larger social, political and economic structures respectively in China and the UK and how individual agents involved in the regeneration process formulate their strategies and take their actions and at the same time use discourses to legitimize their actions. It further probed the lessons could be learned by both countries from each other’s success or failure in implementing the regeneration initiatives. This thesis adopts a cross-national comparative strategy and intensively referenced the Variegated Neoliberalism, Neoliberal Urbanism and Critical Urban theory when developing its theoretical framework. The comparison was conducted at three levels. At national level, the evolution of urban regeneration and public participation policies and practices in both countries are compared; at city level, the neoliberal urban policies and their impacts on the development of two selected cities, which are respectively Liverpool in the UK and Xi’an in China are compared; at the micro level, the major players’ interactions and the discourses they used to underpin their actions in two selected case studies, which are the Kensington Regeneration in Liverpool and Drum Tower Muslim District in Xi’an are examined and compared. In carrying out the study, literatures regarding the transformation of urban policies in the two countries, detailed information in relation to the two selected cities and case studies are reviewed. Around 35 semi-structured interviews have been conducted. The research results had demonstrated the suitability of the Variegated Neoliberalism in explaining how the process of neoliberalization in both China and the UK are affected by non-market elements. It is found that the stage of economic development, the degree of decentralization, the feature of politics and the degree of state intervention in economic areas had played a significant role in shaping the unique features of urban regeneration policies in the two countries. In spite of the differences, similar trends towards neoliberalization could be found in the evolution of urban regeneration policies and practices in both countries, including the elimination of public housing and low-rent accommodation, the creation of opportunities for speculative investment in real estate markets, the official discourses of urban disorder as well as the ‘entrepreneurial’ discourses and representations focused on urban revitalization and reinvestment are playing significant roles in the formation and implementation of regeneration policies in both countries. Moreover, similar tactics are used by municipal government in both countries to conquer resistances from local residents. In the research, it is also found that the discourses used by the municipal government in describing the regeneration project is heavily influenced by the Neoliberal Urbanism, which is significantly different from that used by local residents who intensively referenced concepts from the Critical Urban theory. It is suggested that the Chinese government should from its British counterpart’s experience in introducing partnerships in delivering urban regeneration programs and at the same to learn how to use the formal venues to resolve conflicts resulted in physical regeneration programs. For the British government, lessons could be learnt from China’s successful experiences in decentralization and the empowerment of municipalities.

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48

Thomas, Elizabeth Owens. "Perceptions of Adult High School Dropouts Concerning Participation in GED Preparation Programs." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2008. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/1942.

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This qualitative study was conducted to attain and analyze the perceptions of adult high school dropouts living in the Southwest Virginia region concerning participation in General Educational Development (GED) preparation programs. Mounting evidence underscores the facts that the high school dropout rate remains high across the nation and that many eligible people are not participating in adult GED preparation programs. The people residing in Southwest Virginia are no exception. Nearly 35% of the region's population does not possess a high school diploma and the adult education providers struggle with low participation rates. In order to better understand the reasons for participation, this study examined the attitudes and issues involved in the decisions of GED preparation program participants to enroll and attend classes in Southwest Virginia. By examining these relationships between attitudes and behaviors, our understanding surrounding educational behavior patterns and adult education participation may increase. This study resulted in the emergence of 5 themes, which were consistently recurrent. These themes included negative perceptions about early schooling, detrimental impacts on quality of life and self-esteem, informal and limited awareness of available programs, employment-related motivators to participation and situational deterrents to participation. This study concluded with suggestions to increase participation in high school and adult education programs and recommendations for further research.

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49

Kobayashi, Juichi 1960. "The effects of organizational factors on citizen participation in community crime prevention programs in Japan." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/289147.

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Structural equation modeling and hierarchical linear modeling were used to examine the effects of citizen participation in crime prevention programs and fear of crime among residents in Japan. The democratic and efficient management of the programs by citizen leaders, and their adequate support by the police, were found to increase the commitment of residents to crime prevention activities. Further, a sense of personal control over the neighborhood was found to mediate much more of the amount of the impact of these organizational factors on the commitment of residents to crime prevention activities than was the perceived social cohesion of the neighborhood. By contrast, perceived social cohesion was found to significantly decrease the fear of crime among residents, although it did not mediate a substantial amount of the alleviating effects of support by police on the fear of crime. The cross-cultural and policy implications are discussed.

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50

Byrskog, Sara. "Participation in women’s groups: a mean to overcome oppression? : A Field Study made in urban Bolivia." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Avdelningen för socialt arbete och psykologi, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-26847.

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This Bachelor’s thesis is the result of a field study conducted in urban Bolivia. The aim of the study was to get a deeper understanding of the factors that can endorse or limit the potential for the women in a women’s group to influence social and economic agendas. It is a qualitative study that concerns the international social work with a women’s group, whose purpose seek to serve professional management in the production and selling of handicrafts. Participant observations in the women’s group, as well as interviews with two of the international social workers involved with the group were conducted. The results were analysed using a feminist theory perspective, with intersectionality theory as the main tool for analysis. The findings show that the access to income-generating activities can widen the elements of social identification for the women through active learning-processes, and further move towards an image where they become social actors. Concerns regarded if decision-making power were equally distributed among all women in the group.

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