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Lin, Mingang, and Min Zhou. "Community Transformation and the Formation of Ethnic Capital: Immigrant Chinese Communities in the United States." Journal of Chinese Overseas 1, no. 2 (2005): 260–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/179325405788639102.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractIn this article, we attempt to develop a conceptual framework of “ethnic capital” in order to examine the dynamics of immigrant communities. Building on the theories of social capital and the enclave economy, we argue that ethnic capital is not a thing but involves interactive processes of ethnic-specific financial capital, human capital, and social capital. We use case studies of century-old Chinatowns and emerging middle-class immigrant Chinese communities in New York and Los Angeles to illustrate how ethnic capital affects community building and transformation, which in turn influence the social mobility of immigrants. We also discuss how developments in contemporary ethnic enclaves challenge the conventional notion of assimilation and contribute to our understanding of immigrant social mobility.
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Showalter, Esther, Morgan Vigil-Hayes, Ellen Zegura, Richard Sutton, and Elizabeth Belding. "Pandemic-influenced human mobility on tribal lands in California: Data sparsity and analytical precision." PLOS ONE 17, no. 12 (December 14, 2022): e0276644. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0276644.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Human mobility datasets collected from personal mobile device locations are integral to understanding how states, counties, and cities have collectively adapted to pervasive social disruption stemming from the COVID-19 pandemic. However, while indigenous tribal communities in the United States have been disproportionately devastated by the pandemic, the relatively sparse populations and data available in these hard-hit tribal areas often exclude them from mobility studies. We explore the effects of sparse mobility data in untangling the often inter-correlated relationship between human mobility, distancing orders, and case growth throughout 2020 in tribal and rural areas of California. Our findings account for data sparsity imprecision to show: 1) Mobility through legal tribal boundaries was unusually low but still correlated highly with case growth; 2) Case growth correlated less strongly with mobility later in the the year in all areas; and 3) State-mandated distancing orders later in the year did not necessarily precede lower mobility medians, especially in tribal areas. It is our hope that with more timely feedback offered by mobile device datasets even in sparse areas, health policy makers can better plan health emergency responses that still keep the economy vibrant across all sectors.
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Liu, Xinran, Sara Baumann, Andrea Rosso, Elizabeth M. Venditti, Yao Yao, and Steven Albert. "INCIDENCE AND DYNAMICS OF MOBILITY DEVICE USE AMONG COMMUNITY-DWELLING OLDER ADULTS IN THE UNITED STATES." Innovation in Aging 7, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2023): 1067. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igad104.3428.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Mobility devices significantly enhance the activities and participation for individuals with mobility disability, particularly in the rapidly expanding population of older adults globally. This research reports patterns of mobility device use among community-dwelling older adults in the United States. Using the National Health and Aging Trends Study (NHATS) waves 1-9, data on basic demographics and mobility device use were collected in a nationally representative group of community-dwelling older adults (65+ years old). Mobility device use included canes, walkers, wheelchairs, and scooters. In a total of 47,722 person-years observed in community settings, 2,943 incident mobility device uses over an average of 3.8±3.0 years were identified among 2,591 participants, with an incidence rate of 61.7/1,000 person-year. Participants had an average age of 80.3±7.2 years, with 57.7% female, 70.2% White, 20.1% Black, and 5.7% Hispanic, and 34.6% living alone. The majority (51.3%) of incident mobility device use lasted no longer than one year, and only 18.6% continued for four or more years. The most popular combinations of mobility device types were cane only (44.3%), cane+walker (15.7%), walker only (15.1%), and walker+wheelchair (8.3%). 30.5% of community-dwelling older adults changed their patterns of mobility device use at least once, with the most common changes including cane only to cane+walker (16.4%), cane+walker to cane only (7.97%), walker only to walker+wheelchair (5.2%), and cane+walker to walker only (5.1%). Mobility device use among community-dwelling older adults is dynamic: use of mobility devices involves mostly short bouts and changes frequently, with a preference for a combination of mobility devices.
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Patler, Caitlin, Jo Mhairi Hale, and Erin Hamilton. "Paths to Mobility: A Longitudinal Evaluation of Earnings Among Latino/a DACA Recipients in California." American Behavioral Scientist 65, no. 9 (March 3, 2021): 1146–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002764221996746.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Undocumented immigration status is a structural barrier to socioeconomic mobility. The regularization of legal status may therefore promote the socioeconomic mobility of formerly undocumented immigrants. The 2012 Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) program provided protection against deportation and access to work authorization for eligible undocumented immigrants who came to the United States as children. While studies using cross-sectional data find that DACA led to improved socioeconomic status, no studies have examined the socioeconomic status of DACA recipients over time and few have disaggregated among groups of DACA recipients. Drawing from one of the only longitudinal studies of DACA recipients, we use growth curve models to estimate individuals’ wage trajectories from the year prior to DACA receipt up to 77 months post-DACA receipt among Latino/a DACA participants in California. In this sample, DACA is associated with improved earnings trajectories for recipients, compared with nonrecipients. Among DACA recipients, there is variation in earnings growth by stage of the life course, as measured by age and educational attainment. Notably, DACA tenure appears to be particularly beneficial for individuals who attain DACA at earlier ages and who earn college degrees. This study contributes to our understanding of the role of immigration laws and policies in structuring immigrant integration and socioeconomic mobility in the United States.
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Bokolo, Anthony Jnr. "Inclusive and Safe Mobility Needs of Senior Citizens: Implications for Age-Friendly Cities and Communities." Urban Science 7, no. 4 (October 6, 2023): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/urbansci7040103.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Municipalities are concerned with addressing social issues such as mobility inclusion and safety by increasing access to transport facilities and services for all groups in society to create equitable and equal access for all citizens. Moreover, the public transportation systems provided in cities have to be inclusive and safe, driven by emerging technologies such as Artificial Intelligence (AI)-based services that provide personalized recommendation to improve mobility inclusion and safety for all citizens in society, especially vulnerable road users such as senior citizens or older people. But at the moment, there are few studies that have investigated how municipalities can provide inclusive and safe public transportation in general and for senior citizens, particularly those aged 65 and above. Therefore, this study aimed to examine how to provide inclusive and safe mobility for senior citizens to improve out-of-home mobility services for senior citizens towards age-friendly cities and communities. Accordingly, a systematic literature review grounded on secondary data was adopted to investigate inclusive and safe mobility needs for senior citizens. The data were collected from previous research and existing documents, and a descriptive data analysis was carried out to provide insights on urban transportation policies related to senior citizens. Furthermore, case studies were adopted to present polices and strategies employed in Norway, Canada, the United States of America, the United Kingdom, Sweden, and Northern Ireland to identify measures employed to address the public transportation needs of an aging society, focusing on the provision of inclusive and safe mobility to senior citizens. Further findings from this study included the possible use of emerging technologies such as AI-based machine learning for inclusive and safe mobility.
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Zalewski, Kathryn, Julie Kerk, Kristina Laundre, Amber Wacek, and Melissa Wiedmeyer. "A Case Report Exploring Activity Intensity in Inpatient Rehabilitation after Stroke." Case Reports in Medicine 2010 (2010): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/507476.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Background and Purpose. Inpatient rehabilitation in countries other than the United States (US) has been described as a time where patients are often not engaged in intensive physical activity. The purpose of this case report is to explore the amount and intensity of physical activity provided in inpatient rehabilitation after stroke in the US.Methods. This study presents a case report of a person admitted to an inpatient rehabilitation unit after sustaining a first stroke. A customized data collection tracked type of activity, activity intensity and social interaction every 5 minutes during the rehabilitation day.Results. 74 percent of the day was spent in low intensity, often seated, physical activity; 14% of the day was spent resting or sleeping. Only 2.91% the day was spent in moderate or high intensity activity with a mobility focus.Conclusions. Consistent with other studies, this case report suggests a relatively low physical demand to rehabilitation delivered in inpatient stroke rehabilitation. This case begins to raise questions about optimized rehabilitation parameters for acute stroke rehabilitation.
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Edwards, J. Marlena. "“Travel on the Highways of the Broad Atlantic”: Toward a Brief History of the Cape Verdean Packet Trade." Journal of American Ethnic History 42, no. 4 (July 1, 2023): 60–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/19364695.42.4.02.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Beginning with the purchase of the schooner Nellie May and concluding with the docking of the schooner Ernestina in the Port of New Bedford, Cape Verdeans in southeastern New England and on the Cape Verde islands off the West African coast purchased and refurbished old, decommissioned ships from New Bedford's bygone whaling and fishing era. Between 1892 and 1965, this fleet of ships, named the Cape Verdean Packet Trade, specialized in the transportation of goods, people, and news between the United States and the Cape Verde islands. The packet trade was a large-scale effort that transformed the Atlantic into a highway for Cape Verdean trade, communication, emigration, and family reunification. Cape Verdeans’ radical repurposing of the packet vessels converted the Atlantic Ocean from a site of dispossession, enslavement, and immobility to a reimagined zone of possibility and freedom through mobility for African-descended peoples. These Cape Verdean–owned and operated packets assisted Cape Verdean Americans in maintaining long-term connections to loved ones separated by the Atlantic. In this way, the Cape Verdean Packet Trade's more than 1,200 voyages connected the United States to Cape Verde as part of a transnational social field and single economic universe for more than seventy years.
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Parkhouse, Hillary, and Bryan P. Arnold. "“We're Rags to Riches”: Dual Consciousness of the American Dream in Two Critical History Classrooms." Teachers College Record: The Voice of Scholarship in Education 121, no. 9 (September 2019): 1–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/016146811912100907.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Background/Context Within the United States, wealth disparities are growing and upward social mobility is becoming increasingly difficult to attain. These trends call into question the American Dream ideology that anyone can succeed through hard work. This meritocratic ideal has traditionally been one of the unifying ideologies promoted through the public school curriculum. The topic of economic inequality, on the other hand, is largely absent from most social studies curricula. When teachers do address this issue, they tend to omit discussions of causes or potential policy solutions. Students are thus left with few resources with which to develop positions on policies related to inequality that would help them become more informed voters and contributors to public discourse on this issue. Purposes Critical pedagogy is an educational approach that aims to develop students’ sociopolitical consciousness of the world and understanding of the underlying causes of contemporary injustices such as rising economic and social inequality. We investigated whether students in classrooms using critical pedagogy might develop understandings of the roots of contemporary inequality. Setting and Participants The study took place in two U.S. History classrooms in culturally diverse public high schools in a midsized city in the Southeast. The classrooms were selected because both teachers demonstrated critical pedagogy by helping students question norms and analyze underlying causes of contemporary social and economic inequalities. Research Design We used a critical case study design with ethnographic methods to examine students’ understandings of structural causes of inequality in classrooms where they are most likely to encounter this knowledge, namely critical history classrooms. Data included 10 weeks of observations in both classrooms, classroom artifacts, in-depth interviews with 14 students, and two in-depth interviews with each teacher along with daily informal interviews. Findings/Results Students critiqued the notion of the American Dream and described ways in which certain social structures such as the judicial and educational systems reproduce social inequalities. Some pointed out how the “rags to riches” ideology precludes tax structures that might reduce economic inequality. However, many also made comments reflecting a belief that the United States is indeed a meritocracy. Conclusions/Recommendations We recommend that teachers explicitly teach the structural causes of economic inequality so that students have the language needed to understand their dual consciousness that both meritocratic elements (e.g., hard work) and non-meritocratic elements (e.g., race, family wealth) play a role in social mobility within the United States.
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Sangaramoorthy, Thurka, and Karen Kroeger. "Mobility, Latino Migrants, and the Geography of Sex Work: Using Ethnography in Public Health Assessments." Human Organization 72, no. 3 (August 14, 2013): 263–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.17730/humo.72.3.q1m53143x42p0653.
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Recent studies have documented frequent use of female sex workers among Latino migrant men in the southeastern United States, yet little is known about the context in which sex work takes place or the women who provide these services. As anthropologists working in applied public health, we use rapid ethnographic assessment as a technical assistance tool to document local understandings of the organization and typology of sex work and patterns of mobility among sex workers and their Latino migrant clients. By incorporating ethnographic methods in traditional public health needs assessments, we were able to highlight the diversity of migrant experiences and better understand the health needs of mobile populations more broadly. We discuss the findings in terms of their practical implications for HIV/STD prevention and call on public health practitioners to incorporate the concept of mobility as an organizing principle for the delivery of health care services.
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Dill, Janette S., and Jennifer Craft Morgan. "Employability among low-skill workers: Organizational expectations and practices in the US health care sector." Human Relations 71, no. 7 (November 21, 2017): 1001–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0018726717734035.
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In today’s unstable and uncertain economy, middle-class and professional workers are expected to participate in employability activities, such as ongoing higher education and obtaining additional credentials. These activities are expected by employers, protect workers against layoff, and help to advance workers’ careers. In this article, we argue that the expectations of employability are increasingly being placed on lower-level workers by their employers, in partnership with educational institutions. We draw on 20 case studies of career development programs in a variety of health care settings across the United States. We found that through the development (and requirement) of credentials and partnerships with educational institutions, employers encouraged low-level employees to be continually considering their employability and career pathways. However, while the career development programs in our sample use many of the same employability practices seen among middle-class and professional workers, there were often minimal financial or educational rewards for low-level workers. Career programs that focused on established credentials (e.g. surgical technicians, registered nurses), though, were able to provide substantial upward social mobility for workers.
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Backhaus, Megan, An-Ting Jhuang, Ben Griffith, and Lauren Bangerter. "Leveraging Medical Claims to Predict Long-term Care Transitions among Older Adults in the United States." Innovation in Aging 5, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2021): 944. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igab046.3411.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Most older adults prefer to age in place rather than moving to a long-term care (LTC) facility, but little is known about the factors that predict entry into LTC. This study sought to utilize administrative claims data to understand the predictors of LTC transitions using de-identified claims data from Medicare Advantage members in the UnitedHealth Group Clinical Discovery Database. We investigated LTC transitions of 250,587 adults (Mean age = 77, standard deviation = 7.75) between January 1, 2016 and December 31, 2019. Types of predictors for these transitions include aggregated medical data surrounding chronic conditions and frailty indices, as well as healthcare utilization and demographics in 2016 and 2017. We then fit data of these types to an extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost) model to predict long-term care transitions in 2018 and 2019 (ROCAUC = 0.84, accuracy = 0.84, precision = 0.68, and recall = 0.42). Frailty indicators, such as falls and fractures, mobility problems, dementia, and delirium, as well as osteoporosis are strong predictors of LTC transitions. These findings can be used to design interventions aimed at preventing LTC transitions and enabling older adults to age in place.
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Payen-Variéras, Evelyne. "Transnational Mobility, Social Capital and the Negotiation of Professional Opportunities: The Case of British Accountants in the United States at the Turn of the 19th and 20th Centuries." Cultural and Social History 17, no. 1 (March 29, 2019): 11–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14780038.2019.1596053.
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Samson, Frank L. "Perceptions of Racialized Opportunities and Hispanics’ Political Attitudes." American Behavioral Scientist 56, no. 11 (October 10, 2012): 1525–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002764212458278.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In an attempt to understand Hispanics’ political incorporation as the United States becomes a “majority-minority” nation, I explore some of the social-psychological processes that shape Hispanics’ political attitudes. Specifically, I draw on the segmented-assimilation literature’s notion of “modes of incorporation” to argue that immigrants develop perceptions of racialized opportunities (PROPs) as they confront America’s segmented opportunity structure. Because of the durability of these racialized mobility trajectories, I propose that PROPs play an important part in the formation of Hispanics’ political attitudes. I test the PROPs mechanism using the 2006 Latino National Survey with a sample of 8,634 Hispanic respondents. Ordinal logistic regression models, estimating Hispanics’ support for school vouchers and government intervention in health care, indicate that PROPs are related to Hispanics’ political attitudes, especially in regard to support for school vouchers. Moreover, this social-psychological mechanism informs the political attitudes of both U.S.-born and foreign-born Hispanics.
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Lepore, Michael, David Edvardsson, Ayumi Igarashi, and Julienne Meyer. "How Long-Term Care Quality Assurance Measures Address Dementia in Australia, England, Japan, and the United States." Innovation in Aging 5, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2021): 500–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igab046.1933.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract The prevalence of people with dementia living in long-term care (LTC) is high and rising internationally, and the need to improve LTC for people with dementia is widely recognized. In some countries, LTC quality assurance programs use quantitative measures of LTC quality, and international bodies emphasize the importance of person-centered care and healthy ageing outcomes. To better understand how LTC quality assurance programs address dementia, programs were reviewed in four countries—Australia, England, Japan, and the United States. Quality measures from each program were identified (n = 38) and examined to determine how they address dementia. Most measures did not address dementia, but four risk-adjusted for dementia (antipsychotic use, fractures, falls, mobility), one was dementia-specific (dementia/delirium hospitalizations), and one excluded people with dementia (losing bowel/bladder control). The other 32 measures were calculated equally regardless of the prevalence of dementia among LTC residents. Overall, LTC quality measurement differs internationally, but few measures address dementia. When dementia is addressed in quality measure calculations, it is most often as a risk-adjustor. Risk adjustment can help with attributing performance on these measures to the LTC setting rather than to the types of residents that the setting serves, but risk adjustment factors also are highly amenable to fraud, and thus require ongoing monitoring. Although LTC quality assessment programs and measures can help ensure people with dementia have access to quality LTC, adoption of measures that are meaningful to people with dementia—including measures of person-centered care and healthy ageing outcomes—remains needed.
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Vien, Tracey, Stella Bobroff, and Ricardo De Ocampo. "65 & Thrive: Improving Patient Length of Stay, Readmission, and Quality of Care by Becoming an Age-Friendly Hospital." Innovation in Aging 5, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2021): 592–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igab046.2278.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Data indicates that older persons will increase in numbers along with having an increase of life expectancy in the United States. Kaiser Permanente Los Angeles Medical Center’s Utilization Department developed “65 & Thrive”—an age-specialized initiative to provide holistic care that preserves independence, quality of life, prevents functional and cognitive decline, and promotes both patients and their families to continue thriving. The initiative’s focus is guided by the 5 M’s model on mobility, medication, mentation, multi-morbidity, and what matters. Case management staff were given age-sensitivity trainings, improved workflows and made assessments that identified, addressed, and secured resources for patients throughout their hospitalization. Silver Angel volunteers were specially trained to prevent physical and mental decline and focused on activities to prevent delirium, depression and falls. The volunteers visited with patients daily for these interactions. The initiative was piloted in April 2020 on a stroke telemetry unit and since then the hospital has seen a significant decrease in the overall annual readmission rates by 3.1% when compared to 2019. The average length of stay for older adult patients; however, increased from 4.05 to 4.83 days unfortunately due to COVID-19. This initiative demonstrates the necessity to expand “65 & Thrive” throughout the hospital and ultimately to other Kaiser Permanente medical centers to best provide holistic care to older adults.
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Nazifi, Fatemeh. "Development, Immigration, And Social Harms of Iranian Small Towns: A Case Study." Asian Culture and History 8, no. 2 (August 25, 2016): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ach.v8n2p115.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
<p class="1Body">Immigration is compelled by social, political and economic factors. One reason for immigration is claimed to be seeking better future. Then the mentioned transitions could be daunting, affecting social marginalization, loss of social networks, health care access issues and adverse health consequences, including depression and anxiety. It is claimed that immigrants encounter challenges while acclimatizing to their new country and a majority of them might be influenced by the process of immigration. It is claimed that the Islamic revolution, political changes, war, and sanctions from the United States of America have obliged many Iranians to flee their homeland over the last three decades and social harms of this immigration; especially through Iran was required to be studied. This research was a survey conducted in Qiamdasht which is a small town in Ghaniabad Rural District, in the Central District of Rey County, Tehran Province, Iran. In this study, systematic random sampling was applied, resulting in 245 participants to be interviewed and respond to the questionnaires. The design of this research included Survey Research and Ex-Post Facto. Since this was a survey in which the selected families were investigated in terms of economic, cultural and social aspects, interviews and questionnaires were used. To measure the dependent and independent variables through questions, a questionnaire in 8 pages containing 69 open-ended questions on 9-point Lickert scale was established. The data were transferred to SPSS version 21 for further analysis. The results revealed that Immigrants observe the codes of ethics less than the others. Immigrants have lower Socio-economic status. Immigrants play a smaller role in solving the social affairs. Immigrants own low-level desires and wishes. Immigrants apply rationality in their life affairs less than the others. By improving their socio-economic status, immigrants better observe the codes of ethics, their rationality improves, their social mobility improves, their role in social affairs improves, moreover, it was found that by improving their economic development, qualitative development increases and finally immigration rate was found to have a diverse relationship with qualitative development.</p>
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Berish, Diane, and Terry Fulmer. "Engaging Isolated and Underserved Older Adults in 4Ms Care: Age-Friendly Care, PA." Innovation in Aging 5, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2021): 313–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igab046.1223.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Older adults, the largest segment of the US rural population, face significant disparities in health and healthcare compared to their non-rural peers, including more chronic health conditions, financial challenges, and social isolation. They have limited access to healthcare and social services for prevention, management and treatment of chronic conditions. Age-Friendly Care-PA, a partnership between Primary Health Network and Penn State College of Nursing, aims to reduce these disparities in care and services for rural older adults through co-designing their Geriatric Workforce Enhancement Program. Age-Friendly Health Systems, an initiative of the John A Hartford Foundation and the Institute for Healthcare Improvement, in partnership with the American Hospital Association and the Catholic Health Association of the United States, equips providers, older adults, and their care partners with the support necessary to address What Matters, Medication, Mentation, and Mobility. This symposium describes how the 4Ms are integrated into clinician training and competencies, older adult education, operations, care delivery, and quality improvement. Year two outcome data will be shared. Drs. Hupcey and Fick will provide an overview of the project and its reach. Dr. Berish will describe the process of engaging stakeholders in co-developing our 4M metrics and the data generated. Jenny Knecht, CRNP, will describe a pilot study to extend the reach and acceptability of telehealth to hard-to-reach older persons. Finally, Dr. Garrow will detail a new initiative focused on equity in care. Our discussant, Dr. Terry Fulmer will lead a discussion of this work as well as next steps and policy implications.
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Tupetz, Anna, Ashley J. Phillips, Patrick E. Kelly, Loren K. Barcenas, Eric J. Lavonas, João Ricardo Nickenig Vissoci, and Charles J. Gerardo. "Contextualizing the Impact of Snakebite Envenoming on Patients: A Qualitative Content Analysis of Patient-Specific Functional Scale Activities Using the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 18 (September 12, 2021): 9608. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18189608.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
To categorize the Patient-specific Functional Scale (PSFS) activities in snakebite envenoming (SBE) using the International Classification of Function (ICF) model in order to describe the impact of SBE on patients’ activities and daily lives and to develop a theoretical SBE model of functioning, we performed a post-hoc analysis of two multi-center, prospective studies, conducted at 14 clinical sites in the United States with consecutive SBE patients presenting to the emergency department. Qualitative content analysis and natural language processing were used to categorize activities reported in the PSFS using the ICF model. Our sample included 93 patients. The mean age was 43.0 (SD 17.9) years, most had lower extremity injuries (59%). A total of 99 unique activities representing eight domains came within the Activity and Participation component of the ICF model, with the majority in the Mobility and General Tasks and Demands domains. The main concerns of SBE patients are the ability to perform daily activities and to engage within their social environment. Applying the ICF model to SBE can facilitate the creation of a patient-centered treatment approach, moving beyond body-structural impairments towards a function-based treatment approach and facilitate early integration of rehabilitation services.
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AlDossary, Heba, Anna Bender, Megan Foradori, Anne Pohnert, Robin Hughes, Sherry Greenberg, and Mary Dolansky. "STRATEGIES TO IMPLEMENT AGE-FRIENDLY CARE FOR OLDER ADULTS ACROSS CONVENIENT CARE CLINICS." Innovation in Aging 6, Supplement_1 (November 1, 2022): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igac059.261.
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Abstract A growing proportion of the population in the United States are older adults, and they are frequent users of convenient care clinics. This is particularly true for older adults from systematically marginalized communities who may be at greater risk for chronic health conditions and unmet healthcare needs. These trends render convenient care clinics critical sites to reimagine the provision of care for older adults. To improve the quality of care the CVS MinuteClinic implemented the Institute of Healthcare Improvement’s Age-Friendly Health Systems 4Ms Framework (assessing What Matters, Medication, Mentation, and Mobility). Research to evaluate two interventions (reflective learning and virtual clinic participation) to improve healthcare providers’ (HCP) uptake of the 4Ms was implemented. After the interventions, HCPs were provided a self-administered online survey to capture qualitative reports of reflections on learning and implementing the 4Ms. A total of 32 providers from both groups completed the survey. Using a codebook thematic analysis approach, facilitators and barriers for implementation were identified as were HCPs’ innovative approaches to consistently and effectively implement the 4Ms. Facilitator themes were the presence of resources (e.g., peer coaches) and the perceived value of the 4Ms model. Barrier themes included time, documentation issues, workflow challenges, HCP stress, and HCP comfort. Innovation themes included designing efficient workflows, scaffolded 4Ms learning, and collaboration. These findings underscore the supports/innovations to amplify and challenges to address to support HCPs in learning and implementing the 4Ms to improve the quality of care for older adults.
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Spivak, Irena, Iryna Mihus, and Svitlana Greben. "A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE DIGITAL COMPETENCIES DEVELOPMENT IN ADULT EDUCATION." Pedagogy and Education Management Review, no. 2(16) (June 30, 2024): 18–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.36690/2733-2039-2024-2-18-27.
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In the context of an increasingly digitalized global economy, the integration of digital skills into adult education has become a crucial determinant of socio-economic mobility and inclusivity. Digital literacy serves as a foundational element for employment, social engagement, and access to essential services, making it imperative for adults to continuously adapt to technological advancements. This article aims to explore the critical need for embedding digital skills in adult education frameworks. It seeks to identify the core digital competencies required for effective participation in the digital world, assess the current barriers to digital literacy, and propose actionable strategies to enhance digital learning among adults. The study employs a mixed-methods approach, combining a comprehensive literature review, analysis of multiple international case studies (United States, Singapore, Sweden, Brazil, Estonia), expert interviews, and policy analysis. This methodology provides a broad perspective on the effectiveness of current digital skills programs and insights into best practices across different socio-economic and cultural contexts.The findings reveal that successful digital skills programs are often characterized by robust government support, partnerships with technology firms, tailored learning approaches that address specific demographic needs, and a strong emphasis on practical application. However, challenges such as keeping pace with rapid technological changes, ensuring program scalability, and overcoming socio-economic barriers persist. Recommendations for overcoming these challenges include adopting adaptive learning frameworks, fostering a culture of lifelong learning, enhancing access through improved infrastructure, and closely aligning education programs with market needs.
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Lee, Hyunjung, Gopal K. Singh, Ahmedin Jemal, and Farhad Islami. "Abstract 1927: Differential effects of social isolation on cancer mortality by race/ethnicity and socioeconomic status among working age adults in the United States." Cancer Research 83, no. 7_Supplement (April 4, 2023): 1927. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2023-1927.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Background Social isolation or living alone can negatively affect mental health, sleep quality, eating behavior, immunity, proinflammatory response to stress, and receipt of care in cancer patients (e.g., assistance with nutrition and mobility, emotional and informational support), which may increase the risk of death from cancer. Previous studies, however, have shown inconsistent findings on the association between social isolation and cancer mortality. To address the literature gap, we examined this association among working-age adults stratified by sociodemographic characteristics using a nationally representative cohort with long-term mortality follow-up. Method We used the pooled 1998-2019 data for adults aged 18-64 years at enrollment from the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) linked to National Death Index (N=473,648) with up to 22 years of follow-up. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to model survival time as a function of social isolation, measured by “living alone”, and sociodemographic, behavioral, and health characteristics. We estimated differential effects of social isolation on cancer mortality by age, sex, race/ethnicity, poverty level, and education, overall and for select common cancers (lung, colorectal, and female breast) with >100 deaths in the public use NHIS-linked mortality database, 1998-2004. Results The cancer mortality risk was 32% higher (hazard ratio [HR]=1.32; 95%CI:1.25,1.39) in adults living alone, controlling for age, and 16% higher (HR=1.16; 95%CI:1.10,1.23) in adults living alone, controlling for demographic and socioeconomic characteristics, when compared to adults living with others. The association between living alone and cancer mortality persisted after additional adjustments for health-risk behaviors and health status (HR=1.10, 95%CI:1.04,1.16). Stratified models generally showed similar associations between social isolation and cancer mortality risk across categories of sex, poverty, and education in age-adjusted models. However, the association was stronger among non-Hispanic (NH) White than NH Black adults and did not exist in other racial/ethnic groups. The associations were attenuated after additional adjustments but persisted in fully adjusted models among males, females, NH White people, and adults with a college degree. In the age-adjusted models, social isolation was associated with a higher risk of death from lung (HR=1.45; 95%CI:1.81,2.45) and colorectal (HR=1.65; 95%CI:2.58,1.56), but not from female breast cancer. Conclusions In this nationally representative study in the United States, adults living alone were at a higher risk of cancer death compared to adults living with others. These findings underscore the significance of addressing social isolation in the general population and among cancer survivors. Citation Format: Hyunjung Lee, Gopal K. Singh, Ahmedin Jemal, Farhad Islami. Differential effects of social isolation on cancer mortality by race/ethnicity and socioeconomic status among working age adults in the United States [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2023; Part 1 (Regular and Invited Abstracts); 2023 Apr 14-19; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(7_Suppl):Abstract nr 1927.
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Vanias, Kaitlyn, Andrea Yahr, and Beth Fields. "AN EXPLORATORY DESCRIPTIVE STUDY OF CARE PARTNERS’ PREFERENCES AND SKILL TRAINING NEEDS DURING HOSPITAL CARE." Innovation in Aging 6, Supplement_1 (November 1, 2022): 635. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igac059.2354.
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Abstract Care partners play a critical role in caring for an increasingly complex, aging population in the United States after hospital discharge. However, care partners’ preferences and needs are often not formally assessed during their loved one’s hospitalization. The Care Partner Hospital Assessment Tool (CHAT) is a standardized decision-support tool that facilitates the inclusion and training of care partners during hospital care. The purpose of this exploratory descriptive study was to understand the preferences and needs of 12 care partners of older adult patients admitted to a large academic hospital utilizing the CHAT. The majority (8 of 12) of care partners surveyed were spouses while the remainder were adult children of the patients. All care partners provided comparable support including physical and social support as well as healthcare management. Despite providing similar support, there were differences in the care preferences and needs of spouses compared to adult children. A greater proportion of spouses preferred to be present for care in the hospital and requested information on adaptive equipment and community services. All adult children desired access to the electronic medical record while there was a mixed response among spouses. The most common needs across care partners included training on mobility assistance and medical devices. Findings from this study demonstrate that care partners have varying preferences and training needs during hospital care and suggest differences across care partner relationships. Further investigation is necessary to better understand these patterns and improve hospital care for patients and their care partners.
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Thompson, Roy, Susan Silva, Kirsten Corazzini, Thomas Konrad, Michael Cary, and Eleanor McConnell. "Human Capital and Employment Outcomes Among Foreign Educated and US Nurses Working in Long Term Care." Innovation in Aging 5, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2021): 876–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igab046.3194.
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Abstract Employing Foreign Educated Nurses (FENs) helps address Registered Nurse (RN) shortages in long-term care (LTC) in the United States (US). However, examination of factors explaining differences in their employment outcomes relative to US Educated Nurses (USENs) is limited. This study uses 2018 National Sample Survey of Registered Nurses data to compare income, work hours, job satisfaction, and human capital, defined as personal characteristics (knowledge, work experience) and behaviors (job mobility), of FENS and USENs working full-time in LTC. A human capital score, consisting of highest nursing education, skill certifications, state licensures, years of experience, multi-state employment history, and multi-lingual status was constructed. Covariates included nurse demographics, direct care role, and ability to practice to full scope. Covariate-adjusted group differences in employment outcomes and human capital were compared using ANCOVA and logistic regression. Mediation analyses explored whether human capital explained FEN vs USEN differences. FENs earned higher hourly wages (p=0.0169), worked fewer hours annually (p=0.0163), and reported greater human capital (p<.0001) compared to USENs. FENs and USENs, however, had similar annual salaries (p=0.3101) and job satisfaction (p=0.1674). Human capital mediated FEN vs USEN effects on hourly wages but not annual work hours. FENs’ higher levels of human capital partially account for FEN vs USEN differences in hourly wages. Application of the human capital concept advanced our ability to examine differences in employment outcomes and highlight aspects of the value that FENs contribute to LTC settings.
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Suntai, Zainab, Kefentse Kubanga, Emmanuel Adanu, and Abhay Lidbe. "Modes of Transportation to Medical and Primary Care Among Older Adults." Innovation in Aging 5, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2021): 127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igab046.490.
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Abstract Transportation is an increasingly meaningful concern for older adults as physical, cognitive, and psychological changes in older adulthood impact mobility and accessibility. While several studies have examined the modes of transportation used among older adults, few have explored specifically how older adults are accessing primary care/medical care services. As such, this study aimed to determine the specific modes of transportation used among older adults for primary care visits. Data were derived from the 2018 National Health and Aging Trends Study (NHATS), an annual longitudinal panel survey of older adults aged 65 and older living in the United States. Descriptive analyses were conducted to examine the prevalence of several modes of access and logistic regression models were used to predict the likelihood of using the two most prevalent transportation modes, based on sociodemographic and socioeconomic factors. Results showed that 70% of older adults drive themselves to their doctor, 34.8% rely on a family member, friend, or paid person, 2.4% have a home visit, 2.1% use public transportation, 1.5% walk to their doctor and 1.1% use a taxi. Additionally, having higher income, being of younger age, being White, and having post-secondary education was associated with driving oneself to the doctor. These results indicate that while most older adults are still self-reliant on transportation to medical providers, those with lower socioeconomic status are particularly at risk of losing driving independence. Transportation-related interventions should therefore consider targeting individuals with lower economic capital by proving financial assistance, ride-share programs, and other innovative approaches.
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Fresia, Marion, Andreas Von Känel, and Anne-Nelly Perret-Clermont. "Education in refugee camp contexts." Outlines. Critical Practice Studies 22, no. 1 (December 23, 2021): 32–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/ocps.v22i1.125927.
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The delivery of education in refugee camps has become a key component of humanitarian programs. Since the late 1980s, camps have become the dominant way through which refugee movements are managed around the world (Agier, 2014). Children, the perfect embodiment of the innocent victim, are particularly targeted by humanitarian aid. When refugee situations become protracted and the temporary permanent, their learning structures tend to be become actual schools made of an administration, a teaching staff and a curriculum. Generally funded and coordinated by the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), these camp schools contribute today to the schooling of almost 3,5 millions of refugee children (UNHCR, 2019). Going beyond an idealized vision of education as a “basic human right” and an instrument of “protection,” this article looks at the ways in which humanitarian aid contributes to establishing the school norm in the margins of the Nation-States while at the same time being closely intertwined with the politics of controlling human mobility. Based on the case studies of schools in two Congolese refugee camps (in Tanzania and Rwanda), we explore which registers of legitimization and understandings of the child they are built on; how they are governed and negotiated on a daily basis by multiple actors; and how they are perceived by the students. What emerges from this analysis are a variety of tensions that characterize the dynamics of these schools: they simultaneously include their students in and exclude them from the dominant social order; they victimize them at the same time as they project them as future citizens, and they (re)produce the conditions of their confinement while creating opportunities for certain socio-spatial mobilities.
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Lehoux, Pascale, Hudson Pacifico Silva, Renata Pozelli Sabio, and Federico Roncarolo. "The Unexplored Contribution of Responsible Innovation in Health to Sustainable Development Goals." Sustainability 10, no. 11 (November 2, 2018): 4015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10114015.
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Responsible Innovation in Health (RIH) represents an emerging Science, Technology and Innovation (STI) approach that could support not only the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) “Good health and well-being” but also other SDGs. Since few studies have conceptualized the relationships between RIH and the SDGs, our goal was to inductively develop a framework to identify knowledge gaps and areas for further reflections. Our exploratory study involved: (1) performing a web-based horizon scanning to identify health innovations with responsibility features; and (2) illustrating through empirical examples how RIH addresses the SDGs. A total of 105 innovations were identified: up to 43% were developed by non-profit organizations, universities or volunteers; 46.7% originated from the United States; and 64.5% targeted countries in Africa, Central and South America and South Asia. These innovations addressed health problems such as newborn care (15.5%), reduced mobility and limb amputation (14.5%), infectious diseases (10.9%), pregnancy and delivery care (9.1%) and proper access to care and drugs (7.3%). Several of these innovations were aligned with SDG10-Reduced inequalities (87%), SDG17-Partnerships for the goals (54%), SDG1-No poverty (15%) and SDG4-Quality education (11%). A smaller number of them addressed sustainable economic development goals such as SDG11-Sustainable cities and communities (9%) and SDG9-Industry and innovation (6%), and environmental sustainability goals such as SDG7-Affordable and clean energy (7%) and SDG6-Clean water and sanitation (5%). Three examples show how RIH combines entrepreneurship and innovation in novel ways to address the determinants of health, thereby contributing to SDG5 (Gender), SDG10 (Inequalities), SDG4 (Education) and SDG8 (Decent work), and indirectly supporting SDG7 (Clean energy) and SDG13 (Climate action). Further research should examine how alternative business models, social enterprises and social finance may support the STI approach behind RIH.
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Ramaswamy, Mahesh, and S. Asha. "Caste Politics and State Integration: a Case Study of Mysore State." International Journal of Area Studies 10, no. 2 (December 1, 2015): 195–219. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijas-2015-0009.
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Abstract The subject of unification is as vibrant as national movement even after 58 years of a fractured verdict. More than to achieve a physical conjugation it was an attempt for cultural fusion. The aspiration for linguistic unification was a part of the national discourse. The movement, which began with mystic originations, later on turned out to become communal. Political changes during 1799 A.D. and 1857 A.D. changed the fortunes of Mysore state and ultimately led to its disintegration and became the reason for this movement. The concept of unification is akin to the spirit of nationalism, against the background of colonial regime assigning parts of land to different administrative units without taking into consideration the historical or cultural aspects of that place. Kannadigas marooned in multi lingual states experient an orphaned situation got aroused with the turn of nineteenth century. The problem precipitated by the company was diluted by British when they introduced English education. Though the positive aspect like emergence of middle class is pragmatic, rise of communalism on the other hand is not idealistic. This research paper is designed to examine the polarization of castes during unification movement of Mysore State (Presently called as State of Karnataka, since 1973, which was termed Mysore when integrated) which came into being in 1956 A.D. Most of the previous studies concentrate on two aspects viz ideological discourse and organizational strategies adopted to gain Unification. The course of the unifi cation movement and role of Congress party dominates such studies while some of them concentrate on the leaders of the movement. Other studies are ethnographical in nature. ‘Community Dominance and Political Modernisation: The Lingayats’ written by Shankaragouda Hanamantagouda Patil is a classic example. Mention may be made here of an recent attempt by Harish Ramaswamy in his ‘Karnataka Government and Politics’ which has covered almost all aspects of emergence of Karnataka as a state but communal politics during unification movement has found no place. ‘Rethinking State Politics in India: Regions within Regions’ is an edited book by Ashutosh Kumar which has articles on ‘Castes and Politics of Marginality’ where a reference is made to caste associations and identity politics of Lingayats, but the area of study is neighboring Maharashtra and not Karnataka. Though it contains two articles on Karnataka its subject matter doesn’t pertain to this topic. One more important effort is by ‘Imagining Unimaginable Communities: Political and Social Discourse in Modern Karnataka’ where the author Raghavendra Rao thinks Karnataka and India as two unimaginable communities and discuss primarily the founding moments of negotiation between the discourses of Indian nationalism and Kannada linguistic nationalism. It is more an intellectual history and throws light on nationalism in a colonial context. Mostly studies concentrate on either the course or the leaders of the movement. Invariably congress as an organization finds place in all studies. But the blemish of such studies is a lesser concentration on activities of major socio cultural groups. The role of socio cultural groups assumes importance because of the milieu at the beginning of 20th century which annunciated a wave of social changes in the state. It is a known fact that the movement for linguistic state was successful in bringing a political integration of five separate sub regions but failed to unite people culturally. This concept of unification which is akin to the spirit of nationalism got expressed at the regional level in the sense of respect for once own culture, language and people. In case of Karnataka this expression had political overtones too which is expressed by some who fought for it (Srinivas & Narayan, 1946 ). Most of the early leaders of unification movement (and for that matter even movement for independence too can be cited here) belonged to one particular caste, and with passing of time has led to the notion of domination of that caste over the movement. This paper tries to give justice in a limited way by giving legitimate and adequate recognition for those castes which deserves it and do away with misconceptions. Two concepts political modernization and social mobility are used. The later derives its existence from the former in this case. The data used here is primarily gained from news papers and secondary sources like books and interviews given by participants. No hypothesis is tested nor any theory is developed in this attempt but historical materials are examined in the light of modernity. The key problem discussed here is emergence of communal politics and the role of social groups in unification. Biases of regionalism, caste and class have been overcome by rational thinking.
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Pashos, Chris L., Brian G. Durie, Robert M. Rifkin, Rafat Abonour, Rafael Fonseca, Cristina Gasparetto, Jayesh Mehta, et al. "Race- and health-related quality of life among patients newly diagnosed with multiple myeloma." Journal of Clinical Oncology 30, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2012): e18556-e18556. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2012.30.15_suppl.e18556.
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e18556 Background: Studies in the United States (US) have identified variation in incidence and survival of multiple myeloma (MM) patients of different races, and noted that MM is the most common hematologic cancer among African Americans. This analysis evaluated whether health-related quality of life (HRQOL) of patients in the US varies by race as they initiate treatment having been newly diagnosed with active, symptomatic MM. Methods: Data were collected in Connect MM, a prospective US observational registry begun in September 2009. Data on patient demographics and clinical characteristics were provided by clinicians. HRQOL was reported by patients at enrollment within 2 months of diagnosis. Patients completed the Brief Pain Inventory (BPI), EQ-5D, and Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Multiple Myeloma (FACT-MM). Mean reported scores for BPI, EQ-5D and FACT-MM were analyzed by patient race. Statistical significance was ascertained by ANOVA using SAS 9.1. Results: Baseline HRQOL data were reported by 1144 patients (enrolled in 228 centers) of whom 82% were White, 13% Black, and 6% Other race. The cohorts did not differ statistically by ECOG status or by multiple myeloma stage (assessed by either the International Staging System or the Durie and Salmon system). Compared to non-Blacks, Black patients reported less anxiety/depression on the EQ-5D (p=0.030) and better emotional well-being on the FACT-MM (p=0.003). No other statistically significant differences were noted between cohorts on the BPI, other EQ-5D domains (mobility, self care, usual activities, pain/discomfort), or other FACT-MM domains (physical, social/family, functional, and MM-specific considerations). Conclusions: Initial results from the Connect MM Registry indicate that baseline HRQOL prior to initiation of treatment may vary by patient race with respect to emotional well-being, and specifically anxiety/depression. These results serve as a baseline reference for future analyses. As patients in the Connect MM Registry proceed through therapy, analyses should be conducted of patients by race, among other characteristics and factors, to determine whether it may be associated with subsequent clinical outcomes and HRQOL over time.
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Elarde, Justin, Joon-Seok Kim, Hamdi Kavak, Andreas Züfle, and Taylor Anderson. "Change of human mobility during COVID-19: A United States case study." PLOS ONE 16, no. 11 (November 2, 2021): e0259031. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0259031.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
With the onset of COVID-19 and the resulting shelter in place guidelines combined with remote working practices, human mobility in 2020 has been dramatically impacted. Existing studies typically examine whether mobility in specific localities increases or decreases at specific points in time and relate these changes to certain pandemic and policy events. However, a more comprehensive analysis of mobility change over time is needed. In this paper, we study mobility change in the US through a five-step process using mobility footprint data. (Step 1) Propose the Delta Time Spent in Public Places (ΔTSPP) as a measure to quantify daily changes in mobility for each US county from 2019-2020. (Step 2) Conduct Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to reduce the ΔTSPP time series of each county to lower-dimensional latent components of change in mobility. (Step 3) Conduct clustering analysis to find counties that exhibit similar latent components. (Step 4) Investigate local and global spatial autocorrelation for each component. (Step 5) Conduct correlation analysis to investigate how various population characteristics and behavior correlate with mobility patterns. Results show that by describing each county as a linear combination of the three latent components, we can explain 59% of the variation in mobility trends across all US counties. Specifically, change in mobility in 2020 for US counties can be explained as a combination of three latent components: 1) long-term reduction in mobility, 2) no change in mobility, and 3) short-term reduction in mobility. Furthermore, we find that US counties that are geographically close are more likely to exhibit a similar change in mobility. Finally, we observe significant correlations between the three latent components of mobility change and various population characteristics, including political leaning, population, COVID-19 cases and deaths, and unemployment. We find that our analysis provides a comprehensive understanding of mobility change in response to the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Freedman, D. A. "As Others See Us: A Case Study in Path Analysis." Journal of Educational Statistics 12, no. 2 (June 1987): 101–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3102/10769986012002101.
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In 1967, Blau and Duncan proposed a path model for education and stratification. This is one of the most influential applications of statistical modeling technique to social data. There is recent use of the same technique in Hope’s (1984) comparative study of Scotland and the United States, As Others See Us: Schooling and Social Mobility in Scotland and the United States. A review of path analysis is offered here, with Hope’s model used as an example, the object being to suggest the limits of the method in analyzing complex phenomena.
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Freidenberg, Judith, Amy Carattini, Kyla Cools, Leah Bush, Sara Downward, and Johanna McAlister. "United States Nationals in Argentina: The Relevance of the Middle Class Abroad to Migration Studies." Human Organization 81, no. 4 (December 1, 2022): 390–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.17730/1938-3525-81.4.390.
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A concentration on the economic, social, and political impact of new arrivals on the United States has obscured understanding of the departure of United States middle-class cohorts abroad. This article claims that United States emigration and expatriation are relevant to understanding the United States nation-state. This human geographical displacement remains understudied by researchers and unnoticed by policymakers. Addressing two research questions—Who are the United States nationals abroad? And how do they experience otherness?—the article offers a roadmap for enhancing research on emigrant populations to guide policymakers on how to better understand the expatriates. First, we overview existing knowledge on this population from several perspectives, and then we provide descriptive and thematic anthropological analyses of a sample of United States nationals in Buenos Aires, Argentina. An explanatory framework interweaving three conceptual frameworks: dark anthropology, searching for elsewhere, and mobility, is suggested to contribute to understanding the social category of expat and further the understanding of the United States middle class abroad to benefit research, policymaking, and civic education.
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Ito, Kenichi, Terri Su-May Tan, Albert Lee, and Liman Man Wai Li. "Low Residential Mobility and Novelty-Seeking Consumption." Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 50, no. 10 (November 2019): 1242–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022022119886107.
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Cultural research using a socioecological perspective has shown that residential mobility fosters familiarity-seeking behavior. In particular, residentially mobile individuals tend to purchase from national chain stores, which offer the same products across different locations. Positing this process as a reaction to a rapidly changing high mobility environment, we investigated whether a low mobility environment—characterized by a more familiar, less stimulating environment—results in novelty-seeking consumptive behaviors. In testing our hypothesis, Study 1 used archival data to explore novelty-seeking consumption based on the sales of consumable brands in the United States, Japan, and Singapore. Study 2 primed participants with either a high or a low mobility mind-set to explore the effect of mobility on novelty-seeking consumption. The results supported our hypothesis that consumers in a relatively low mobility country (Japan) tend to purchase from newer and, thus, novel brands more than consumers in mobile countries (the United States or Singapore). Furthermore, compared with high mobility, priming participants with a low mobility mind-set led them to select novel over traditional products.
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Mazumder, Bhashkar. "Intergenerational Mobility in the United States: What We Have Learned from the PSID." ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 680, no. 1 (November 2018): 213–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002716218794129.
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This article reviews the contributions of the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) to the study of intergenerational mobility. The PSID enables researchers to track individuals as they form new households and covers many dimensions of socioeconomic status over large portions of the life cycle, making the data ideal for studying intergenerational mobility. Studies have used PSID data to show that the United States is among the least economically mobile countries among advanced economies. The PSID has been instrumental to understanding various dimensions of intergenerational mobility, including occupation; wealth; education; consumption; health; and group differences by gender, race, and region. Studies using the PSID have also cast light on the mechanisms behind intergenerational persistence.
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Younis, Joseph, Harvy Freitag, Jeremy S. Ruthberg, Jonathan P. Romanes, Craig Nielsen, and Neil Mehta. "Social Media as an Early Proxy for Social Distancing Indicated by the COVID-19 Reproduction Number: Observational Study." JMIR Public Health and Surveillance 6, no. 4 (October 20, 2020): e21340. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/21340.
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Background The magnitude and time course of the COVID-19 epidemic in the United States depends on early interventions to reduce the basic reproductive number to below 1. It is imperative, then, to develop methods to actively assess where quarantine measures such as social distancing may be deficient and suppress those potential resurgence nodes as early as possible. Objective We ask if social media is an early indicator of public social distancing measures in the United States by investigating its correlation with the time-varying reproduction number (Rt) as compared to social mobility estimates reported from Google and Apple Maps. Methods In this observational study, the estimated Rt was obtained for the period between March 5 and April 5, 2020, using the EpiEstim package. Social media activity was assessed using queries of “social distancing” or “#socialdistancing” on Google Trends, Instagram, and Twitter, with social mobility assessed using Apple and Google Maps data. Cross-correlations were performed between Rt and social media activity or mobility for the United States. We used Pearson correlations and the coefficient of determination (ρ) with significance set to P<.05. Results Negative correlations were found between Google search interest for “social distancing” and Rt in the United States (P<.001), and between search interest and state-specific Rt for 9 states with the highest COVID-19 cases (P<.001); most states experienced a delay varying between 3-8 days before reaching significance. A negative correlation was seen at a 4-day delay from the start of the Instagram hashtag “#socialdistancing” and at 6 days for Twitter (P<.001). Significant correlations between Rt and social media manifest earlier in time compared to social mobility measures from Google and Apple Maps, with peaks at –6 and –4 days. Meanwhile, changes in social mobility correlated best with Rt at –2 days and +1 day for workplace and grocery/pharmacy, respectively. Conclusions Our study demonstrates the potential use of Google Trends, Instagram, and Twitter as epidemiological tools in the assessment of social distancing measures in the United States during the early course of the COVID-19 pandemic. Their correlation and earlier rise and peak in correlative strength with Rt when compared to social mobility may provide proactive insight into whether social distancing efforts are sufficiently enacted. Whether this proves valuable in the creation of more accurate assessments of the early epidemic course is uncertain due to limitations. These limitations include the use of a biased sample that is internet literate with internet access, which may covary with socioeconomic status, education, geography, and age, and the use of subtotal social media mentions of social distancing. Future studies should focus on investigating how social media reactions change during the course of the epidemic, as well as the conversion of social media behavior to actual physical behavior.
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Gugushvili, Alexi, Grzegorz Bulczak, Olga Zelinska, and Jonathan Koltai. "Socioeconomic position, social mobility, and health selection effects on allostatic load in the United States." PLOS ONE 16, no. 8 (August 4, 2021): e0254414. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0254414.
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The contemporaneous association between higher socioeconomic position and better health is well established. Life course research has also demonstrated a lasting effect of childhood socioeconomic conditions on adult health and well-being. Yet, little is known about the separate health effects of intergenerational mobility—moving into a different socioeconomic position than one’s parents—among early adults in the United States. Most studies on the health implications of mobility rely on cross-sectional datasets, which makes it impossible to differentiate between health selection and social causation effects. In addition, understanding the effects of social mobility on health at a relatively young age has been hampered by the paucity of health measures that reliably predict disease onset. Analysing 4,713 respondents aged 25 to 32 from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health’s Waves I and IV, we use diagonal reference models to separately identify the effects of socioeconomic origin and destination, as well as social mobility on allostatic load among individuals in the United States. Using a combined measure of educational and occupational attainment, and accounting for individuals’ initial health, we demonstrate that in addition to health gradient among the socially immobile, individuals’ socioeconomic origin and destination are equally important for multi-system physiological dysregulation. Short-range upward mobility also has a positive and significant association with health. After mitigating health selection concerns in our observational data, this effect is observed only among those reporting poor health before experiencing social mobility. Our findings move towards the reconciliation of two theoretical perspectives, confirming the positive effect of upward mobility as predicted by the “rags to riches” perspective, while not contradicting potential costs associated with more extensive upward mobility experiences as predicted by the dissociative thesis.
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McKee, Kevin L., Ian C. Crandell, and Alexandra L. Hanlon. "County-Level Social Distancing and Policy Impact in the United States: A Dynamical Systems Model." JMIR Public Health and Surveillance 6, no. 4 (December 23, 2020): e23902. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/23902.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Background Social distancing and public policy have been crucial for minimizing the spread of SARS-CoV-2 in the United States. Publicly available, county-level time series data on mobility are derived from individual devices with global positioning systems, providing a variety of indices of social distancing behavior per day. Such indices allow a fine-grained approach to modeling public behavior during the pandemic. Previous studies of social distancing and policy have not accounted for the occurrence of pre-policy social distancing and other dynamics reflected in the long-term trajectories of public mobility data. Objective We propose a differential equation state-space model of county-level social distancing that accounts for distancing behavior leading up to the first official policies, equilibrium dynamics reflected in the long-term trajectories of mobility, and the specific impacts of four kinds of policy. The model is fit to each US county individually, producing a nationwide data set of novel estimated mobility indices. Methods A differential equation model was fit to three indicators of mobility for each of 3054 counties, with T=100 occasions per county of the following: distance traveled, visitations to key sites, and the log number of interpersonal encounters. The indicators were highly correlated and assumed to share common underlying latent trajectory, dynamics, and responses to policy. Maximum likelihood estimation with the Kalman-Bucy filter was used to estimate the model parameters. Bivariate distributional plots and descriptive statistics were used to examine the resulting county-level parameter estimates. The association of chronology with policy impact was also considered. Results Mobility dynamics show moderate correlations with two census covariates: population density (Spearman r ranging from 0.11 to 0.31) and median household income (Spearman r ranging from –0.03 to 0.39). Stay-at-home order effects were negatively correlated with both (r=–0.37 and r=–0.38, respectively), while the effects of the ban on all gatherings were positively correlated with both (r=0.51, r=0.39). Chronological ordering of policies was a moderate to strong determinant of their effect per county (Spearman r ranging from –0.12 to –0.56), with earlier policies accounting for most of the change in mobility, and later policies having little or no additional effect. Conclusions Chronological ordering, population density, and median household income were all associated with policy impact. The stay-at-home order and the ban on gatherings had the largest impacts on mobility on average. The model is implemented in a graphical online app for exploring county-level statistics and running counterfactual simulations. Future studies can incorporate the model-derived indices of social distancing and policy impacts as important social determinants of COVID-19 health outcomes.
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Shen, Sijun, Kendra L. Ratnapradipa, Gina C. Pervall, Meredith Sweeney, and Motao Zhu. "Driver License Renewal Laws and Older Adults’ Daily Driving, United States, 2003–2017." Journals of Gerontology: Series B 75, no. 10 (June 1, 2020): 2268–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbaa070.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Objectives Around the world, aging populations pose significant concerns regarding their community mobility and transportation safety. Most previous studies in the United States have focused on the associations between driver license renewal laws and crash outcomes among older adults (65 years and older). Few studies have evaluated the impact of driver license renewal laws on older adults’ community mobility. This study aimed to identify the associations between driver license renewal laws and older males’ and females’ daily driving likelihood and duration. Method The 2003–2017 American Time Use Survey data were merged with driver license renewal legislation using ages 55–64 to control for effects of non-licensure factors (e.g., gasoline price). Weighted Poisson and linear regression models were used to estimate the associations of various driver licensure provisions with older males’ and females’ daily driving likelihood and duration. Results A shorter in-person renewal period and the presence of mandatory reporting laws for physicians were associated with a lower daily driving likelihood and shorter driving duration among females aged 75 years or older. The presence of mandatory reporting laws was also associated with reduced daily driving likelihood and duration for males aged 65–74 years. Discussion Policymakers should be aware that males and females may respond differently to older driver licensure laws, which may require distinct interventions to preserve their mobility. Future studies should consider the gender disparities when examining the association between driver licensure policies and older adults’ transportation safety and mobility.
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Grusky, David, and Jan O. Jonsson. "Dov'č l'occupazione nella mobilitŕ occupazionale?" SOCIOLOGIA DEL LAVORO, no. 112 (April 2009): 119–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/sl2008-112008.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
- Using nationally representative data from the United States, Sweden, Germany, and Japan, we show that (a) micro-classes are an important conduit for social reproduction, (b) the most extreme rigidities in the mobility regime are only revealed when analyses are carried out at the micro-class level, (c) much of what shows up as big-class reproduction in conventional mobility analyses is in fact micro-class reproduction in disguise, and (d) trends in big-class reproduction are different than trends in micro-class reproduction.Keywords: Social mobility, Inequality of opportunity, Social reproduction, Comparative Studies, Occupational stratification
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Miranda, Alejandro. "Movement, Practice, and a Musical Tradition between Mexico and the United States." Transfers 7, no. 2 (June 1, 2017): 21–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/trans.2017.070203.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Current scholarly work on mobilities has focused largely on how practices of mobility produce space, place, and landscape through their enactment and representation. There has been significantly less attention to the study of how social practices move, that is, how socially recognized ways of doing are produced through mobility. Although the literature of various disciplines generally agrees that practices are on the move at different scales, the mobilities of practice have yet to be developed explicitly. This article contributes to this emerging area of research by examining the case of music making. Drawing on ethnographic research, it analyzes how son jarocho, a musical tradition from southeast Mexico, is currently diffused and re-created across communities of practitioners in the United States. In doing so, the processes of diffusion, reproduction, and transformation of social practice are dependent on, and reciprocally related to, the movement produced during performances.
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van Leeuwen, Marco H. D., and Ineke Maas. "Social Mobility through Migration to the Colonies: The Case of Algeria." Journal of Interdisciplinary History 53, no. 2 (2022): 225–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jinh_a_01833.
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Abstract Most migrants move to further their economic and social position. How successful were they, and which migrants succeeded best? Would they have fared better if they had stayed at home? These questions are often raised regarding recent migrants to the United States and Europe, who often entered the labor market in relatively low positions. During their lifetime, many migrants improve their social position, as do subsequent generations. The migrants to Algeria during French colonial rule, however, entered the labor market at the higher echelons of society. Did they fare better than their parents? If so, did their descendants keep their relatively privileged colonial position? The effects of gaining or losing social, cultural, economic, and human capital appear to be different for various groups of migrants who moved to colonies, tweaking existing theories in economic history, settler history, and the sociology of migration.
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South, Scott J., Kyle Crowder, and Erick Chavez. "Geographic Mobility and Spatial Assimilation among U.S. Latino Immigrants." International Migration Review 39, no. 3 (September 2005): 577–607. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-7379.2005.tb00281.x.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Although the spatial assimilation of immigrants to the United States has important implications for social theory and social policy, few studies have explored the patterns and determinants of interneighborhood geographic mobility that lead to immigrants' residential proximity to the white, non-Hispanic majority. We explore this issue by merging data from three different sources – the Latino National Political Survey, the Panel Study of Income Dynamics, and tract-level census data – to begin unraveling causal relationships among indicators of socioeconomic, social, cultural, segmented, and spatial assimilation. Our longitudinal analysis of 700 Mexican, Puerto Rican, and Cuban immigrants followed from 1990 to 1995 finds broad support for hypotheses derived from the classical account of minority assimilation. High income, English language use, and embeddedness in Anglo social contexts increase Latino immigrants' geographic mobility into Anglo neighborhoods. U.S. citizenship and years spent in the United States are positively associated with geographic mobility into more Anglo neighborhoods, and coethnic contact is inversely associated with this form of mobility, but these associations operate largely through other predictors. Prior experiences of ethnic discrimination increase and residence in public housing decreases the likelihood that Latino immigrants will move from their origin neighborhoods, while residing in metropolitan areas with large Latino populations leads to geographic moves into “less Anglo” census tracts.
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Vesselinov, Elena. "Gated Communities in the United States: From Case Studies to Systematic Evidence." Sociology Compass 4, no. 11 (November 2010): 989–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-9020.2010.00330.x.
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Lammert, C. "Dream a Little American Dream with Me: Income Inequality and Social Mobility in the United States." Amerikastudien/American Studies 66, no. 1 (2021): 111–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.33675/amst/2021/1/19.
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Dennison, Christopher R., and Raymond R. Swisher. "Postsecondary Education, Neighborhood Disadvantage, and Crime: An Examination of Life Course Relative Deprivation." Crime & Delinquency 65, no. 2 (January 13, 2018): 215–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011128717753115.
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The growing importance of a college degree for economic stability, coupled with increasing educational inequality in the United States, suggest potential criminogenic implications for downward educational mobility. Using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health), this article examines the associations between intergenerational educational mobility, neighborhood disadvantage in adulthood, and crime. Drawing on the few extant studies of educational mobility and crime, as well as social comparison theory, it tests whether the consequences of downward educational mobility are moderated by neighborhood contexts. Results suggest that downward mobility is associated with increases in crime, and most strongly in more advantaged neighborhoods. The implications of these findings for future research on social mobility, education, and crime are discussed.
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Bergman, Zinette. "Trains in the Land of the Car: A Case Study of Mobility as Agency in the United States." Sustainability 11, no. 23 (November 27, 2019): 6710. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11236710.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Recent studies have shown that self-efficacy—the belief that individuals are able to execute behaviors that lead to desired outcomes—is a key factor for adopting more sustainable travel modes and practices. Also crucial are societal values and policies associated with sustainability, which guide individual mobility behaviors. Thus, sustainable travel research and policies are divided into hard and soft approaches. This study applies Albert Bandura’s concept of personal agency and his model of triadic reciprocal causation (TRC) to explore mobility as agency from the perspective of 32 car users from regions, which no longer have an adequate passenger rail infrastructure. The aim is to investigate the applicability of TRC theory in a US context, as well as a substantive study of how car users make sense of their mobility practices in relation to trains. Based on hermeneutic content analysis, a mixed-method analytic framework, findings reveal that Bandura’s agentive pathways associated with individual and proxy agency define the mobility practices of interviewees. By exploring the underlying structures of salient agentive pathways, this study traces the links between agency and (un)sustainable travel within a US American mobility culture.
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Mocombe, Paul C. "The Death of Imhotep: A Hermeneutical Framework for Understanding the Lack of Black Males in STEM Fields." Education and Urban Society 50, no. 1 (November 9, 2016): 38–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0013124516677080.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In Afrocentric circles in the United States, ancient Kemetic (Egyptian) scientist Imhotep is considered the Black father of medicine. In this article, I use his name in the title as an allusion to highlight the lack of Black males matriculating in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) programs or fields in the United States. The work offers a more appropriate structural Marxist hermeneutical framework for contextualizing, conceptualizing, exploring, and evaluating the locus of causality for the Black/White and Black male/female academic achievement gaps in general, and the lack of Black males in STEM programs in the United States of America in particular. The two I argue are interrelated. Positing that in general the origins of the Black/White and Black male/female academic achievement gap is grounded in what Paul C. Mocombe refers to as a “mismatch of linguistic structure and social class function.” Within Mocombe’s structural Marxist theoretical framework, the lack of Black males in STEM programs is a result of the social class functions associated with prisons, the urban street life, and athletics and entertainment industries where the majority of urban Black males are interpellated and achieve their status, social mobility, and economic gain (embourgeoisement) over education and academic professionalization.
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Scheibelhofer, Elisabeth. "Gendered differences in emigration and mobility perspectives among European researchers working abroad." MIGRATION LETTERS 7, no. 1 (January 28, 2014): 33–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/ml.v7i1.178.
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This paper focuses on gendered mobilities of highly skilled researchers working abroad. It is based on an empirical qualitative study that explored the mobility aspirations of Austrian scientists who were working in the United States at the time they were interviewed. Supported by a case study, the paper demonstrates how a qualitative research strategy including graphic drawings sketched by the interviewed persons can help us gain a better understanding of the gendered importance of social relations for the future mobility aspirations of scientists working abroad.
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Belsky, Daniel W., Benjamin W. Domingue, Robbee Wedow, Louise Arseneault, Jason D. Boardman, Avshalom Caspi, Dalton Conley, et al. "Genetic analysis of social-class mobility in five longitudinal studies." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 31 (July 9, 2018): E7275—E7284. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1801238115.
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A summary genetic measure, called a “polygenic score,” derived from a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of education can modestly predict a person’s educational and economic success. This prediction could signal a biological mechanism: Education-linked genetics could encode characteristics that help people get ahead in life. Alternatively, prediction could reflect social history: People from well-off families might stay well-off for social reasons, and these families might also look alike genetically. A key test to distinguish biological mechanism from social history is if people with higher education polygenic scores tend to climb the social ladder beyond their parents’ position. Upward mobility would indicate education-linked genetics encodes characteristics that foster success. We tested if education-linked polygenic scores predicted social mobility in >20,000 individuals in five longitudinal studies in the United States, Britain, and New Zealand. Participants with higher polygenic scores achieved more education and career success and accumulated more wealth. However, they also tended to come from better-off families. In the key test, participants with higher polygenic scores tended to be upwardly mobile compared with their parents. Moreover, in sibling-difference analysis, the sibling with the higher polygenic score was more upwardly mobile. Thus, education GWAS discoveries are not mere correlates of privilege; they influence social mobility within a life. Additional analyses revealed that a mother’s polygenic score predicted her child’s attainment over and above the child’s own polygenic score, suggesting parents’ genetics can also affect their children’s attainment through environmental pathways. Education GWAS discoveries affect socioeconomic attainment through influence on individuals’ family-of-origin environments and their social mobility.
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Laurin, Kristin, Holly R. Engstrom, and Adam Alic. "Motivational Accounts of the Vicious Cycle of Social Status: An Integrative Framework Using the United States as a Case Study." Perspectives on Psychological Science 14, no. 2 (November 2, 2018): 107–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1745691618788875.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Social mobility is limited in most industrialized countries, and especially in the United States: Children born to relatively poor parents are less likely to prosper than other children. This observation has multiple explanations; in the current article, we focus on emerging motivational perspectives, synthesizing them into a novel integrative framework grounded in a classic theory of motivation: expectancy-value theory. Together, these findings indicate that individuals with lower socioeconomic status (SES) may be less motivated to achieve status relative to individuals with higher SES—not because of their own personal failings, but as a result of their material, social and cultural contexts. We then consider the significant theoretical advantages of this integrative framework, most notably that it enables us to consider how the disparate perspectives linking motivation to SES are linked and may at times compound or offset each other. In turn, this enables us to make sophisticated predictions concerning the conditions that will enable individuals with low SES to escape the vicious cycle of low motivation. Moreover, our account helps bridge the gap between explanations that locate the cause for low social mobility within individuals and those that locate it in the broader system. We end by addressing implications for the psychological understanding of low status and implications for social policy.
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Gubernskaya, Zoya, and Joanna Dreby. "US Immigration Policy and the Case for Family Unity." Journal on Migration and Human Security 5, no. 2 (June 2017): 417–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/233150241700500210.
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As the Trump administration contemplates immigration reform, it is important to better understand what works and what does not in the current system. This paper reviews and critically evaluates the principle of family unity, a hallmark of US immigration policy over the past 50 years and the most important mechanism for immigration to the United States. Since 1965, the United States has been admitting a relatively high proportion of family-based migrants and allowing for the immigration of a broader range of family members. However, restrictive annual quotas have resulted in a long line of prospective immigrants waiting outside of the United States or within the United States, but without status. Further policy changes have led to an increasing number of undocumented migrants and mixed-status families in the United States. Several policies and practices contribute to prolonged periods of family separation by restricting travel and effectively locking in a large number of people either inside or outside of the United States. On top of that, increasingly aggressive enforcement practices undermine family unity of a large number of undocumented and mixed-status families. Deportations — and even a fear of deportation —cause severe psychological distress and often leave US-born children of undocumented parents without economic and social support. A recent comprehensive report concluded that immigration has overall positive impact on the US economy, suggesting that a predominantly family-based migration system carries net economic benefits. Immigrants rely on family networks for employment, housing, transportation, informal financial services, schooling, childcare, and old age care. In the US context where there is nearly no federal support for immigrants' integration and limited welfare policies, family unity is critical for promoting immigrant integration, social and economic well-being, and intergenerational mobility. Given the benefits of family unity in the US immigrant context and the significant negative consequences of family separation, the United States would do well to make a number of changes to current policy and practice that reaffirm its commitment to family unity. Reducing wait times for family reunification with spouses and children of lawful permanent residents, allowing prospective family-based migrants to visit their relatives in the United States while their applications are being processed, and providing relief from deportation and a path to legalization to parents and spouses of US citizens should be prioritized. The cost to implement these measures would likely be minor compared to current and projected spending on immigration enforcement and it would be more than offset by the improved health and well-being of American families.