Статті в журналах: "Social Choice Function"

1

Kamwa, Eric. "On the Fishburn social choice function." International Journal of Economic Theory 11, no. 2 (May 10, 2015): n/a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ijet.12063.

Повний текст джерела

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

2

TAKAHARA, YASUHIKO, and JUNICHI LIJIMA. "Rational decision principle and social choice function." International Journal of Systems Science 21, no. 7 (July 1990): 1153–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00207729008910442.

Повний текст джерела

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

3

Schneider, Mark, and Byung‐Cheol Kim. "The utilitarian–maximin social welfare function and anomalies in social choice." Southern Economic Journal 87, no. 2 (September 20, 2020): 629–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/soej.12464.

Повний текст джерела

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

4

De Simone, Anna, and Ciro Tarantino. "Functional Form of Nonmanipulable Social Choice Functions with Two Alternatives." Mathematics 9, no. 21 (November 7, 2021): 2827. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math9212827.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

We propose a new functional form characterization of binary nonmanipulable social choice functions on a universal domain and an arbitrary, possibly infinite, set of agents. In order to achieve this, we considered the more general case of two-valued social choice functions and describe the structure of the family consisting of groups of agents having no power to determine the values of a nonmanipulable social choice function. With the help of such a structure, we introduce a class of functions that we call powerless revealing social choice functions and show that the binary nonmanipulable social choice functions are the powerless revealing ones.

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

5

HATTORI, YUICHI. "Social choice function with subordinate relations as one variable." International Journal of Systems Science 27, no. 10 (October 1996): 957–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00207729608929298.

Повний текст джерела

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

6

Neath, Andrew A., Joseph E. Cavanaugh, and Adam G. Weyhaupt. "Model evaluation, discrepancy function estimation, and social choice theory." Computational Statistics 30, no. 1 (September 27, 2014): 231–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00180-014-0532-z.

Повний текст джерела

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

7

HATTORI, YUICHI. "Proposal of one social choice function with subordinate relations and the relationship between social choice functions with subordinate relations and simple games." International Journal of Systems Science 28, no. 8 (July 1997): 749–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00207729708929434.

Повний текст джерела

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

8

Brandt, Felix, and Christian Geist. "Finding Strategyproof Social Choice Functions via SAT Solving." Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research 55 (March 4, 2016): 565–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1613/jair.4959.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

A promising direction in computational social choice is to address research problems using computer-aided proving techniques. In particular with SAT solvers, this approach has been shown to be viable not only for proving classic impossibility theorems such as Arrow's Theorem but also for finding new impossibilities in the context of preference extensions. In this paper, we demonstrate that these computer-aided techniques can also be applied to improve our understanding of strategyproof irresolute social choice functions. These functions, however, requires a more evolved encoding as otherwise the search space rapidly becomes much too large. Our contribution is two-fold: We present an efficient encoding for translating such problems to SAT and leverage this encoding to prove new results about strategyproofness with respect to Kelly's and Fishburn's preference extensions. For example, we show that no Pareto-optimal majoritarian social choice function satisfies Fishburn-strategyproofness. Furthermore, we explain how human-readable proofs of such results can be extracted from minimal unsatisfiable cores of the corresponding SAT formulas.

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

9

Anshelevich, Elliot, and John Postl. "Randomized Social Choice Functions Under Metric Preferences." Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research 58 (April 13, 2017): 797–827. http://dx.doi.org/10.1613/jair.5340.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

We determine the quality of randomized social choice algorithms in a setting in which the agents have metric preferences: every agent has a cost for each alternative, and these costs form a metric. We assume that these costs are unknown to the algorithms (and possibly even to the agents themselves), which means we cannot simply select the optimal alternative, i.e. the alternative that minimizes the total agent cost (or median agent cost). However, we do assume that the agents know their ordinal preferences that are induced by the metric space. We examine randomized social choice functions that require only this ordinal information and select an alternative that is good in expectation with respect to the costs from the metric. To quantify how good a randomized social choice function is, we bound the distortion, which is the worst-case ratio between the expected cost of the alternative selected and the cost of the optimal alternative. We provide new distortion bounds for a variety of randomized algorithms, for both general metrics and for important special cases. Our results show a sizable improvement in distortion over deterministic algorithms.

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

10

Nguyen, Dat-Dao. "Using Social Choice Function Vs. Social Welfare Function To Aggregate Individual Preferences In Group Decision Support Systems." International Journal of Management & Information Systems (IJMIS) 18, no. 3 (July 1, 2014): 167. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/ijmis.v18i3.8703.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

In multi-criteria decision making, any Group Decision Support System (GDSS) requires a social judgment model for calculation of weights on decision alternatives, and tabulation of individual votes toward a consensus. One could assess a Social Welfare Function - such as Keeneys - to aggregate individual cardinal preferences or utilities into a group preference. Alternatively, one could use Social Choice Functions - such as Condorcet, Borda, Copeland, and Eigenvector - to aggregate individual ordinal preferences or rankings into a group ranking. This study empirically investigates the consensus between individual preferences and the group preference derived from various aggregation methods.

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

11

Bahel, Eric, and Yves Sprumont. "Strategyproof Choice of Social Acts." American Economic Review 110, no. 2 (February 1, 2020): 596–627. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.20171553.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

We model uncertain social prospects as acts mapping states of nature to (social ) outcomes. A social choice function (or SCF ) assigns an act to each profile of subjective expected utility preferences over acts. An SCF is strategyproof if no agent ever has an incentive to misrepresent her beliefs about the states of nature or her valuation of the outcomes. It is unanimous if it picks the feasible act that all agents find best whenever such an act exists. We offer a characterization of the class of strategyproof and unanimous SCFs in two settings. In the setting where all acts are feasible, the chosen act must yield the favorite outcome of some ( possibly different) agent in every state of nature. The set of states in which an agent’s favorite outcome is selected may vary with the reported belief profile; it is the union of all states assigned to her by a collection of constant, bilaterally dictatorial, or bilaterally consensual assignment rules. In a setting where each state of nature defines a possibly different subset of available outcomes, bilaterally dictatorial or consensual rules can only be used to assign control rights over states characterized by identical sets of available outcomes. (JEL D71, D81, R53)

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

12

Parkes, David, and Ariel Procaccia. "Dynamic Social Choice with Evolving Preferences." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 27, no. 1 (June 30, 2013): 767–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v27i1.8570.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

Social choice theory provides insights into a variety of collective decision making settings, but nowadays some of its tenets are challenged by internet environments, which call for dynamic decision making under constantly changing preferences. In this paper we model the problem via Markov decision processes (MDP), where the states of the MDP coincide with preference profiles and a (deterministic, stationary) policy corresponds to a social choice function. We can therefore employ the axioms studied in the social choice literature as guidelines in the design of socially desirable policies. We present tractable algorithms that compute optimal policies under different prominent social choice constraints. Our machinery relies on techniques for exploiting symmetries and isomorphisms between MDPs.

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

13

Kato, Takeshi, Yasuyuki Kudo, Junichi Miyakoshi, Jun Otsuka, Hayato Saigo, Kaori Karasawa, Hiroyuki Yamaguchi, and Yasuo Deguchi. "Rational Choice Hypothesis as X-point of Utility Function and Norm Function." Applied Economics and Finance 7, no. 4 (June 11, 2020): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.11114/aef.v7i4.4890.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

Towards the realization of a sustainable, fair and inclusive society, we proposed a novel decision-making model that incorporates social norms in a rational choice model from the standpoints of deontology and utilitarianism. We proposed a hypothesis that interprets choice of action as the X-point for individual utility function that increases with actions and social norm function that decreases with actions. This hypothesis is based on humans psychologically balancing the value of utility and norms in selecting actions. Using the hypothesis and approximation, we were able to isolate and infer utility function and norm function from real-world measurement data of actions on environmental conditions and elucidate the interaction between the both functions that led from current status to target actions. As examples of collective data that aggregate decision-making of individuals, we looked at the changes in power usage before and after the Great East Japan Earthquake and the correlation between national GDP and CO2 emission in different countries. The first example showed that the perceived benefits of power (i.e., utility of power usage) was stronger than the power usage restrictions imposed by norms after the earthquake, contrary to our expectation. The second example showed that a reduction of CO2 emission in each country was not related to utility derived from GDP but to norms related to CO2 emission. Going forward, we will apply this new X-point model to actual social practices involving normative problems, and design the approaches for the diagnosis, prognosis and intervention of social systems by IT systems.

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

14

Jennings, Jennifer L. "School Choice or Schools’ Choice?" Sociology of Education 83, no. 3 (July 2010): 227–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0038040710375688.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

Drawing on a year and a half of ethnographic research in three New York City small high schools, this study examines the role of the school in managing school choice and asks what social processes are associated with principals’ disparate approaches. Although district policy did not allow principals to select students based on their performance, two of the three schools in this study circumvented these rules to recruit and retain a population that would meet local accountability targets. This article brings together sensemaking and social network theories to offer a theoretical account of schools’ management of choice in an era of accountability. In doing so, the author demonstrates that principals’ sensemaking about the accountability and choice systems occurred within the interorganizational networks in which they were embedded and was strongly conditioned by their own professional biographies and worldviews. Principals’ networks offered access to resources that could be activated to make sense of the accountability and choice systems. How principals perceived accountability and choice policies influenced whether they activated their social networks for assistance in strategically managing the choice process, as well as how they made sense of advice available to them through these networks. Once activated, principals’ networks provided uneven access to instrumental and expressive resources. Taken together, these results suggest that schools respond to accountability and choice plans in varied ways that are not simply a function of their short-term incentives.

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

15

Dube, Partha Pratim. "A Model of Uniformity in a Preference Function." International Journal of Financial Research 14, no. 3 (May 17, 2023): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/ijfr.v14n3p58.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

In recent development of the choice functions many investigators accept that social preferences maintain usually non-uniformity. This paper tries to establish the nature of non-uniformity that it mixes up with two distinct properties of preferences: immobility and steadiness. It is shown here that steadiness and immobility together imply uniformity but the converse does not hold. Now if steadiness be disposed of from the preferences of a firm, firm cannot obey the rule of immobility but may follow the rule of uniformity. It indicates that social choices of a firm must maintain uniformity and steadiness.

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

16

Puspitasari, Ni Wayan Radita Novi. "Rational Choice Theory and Social Solidarity." International Journal of Interreligious and Intercultural Studies 2, no. 2 (October 18, 2019): 75–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.32795/ijiis.vol2.iss2.2019.394.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

The collapse of New Order regime was caused by the Asian financial crisis with the crisis of confidence by Suharto and his political cronies. The origin of the Indonesian crisis situated in the effort to maintain foreign financial capital could not restore the deficit of the national market, while they also tried to keep the stability of fixed exchange rate. Under Suharto, Indonesia was ruled by the military dual-function system and authoritarianism. Popular uprising, pillages, and demonstrations arose in the breakdown of New Order. The aim of this paper is to analyze the rational choice theory of New Order regime and the social solidarity of the popular uprising in the Indonesian people. By the attempt to scrutinize the New Order regime, there are some questions need to be asked. Firstly, how was the emergence and his political scheme in the history of Indonesia? Secondly, why the Asian Financial Crisis brought Suharto and New Order regime into its downfall? and thirdly, what was the effect of mob violence that appeared in 1998? Through these questions, rational choice institutionalism and social solidarity will be the approaches to delve the analysis of New Order regime by differentiate the governmental, national and international scale of the study.

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

17

Reiju Mihara, H. "Existence of a coalitionally strategyproof social choice function: A constructive proof." Social Choice and Welfare 18, no. 3 (July 1, 2001): 543–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003550000075.

Повний текст джерела

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

18

Grabovsky, Irina, and Howard Wainer. "The Cut-Score Operating Function: A New Tool to Aid in Standard Setting." Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics 42, no. 3 (April 12, 2017): 251–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3102/1076998617696495.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

In this essay, we describe the construction and use of the Cut-Score Operating Function in aiding standard setting decisions. The Cut-Score Operating Function shows the relation between the cut-score chosen and the consequent error rate. It allows error rates to be defined by multiple loss functions and will show the behavior of each loss function. One strength of the Cut-Score Operating Function is that it shows how robust error rates are to the choice of cut-score and identifies the regions of extreme sensitivity relative to that choice.

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

19

Kumar, Ujjwal, Souvik Roy, Arunava Sen, Sonal Yadav, and Huaxia Zeng. "Local‐global equivalence in voting models: A characterization and applications." Theoretical Economics 16, no. 4 (2021): 1195–220. http://dx.doi.org/10.3982/te4177.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

The paper considers a voting model where each voter's type is her preference. The type graph for a voter is a graph whose vertices are the possible types of the voter. Two vertices are connected by an edge in the graph if the associated types are “neighbors.” A social choice function is locally strategy‐proof if no type of a voter can gain by misrepresentation to a type that is a neighbor of her true type. A social choice function is strategy‐proof if no type of a voter can gain by misrepresentation to an arbitrary type. Local‐global equivalence (LGE) is satisfied if local strategy‐proofness implies strategy‐proofness. The paper identifies a condition on the graph that characterizes LGE. Our notion of “localness” is perfectly general. We use this feature of our model to identify notions of localness according to which various models of multidimensional voting satisfy LGE. Finally, we show that LGE for deterministic social choice functions does not imply LGE for random social choice functions.

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

20

Sigafoos, Jeff, Susan Laurie, Donna Pennell Fred, and Eleanor Schonell. "Preliminary Assessment of Choice Making among Children with Rett Syndrome." Journal of the Association for Persons with Severe Handicaps 20, no. 3 (September 1995): 175–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154079699502000302.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

Two studies were conducted to assess choice making among seven children with Rett syndrome. Study 1 entailed 20 opportunities to choose between a pair of food, beverage, and leisure items. All children made choices by either looking at or touching one of the items. However, half the opportunities elapsed without a choice having been made. Study 2 was designed to analyze the function of these no responses. Each item was offered individually on 10 separate occasions and the child received the item even if a prior choice had not occurred. Items were generally accepted whether or not a prior choice had been made. This suggests that the lack of a choice may not necessarily indicate lack of preference and that the relationship between selecting and accepting items may vary as a function of task configuration. Nonetheless, both configurations provided useful assessment information.

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

21

Wang, Xixue. "Towards the Functional Equilibrium: The Choice Based on the Reality of China." China Nonprofit Review 8, no. 1 (May 21, 2016): 109–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18765149-12341308.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

As the bridge between the government and the society, Chinese political social associations are faced with the problem of repositioning and system reconstruction in the period of comprehensive social transformation. In her book Between State and Society: Research on Functions of Political Social Associations in China, Prof. Chu Songyan studied the eight major people’s organizations and analyzes the legitimacy and functions of Chinese political social associations using a function-legitimacy framework. In light of the state of Chinese political social associations – their legitimacy of system is enhanced, their legitimacy of value impacted, their social legitimacy challenged, and their social functions overwhelmed by political ones, the author, considering the reality of China, national development strategies and the trends of times, proposed a path of transformation for Chinese political social associations which stresses the balanced development of their functions. The value of this book lies in its distinct definition and classification of Chinese political social associations, its comprehensive analysis of their functions, and its theory of a path for transformation which stresses the balanced development of their functions.

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

22

Sosnowska, H. "Social Choice Function Respecting Rights and Nash Equilibrium of N-Person Games." IFAC Proceedings Volumes 19, no. 10 (June 1986): 473–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1474-6670(17)59711-6.

Повний текст джерела

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

23

Working, Amanda, Mohammed Alqawba, and Norou Diawara. "Dynamic Attribute-Level Best Worst Discrete Choice Experiments." International Journal of Marketing Studies 11, no. 2 (May 23, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijms.v11n2p1.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

Dynamic modelling of decision maker choice behavior of best and worst in discrete choice experiments (DCEs) has numerous applications. Such models are proposed under utility function of decision maker and are used in many areas including social sciences, health economics, transportation research, and health systems research. After reviewing references on the study of such experiments, we present example in DCE with emphasis on time dependent best-worst choice and discrimination between choice attributes. Numerical examples of the dynamic DCEs are simulated, and the associated expected utilities over time of the choice models are derived using Markov decision processes. The estimates are computationally consistent with decision choices over time.

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

24

Kahng, Anson, and Gregory Kehne. "Worst-Case Voting When the Stakes Are High." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 36, no. 5 (June 28, 2022): 5100–5107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v36i5.20443.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

We study the additive distortion of social choice functions in the implicit utilitarian model, and argue that it is a more appropriate metric than multiplicative distortion when an alternative that confers significant social welfare may exist (i.e., when the stakes are high). We define a randomized analog of positional scoring rules, and present a rule which is asymptotically optimal within this class as the number of alternatives increases. We then show that the instance-optimal social choice function can be efficiently computed. Next, we take a beyond-worst-case view, bounding the additive distortion of prominent voting rules as a function of the best welfare attainable in an instance. Lastly, we evaluate the additive distortion of a range of rules on real-world election data.

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

25

Boutilier, Craig, and Ariel Procaccia. "A Dynamic Rationalization of Distance Rationalizability." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 26, no. 1 (September 20, 2021): 1278–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v26i1.8240.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

Distance rationalizability is an intuitive paradigm for developing and studying voting rules: given a notion of consensus and a distance function on preference profiles, a rationalizable voting rule selects an alternative that is closest to being a consensus winner. Despite its appeal, distance rationalizability faces the challenge of connecting the chosen distance measure and consensus notion to an operational measure of social desirability. We tackle this issue via the decision-theoretic framework of dynamic social choice, in which a social choice Markov decision process (MDP) models the dynamics of voter preferences in response to winner selection. We show that, for a prominent class of distance functions, one can construct a social choice MDP, with natural preference dynamics and rewards, such that a voting rule is (votewise) rationalizable with respect to the unanimity consensus for a given distance function iff it is a (deterministic) optimal policy in the MDP. This provides an alternative rationale for distance rationalizability, demonstrating the equivalence of rationalizable voting rules in a static sense and winner selection to maximize societal utility in a dynamic process.

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

26

Abadie, Alberto, and Maximilian Kasy. "Choosing Among Regularized Estimators in Empirical Economics: The Risk of Machine Learning." Review of Economics and Statistics 101, no. 5 (December 2019): 743–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/rest_a_00812.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

Many settings in empirical economics involve estimation of a large number of parameters. In such settings, methods that combine regularized estimation and data-driven choices of regularization parameters are useful. We provide guidance to applied researchers on the choice between regularized estimators and data-driven selection of regularization parameters. We characterize the risk and relative performance of regularized estimators as a function of the data-generating process and show that data-driven choices of regularization parameters yield estimators with risk uniformly close to the risk attained under the optimal (unfeasible) choice of regularization parameters. We illustrate using examples from empirical economics.

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

27

Locey, Matthew L., Bryan A. Jones, and Howard Rachlin. "Real and hypothetical rewards in self-control and social discounting." Judgment and Decision Making 6, no. 6 (August 2011): 552–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1930297500002515.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

AbstractLaboratory studies of choice and decision making among real monetary rewards typically use smaller real rewards than those common in real life. When laboratory rewards are large, they are almost always hypothetical. In applying laboratory results meaningfully to real-life situations, it is important to know the extent to which choices among hypothetical rewards correspond to choices among real rewards and whether variation of the magnitude of hypothetical rewards affects behavior in meaningful ways. The present study compared real and hypothetical monetary rewards in two experiments. In Experiment 1, participants played a temporal discounting game that incorporates the logic of a repeated prisoner’s-dilemma (PD) game versus tit-for-tat; choice of one alternative (“defection” in PD terminology) resulted in a small-immediate reward; choice of the other alternative (“cooperation” in PD terminology) resulted in a larger reward delayed until the following trial. The larger-delayed reward was greater for half of the groups than for the other half. Rewards also differed in type across groups: multiples of real nickels, hypothetical nickels, or hypothetical hundred-dollar bills. All groups significantly increased choice of the larger delayed reward over the 40 trials of the experiment. Over the last 10 trials, cooperation was significantly higher when the difference between larger and smaller hypothetical rewards was greater. Reward type (real or hypothetical) made no significant difference in cooperation on most measures. In Experiment 2, real and hypothetical rewards were compared in social discounting—the decrease in value to the giver of a reward as social distance increases to the receiver of the reward. Social discount rates were well described by a hyperbolic function. Discounting rates for real and hypothetical rewards did not significantly differ. These results add to the evidence that results of experiments with hypothetical rewards validly apply in everyday life.

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

28

Brdar, Milan. "Significance of functionalistic concept of socialization." Socioloski godisnjak, no. 5 (2010): 7–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/socgod1005007b.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

In this article author gives try to dispel the scope and role of socialization allong the lines of Parsons funcionalist theory of social system. Starting with pattern-variables (universality-particularity, specificitydiffuseness, qualities-acts, neutrality-affectivity, self-collective orientation) as a necessary condition of action, for actor must do his choice among them before start acting, author points out that individual in society meets readymade choices that must be adopted. Adopting and interioriyation of readymade social choices is seen as a primary function of socialization proces. Thus, socialization conects two levels: of presocialized individual, on the one hand, and of institutionalized level of social practices (roles and expectations connected with them), values, norms, and rules. Aim of socialization is to lift individual from natural buttom level to the institutional level by forming skilfull responsible person capable to perform various social roles and to fulfill expectations connected to them in the socijal interaction with others. Main conclusion maintains that social rationality limits full effects of socialization for, full institutional practice would be irational and disfunctional for society as well as for individual. Point is that, individual itself will resist to full institutionalization, and on the other hand, will fight for scope of freedom as a condition for rational performing of his roles. Teerefore, on the social plane we have institutional level of practice and non institutional level of it, as a components of social rationality. That means that in the continuum between conformity and deviant acting we have meny variations in individual performance of the action of same type or kind. So, next to the conform and deviant action we have variant socijal action of the individuals. Article is concluded with reflection of positive social functions of deviant practices as for example: prostitution, gambling, etc. These have function of social ventilation in favour to provide relaxation from institutional overloading of social actors.

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

29

Alami, Manizheh, Nayera Khosrofar, and Maryam Sabbah. "Social Power and Textual Strategies." International Journal of Learning and Development 2, no. 4 (July 9, 2012): 125. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ijld.v2i4.2075.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

Language is a crystal being shaped by the society and the rules in a society are mostly under the control of power. Language is a complex system having lots of choices for negotiating meaning which are motivated by the social rules specifically by power. According to Hudson (1980) and Wardhaugh(1986) power can directly be embodied in the choice of pronouns (tu vs. vous) , address forms (name only, title and last name) and some other choices from lexicogrammar. The way power is reflected in everyday use of language is crucial and this study attempts to underscore some of the methods the speakers manipulate to express themselves hinting their degree of power to their addressee(s). In order to find the interrelationship between social power and textual strategies this study tries to examine a novelette entitles" The short happy life of Francis Macomber" written by Earnest Hemingway on the basis of Halliday's Systemic-Functional Grammar (1994) and observe the number and length of utterances and turns. In detail the novelette is analyzed according to the number of special process types, the preferred mode type and the length of turns each character with varying degree of power interacts in the story. The analysis shows that the dominant character manipulates more material process type and imperative mode types, makes utterances and takes longer turns than the dominated one. Key Words: Power- Negotiation of meaning- Halliday's Systemic_ Functional Grammar- Ideational function- Interpersonal function – Material process- Imperative mode

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

30

Chang, Hsia-Ching, and Chen-Ya Wang. "E-Memory Choice Architecture." International Journal of Online Marketing 9, no. 1 (January 2019): 24–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijom.2019010102.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

Twitter archiving systems have been developed to preserve users' tweets. The available methods of organizing tweets for curation include the hashtag, user ID, and keywords. These can be viewed as memory encoding symbols supporting future retrieval of users' social media memories. As Twitter has become a global social media platform, online Twitter archiving systems have transformed from an open platform for archiving tweets to an integrated service managing multiple accounts across platforms. With the changing business models of Twitter archiving systems, usage data has become unavailable publicly. This study collected historical usage data from the API of an online Twitter archiving system, TwapperKeeper, before its acquisition by Hootsuite in September 2011. The valuable system usage data allowed this study to examine the tweet archiving preferences of early Twitter adopters. By mapping adoption-diffusion and use-diffusion models into the web information architecture of the online archiving system, this study analyzed user choice architecture through the system function use.

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

31

Holehouse, James, and Hector Pollitt. "Non-equilibrium time-dependent solution to discrete choice with social interactions." PLOS ONE 17, no. 5 (May 26, 2022): e0267083. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0267083.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

We solve the binary decision model of Brock and Durlauf (2001) in time using a method reliant on the resolvent of the master operator of the stochastic process. Our solution is valid when not at equilibrium and can be used to exemplify path-dependent behaviours of the binary decision model. The solution is computationally fast and is indistinguishable from Monte Carlo simulation. Well-known metastable effects are observed in regions of the model’s parameter space where agent rationality is above a critical value, and we calculate the time scale at which equilibrium is reached using a highly accurate method based on first passage time theory. In addition to considering selfish agents, who only care to maximise their own utility, we consider altruistic agents who make decisions on the basis of maximising global utility. Curiously, we find that although altruistic agents coalesce more strongly on a particular decision, thereby increasing their utility in the short-term, they are also more prone to being subject to non-optimal metastable regimes as compared to selfish agents. The method used for this solution can be easily extended to other binary decision models, including Kirman’s model of ant recruitment Kirman (1993), and under reinterpretation also provides a time-dependent solution to the mean-field Ising model. Finally, we use our time-dependent solution to construct a likelihood function that can be used on non-equilibrium data for model calibration. This is a rare finding, since often calibration in economic agent based models must be done without an explicit likelihood function. From simulated data, we show that even with a well-defined likelihood function, model calibration is difficult unless one has access to data representative of the underlying model.

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

32

Joireman, Jeffrey A., D. Michael Kuhlman, Paul A. M. Van Lange, Toshiaki Doi, and Gregory P. Shelley. "Perceived rationality, morality, and power of social choice as a function of interdependence structure and social value orientation." European Journal of Social Psychology 33, no. 3 (2003): 413–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.155.

Повний текст джерела

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

33

Koçak, Orhan, Meryem Ergin, and Mustafa Z. Younis. "The Associations between Childhood Experiences and Occupational Choice Capability, and the Mediation of Societal Gender Roles." Healthcare 10, no. 6 (May 29, 2022): 1004. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10061004.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

Experiences in family, school, and social life during childhood are associated with gender roles and occupational choice capability. This study examines how competent individuals are in occupational choice capability and the relationships of childhood experiences and gender roles with their competencies in occupational choice capability. The research is composed of 805 individuals aged 18 and older, who reside in Turkey. In the research, we used the Personal Information Form, Childhood Experiences Scale, Gender Roles Attitude Scale, and The Scale of Occupational Choice Capability. The SPSS 25 program and PROCESS-Macro were used to analyze the variables. The relationship between the scales was investigated using Pearson correlation analysis and multiple regression analysis. According to the findings we obtained, individuals’ family and school life were positively correlated with their career choices, and family function sexism harmed their choice of profession. We also found gender roles had a mediating role in the relationship between school life and career choice.

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

34

Haesevoets, Tessa, Chris Reinders Folmer, Dries H. Bostyn, and Alain Van Hiel. "Behavioural Consistency within the Prisoner'S Dilemma Game: The Role of Personality and Situation." European Journal of Personality 32, no. 4 (July 2018): 405–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/per.2158.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

Mixed–motive games represent situations that confront people with a conflict between cooperative and non–cooperative alternatives. Despite this common basis, recent research has shown that the consistency of people's choices across different mixed–motive games is rather low. The present research examined behavioural consistency within the same mixed–motive game, by presenting participants with a series of one–shot Prisoner's Dilemma Games. Across this set of games, payoffs were manipulated in order to intensify or weaken the conflict between self and the other party while maintaining the game's underlying structure. Our findings indicate that significant differences in choice behaviour are observed as a function of both situational (i.e. manipulations of the Prisoner's Dilemma Game's payoff structure) and personality differences (i.e. individual differences in personality and motivational traits). Moreover, our included situational variables and personality features did not interact with each other and were about equally impactful in shaping cooperation. Crucially, however, despite the significant behavioural differences across game variants, considerable consistency in choices was found as well, which suggests that the game's motivational basis reliably impacts choice behaviour in spite of situational and personality variations. We discuss implications for theorizing on mixed–motive situations and elaborate on the question how cooperation can be promoted. © 2018 European Association of Personality Psychology

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

35

Bunce, David J., Peter B. Warr, and Thomas Cochrane. "Blocks in choice responding as a function of age and physical fitness." Psychology and Aging 8, no. 1 (1993): 26–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.8.1.26.

Повний текст джерела

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

36

Canals, Catalina, Eric Goles, Aldo Mascareño, Sergio Rica, and Gonzalo A. Ruz. "School Choice in a Market Environment: Individual versus Social Expectations." Complexity 2018 (December 2, 2018): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/3793095.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

School choice is a key factor connecting personal preferences (beliefs, desires, and needs) and school offer in education markets. While it is assumed that preferences are highly individualistic forms of expectations by means of which parents select schools satisfying their internal moral standards, this paper argues that a better matching between parental preferences and school offer is achieved when individuals take into account their relevant network vicinity, thereby constructing social expectations regarding school choice. We develop two related models (individual expectations and social expectations) and prove that they are driven by a Lyapunov function, obtaining that both models converge to fixed points. Also, we assess their performance by conducting computational simulations. While the individual expectations model shows a probabilistic transition and a critical threshold below which preferences concentrate in a few schools and a significant amount of students is left unattended by the school offer, the social expectations model presents a smooth dynamics in which most of the schools have students all the time and no students are left out. We discuss our results considering key topics of the empirical research on school choice in educational market environments and conclude that social expectations contribute to improve information and lead to a better matching between school offer and parental preferences.

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

37

Coughlan, Peter J., and Michel Le Breton. "A social choice function implementable via backward induction with values in the ultimate uncovered set." Review of Economic Design 4, no. 2 (June 1, 1999): 153–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s100580050030.

Повний текст джерела

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

38

Carpendale, Jeremy I. M., and Dennis L. Krebs. "Variations in Level of Moral Judgment as a Function of Type of Dilemma and Moral Choice." Journal of Personality 63, no. 2 (June 1995): 289–313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.1995.tb00811.x.

Повний текст джерела

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

39

Renner, Philipp, and Karl Schmedders. "Discrete‐time dynamic principal–agent models: Contraction mapping theorem and computational treatment." Quantitative Economics 11, no. 4 (2020): 1215–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3982/qe960.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

We consider discrete‐time dynamic principal–agent problems with continuous choice sets and potentially multiple agents. We prove the existence of a unique solution for the principal's value function only assuming continuity of the functions and compactness of the choice sets. We do this by a contraction mapping theorem and so also obtain a convergence result for the value function iteration. To numerically compute a solution for the problem, we have to solve a collection of static principal–agent problems at each iteration. As a result, in the discrete‐time setting solving the static problem is the difficult step. If the agent's expected utility is a rational function of his action, then we can transform the bi‐level optimization problem into a standard nonlinear program. The final results of our solution method are numerical approximations of the policy and value functions for the dynamic principal–agent model. We illustrate our solution method by solving variations of two prominent social planning models from the economics literature.

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

40

Zagoruiko, І. О., and L. O. Petkova. "THE PROBLEM OF CIVILIZATIONAL CHOICE: THE MULTIFACTOR FUNCTION OF EXPORT." Proceedings of Scientific Works of Cherkasy State Technological University Series Economic Sciences, no. 68 (April 20, 2023): 135–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.24025/2306-4420.68.2023.284511.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

The article is devoted to the methodology of modeling the influence of technical-economic, socio-economic and socio-political factors on the export of goods and services in the conditions of civilizational choice. These factors are considered on the example of foreign trade of Ukraine for the period from the time of restoration of its independence to the beginning of the full-scale Russian invasion. In the case of Ukraine, such factors include: age and technological structures of the main production assets; the structure of foreign ownership; monopolization of the labor market; electoral sympathies and age structure of the population; the magnitude of migration, unemployment and crime. Given the long period of colonial dependence of Ukraine, the factor of inertia of foreign economic relations is also taken into account. All these factors to one degree or another influenced the choice of foreign trade partners by Ukrainian firms. These factors are taken into account in the independent variables of the proposed export function. The function has a logarithmic-difference form: in its equation, all variables are dimensionless quantities - logarithms of the ratios of the differences of certain aggregate quantities and the corresponding factors. This form of the proposed function makes it linear and invariant with respect to the replacement of all relations with their inverses, as well as defined even for zero values of the factors. The export function is normalized: each relation that characterizes the firm is divided into a similar relation that characterizes the industry in which it operates. Variables reflecting social factors are differentiated by regions in which a certain firm operates. In a modified form, the proposed export function can serve as a tool for analyzing the evolution of foreign trade of other countries - both those that have existed for a long time and those that have only recently gained (or will gain) political independence. The logarithmic-difference form of the proposed export function can be used as a certain mathematical "template" for constructing other econometric functions that reflect the choice of economic entities between two opposite directions of their activity.

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

41

Boettke, Peter J., and Peter T. Leeson. "Hayek, Arrow, and the Problems of Democratic Decision–Making." Journal of Public Finance and Public Choice 20, no. 1 (April 1, 2002): 9–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/251569202x15665366114815.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

Abstract Both Hayek and Arrow provide arguments about the inability of the vote process to yield a coherent social choice. Hayek demonstrated that planning is incompatible with democracy; its coherence requires dictatorship. Arrow demonstrated that voting fails to produce rational social choices; social rationality can be assured only when there is a single will. In both, the substitution of a single will for the many wills is ruled as incompatible with a free society. Because market socialism relies upon either the existence of a meaningful, stable social welfare function or democratic decision-making to allocate resources, the complementary arguments of Hayek and Arrow imply that market socialism requires dictatorship to achieve coherence.

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

42

Awuah-Offei, Kwame, Sisi Que, and Atta Ur Rehman. "Evaluating Mine Design Alternatives for Social Risks Using Discrete Choice Analysis." Sustainability 13, no. 16 (August 4, 2021): 8700. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13168700.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

As with other engineering design tasks, mine design involves setting design objectives and constraints (the feasible solution space) and finding the optimal design alternative. Mine engineers often struggle to incorporate the preferences of local community members into their evaluation of mine design alternatives because the mining literature lacks tools to quantify such risks during mine planning. This paper presents an approach to evaluate community acceptance (i.e., community preferences for the alternatives) using discrete choice models and decision-based design during mine planning. Using discrete choice models and a rigorous framework, engineers can estimate the cost of social risks as a function of the probability that individuals in the host community will prefer a particular design alternative. They can then estimate the overall utility of a particular design alternative to the project proponents. This paper illustrates the proposed approach with a strategic mine planning exercise for a gold mine. The framework can be a useful tool for designing mines for sustainability, if combined with effective community engagement and management’s commitment to creating shared value.

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

43

Vigors, Belinda. "Reducing the Consumer Attitude–Behaviour Gap in Animal Welfare: The Potential Role of ‘Nudges’." Animals 8, no. 12 (December 5, 2018): 232. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani8120232.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

Citizen concern for the welfare of farm animals is well documented. However, there is a notable gap between people saying they want improved farm animal welfare and how they actually behave as a consumer. This is known as the citizen–consumer attitude–behaviour gap. As improvements in farm animal welfare can be affected by market demand, the choices consumers make become important. This paper introduces the concept of ‘nudging’ and discusses how it could be applied to reduce the attitude–behaviour gap amongst consumers. By designing the choice environment to better reflect the behavioural biases known to impact human decision-making, ‘nudge’ tools function to prompt individuals to make choices that are aligned with their stated intentions. Four ‘nudge’ tools: self-nudges, choice architecture, social norms and pre-commitments are discussed. The behavioural rationales for their use are reviewed and examples of how they might be applied to animal welfare provided. Improved farm animal welfare arguably requires improved pro-welfare consumer behaviour. This paper highlights how this might be encouraged by: self-nudging the salience of an ethical self-image; altering the choice architecture to influence decision-making; articulating social norms to impact behaviour; and using pre-commitment devices to overcome self-control issues.

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

44

Chen, Le-Yu. "IDENTIFICATION OF DISCRETE CHOICE DYNAMIC PROGRAMMING MODELS WITH NONPARAMETRIC DISTRIBUTION OF UNOBSERVABLES." Econometric Theory 33, no. 3 (March 21, 2016): 551–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266466616000049.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

This paper presents semiparametric identification results for the Rust (1994) class of discrete choice dynamic programming (DCDP) models. We develop sufficient conditions for identification of the deep structural parameters for the case where the per-period utility function ascribed to one choice in the model is parametric but the distribution of unobserved state variables is nonparametric. The proposed identification strategy does not rely on availability of the terminal period data and can therefore be applied to infinite horizon structural dynamic models. Identifying power comes from assuming that the agent’s per-period utilities admit continuous choice-specific state variables that are observed with sufficient variation and satisfy certain conditional independence assumptions on the joint time series of observables. These conditions allow us to formulate exclusion restrictions for identifying the primitive structural functions of the model.

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

45

Rehanisafira, Marini, and Afnita Afnita. "POLA KOMUNIKASI POLITIK PADA AKUN MEDIA SOSIAL INSTAGRAM DEDI MULYADI PERSPEKTIF SOSIOLINGUISTIK." Jurnal Ilmiah Bina Bahasa 14, no. 2 (December 17, 2021): 151–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.33557/binabahasa.v14i2.1517.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

Abstract: This research is motivated by the simple, generous and active life on social media Dedi Mulyadi when he was a Member of the DPR RI, so the researchers wanted to analyze the pattern of political communication in the Instagram social media of the DPR RI Member. The purpose of this study was to analyze the pattern of choice of speech code of Dedi Mulyadi in political communication on Instagram social media. Political communication can be done by using the choice of speech code according to its purpose and function. Data is collected by listening, recording, and note-taking methods. In carrying out the listening method, the tapping technique is applied as the basic technique. Then it is continued with advanced techniques in the form of free listening and conversation techniques, recording techniques, and note-taking techniques. Data analysis was carried out using the equivalent method, contextual method, and was carried out using mark-up reading techniques. Based on the results of data analysis, Dedi Mulyadi uses the choice of speech code as a communication need according to the function of his speech. The form of choice of speech code used varies. The pattern of choice of speech code for Dedi Mulyadi as a Member of the DPR RI in political communication on social media Instagram is classified into two parts, namely based on the relationship between participants and the surrounding situation. Dedi Mulyadi in making the choice of speech code has various patterns with the dominant patterns that appear based on participant relationships, namely vertical patterns and informal patterns.

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

46

Bar-Tal, Daniel, Amiram Raviv, Alona Raviv, and Marianne E. Brosh. "Perception of epistemic authority and attribution for its choice as a function of knowledge area and age." European Journal of Social Psychology 21, no. 6 (November 1991): 477–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2420210603.

Повний текст джерела

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

47

Schultz, Wolfram. "Neuronal Reward and Decision Signals: From Theories to Data." Physiological Reviews 95, no. 3 (July 2015): 853–951. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00023.2014.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

Rewards are crucial objects that induce learning, approach behavior, choices, and emotions. Whereas emotions are difficult to investigate in animals, the learning function is mediated by neuronal reward prediction error signals which implement basic constructs of reinforcement learning theory. These signals are found in dopamine neurons, which emit a global reward signal to striatum and frontal cortex, and in specific neurons in striatum, amygdala, and frontal cortex projecting to select neuronal populations. The approach and choice functions involve subjective value, which is objectively assessed by behavioral choices eliciting internal, subjective reward preferences. Utility is the formal mathematical characterization of subjective value and a prime decision variable in economic choice theory. It is coded as utility prediction error by phasic dopamine responses. Utility can incorporate various influences, including risk, delay, effort, and social interaction. Appropriate for formal decision mechanisms, rewards are coded as object value, action value, difference value, and chosen value by specific neurons. Although all reward, reinforcement, and decision variables are theoretical constructs, their neuronal signals constitute measurable physical implementations and as such confirm the validity of these concepts. The neuronal reward signals provide guidance for behavior while constraining the free will to act.

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

48

Rehman, Saif Ur, and Yacoub Haider Hamdan. "Founding-Family Firms and CSR Performance in the Emerging Economy of India: A Socio-Emotional Wealth Perspective." Sustainability 15, no. 10 (May 18, 2023): 8189. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15108189.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

Family firms are considered a function of the family’s influence on the firm’s strategic choices by pursuing the family’s vision for the firm. Based on the premise of the socio-emotional wealth (SEW) theory, this study investigates whether they follow CSR as a strategic choice to grow and preserve SEW and embrace social norms. Using a sample of 88 publicly listed founder-controlled firms in India, this study found that more family member participation improves CSR performance. The relationship is more robust when participating members serve as owners and managers. Further, the relationship between family members is augmented when the member is a female participant. The findings of additional analyses show that family members are more attuned to environmental performance than the other two dimensions of CSR (social and governance). Finally, CSR is related to firm performance as assessed by ROA and Tobin Q. The findings support the socio-emotional wealth (SEW) theory as family members’ participation has incentives in choosing CSR as a strategic decision. CSR as a strategic choice offers economic and social benefits for family enterprises.

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

49

Robitzsch, Alexander. "Lp Loss Functions in Invariance Alignment and Haberman Linking with Few or Many Groups." Stats 3, no. 3 (August 5, 2020): 246–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/stats3030019.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

The comparison of group means in latent variable models plays a vital role in empirical research in the social sciences. The present article discusses an extension of invariance alignment and Haberman linking by choosing the robust power loss function ρ(x)=|x|p(p>0). This power loss function with power values p smaller than one is particularly suited for item responses that are generated under partial invariance. For a general class of linking functions, asymptotic normality of estimates is shown. Moreover, the theory of M-estimation is applied for obtaining linking errors (i.e., inference with respect to a population of items) for this class of linking functions. In a simulation study, it is shown that invariance alignment and Haberman linking have comparable performance, and in some conditions, the newly proposed robust Haberman linking outperforms invariance alignment. In three examples, the influence of the choice of a particular linking function on the estimation of group means is demonstrated. It is concluded that the choice of the loss function in linking is related to structural assumptions about the pattern of noninvariance in item parameters.

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

50

Radziejowska, Aleksandra, Anna Sobotka, and Joanna Sagan. "Support of Decision in Buildings Refurbishment with a Change of Utility." Tehnički glasnik 14, no. 2 (June 11, 2020): 162–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.31803/tg-20200501191758.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

Construction objects, including buildings, are characterized by a long period of use resulting from the properties of structural and material solutions properly designed, constructed and operated. Practice shows that functional aging of buildings is faster than technical. Therefore, for these reasons and taking into account current socio-economic concepts (sustainable development, preservation of cultural heritage, economic, location reasons, etc.) buildings that have ceased to perform their current function are subject to renovation and / or refurbishment, enabling them to perform new functions compatible with social needs: public and commercial. The choice of new functions cannot be accidental. The decision-making process regarding the refurbishment of a building with a change of utility function is subject to high economic risk, which is why it should be carried out using a methodology that ensures a holistic approach. The paper proposes a methodology of functional and functional programming in the pre-investment phase of project preparation using multi-criteria analysis of the utility function selection. The methodology is illustrated by an example of the choice of function in the adaptation of a post-production building from public resources.

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

Статті в журналах з теми "Social Choice Function"

Оформте джерело за APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard та іншими стилями