Статті в журналах: "Social and environmental contract conditions"

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NIKOLAJCHUK, T. O., and N. I. KHUMAROVA. "CONTRACT - A TOOL FOR IMPROVING MANAGEMENT OF THE NATURAL RESERVE FUND." Economic innovations 20, no. 1(66) (March 20, 2018): 148–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.31520/ei.2018.20.1(66).148-161.

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Topicality. Market transformations in the country's economy caused the need to revise the labor relations institute from the economic development point of view. Particular importance was the theoretical reassessment labor relations institutional: the old labor law institutes, which corresponded to the administrative command system, must transform to new ones, that contain market needs. One of such labor relations institutes are contractual relations between the employer and the employee, which allow to personalize the labor relations as much as possible, consider the economic interest of both parties, and protect as far as possible the mutual interests and rights. Aim and tasks. The aim of the article is represented the main tendencies and realities of using an employment contract in Ukraine's companies, which is signed in the standard form. The current legislation gaps of the contract using are considered as a special employment contract form with the companies leaders and other employees categories, depending on the specifics enterprise's activity or belonging to the management sphere. The preconditions for the special legislation implementation are determined during the labor contracts conclusion with the Ukrainian's nature reserve fund enterprises heads. The personal responsibility for environmental protection legislation and violation conditions are considered. Proactive and experienced specialists are established an extensive system of allowances and one-time incentives. Research results. In this article we have reviewed the implementation preconditions during the labor contracts' conclusion with the enterprises' heads of the Ukrainian nature reserve fund. We have considered the responsibility personalization conditions for environmental legislation violations with the definition of socio-economic components. For example, the contract may also stipulate social and living conditions, such as the garden plot allocation, a car, living conditions improvement, the share sale at par value, the social pensions surcharges establishment, protection against inflation processes and so on. Also it may be envisaged an employee to move another area. Conclusions. A contract can give the chance to more people to realize their work abilities on the most favorable conditions, to build the civil society foundations and the legal capitalist state. Contract's application can detail the labor relations, the system of economic incentives and encouragement, protects the rights of both employee and employer, and also provides an opportunity to assess the mutual responsibility's degree.

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Balatsky, E. V., and N. A. Ekimova. "Social Contract Phenomenon: Evolution of Concepts and Modern Interpretations." Journal of Applied Economic Research 21, no. 3 (2022): 604–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.15826/vestnik.2022.21.3.021.

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The aim of the article is to systematically consider the conceptual foundations of the process of formation and maintenance of the social contract, its properties and meaning. The paper uses historical and structural approaches to the study of the phenomenon of social contract in conjunction with their practical application to contemporary events. The result of the study is the authors' substantiation and disclosure of six provisions of the social contract theory. In particular, it provides a systematic explanation of why the understanding of justice underlying the social contract changes significantly over time. The structure of the social contract, which assumes the presence of a constant (obligations of the population) and a variable (obligations of the authorities) part, is substantiated. It is shown that the constant part in the form of the population's loyalty allows the state itself to be preserved over a long historical period, and the variable part in the form of changing requirements to the authorities ensures the evolution of society. Two conditions of the effectiveness of the social contract, when the fulfillment of obligations by both sides of the contract leads to the strengthening of the country and improvement of the situation of the masses, are formulated and formalized: the level of obligations of the supreme power and society should be approximately equal; the luggage of good deeds of power should exceed the luggage of its not-so-good deeds. It is shown that the first condition generates the property of the social contract, when under extraordinary conditions the demand for loyalty from the authorities to the population sharply increases, and the second condition allows us to understand the long-term existence of ineffective regimes of rule such as dictatorship, when despotism in the face of an authoritarian ruler does more good than harm. The main conclusion of the work consists in the substantiation of the fact that at present in the Russian Federation there is a unique situation for the creation of an effective new the social contract, the need for which has been felt for a long time. The presented theoretical provisions can be used in the system of public administration to form the content of the new social contract.

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Taranenko, L. S., and N. І. Chudyk-Bilousova. "THE EMPLOYMENT CONTRACT AS A REGULATOR OF SOCIAL SECURITY RELATIONS IN MODERN CONDITIONS." State and Regions. Series: Law, no. 1 (2023): 62–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.32840/1813-338x-2023.1.10.

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Razmetaeva, Yulia. "Business, Human Rights and a New Social Contract in the Digital Age Abstract." Philosophy of law and general theory of law, no. 1 (December 21, 2021): 134–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.21564/2707-7039.1.247482.

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The article is devoted to the problem of concluding a new social contract in the digitalage, taking into account the its peculiarities and the complex challenges in the field of business andhuman rights. The issues of the need to renegotiate such an agreement, the composition of the partiesand its basic conditions are considered. It is emphasized that the almost uncontrolled activities andgrowing power of companies are not the only, but one of the most important reasons for revisingthe contract.The article argues that the features of the digital age that affect the reasons for the conclusionand content of a new social contract are as follows: a significant part of all activities of entities takesplace in cyberspace or has an online component; digital tools are extremely common in both publicand private life; data become key to any economic, social, political activity; the amount of data ishuge, and the speed of their spread is incredibly high; the development of societies is uneven, andit is exacerbated by the digital divide; the power of business structures is growing, including theirability to modify the behavior of users of digital tools.The main threats to the existing social contract are a significant imbalance between the rights andobligations of the parties, the ineffectiveness of instruments to control its observance, the asymmetryof power, and the formation of a regulatory framework by companies against their role in the privatesector. Attempts to include business in the treaty, leaving human rights and justice at the center,including legitimacy and the negotiation of conditions with equal participation of individuals, civilsociety, companies and governments, are considered.The reasons for the potential loss of power of the existing social contract in the digital age are given,including the examples exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic. The article emphasizes the need toreconcile the responsibilities of participants, as well as to take into account the consequences of the

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Hartanto, Hartanto, Subandi Subandi, and Olga Pavlova. "Progressive view on social justice: Netizen opinions about social justice warrior." Psikohumaniora: Jurnal Penelitian Psikologi 5, no. 1 (April 30, 2020): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.21580/pjpp.v5i1.5250.

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<p>Social justice warrior (SJW) is a pejorative term for individuals who fight for equality, environment, and gender. Because their progressive morals radically differ from the predominant values, the so-called social justice warriors spark controversies. This study aimed to describe netizens’ opinions about SJW and describe the dynamics of conflict or support in more detail. Text mining and opinion coding were used to elicit research data. The opinions that we gathered were analyzed in 2 stages: sentiment analysis and content analysis. The results of sentiment analysis are negative (445), neutral (86), and positive (90). Content analysis of the negative opinions showed the characteristics of sarcastic, rude, critical, and contemptuous (mocking/disrespecting). The style of positive sentiments (comments congruent with the phenomena) is divided into supportive, empathic, and motivational opinions. Negative opinions are more dominant because of netizens’ self-acceptance, the effects of informal social control in cyberspace, SJW’s presumed social non-compliance, and doubts of objectivity. Positive opinions can be explained by criticism of social contract theory, namely the demand to be more supportive of minority groups, sensitivity, and empathy (the ability to feel other groups' social conditions and environmental conditions).</p>

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Kotorok, Maria Florida. "Exploring Factors and Impacts of Contract Breaches in Medical Therapeutic Agreements." JIHK 5, no. 1 (August 16, 2023): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.46924/jihk.v5i1.172.

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This research addresses how social, economic, and educational factors contribute to contract breaches and explores the psychological impacts on patients and doctor-patient relationships, offering effective management strategies. Utilizing an empirical legal research approach, data will be gathered through observation and in-depth interviews. This study reveals how social, economic, and educational factors impact contract breaches at Mitra Masyarakat Timika Papua Hospital. Social conditions, culture, and environment shape patient-therapeutic interactions. Economic constraints and lack of insurance impede treatment payment, while limited education affects medical understanding and rights comprehension. Strategies like financial flexibility, assistance, and improved cost information manage risks. Breaches cause psychological impact and strained doctor-patient ties. Effective strategies encompass communication, support, re-evaluation, dispute resolution, education, and improved doctor communication. Holistic, empathetic approaches maintain care quality and trust

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Tsiura, Vadym, Ernest Gramatskyy, Liudmyla Panova, Roman Sabodash, and Valentyn Bazhanov. "Contract law in the conditions of recodification: modernity and future prospects." Revista Amazonia Investiga 12, no. 68 (October 20, 2023): 303–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.34069/ai/2023.68.08.28.

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The relevance of the research lies in the study and analysis of the impact of recodification on contract law and the determination of its future prospects. Recodification, which involves a systematic revision and unification of legislation, is necessary in connection with globalization, the development of electronic commerce, and new technologies. The change in social values also creates a need to revise the legal frame, in particular in the protection of consumer rights and compliance with ethical norms. The study proposes to identify problems, propose rational solutions, and contribute to forecasting the future development of the relevant field of law. The purpose of the study is to study the impact of the recodification process on the modern system of contract law and to determine the prospects for its development in the future. The methodological basis of the research is based on a combination of various scientific approaches and methods that allow for a comprehensive and comprehensive analysis of the research subject. Some of the main methodological approaches that can be used in this work include comparative analysis, legal analysis, empirical research methods, theoretical analysis, and historical analysis. Actual problems and challenges faced by the modern system of positive law are identified; the advantages and disadvantages of various models of recodification and their impact on the modernity of the researched field are clarified; an idea was obtained about the possible directions of the development of contract law, in particular regarding unification and harmonization, protection of consumer rights and consideration of ethical norms; recommendations and proposals for improving relevant legal norms in the context of recodification are formulated.

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Moseiko, Viktoriya. "The problem of trust and modern Russian pension system." Moscow University Economics Bulletin, no. 5 (October 31, 2021): 232–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.38050/013001052021511.

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The paper attempts to identify the relationship between trust viewed through private good, club good, private external effects and public good, and pension systems, presented in the form of vertical and horizontal social contracts. Guided by the typology of benefits in the analysis of trust, the author argues: trust in a horizontal pension contract develops in a network of transactions regarding the production of a pension good and is a combination of its various types. In a vertical contract, the possibilities of individuals' retirement planning and the position of private structures in the pension market are limited, that reduces the role of trust as a private and club good and strengthens the importance of trust in the form of a public good. The author shows that in a horizontal pension contract, trust is a basic prerequisite for all pension interactions. The effectiveness of a horizontal pension contract depends on the level of trust: low trust increases transaction costs and makes pension planning unviable. The author concludes that in conditions of low confidence, satisfaction of pension needs is easier to organize through a vertical type contract in which pension needs are satisfied centrally. At the same time, low trust of Russians to pension institutions is the result of a vertical pension contract.

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Lesage, Colombine, Jaime Cifuentes-Espinosa, and Laurène Feintrenie. "Oil palm cultivation in the Americas: review of the social, economic and environmental conditions of its expansion." Cahiers Agricultures 30 (2021): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/cagri/2021015.

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In the Americas, the palm oil sector has been gaining importance in the last 20 years. Although in 2018 the region only accounted for 7.1% of global palm oil production, it is one of the largest suitable areas for oil palm cultivation. We conducted a literature review on how the sector developed and how its development influenced private and public actors in their choice among three categories of arrangements between oil palm growers and palm oil extraction units. We grouped cases reported in the literature in three categories: corporate models, contract farming, and growers’ organizations. The two latter categories emerged in response to the call for better inclusion of growers in the value chain, for local development, and for sustainable production; they now represent almost 30% of production in the region. All the parties involved are pushing for more sustainable production. National governments intend to regulate production, and private companies are engaging in certification and fair partnerships with producers of fruit bunches. However, there are still many negative impacts on the environment, on local populations, and on biodiversity. Thus, although the Americas appear to be on the way to being leaders of sustainability in the palm oil sector, challenges remain.

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Levine, Jeffrey, and John Miller. "Legal and Risk Management Considerations and Implications of Carelessly Drafted Game Contracts: Avoiding a Legal Hurricane." Journal of Legal Aspects of Sport 32, no. 1 (February 25, 2022): 95–120. http://dx.doi.org/10.18060/24474.

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Weather plays a crucial role in sport event management. Ignoring predicted weather conditions or not effectively communicating them may lead to unanticipated legal, financial, environmental, and social impacts. In 2018, the University of Akron and University of Nebraska football teams were forced to cancel their contest after severe lightning and rainstorms caused significant delays, thus creating a ripple effect that produced other potential risk management issues. This article examines the legal and risk management considerations of this situation, including the possible implications of a carelessly drafted game contract as well as potential strategies to mitigate legal exposure. The authors evaluated the potential application of contract ambiguity as well as contract impracticability and contract impossibility. To mitigate such issues from reoccurring, the authors suggest utilizing an enterprise risk management planning approach to create procedures as part of mitigating the risk of inclement weather in collegiate athletics event management.

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Cahayani, Dian. "Harship Doctrine Regarding Fulfillment of the Performance of an Agreement." Pena Justisia: Media Komunikasi dan Kajian Hukum 22, no. 3 (January 11, 2024): 467. http://dx.doi.org/10.31941/pj.v22i3.3615.

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<em>In contract law, performance fulfillment is a fundamental principle. However, in practice, unforeseen changes in circumstances can disrupt performance fulfillment. To address this, the doctrine of hardship is necessary to create a balance between performance fulfillment and unforeseen changes in circumstances. The aim of this research is to analyze the concept of the hardship doctrine in contract law and identify its impact on the interpretation and performance of contracts, as well as the protection of rights and fairness for parties bound by contractual agreements. The research method used is normative research method with a focus on analyzing the legal regulations that govern the hardship doctrine. The data sources include legal texts, regulations, court decisions, and relevant legal expert opinions, along with techniques such as legal document analysis, comparison, and drawing conclusions to generate a comprehensive understanding. In contract law, the hardship doctrine refers to the concept of unforeseen changes in circumstances significantly affecting contract performance. This doctrine allows parties to request contract modifications or terminations in situations that are no longer fair or feasible. It also impacts contract interpretation, as courts determine whether the changed circumstances meet the criteria for activating the doctrine. Although not fully regulated in Indonesian legislation, the Civil Code provides relevant legal grounds. It is important for contracting parties to understand the implications of the hardship doctrine and consider its inclusion in their agreements. The doctrine plays a crucial role in protecting the rights and ensuring fairness to parties bound by contractual agreements in Indonesia. It provides protection, flexibility, and considerations for social impact and public interests. However, its use should be limited, meet strict requirements, and align with applicable laws. Therefore, the hardship doctrine serves as an essential tool to maintain balance and justice in contract performance when used carefully and in compliance with relevant conditions. </em>

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Awan, Usama, Andrzej Kraslawski, and Janne Huiskonen. "Governing Interfirm Relationships for Social Sustainability: The Relationship between Governance Mechanisms, Sustainable Collaboration, and Cultural Intelligence." Sustainability 10, no. 12 (November 28, 2018): 4473. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10124473.

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The concept of social sustainability is gaining attention within the field of supply chain relationships and international business. There are conflicting arguments regarding the effectiveness of contract governance and collaboration in an interfirm relationship. Previous studies have investigated the effect of a national culture on contract governance and opportunism. This study examines the effects of contract governance on collaboration, incorporating the moderating influence of cultural intelligence. Survey data were collected from 239 export manufacturing firms in different industries. The current authors suggest that contract governance might be more effective under conditions of a greater level of firm cultural intelligence capabilities. Cultural intelligence plays an important role in the shaping and implementation of collaboration and is the key to manage cross-culture relationship management in a supply chain. Cultural intelligence constitutes one potential way for the export industry to manage intercultural differences and profitably achieve an increase in collaboration. Collaboration with a socially responsible partner brings about improved social performance. The social dimensions of sustainability, such as fair labor practices and decent worker conditions, health and safety, no child labor, and employee empowerment must be addressed to accomplish the most sustainable growth. Managers also need to take advantage of cultural intelligence to adapt, collaborate, and share cultural knowledge.

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Parsley, Connal. "Contemporary Art in the Aftermath of Legal Positivism: The ‘Other’ Contract Art as Material Jurisprudence." Pólemos 16, no. 2 (August 8, 2022): 247–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pol-2022-2016.

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Abstract A growing movement in contemporary art takes legal forms and materials as its subject matter. In this article, I argue that a key strand of this ‘legal turn’ should be historicised in two entwined ways. It can be seen as an extension and re-formalisation of some central concerns of late twentieth-century contemporary art; namely relational and participatory aesthetics, and the dematerialisation of the art object. But the artworks considered here can also be analysed as a fragmentary site of ‘juristic subjectivity’ in the aftermath of legal positivism. According to Carl Schmitt, the positivisation that took hold in the nineteenth century exiled the jurist from their role in formally elaborating the substantive law created by social praxis—turning the jurist into a “mere scholar” in relation to law. In this sense, the separation of juristic thought from law is the aftermath of this destructive event. Yet the etymology of aftermath also links it to a secondary growth that re-emerges after a mowing or harvest. Similarly, the ‘contract artists’ analysed here evidence a ‘regrowth’ of juristic thought that relies precisely on its position outside of law ‘properly so-called’, and inside the conditions of contemporary artistic production and consumption. Analysing contract artworks by artists Adrian Piper and A Constructed World, this article suggests that they differ markedly from the contract art, usually connected to the Siegelaub-Projansky agreement, that has received the majority of academic attention. Whereas that so-called “legal moment in artistic production” prioritises the author function, the abstraction of value, and the commodification of social relations, through the above double historicization I will argue that this ‘other’ contract art repurposes legal forms to institute a lived experience of juristic social relations, presenting a new kind of material jurisprudence.

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Ko, Hyung-Do, Jeong-In Kim, and Kyoung-Jin Ahn. "Analyzing of Solar Power Generation Cost-Benefit Using Idle Sites(Parking Lot & Rooftop): Focusing on Environmental Benefit and Social Benefit." Institute of Management and Economy Research 13, no. 2 (June 30, 2022): 139–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.32599/apjb.13.2.202206.139.

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Purpose This study aims to analyzing of solar power generation cost-benefit. Design/methodology/approach - We analyzed whether there is economic feasibility by selecting parking lots and idle sites located in four areas of Seoul, Gyeonggi, Chungcheong, Jeolla, and Gyeongsang areas nationwide, and analyzing site conditions and installation capacity. Findings - According to the results of the analysis, it was found that there is low profitability in Seoul, Gyeonggi and Chungcheong regions, where the solar radiation was not excellent even if REC is selected through the contract market. However, it is necessary to analyzed the economical validity the profitable validity including environmental benefits (greenhouse gas reduction, NOx, SOx reduction effect) and social benefits (renewable power supply) that is analyzed by income and operating costs which is occurred from electricity sales and REC sales when installing solar power generation facilities. Research implications or Originality - In this study, economic feasibility was evaluated additionally in consideration of environmental and social benefits. In conclusion, it was shown that businesses are not economical when considering only simple financial aspects are also sufficiently economical when it is considering environmental and social benefits.

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Kuzmin, S. A., and L. K. Grigorieva. "Contract Military Service in the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation: Organizational, Medical, and Social Aspects of the Selection of Citizens." Disaster Medicine, no. 2 (June 2023): 32–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.33266/2070-1004-2023-2-32-35.

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Summary. The aim of the study is to analyze organizational, medical and social aspects of the selection of citizens for military service under contract in the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation on the basis of a comprehensive study conducted in the subject of the Russian Federation, Orenburg oblast, in order to differentiate the approach to the qualitative staffing of military units of different kinds and types. Materials and Methods of Research. During the present study, the reporting and accounting documents of military commissariats (military commissariats) of municipal formations of Orenburg oblast for the ten-year period – from 2012 to 2021 – were analyzed. Study materials and methods. At present, the share of citizens serving under conscription is 1/3, and the share of contract servicemen is 2/3 of the total number of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation. The resource of citizens for qualitative selection for military service under contract in the Orenburg oblast has been established. A comprehensive assessment of health status, medical and social status and quality of life of persons willing to enter military service under contract has been made, and their moral qualities and their capabilities have been studied in detail. According to the data of the professional psychological selection, all the selected persons had high emotional stability, resistance to physical and mental overload, which may arise during military service, including during performance of tasks in extreme conditions and emergency situations.

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Kostytsky, Vasyl. "THE ESSENCE AND PURPOSE OF THE STATE: THE RIGHT TO VIOLENCE AND THE USE OF COERCION IN THE CONTEXT OF UNDERSTANDING THE STATE'S MODERNITY." Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Legal Studies, no. 123 (2022): 51–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728-2195/2022/4.123-9.

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The purpose of the article is to consider the essence, signs, purpose of the state and to derive the author's vision of the essence of the state, its right to use coercion and violence. To achieve this goal, the author used dialectical, sociological-legal, systemic-structural, axiological-legal methods, as well as methods of comparative jurisprudence, analysis and synthesis. A brief description of the features of the state is provided, the classification of approaches to clarifying the essence of the state into eleven groups: legal (G. Jellinek and G. Kelsen), pluralistic (G.J. Lasky, M. Duverger, R. Dahl, R. Dahrendorf), sociological (J.J. Rousseau, T. Hobbes, I. Kant), general welfare state (J. Keynes, J.K. Galbraith), theory of the rule of law (B. Kistiakivskyi, E. Durkheim, J. Hurvych), theory social state (J. Keynes, G. Ritter), convergence theory (J.K. Galbraith, R. Aron, P.O. Sorokin), technocratic and information-cybernetic (J. Bernheim, J.K. Galbraith, D. Bell, T. Veblen), elitist (G. Mosca, V. Pareto, J. Sartori), as well as general social (or political-legal) as universal and most justified today. Such features of the state as the monopoly right to use coercion and violence arising from the Social Contract, to which the author has not referred to the constitution for the first time, are highlighted. It was concluded that the monopoly of the right to use coercion and violence in modern conditions is gradually being lost by the state and can be voluntarily delegated to supranational organizations (UN, OSCE, NATO). It is noted that the use of violence and coercion by the state is possible only in relation to and while considering its other features – the need to observe human rights, norms of international law, limitation of power by law and the constitution as a Social Contract. It is noted that the essence of the state is inextricably linked to its social purpose, which consists in the performance of functions (ensuring social peace and stability in society, creating conditions for the realization of constitutional rights and freedoms of citizens, improving the quality of life of the country's population) and solving tasks arising from the necessity progressive development of society as a whole. It has been noted that the modern state acts as a social arbiter, a body for solving general cases, ensures law and order as well as supports it, using a monopoly on official coercion up to the point of violence, and the possibility of implementing these functions is limited to the sovereign territory of the state. Based on the analysis of the features of the large-scale Russian war against Ukraine, it is argued that international organizations and state unions have the right to use coercion and violence against states whose functioning is contrary to social purpose, as these states commit terrorism or are aggressor states.

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Tutov, L. A., and I. V. Filimonov. "Subject identification of ecosystems in the economic and social sphere." Moscow University Economics Bulletin, no. 6 (November 8, 2022): 21–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.38050/01300105202262.

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The article addresses the ecosystems in the socio-economic sphere as network forms of organizing economic activity, operating under conditions of digital technological infrastructure that brings together various economic agents. The aim of the study is the subject identification of ecosystems carried out by highlighting the essential characteristics and theoretical and methodological approaches to the study of the subject. Apart from universal methods of cognition, the authors provide a systematic literature review, in particular, the frequency analysis of scientific articles. Such approach allows to identify the three dimensions within which the ecosystems are determined: socio-economic, technological and physico-biological. Ecosystems have a network of multilevel in-built structure characterized by scalability, self-organization, stability and dynamism. The equilibrium of ecosystems is conditional due to the dynamic interaction of economic actors: a combination of competition and cooperation, vertical integration and horizontal network relations, formal and informal contracts. Ecosystem development is determined by the innovation potential: entrepreneurs play an important role, as well as information, data and knowledge used to develop innovations. To study ecosystems, scientific literature applies a general conceptual apparatus of economic science, as well as the conceptual apparatus formed within new institutional economic theory (NIET), evolutionary economics and theory of innovation. NIET can be applied to the study of ecosystems in the field of contract theory, applying the method of discrete structural alternatives. The dichotomous division of ecosystems into economic entities and environments used is a principle that is applied in evolutionary economics. The results of this study can be applied to ecosystem regulation, as well as developing the courses on digital economy.

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Mazzoledi, Carla. "Dalla referenza alla relazione: analisi interlocutoria di un uso competitivo della parola scambiata." IKON, no. 53 (February 2009): 263–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/ikr2006-053010.

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- The paper begins from the consideration that the speech is a form of social action. The present study aims at showing as in all conversations is impossible to separate cognitive-representational aspects from social-relational aspects of the speech, because the relationship is very important to get into communication with people. In specific contexts, full of symbolic aspects, relational aspects are the basis of the contract communication, and represent the real ‘stake in game'. In a situation of political discussion, enlarged by the television mediation, the interaction is strategically oriented to persuasive and competitive purposed. In this study, the method of Conversations Analysis shows the most frequent strategies of the speech competitive use. In particular, the most frequent strategy consist of attacking the preparatory conditions and the sincerity conditions of speech acts accomplished by interlocutor, to attack his face and so to attack him as a person.

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Lee, Myoung Soon, and Eun Kyoung Lee. "A study on the working condition of speech-language pathologists in Korea." Clinical Archives of Communication Disorders 7, no. 1 (April 30, 2022): 43–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.21849/cacd.2022.00717.

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Purpose: This study aims to investigate the employment type of speech-language pathologists, subscription of social security insurance, workplace, working hours, salary, and types of disability of the subjects to be treated, and analyze the information on the actual working conditions to utilize it in policy proposals for speech-language pathologists, considering the changes in economic structure and employment environment and their aspects.Methods: The study was conducted through an online Google questionnaire for speech-language pathologists. The total number of participants was 1,414. The results were processed using SPSS 25.0, and descriptive statistics were performed.Results: First, private speech therapy centers (731 people, 48.1%), social welfare facilities (240 people, 15.8%), and development centers attached to the hospital (164 people, 10.8%) were in order of the type of workplace of speech-language pathologists. Second, the types of work of speech-language pathologists were professional freelance workers (608 people, 44.9%), full-time jobs (551 people, 40.7%), contract workers of fixed payment (95 people, 7.0%), and contract workers of combination with fixed payment and rate system payment (65 people, 4.8%). Third, the insurance coverage of speech-language pathologists was in the order of four major insurances (862 people, 66.2%), non-insured (284 people, 21.8%), and two major insurances (148 people, 11.4%). Fourth, the numbers of speech-language pathologists workplaces were 1 workplace (689 people, 72.2%), 2 workplaces (206 people, 21.6%), others (36 people, 3.8%), and 3 workplaces (23 people, 2.4%).Conclusions: After COVID-19, there was a change in perception of the speech-language pathologists’ employment type. The results of this study will be used to improve the treatment of speech-language pathologists, such as through policy proposals for employment stability and the expansion of high-quality workplaces.

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Issarow, Chacha M., Nicola Mulder, and Robin Wood. "Environmental and social factors impacting on epidemic and endemic tuberculosis: a modelling analysis." Royal Society Open Science 5, no. 1 (January 2018): 170726. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.170726.

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Tuberculosis (TB) transmission results from the interaction between infective sources and susceptible individuals within enabling socio-environmental conditions. As TB is an airborne pathogen, the transmission probability is determined by the volume of air inhaled from an infected source and the concentration of Mycobacterium tuberculosis containing respirable particles (doses) per volume of air. In this study, we model the contributions of infectious dose production, prevalence of infectious cases and daily rebreathed air volume (RAV) for defining the boundary conditions necessary to sustain endemic TB transmission at the population level. Results suggest that in areas with high RAV (range 300–1000 l d −1 ), such as prisons, TB transmission is contributed by both super-spreaders (exhaling ≥10 infectious doses hr −1 ) and lower infectivity individuals (exhaling less than 10 infectious doses hr −1 ). In settings with a low quantity of RAV (less than 100 l d −1 ), TB transmission occurs only from super-spreaders. Point-source epidemics occur in low rebreathed environments when super-spreaders infect a number of susceptibles but subsequent transmission is limited by the mean infectivity of secondary cases. By contrast, endemic TB occurs in poor socio-environmental conditions where mean infectivity cases are able to maintain a sufficiently high effective contact number.

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Song, Zilong, Shiwei He, and Baifeng An. "Decision and Coordination in a Dual-Channel Three-Layered Green Supply Chain." Symmetry 10, no. 11 (October 26, 2018): 549. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym10110549.

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This paper investigated, for the first time, the game and coordination of a dual-channel, three-layered, green fresh produce supply chain, with regard to its economic, social, and environmental performance. Considering that the market demand is dual-channel priced and sensitive to the degree of greenness and the freshness-level, four game models, under different scenarios have been established. These included a centralized scenario, a decentralized scenario, and two contractual scenarios. The equilibrium solutions under the four scenarios were characterized. From the perspective of a sustainable development, the economic, social, and environmental performance of the supply chain was analyzed. To enhance the supply chain performance, two contract mechanisms were designed and the conditions for a multi-win outcome were obtained. Accordingly, many propositions and management implications were provided. The results showed that, (1) compared to the centralized supply chain case, the performance of the decentralized supply chain case is inferior; (2) in addition to increasing the concentration of the supply chain decisions, the two contracts proposed can effectively coordinate the green supply chain and improve its sustainable performance; and (3) the performance of the supply chain is positively driven by the consumers’ sensitivity to greenness degree and the freshness level of fresh produce. This paper fills a research gap and helps the participants of the channel recognize the operational decision principle of a complex green supply chain, in order to achieve a higher and a long-term sustainable-development performance.

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Rau, Veronika, and Judith Korb. "The effect of environmental stress on ageing in a termite species with low social complexity." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 376, no. 1823 (March 8, 2021): 20190739. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0739.

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Social insects seem to have overcome the almost universal trade-off between fecundity and longevity as queens can be highly fecund and at the same time reach lifespans of decades. By contrast, their non-reproducing workers are often short-lived. One hypothesis to explain the long lifespan of queens is that they are better protected against stress than their workers. However, evidence is controversial and experimental studies are scarce. We aimed at manipulating environmental stress and ageing by exposing colonies of the less-socially complex termite Cryptotermes secundus to temperature regimes that differed in variance. In contrast with expectation, constant temperatures imposed more stress than variable temperatures. Survival of queens and workers as well as queens' fecundity were partly reduced under constant conditions and both castes showed signs of ageing in the transcriptome signature under constant conditions. There was a clear oxidative stress defence signal under constant conditions that was, surprisingly, stronger for workers than queens. We discuss how our results relate to social complexity. We argue that workers that are totipotent to become reproductives, like in C. secundus , should invest more in ‘anti-ageing' mechanisms than sterile workers because the former can still reproduce and have not reached maturity yet. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Ageing and sociality: why, when and how does sociality change ageing patterns?’

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Batsak, Kostyantyn. "Valentino Sermattei’s Odesa enterprise of 1859–1865 in art and social discourse." Scientific herald of Tchaikovsky National Music Academy of Ukraine, no. 136 (March 28, 2023): 102–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.31318/2522-4190.2023.136.276565.

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Relevance of the study implies the V. Sermattei’s management stage activity peculiarities investigation in terms of the opera singers’, the audience and the theatre management interactions, the study of management decisions and other factors that have led to its decline. The purpose of the article is to substantiate the private Italian company interdependence of the stage activities success and the sources and means of organizing theatrical business in the Odesa city theatre on the example of V. Sermattei’s management. The methodology includes art critic (to clarify the performing art development peculiarities in Italy), biographical (to investigate the unknown and little-known facts of opera singers’ biographies) and cultural-historical (to reveal the historical processes and cultural phenomena connection and their influence on Italian opera in Ukraine) methods. The results and conclusions. The entrepreneur V. Sermattei, who ran the Odesa city theatre in 1859-1865, gained experience in organizing the foreign engagement of opera companies and organizing their performances without theatre activities additional financing by the municipal authorities. In such conditions, the impresario had to implement various strategies that allowed him to save his capital. Among the most common are: the expenses for the theatre building decoration and renovation “freezing”, the involvement of poorly trained musicians in the theatre orchestra, and the part of the company opera singers with low vocal quality and acting training engagement, which everything together made him impossible to follow the key contract requirements, in particular, the opera repertoire renewal and expansion. Since the biggest part of that time opera companies expenses was on the prima donnas soprano in a dramatic role engagement (for the particularly popular performances of the G. Verdi’s and his contemporaries’ operas), V. Sermattei focused on a less expensive option of involving prima donnas contralto in the company. This approach made it possible to stage of the period of romanticism composers’ works successfully, restore the Rossini’s repertoire, which for a certain time improved the financial affairs in the theatre and slowed down the decline of the company. However, the crisis in the theatre, which deepened during the last two years of the contract validity, was not stopped even by the invitation of the former European celebrity prima donna T. De Giuli-Borsi for the performances. The V. Sermattei’s company troubles prompted the city authorities to improve the contract requirements for the next theatre tenants, to introduce a procedure for selecting an impresario on a competitive basis. In the successive theatre activities period public’s pressure on the impresario mechanisms in order to improve the opera companies’ quality and diversify the repertoire, tested during the period of V. Sermattei management, were applied.

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Long, Jonathan W., and E. Ashley Steel. "Shifting Perspectives in Assessing Socio-Environmental Vulnerability." Sustainability 12, no. 7 (March 26, 2020): 2625. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12072625.

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Governments and institutions across the globe are conducting vulnerability assessments and developing adaptation plans to confront rapidly changing climatic conditions. Interrelated priorities, including the conservation of biodiversity, ecological restoration, sustainable development, and social justice often underlie these efforts. We collaborated with colleagues in an effort to help guide vulnerability assessment and adaptation (VAA) generally in Southeast Asia and specifically in the watershed of the Sirindhorn International Environmental Park (SIEP) in Phetchaburi Province, Thailand. Reflecting upon our experiences and a review of recent VAA literature, we examine a series of seven questions that help to frame the socio-ecological context for VAAs. We then propose a three-dimensional framework for understanding common orientations of VAAs and how they appear to be shifting and broadening over time, particularly in the USA. For example, key leaders in the SIEP project emphasized social development and community-based approaches over more ecology-centric approaches; this orientation was consistent with other examples from SE Asia. In contrast, many efforts for US national forests have evaluated vulnerability based on projected shifts in vegetation and have promoted adaptation options based upon ecological restoration. Illustrating a third, highly integrated approach, many VAAs prepared by indigenous tribes in the USA have emphasized restoring historical ecological conditions within a broader context of promoting cultural traditions, social justice, and adaptive capacity. We conclude with lessons learned and suggestions for advancing integrated approaches.

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Li, Ji Gang. "Adjust Energy Structure, Promoting Chinese Environmental Protection." Applied Mechanics and Materials 672-674 (October 2014): 2065–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.672-674.2065.

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With the sustained and rapid development of Chinese economy, the energy issue has become a constraining "bottleneck" in economic and social development. Therefore, optimization of energy structure is an inevitable trend. In this paper, through the contrast of China and the other countries energy structure and environmental conditions, we think Chinese adjustment of energy structure is still have large space and environment protection efforts need to be strengthened. At last we puts forward some suggestions about promoting environmental protection and reducing carbon emissions.

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Villar, Rocio, Laura Serra, Consol Serra, and Fernando G. Benavides. "Working conditions and absence from work during pregnancy in a cohort of healthcare workers." Occupational and Environmental Medicine 76, no. 4 (January 23, 2019): 236–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oemed-2018-105369.

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ObjectivesTo assess the relationship between exposure to occupational risk factors during pregnancy and absence from work using two different social benefits.MethodThree working pregnancy trajectories (WPT) were identified in a cohort of 428 pregnant workers from a healthcare institution (period 2010–2014), based on absence days and using cluster analysis. WPT1 included absences mainly covered by sickness absence benefit (32.0% of women), WPT2 included absences covered by pregnancy occupational risk (POR) benefit (28.3%) and WPT3 were pregnant workers with few absences (39.9%). Exposure to occupational risk factors was assessed by experts and association with trajectories was analysed using logistic regression. Relative risks (RR) and their 95% CIs were adjusted for age, type of contract and shift work.ResultsWPT2 was associated with exposure to physical (RR=1.86, 95%CI 1.17 to 2.97), safety (RR=2.10, 95%CI 1.61 to 2.73), ergonomic (RR=2.52, 95%CI 1.89 to 3.36) and psychosocial (RR=1.79, 95%CI 1.31 to 2.46) factors, and with exposure level. For physicians, WPT1 was associated with safety risks (RR=3.13, 95%CI 1.22 to 7.99), WPT2 with chemical and ergonomic for administrative/technical support (RR=12.20, 95%CI 1.69 to 88.09; RR=14.09, 95%CI 1.34 to 148.61, respectively), with safety and ergonomic risks for nursing aides (RR=1.84, 95%CI 1.12 to 3.02; RR=3.94, 95% CI 2.38 to 6.53, respectively), and with physical (RR=1.72, 95%CI 1.04 to 2.86), safety (RR=2.21, 95%CI 1.62 to 3.03), ergonomic (RR=2.02, 95%CI 1.44 to 2.86) and psychosocial factors (RR=1.96, 95%CI 1.32 to 2.90) for nurses.ConclusionsAbsences from work covered by POR benefit show a consistent relationship with exposure to occupational risks. Sickness absence is the most frequent benefit used by pregnant workers. Current social benefits are apparently used adequately for protecting women from occupational exposures. Future studies are needed to clarify this further.

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Hopwood, Paul E., Allen J. Moore, and Nick J. Royle. "Effects of resource variation during early life and adult social environment on contest outcomes in burying beetles: a context-dependent silver spoon strategy?" Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 281, no. 1785 (June 22, 2014): 20133102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2013.3102.

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Good early nutritional conditions may confer a lasting fitness advantage over individuals suffering poor early conditions (a ‘silver spoon’ effect). Alternatively, if early conditions predict the likely adult environment, adaptive plastic responses might maximize individual performance when developmental and adult conditions match (environmental-matching effect). Here, we test for silver spoon and environmental-matching effects by manipulating the early nutritional environment of Nicrophorus vespilloides burying beetles. We manipulated nutrition during two specific early developmental windows: the larval environment and the post-eclosion environment. We then tested contest success in relation to variation in adult social environmental quality experienced (defined according to whether contest opponents were smaller (good environment) or larger (poor environment) than the focal individual). Variation in the larval environment influenced adult body size but not contest success per se for a given adult social environment experienced (an ‘indirect’ silver spoon effect). Variation in post-eclosion environment affected contest success dependent on the quality of the adult environment experienced (a context-dependent ‘direct’ silver spoon effect). By contrast, there was no evidence for environmental-matching. The results demonstrate the importance of social environmental context in determining how variation in nutrition in early life affects success as an adult.

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Lestari, Ahdiana Yuni, Danang Wahyu Muhammad, Izzy Al Kautsar, and Siti Ismijati Jenie. "Legality of therapeutic contract of stem cell treatment in Indonesia." International Journal of Public Health Science (IJPHS) 12, no. 1 (March 1, 2023): 215. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijphs.v12i1.22498.

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This study analyzed the purposes and functions of stem cell treatment arrangements in Indonesian national law and then describe the characteristics of therapeutic agreements between patients and elements of health services against the legal terms of the agreement based on the Civil Code. This study used a normative juridical research method. The results of this study are: i) in terms of stem cell treatment procedures, only some can get services and treatment because the procedure is very complicated and lengthy. Hence, the purpose and function of regulating the implementation of stem cell treatment in Indonesia are to provide legal certainty and protection law to the public and health service providers; ii) the conditions for the validity of a stem cell Therapeutic agreement must be based on the criteria specified in Article 1,320 of the Civil Code, then the elements of the parties that bind themselves; the skills of the parties; particular object, and lawful cause must be clear, and iii) the type of therapeutic contract that can maintain the honor of the parties is the "three in one" model. However, this model currently needs to be improved in Indonesia because of the novelty of the regulatory framework.

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Romo-Cabrera, Wilmer A., and Andrés A. Agudelo-Suárez. "A Comprehensive Mixed Methods Approach for Studying the Quality of Life of Colombian Periodontists." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 23 (December 1, 2022): 16102. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192316102.

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This study analyzed the association of the sociodemographic, labor, and health conditions on the quality of life (QOL) of the periodontists in Colombia. A mixed study (explanatory sequential design) was conducted. The first quantitative phase was carried out by a cross-sectional survey (n = 187; 60.4% females). Variables: sociodemographics, labor, and health conditions, QOL (WHOQOL-BREF). Normality tests, descriptive statistics, and bivariate analyzes were performed. Factors associated with QOL were established using multivariate linear regression. A second qualitative phase with two focus groups (FGs) delved into those aspects of relevance, through qualitative content analysis and triangulation of information. The multivariate linear regression analysis showed that the factors associated with the QOL scores were in the case of men and negatively (QOL decreases): having low social support (p < 0.001), reporting poor mental health (p < 0.01). For women, QOL scores were negatively associated with low social support (p < 0.001), reporting poor general and mental health (p < 0.01), having greater stress at work (p < 0.05), having a temporary contract (p < 0.05), and living in a medium or low socioeconomic status (p < 0.05). The analysis of the FG allowed us to understand how QOL is permeated by the social context. The specialization of periodontics has generated a change in living conditions, and an adaptation to the workplace that allows them to gain recognition and a higher QOL. In conclusion, the QOL of periodontists is defined in subjective terms (standards) and related to social and labor conditions. Follow-up and evaluation strategies of the general conditions of these clinical specialists in Colombia are required.

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Luo, Fang, Qiao Hu, and Caihong Sun. "Studying on the psychological contract of farmers behavior of transferring agricultural land in China." CNS Spectrums 28, S1 (March 2023): S16—S17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1092852923000846.

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BackgroundAt present, the social economy is in a period of fast-paced change in China, with various modes of production and life evolving and emerging. The transfer of agricultural land is the transformation of the utilization mode of the main factors of production in rural areas, and it is one of the contents of the social and economic reform in rural areas. In 2021, the area of rural land transfer is up to 3.7×1011 m2 in China, an increase of 4.3% over the previous year. 1,239 counties (cities, districts) and 18,731 townships have established agricultural land management rights transfer centers to provide services such as policy consultation, information release, and contract signing for both sides of the transfer. Farmers are the subjects of agricultural land management and transfer. Their behaviors are affected by their psychology to some extent. In the long-term, dynamic, and gradual process of agricultural land transfer, it is particularly important to respect farmers’ wishes, pay attention to farmers’ psychology, and guide farmers’ behavior. However, only a few written contracts were signed. Most are verbal agreements of spontaneous or collective land transfers. The verbal agreements auto-execute to some extent within certain limits. The goals of farmers in farmland transfer are diversified, and their cognition, willingness and psychological identity affect the performance of the contract and the effect of transfer.Subjects and MethodsThe psychological contract of agricultural land transfer can be defined as the transferor and transferee of agricultural land transfer. Through a certain psychological suggestion mode, through the subjective cognition and understanding of the rights and obligations of both parties, rather than the direct explicit expression, a contract relationship of rights and obligations is formed. The party awarding contract and the contractor are the subjects of agricultural land transfer. Therefore, the subjects of the psychological contract of agricultural land transfer include farmers, village collectives and enterprises, all of whom have equal status, forming their own psychological contracts. The forming process of the psychological contract of agricultural land transfer includes four steps. Step one is cognition and judgment. Both parties to the transfer are aware of and judge their own rights and obligations based on external environmental information and their own circumstances. Step two is psychological expectations. Before information is transmitted, both sides of the transmission transform cognition and judgment into psychological expectations. The third step is to convey psychological expectations. Both sides of transfer transmit psychological expectations by means of direct patterns, such as oral form and written form, and implicit ways, such as perception and comprehension. Step four is the formation of the psychological contract. Both sides of transfer reciprocally admit information of psychological expectations transmitted in implicit ways, forming psychological contracts. If they can’t come to an agreement on psychological contracts, a new four-step cycle is entered.ResultsThe forming of the psychological contract of agricultural land transfer is shown in Figure 1. First, farmers’ behavior background, such as the experiences of land lease and transfer, the targets of land transfer and education, has an effect on the building of psychological contracts and its type. On the one hand, the farmers who have the experience of land transfer and get high benefits from it are much more motivated than those who don’t have that experience or ever have dissension while transferring. On the other hand, the targets of transfer and the education level of farmers affect the type of psychological contracts. Second, Farmers’ subjective norms, mainly reflected in the difference in folk customs, will form various communication modes and take different measures to deal with breaching contracts while transferring. Third, farmers’ behavior cognition reflects in their comprehension of the capability of executing contracts, including bargaining power, decision-making level and managing modes of the rent. The ability of behavior cognition and control of farmers has a positive influence on their behavior intention and happened.ConclusionsAccording to the above results, in order to promote the reposeful transfer and orderly development of agricultural land, the following suggestions are proposed: The first is to improve the agricultural land transfer policy system, establish and improve the institutional environment for agricultural land transfer, create conditions for the establishment of farmers’ behavioral psychological contracts in the process of agricultural land transfers, and guide farmers to establish relationship psychological contracts. The second is to improve the market system, properly cultivate and develop agricultural land transfer intermediaries, reduce transaction costs, and reduce the probability of farmers’ psychological contracts being broken. The third is to guide farmers to establish a positive agricultural land transfer psychology based on their resource endowments such as labor force quality and cultural quality, and encourage farmers to make agricultural land transfer decisions such as subcontracting, leasing, reselling, and interchanging.Figure 1.Psychological contracts of agricultural land transfer forming

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Khaerah, Nur, Nursaleh Hartaman, and Miftahul Rahman. "Impact of Sustainable Development of Coastal Areas and Small Islands in Makassar." E3S Web of Conferences 277 (2021): 01006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202127701006.

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Makassar City is a national strategic project development area, namely the construction of the Makassar New Port with the value of the Cooperation contract with Royal Boskalis of 75 million Euros. According to the government’s expectation, Makassar New Port (MNP) can increase import-export activities in eastern Indonesia. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the impact of economic, socio-cultural, and environmental or ecological aspects. The method used is descriptive qualitative and the data obtained were analyzed using Nvivo12 Plus software. The results of this study found that marine sand mining has an impact and risk of environmental damage, such as decreased environmental carrying capacity, reduced natural resources, biodiversity, and weakened ecosystem integrity. These environmental changes greatly impact the productivity of fish income for fishermen. Fishermen’s catch decreases, of course, this has something to do with changing social and economic conditions of fishermen. The phenomenon that is born is a disharmony that is very prone to causing quarrels in the household. While the economic impact, recorded a total loss of 1,043 fishermen from Kodingareng consisting of Traditional Fishing Gear, fishing rods, nets and arrows reached 80.4 billion rupiahs

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Dewi Susilawati, Ni Putu, Putu Ayu Sriasih Wesna, and I. Nyoman Alit Puspadma. "Arrangement of Agricultural Land Production Sharing Agreements in the Development of Environmentally Friendly Agrotourism." Journal Research of Social, Science, Economics, and Management 1, no. 8 (March 15, 2022): 1072–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.36418/jrssem.v1i8.126.

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One model of tourism development that is in line with alternative tourism is community-based tourism as a pattern that is believed to provide economic benefits and equity, environmental preservation, local culture preservation, social empowerment, community empowerment. Community-based tourism is a tourism development with a high level of local community involvement and can be accounted for from the socio-cultural and environmental aspects. So far, there are no clear rules that explicitly regulate the arrangement of profit sharing, especially in the field of agro-tourism. According to Article 1320 of the KUHPerdata, an agreement is valid if it meets the following four conditions: Agree of those who bind themselves, The ability to make an engagement, a certain thing, a lawful cause—referring to the Legal Principles of Agreement as contained in the KUHPerdata (KUHPerdata), namely Personality Principles (Article 1315 jo 1340 KUHPerdata), Consensualotas Principles (Article 1320 KUHPerdata), Freedom of Contract Principles (Article 1338 paragraph (1) KUHPerdata). In the current reformation era, the legal development strategy is directed towards responsive law characterized by the large role of judicial institutions and the broad participation of social groups or the participation of individuals in society to determine the direction of legal development, resulting in the formation of clear legislation. Furthermore, provide legal certainty in making agreements for agricultural land products related to agro-tourism with environmental insight.

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Dewi Susilawati, Ni Putu, Putu Ayu Sriasih Wesna, and I. Nyoman Alit Puspadma. "Arrangement of Agricultural Land Production Sharing Agreements in the Development of Environmentally Friendly Agrotourism." Journal Research of Social Science, Economics, and Management 1, no. 8 (March 15, 2022): 1072–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.59141/jrssem.v1i8.126.

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Анотація:

One model of tourism development that is in line with alternative tourism is community-based tourism as a pattern that is believed to provide economic benefits and equity, environmental preservation, local culture preservation, social empowerment, community empowerment. Community-based tourism is a tourism development with a high level of local community involvement and can be accounted for from the socio-cultural and environmental aspects. So far, there are no clear rules that explicitly regulate the arrangement of profit sharing, especially in the field of agro-tourism. According to Article 1320 of the KUHPerdata, an agreement is valid if it meets the following four conditions: Agree of those who bind themselves, The ability to make an engagement, a certain thing, a lawful cause—referring to the Legal Principles of Agreement as contained in the KUHPerdata (KUHPerdata), namely Personality Principles (Article 1315 jo 1340 KUHPerdata), Consensualotas Principles (Article 1320 KUHPerdata), Freedom of Contract Principles (Article 1338 paragraph (1) KUHPerdata). In the current reformation era, the legal development strategy is directed towards responsive law characterized by the large role of judicial institutions and the broad participation of social groups or the participation of individuals in society to determine the direction of legal development, resulting in the formation of clear legislation. Furthermore, provide legal certainty in making agreements for agricultural land products related to agro-tourism with environmental insight.

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Lv, Hao, Guofeng Wang, Muhammad Waleed Ayub Ghouri, and Zhuohang Deng. "Investigating the Impact of Psychological Contract Violation on Survivors’ Turnover Intention under the Downsizing Context: A Moderated Mediation Mechanism." Sustainability 15, no. 3 (January 17, 2023): 1770. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15031770.

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In the light of social exchange theory, our study aimed to explore the impact of psychological contract violation on survivors’ turnover intention, specifically in a downsizing context. We put forth a moderated mediation model to uncover the mediating role of organizational commitment, as well as the boundary conditions of organizational support and emotional susceptibility as a moderating mechanism. To test our hypotheses, we surveyed 202 out of 271 layoff survivors belonging to the stores of an established manufacturing and retail footwear business in the southwest region of China. The study found a positive relationship between psychological contract violation and the survivors’ turnover intention. In addition, organizational commitment has been identified as a powerful mediator between psychological contract violation and turnover intention. This study, however, only explores how organizational support significantly moderates the mediating effect of organizational commitment in regard to psychological contract violation and turnover intention. This study helps organizational practitioners to ensure sound management practices for employees, in order to get rid of adverse consequences evinced through individuals’ negative emotions.

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Naik, Bijaya Nanda, Sanjay Pandey, Chandra Mani Singh, Alok Ranjan, Manisha Verma, and Ebbie Thomas. "Does BCG vaccine prevent contract and severity of COVID-19 infection in India? A situational analysis." Indian Journal of Community Health 33, no. 2 (June 30, 2021): 304–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.47203/ijch.2021.v33i02.014.

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Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has created worldwide emergency with morbidities, mortality and panic. The BCG vaccine, usually given to prevent childhood tuberculosis, surfaced as an option as suggested by some ecological observations. However, some others studies could not establish and explain the protective effects of BCG vaccination against COVID-19 pandemic. India is one country with high BCG vaccination coverage and is among the countries with lowest COVID-19 case fatality rate. Aims and Objectives: We examine the relationship between the BCG coverage and COVID-19 burden in various states/UTs of India. Materials and methods: The information on BCG coverage and morbidity and mortality of COVID-19 was obtained from NFHS and www.covid19India.org respectively. Results: The analysis suggested very weak positive relationship of BCG coverage with cases and deaths due to COVID-19. Moderate positive relationship was observed between BCG coverage and COVID-19 case fatality rate even after adjusting for health system performance. Conclusion: The conclusion of the study is against the role of BCG vaccination in containing the COVID-19 pandemic. The positive correlation which is not significant may be spurious and affected by many confounding factors like co-morbid conditions, testing strategies, population level immunity for other viral infections etc. Hence, the states and UTs should not be complacent by the hypothesized role of BCG vaccine in COVID-19 control. Rather, they should continue with the principles of social distancing, contact tracing, treating and surveillance of COVID-19.

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Naik, Bijaya Nanda, Sanjay Pandey, Chandra Mani Singh, Alok Ranjan, Manisha Verma, and Ebbie Thomas. "Does BCG vaccine prevent contract and severity of COVID-19 infection in India? A situational analysis." Indian Journal of Community Health 33, no. 2 (June 30, 2021): 304–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.47203/ijch.2021.v33i02.014.

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Анотація:

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has created worldwide emergency with morbidities, mortality and panic. The BCG vaccine, usually given to prevent childhood tuberculosis, surfaced as an option as suggested by some ecological observations. However, some others studies could not establish and explain the protective effects of BCG vaccination against COVID-19 pandemic. India is one country with high BCG vaccination coverage and is among the countries with lowest COVID-19 case fatality rate. Aims and Objectives: We examine the relationship between the BCG coverage and COVID-19 burden in various states/UTs of India. Materials and methods: The information on BCG coverage and morbidity and mortality of COVID-19 was obtained from NFHS and www.covid19India.org respectively. Results: The analysis suggested very weak positive relationship of BCG coverage with cases and deaths due to COVID-19. Moderate positive relationship was observed between BCG coverage and COVID-19 case fatality rate even after adjusting for health system performance. Conclusion: The conclusion of the study is against the role of BCG vaccination in containing the COVID-19 pandemic. The positive correlation which is not significant may be spurious and affected by many confounding factors like co-morbid conditions, testing strategies, population level immunity for other viral infections etc. Hence, the states and UTs should not be complacent by the hypothesized role of BCG vaccine in COVID-19 control. Rather, they should continue with the principles of social distancing, contact tracing, treating and surveillance of COVID-19.

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Abdulridha, Jaafar Naser, and Ghani Ressan Gadder. "The problems of organization and legal responsibility (civil and administrative) in the field of telecommunications in Iraq." Cuestiones Políticas 38, Especial II (December 8, 2020): 370–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.46398/cuestpol.382e.29.

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The objective of the investigation is to analyze problems of organization and legal responsibility (civil and administrative) in the field of telecommunications in Iraq. The methodological basis of research consists of dialectical approaches, as well as special methods of studying legal, comparative-legal, structural-functional phenomena. Mobile phone use has spread widely among consumers. The mobile phone revolution has transformed lifestyles and livelihood resources with their envelopes to creating new business activities and changing the way people communicate. It is concluded that the use of a mobile phone has many effects, which can be social, physical, sanitary, environmental, or legal. For the latter, we note in Iraq that there is no legal regulation of communications that adheres to the provisions of consignment service providers in their relationship with subscribers. In this way, some communications authorities took on the task of creating the legal, political and administrative conditions by issuing policies that identify, in many cases, the conditions to which the mobile service provider includes in the service contract.

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O’Brien, Daniel M., Aimee J. Silla, Patrick S. Forsythe, and Phillip G. Byrne. "Sex differences in response to environmental and social breeding cues in an amphibian." Behaviour 158, no. 5 (February 19, 2021): 397–426. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568539x-bja10072.

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Abstract The relative influence of climatic and social factors on sex-specific variation in reproductive behaviour remains poorly understood. Here, we examine the influence of multiple climatic cues in combination with a social cue on the reproductive behaviours of males and females in a terrestrial breeding toadlet (Pseudophryne coriacea). Over a 115-day breeding season, arrival patterns of each sex, and male calling activity, were recorded daily, while climatic variables were logged continuously. Multivariate analysis showed that arrival of males at the breeding site, as well as male nightly calling activity, were most strongly influenced by a climatic variable (rainfall). By contrast, female arrival was strongly correlated with a social variable (male calling activity), with abiotic conditions having no influence, other than a moderate influence of lunar phase (lunar illumination). These results suggest that cues used for breeding are sex specific and provide new evidence that combinations of climatic and social cues can be integrated into breeding decisions.

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Fennimore, Anne. "Natural born opportunists." Management Decision 55, no. 8 (September 18, 2017): 1629–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/md-11-2016-0786.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to adapt research conducted on subclinical psychopaths and Machiavellians to conceptualise false agents in transaction cost economics (TCE). Both opportunism and information asymmetry provide a means to manipulate contractual relationships, pursuing existing loopholes for self-interest, while uncertainty and small-numbers bargaining allow false agents to exploit existing agreements during periods of rapid change, growth, and development. Considering differences in contract length preference may inform our understanding of subclinical psychopaths and Machiavellians. Contextually, the rise of “quasi-governmental” hybrid organisations may produce an ideal prospect for “natural born” opportunists to reap self-interested benefits through contractual loopholes. Design/methodology/approach This theoretical paper addresses social norms and blind trust in contractual relationships. In turn, blind trust may provide clues about the environmental conditions that facilitate manipulation by subclinical psychopaths and Machiavellians during negotiations of contract term length. Findings Williamson’s (1975) TCE framework provides a novel approach to subclinical psychopathic and Machiavellian behaviour by agents. Assumptions about behavioural norms may differ between the contracting party and the agent, leading to positive behavioural expectations of trust such as confidence, reciprocity, and history. The length of the contractual relationship may distinguish subclinical psychopaths from Machiavellians. The subclinical psychopath is more likely to behave opportunistically in short-term contracts, while Machiavellians more likely amass goodwill to behave opportunistically in long-term contracts. The role of uncertainty, small-numbers bargaining, information asymmetry, and opportunism is particularly relevant in quasi-governmental organisations when agents are “natural born” opportunists. Originality/value This theoretical paper adds to discussion of TCE related problems in organisations. “Natural born” opportunistic agents are more likely to take advantage of principals who extend trust as a goodwill gesture in a contractual relationship. Trust often represents a mental shortcut, based on “gut” reactions to save time, especially in dynamic environments. Hybrid organisations represent one such environment, in which contracting of goods and services renders comprehensive monitoring impracticable. Yet, scholarship adheres to legal mechanisms as safeguards against opportunism without acknowledging social norms that guide blind trust. Finally, contrasting motives between principals and false agents creates an inherent relationship asymmetry.

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Groenewoud, Frank, Sjouke A. Kingma, Kat Bebbington, David S. Richardson, and Jan Komdeur. "Experimentally induced antipredator responses are mediated by social and environmental factors." Behavioral Ecology 30, no. 4 (April 12, 2019): 986–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/beheco/arz039.

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AbstractNest predation is a common cause of reproductive failure for many bird species, and various antipredator defense behaviors have evolved to reduce the risk of nest predation. However, trade-offs between current reproductive duties and future reproduction often limit the parent’s ability to respond to nest predation risk. Individual responses to experimentally increased nest predation risk can give insights into these trade-offs. Here, we investigate whether social and ecological factors affect individual responses to predation risk by experimentally manipulating the risk of nest predation using taxidermic mounts in the cooperative breeding Seychelles warbler (Acrocephalus sechellensis). Our results show that dominant females, but not males, alarm called more often when they confront a nest predator model alone than when they do so with a partner, and that individuals that confront a predator together attacked more than those that did so alone. Dominant males increased their antipredator defense by spending more time nest guarding after a presentation with a nest predator, compared with a nonpredator control, but no such effect was found for females, who did not increase the time spent incubating. In contrast to incubation by females, nest guarding responses by dominant males depended on the presence of other group members and food availability. These results suggest that while female investment in incubation is always high and not dependent on social and ecological conditions, males have a lower initial investment, which allows them to respond to sudden changes in nest predation risk.

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Metawala, Prachi, Kathrin Golda-Pongratz, and Clara Irazábal. "Revisiting Engels’ ‘housing question’: Work and housing conditions of immigrant platform delivery riders in Barcelona." Human Geography 14, no. 2 (May 14, 2021): 243–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/19427786211010131.

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In his 1872 The housing question, Friedrich Engels addressed the housing problems faced by the proletarian migrant workers in major industrial centres. He asserted that they could only be solved by first resolving their harsh working conditions in the capitalist mode of mass production. Presently, with transnational migrant flows to urban centres and the mass acceptance of the digital platform economy, the housing question manifests itself, among other expressions, in the case of immigrants working in this digital contract-based market. While the platform economy provides immigrants with quick access into a host country’s labour market, the income insecurity and high risks associated with such work put them in a state of precariousness. Through the framework of Engels’ proposed action lines and analysis of observations and interviews with immigrant riders working for the food delivery platforms Glovo and Deliveroo, the paper highlights the negative impacts that this contemporary capitalist model of work, the municipal housing plan and the ongoing Covid-19 crisis have on the immigrant riders’ residential and working conditions in Barcelona, Spain, a city facing a severe rental housing shortage. Lastly, it suggests that, while the social market economy in Spain can be reformed to ameliorate the negative impacts of the platform economy on immigrant riders, bridging the gap between immigrant housing provision and employment inclusion would need to consider decent labour and housing as rights for residents, immigrants included, asserting the currency of Engels’ ideas.

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Hermawan Sridjaya, Rolly, and Ir Ahmad Yuniarto. "Adaptive Scenario Planning Development for Indonesian Upstream Oil and Gas Industry: Case Study of PT Kelola Migas in Managing Mature Field Phase." European Journal of Business and Management Research 8, no. 4 (July 26, 2023): 101–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejbmr.2023.8.4.2019.

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The global economic conditions after the COVID pandemic, which have not fully recovered, the vulnerability of global oil prices due to unpredictable external factors, global pressure for decarbonization efforts and the fulfillment of Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) parameters to support energy transition, the less competitive condition of oil and gas reserves in Indonesia, and the contract schemes and fiscal incentives in Indonesia that are considered unattractive by investors are part of the tip of the iceberg of uncertainty in the external conditions of the upstream oil and gas industry in Indonesia. In relation to the above conditions, PT Kelola Migas (PT KM) requires a comprehensive strategy formulation process based on a long-term understanding of potential future scenarios that focus on external factors as uncontrollable factors that will significantly impact the company. This research is conducted with a focus on the use of adaptive scenario planning methodology, which will provide a fresh perspective for PT KM in utilizing strategic tools oriented towards the medium and long term. Exploring the implications and mitigation options for each scenario is conducted to provide strategic choices in facing potential situations. The identification of early warning signals for each scenario is also carried out as indicators of changes in the current situation towards one scenario or another.

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He, Guoping, and Taofen Xiao. "A study on the mode choice of large-scale households’ farmland transfer-in in rural China: Based on the economic analysis paradigm of transaction costs." PLOS ONE 18, no. 10 (October 17, 2023): e0287022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0287022.

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Regarding the mode choice of farmland transfer, the existing literature have more examined the choices between market-based transfer (spontaneous transfer) and government or village committee-led transfer, and between formal contract and informal contract. However, the question that how the two parties choose among various specific transfer modes has not attracted extensive attention of scholars. Based on contract theory and transaction cost economics, this paper uses the public samples of the third national agricultural census data to investigate how large-scale households choose among the specific transfer modes when transferring into farmland, like the transfer of the contracted management right (TCMR), lease and shareholding. The findings of this paper are as follows. Firstly, with the increase in the transfer-in area and the education level of the household head, the probability of choosing lease and shareholding increases relatively, but the latter rises faster. Secondly, compared with large-scale farmers whose aim is to plant crop, the probability of those who transfer into farmland for gardening and forestry operation choosing shareholding has increased significantly. Thirdly, the age of the household head and the number of household laborers have an interactive effect on the mode choice of transferring into farmland. In addition, the mode choice of large-scale households’ transferring into farmland is also significantly affected by environmental factors such as local topography, irrigation, traffic conditions, industrial structure, and social security development. Therefore, adhering to the parties to choose the mode of farmland transfer independently is crucial. The government and rural grassroots organizations should help the parties to understand the characteristics, adaptability and supply and demand of different modes, and help the parties to explore the most economical mode. The contribution of this paper is that it expands the study of the transfer of rural land rights to the choices of specific transfer modes, and partially reveals the rule of choices, which provides a reference for the parties to choose the most efficient transfer mode under different conditions and for the government and rural grassroots organizations to play a role.

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SADCHENKO, O. V. "BASIC DIRECTIONS OF EXPERIENCE ECONOMY MARKETING DEVELOPMENT IN CONDITIONS OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT." Economic innovations 22, no. 2(75) (June 20, 2020): 101–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.31520/ei.2020.22.2(75).101-111.

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Topicality. Actual is the improvement of marketing technologies in the field of economics of experience in the conditions of sustainable development. Social innovations are of great importance for economic development, through the improvement of equipment and technologies, new business models to improve the quality of life of people and social infrastructure in accordance with global trends. The goal is to achieve sustainable development of society in which the satisfaction of environmental, economic and social needs is carried out in a balanced way. The current stage of development of the world economy has a tendency to transition to an information and communication society, where information is a commodity, but such a transition is possible only in conditions of sufficient provision of society with material goods. Marketing the economy of experience (impressions) is an additional human activity that relates to the market in the conditions of fierce competition and a saturated market, when its principles serve as the only possible way to ensure profitability and plus additional profitability of production, growth and development of the enterprise. Market orientation determines the main areas of economic activity and evaluates its results by the value of the final income.Thus, social innovations include new strategies, concepts, ideas and organizations that satisfy any social needs - from working conditions and education to the development of communities and health care, contributing to the expansion and consolidation of civil society. The concept of social innovation includes goods and services that will combine the intellectual and environmental needs of society, and this is one of the main directions of the economy of experience.An analysis of the existing experience in the field of marketing the economy of impressions gives reason to say that the problem of managing marketing experience (impressions) in promoting an environmentally balanced business and its implementation in both domestic and international markets has not been developed.Aim and tasks. The aim of the article is to determine, in the context of sustainable development, the basic directions of marketing the economy of experience by substantiating the theoretical and practical foundations of the formation of the mechanism of innovative and ecological development of society.Research results. The priority area for improving the mechanism for implementing the state economic and environmental policy is the reform of the legislative and regulatory framework for environmental management. For the effective solution of economic and environmental problems, a set of certain methods, techniques, technologies for the organization and management of industrial and economic activities is required. To manage events, it is necessary to form public opinion and mood, purposefully establish communication with various groups of the public, that is, changing the existing concept of socio-economic development can change the existing order. Sustainable socio-economic development of Ukraine is largely determined by the state of the environment and the level of use of natural resource potential. The need for a balance between the economy and the environment has led to the fact that marketing experience economics began to appear and stand out in the marketing system. Sustainable development targets are a high quality of life and a level of economic development, as well as environmental stability.The current stage of development of the global economy has a tendency to transition to the information society, where information is a commodity, but such a transition is possible only in conditions of sufficient provision of society with material goods. Thus, social innovations include new strategies, concepts, ideas and organizations that satisfy any social needs - from working conditions and education to the development of communities and health care, contributing to the expansion and consolidation of civil society. The concept of social innovation includes goods and services that will combine the intellectual and environmental needs of society, and this is one of the main directions of the economy of experience.Marketing experience economics in the conditions of sustainable development, that is, marketing changes in the sphere of economic and environmental relations, could become a lever for enhancing economic development. In modern theories of social development, there is a tendency to consider social innovation as economic, environmental, political, emotional, ethical innovation. This is argued by the fact that it is these structures that are the mechanisms for implementing changes that have matured in the depths of society, and without their help they simply cannot be implemented. The economics of experience is associated with the changes, so marketing approaches will reflect all the socio-economic-environmental changes in the interests of consumers and real estimates or assortment, quality and other parameters of products and services being produced and sold.Conclusion. The basis of the strategy of the economy of impressions (in particular, when developing the strategy of the “blue ocean”) is the innovation of value - this is not a competitive advantage, but what makes competition simply unnecessary due to the company reaching a whole new level. In contrast to the classical competitive approach, in order to use the strategy of innovation of value, it is not necessary to choose between low costs and high value. This strategy allows you to simultaneously create high value at low cost. The convergence of technologies, industries, markets, products, will expand the traditional boundaries of industries. In this regard, multidimensional studies of marketing systems that are part of integrated socio-ecological-economic systems, combined by information flows, are necessary. In the process of formation of market structures of the economics of experience, the task is to combine the interests of the economy, society and improve the natural environment. Reducing pollution and preserving natural resources becomes beneficial for the economy of impressions (experience, skill). The globalization of the world economy, facilitating the economic interaction between states, stimulates the growth of the economy of impressions, accelerates and increases the scale of the exchange of advanced achievements of mankind in the economic, scientific, technical and intellectual sphere, which, of course, contributes to the general progress of mankind.

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Shaw, Bethan, Michelle Fountain, and Herman Wijnen. "Control of Daily Locomotor Activity Patterns in Drosophila suzukii by the Circadian Clock, Light, Temperature and Social Interactions." Journal of Biological Rhythms 34, no. 5 (August 22, 2019): 463–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0748730419869085.

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Understanding behavioral rhythms in a pest species can contribute to improving the efficacy of control methods targeting that pest. However, in some species, the behavioral patterns recorded in artificial conditions contrast greatly with observed wild-type behavioral rhythms. In this study, we identify the determinants of daily activity rhythms of the soft and stone fruit pest Drosophila suzukii. The impact of gender, space, social housing, temperature, light, fly morph, and the circadian clock on D. suzukii locomotor rhythms was investigated. Assays were performed under artificial laboratory conditions or more natural semifield conditions to identify how these factors affected daily locomotor behavior. Daily locomotor activity patterns collected under semifield conditions varied very little between the various sex and social condition combinations. However, in lab-based assays, individual and group-housed males often exhibited divergent activity patterns, with more prominent hyperactivity at light/dark transitions. In contrast, hyperactivity responses were suppressed under lab protocols mimicking summer conditions for groups of females and mixed-sex groups. Moreover, when environmental cues were removed, flies held in groups displayed stronger rhythmicity than individual flies. Thus, social interactions can reinforce circadian behavior and resist hyperactivity responses in D. suzukii. Fly morph appeared to have little impact on behavioral pattern, with winter and summer morph flies displaying similar activity profiles under April semifield and laboratory mimic environmental conditions. In conclusion, separate and combined effects of light, temperature, circadian clock function, and social interactions were apparent in the daily activity profiles of D. suzukii. When groups of female or mixed-sex flies were used, implementation of matching photoperiods and realistic daily temperature gradients in the lab was sufficient to re-create behavioral patterns observed in summer semifield settings. The ability to leverage lab assays to predict D. suzukii field behavior promises to be a valuable asset in improving control measures for this pest.

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Budanova, Elena I., and A. V. Bogomolov. "Description of the life quality of contracted servicemen." Hygiene and sanitation 95, no. 7 (October 28, 2019): 627–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/0016-9900-2016-95-7-627-632.

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There are presented results of a comprehensive study of the life quality of representatives of three reference groups of servicemen on contract: cadets of military high schools (n = 400), contracted servicemen of the units of power ministries and departments (n = 453), common soldiers and junior commanders (n = 357). The study was executed with the aid of the public survey, the performing of both psychological and functional load tests. This work is notable for the complexation of indices which characterize socio-hygienic, psychological and medical aspects of the life quality, life values, life satisfaction, and specific features of the military profession. Results of the study, which differ from the prior investigation by inclusion of indices characterizing the specific features of military-professional activity, lifestyle and spirituality, for the first time made it possible to assess the life quality related to health, taking into account the axiological values in life and important needs of the studied population. Changes in the life quality indices of contract servicemen were shown to be more sensitive to changes in their health than the traditional clinical-laboratory and instrumental data, which allows to recommend a wide practical use of the monitoring the life quality for professional selection and medical support of the military service, including the implementation of measures on optimization of psychological climate in military units, and the personification of the complex of therapeutic-recreational measures. The results allow us to recommend to military medical commissions of military commissariats in the call of citizens for military service under contract to carry out studies of quality and lifestyle of recruits for the early detection of groups of risk for their health. The program of in-depth medical examinations of military-contract there is recommended to include research aimed at identifying adverse social and hygienic factors of service and living conditions, psychopathological personality traits, rehabilitation and psychological climate in a military collective, execution of a personalized set of therapeutic measures.

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Wedekind, Jonah, and Davide Chinigò. "Contract and Control: Agrarian labour mobilisation and resistance under large-scale land investments for biofuel crop production in Ethiopia." Annales d'Ethiopie 33, no. 1 (2020): 49–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/ethio.2020.1687.

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This article explores the “agrarian question of labour” (AQ of labour) that is emerging in Ethiopia as part of a strategy of agricultural commercialisation present since the mid-2000s. We contribute to debates about the uneven character and open-ended trajectory of Ethiopia’s agrarian transformation, which is a state-led, investmentbased attempt at a transition from a largely rural, agrarian society and economy to an increasingly industrial one. The article addresses why and how agricultural commercialisation failed in the case of two overlapping and nearly identical agricultural investment projects in Hararghe and Wolaita that were financed by interlinked multinational financial groups and facilitated by the state for the production and processing of the biofuel crop castor. The state’s contractual incorporation of smallholders into these poorly planned and financially extractive large-scale land investments was met with various forms of resistance which contributed to the failure of the projects. The article points to the centrality of an unresolved agrarian question of labour as a source of tension in Ethiopia’s agrarian transformation. While literature conceptualises agricultural commercialisation in Ethiopia through a dichotomous model – state support to smallholder farming in the country’s highlands, and investment-led, large- scale commercialisation in the lowlands – in this article we emphasise the importance of contract-farming (CF) as a third mode of agricultural commercialisation. CF relies on the incorporation of smallholders, including their landholdings and labour-power, into large-scale land investment projects via out-grower schemes. This article shows that CF gained political momentum over the course of the 2000s as a commercialisation model that facilitates investments in smallholder farming (i. e. through commercialising their productive activities) without necessitating rapid changes in the agrarian social structure (i. e. by inhibiting rapid social differentiation and land dispossession of smallholders). The strategic rationale of CF was to regulate the swelling of a land-detached labour force (i. e. a precarious and politically dangerous stratum), should agro-industrial growth not proceed at a pace sufficient to absorb that force (i. e. provide employment outside smallholder agriculture). Empirically, the article relies on ethnographic fieldwork addressing the trajectories of investor-operated and state-mediated CF for castor over the course of a decade (mid-2000s to mid-2010s) in the East/West Hararghe zones of the Oromia Region and in the Wolaita zone of the Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples’ Region (SNNPR). Through the agency of near identical ad hoc investment companies – Flora EcoPower (FEP) in Hararghe and Global Energy Ethiopia (GEE) in Wolaita operating for about a decade since 2005 – Ethiopia’s development planners hoped that these two peripheries, which were characterised by high labour-to-land ratios, land degradation and labour out-migration, would see the commercialisation and improvement of smallholder production and livelihoods. The two case studies combined reveal that, firstly, top-down planning and implementation of CF, and the processes of subversion and resistance this engendered, played a crucial role in the ultimate failure of the investment projects. It shows that agricultural commercialisation, based on the state’s coercive contractual incorporation of smallholders into large-scale land deals, can lead to a backlash that undermines the state’s development(al) strategies. Secondly, the legacy that the failure of the projects left behind, added fuel to an already politicised fire surrounding the labour question, i. e. the extent to which the attempted agricultural transformation to commercialised agro-industrial production can sufficiently diversify incomes and offer employment opportunities to offset social ills and political grievances. Thirdly, the two cases of CF reveal the same land and labour exploitative logic behind investments that prioritise quick returns over long-term planning and thereby disregard the local socio-economic and ecological conditions in which they intervene. Despite their specificities, we conclude that the two cases cast a shadow on the ostensive capacity of the Ethiopian state to mitigate the adversities and contradictions of investment-based, state-mediated agricultural commercialisation through CF. Beside the economic significance of failed agricultural investment projects, the protests that followed silent subversions in Wolaita and Hararghe marked an additional point of rupture in the relationship between government and farmers. This is particularly significant as, since the EPRDF came to power in the 1990s, the leadership has always capitalised on smallholders’ support as a central social constituency.

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Thomai, Gjergj. "Territorial Planning Policy for Sustainable Development." International Journal of Business & Technology 1, no. 1 (October 2012): 41–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.33107/ijbte.2012.1.1.05.

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Urban planning in Albania, has been promoted in various forms of organization. Ultimately Territorial Planning Law represents another form of policies on the territory that is closely linked to the decentralization of control of the territory. Up to now, four developments has been particularly important: * European approach, which gave an increase in economic and social cohesion policy; * Decentralization in the early 2000s, which has made local governments full participants in the process of territorial planning; * The emergence of the notion of sustainable development; * Initiation of international economic relations after the nineties. Territorial planning policy for sustainable development requires meeting the challenges posed by changing economic, social and cultural development, to achieve a balance of population, industry, culture, etc., between the provinces of the country, such as: a) define the principles and directions for a balanced and sustainable development of territory with European standards; b) the establishment of the territorial conditions for regional development; c) the direction of the establishment and development of national public infrastructure; d) creation of conditions for the preservation of ecosystems, biodiversity, natural resources on and under the earth and the natural and cultural wealth, balancing the effects of housing systems and economic activities and the protection of green spaces development of other areas of cultivable; etc. The objectives of these policies are: Convergence; Regional Competitiveness and Employment; European territorial cooperation and contractual approach as an effective means of implementation of projects that include various levels of government, "an area, a strategy, a contract". They will focus on priorities: local competition and attractiveness; environmental dimension of sustainable development; social and territorial cohesion; sustainable development.

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Pilny, Andrew, and C. Joseph Huber. "An Egocentric Network Contact Tracing Experiment: Testing Different Procedures to Elicit Contacts and Places." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 4 (February 4, 2021): 1466. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18041466.

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Contact tracing is one of the oldest social network health interventions used to reduce the diffusion of various infectious diseases. However, some infectious diseases like COVID-19 amass at such a great scope that traditional methods of conducting contact tracing (e.g., face-to-face interviews) remain difficult to implement, pointing to the need to develop reliable and valid survey approaches. The purpose of this research is to test the effectiveness of three different egocentric survey methods for extracting contact tracing data: (1) a baseline approach, (2) a retrieval cue approach, and (3) a context-based approach. A sample of 397 college students were randomized into one condition each. They were prompted to anonymously provide contacts and populated places visited from the past four days depending on what condition they were given. After controlling for various demographic, social identity, psychological, and physiological variables, participants in the context-based condition were significantly more likely to recall more contacts (medium effect size) and places (large effect size) than the other two conditions. Theoretically, the research supports suggestions by field theory that assume network recall can be significantly improved by activating relevant activity foci. Practically, the research contributes to the development of innovative social network data collection methods for contract tracing survey instruments.

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Prodanova, L. V., and K. Yu Sherstiukova. "SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY OF BUSINESS: WORLD EXPERIENCE AND DOMESTIC PRACTICE." Visnyk of Donetsk National University of Economics and Trade named after Mykhailo Tugan-Baranovsky, no. 2 (73) 2020 (2020): 49–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.33274/2079-4819-2020-73-2-49-60.

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Objective. The objective of the article is to study the world experience of socially responsible business and research the ways of its implementation into domestic business practice. Methods. The article uses the following methods and techniques for studying economic phenomena and processes: analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, a comparison method, an expert estimation method, dialectical and historical approaches, an abstract-logical method, system and comparative analysis. Results. According to the results of the study, Ukraine's accession to the global process ofsus- tainable development requires the introduction of a model of socially responsible business, which strengthens the mutual responsibility of organizations, enterprises for the impact of decisions and actions on society and the environment through transparent and ethical behaviour. It is emphasized that social business responsibility (SBR) and corporate social responsibility (CSR) in the system of public relations of Ukrainian society is not a conscious and applied norm in contrast to the world experience of developed countries, where it is regulated at the state level. Peculiarities and directions of socially responsible activity of the leaders of The Global Corporate Responsibility Rep Trak Study rating and the best CSR and CSR programs of the enterprises-leaders of the corresponding branches and spheres of economy of Ukraine are analyzed. The main directions of socially responsible activity of world ranking leaders are determined, in particular: children development; environmental programs and solutions of environmental problems; improving working conditions; cybersecurity; support for local communities; overcoming inequality and poverty; and companies-leaders of the Ukrainian economy, in particular: labour relations; consumer relations; development of regions anti-corruption practices; environmental responsibility. It is proved that Ukrainian companies perceive social responsibility mostly as a policy of development and improvement of staff working conditions; investment in regional development and consumer protection and support; at least as a fight against corruption and assistance to displaced persons. The practical significance of the obtained results is in the possibility of their use in the development of appropriate measures of sustainable development policy in order to create a national model of responsibility.

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