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1
Petrović, Irena. "Economic Inequalities in Montenegro." Südosteuropa 66, no. 2 (July 26, 2018): 203–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/soeu-2018-0016.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract The author analyses economic inequalities among the main social groups in Montenegro at the end of the socialist system and during the postsocialist transformation. Economic inequalities are analysed based on an economic status index, which is a composite index made up of multiple indicators: income, consumption, and asset ownership. The empirical basis for the analysis are survey results from 1989, 2003, and 2015. The findings show that there were economic inequalities during the entire period. In the late 1980s, the economic differentiation of social classes was very pronounced, despite the principle of equality with which the socialist system had legitimized itself. The period of postsocialist transformation raised the economic status of all social groups. Notwithstanding such improvement, the differences between the higher and lower social classes persisted.
2
Vashisht, Dr Neena. "Economic Inequalities vis-à-vis Social Justice: Tax Structure in India." Indian Journal of Applied Research 4, no. 7 (October 1, 2011): 111–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/2249555x/july2014/33.
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3
Tello, Juan Eduardo, and Paola Bonizzato. "Social economic inequalities and mental health II. Methodological aspects and literature review." Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences 12, no. 4 (December 2003): 253–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1121189x00003079.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
SummaryObjective - This study provides a framework for mental health inequalities beginners. It describes the methods used to measure socio economic inequalities and the inter-relations with different aspects of mental health: residence, mental health services organisation and main diagnostic categories. Method - Literature electronic-search on Medline, Psyclit, Econlit, Social Science Index and SocioSearch usingand relating the key-words inequalities, deprivation, poverty, socio-economic status, social class, occupational class, mental health for the period 1965-2002 (June). The articles selected were integrated with manual search (publications of the same authors, cross-references, working documents and reports of international andregional organisations). Results - Inequality is not an absolute concept and, mainly, it has been changing during the last years. For example, the integration and re-definition of variables that capture, in simple indices, a complex reality; the accent on social more than on economic aspects; the geo-validity and time-reference of the inequality's indices. Moreover, the inequalities could be the result of individual preferences, in this case, the social selectionand social causation issues will raise the suitability for a public intervention. Conclusions - Up to now, research has been mainly concentrated in describing and measuring health inequalities. For designing effective interventions, policy makers need to ground decisions on health-socioeconomic inequalities explanatory models.Declaration of Interestthis work was partly funded by the Department of the Public Health Sciences “G. Sanarelli” of the University of Rome “La Sapienza” and the Department of Medicine and Public Health of the University of Verona.
4
Babovic, Marija. "Gender and economic inequalities: Trends in feminist economics and sociology at the centre and semi-periphery of the global knowledge production system." Sociologija 60, no. 1 (2018): 11–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/soc1801011b.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Main objective of this article is to provide an overview of the state of art in the feminist perspectives in the study of gender economic inequalities. The feminist perspectives in sociology and then economics (late 1960s and 1970s), brought radical change in the study of intersection between economic and gender inequalities (in case of economy) and gender, economic inequalities and class (in case of sociology). During this stage instigated by the rise of Second Wave Feminism, fundamental critics of capitalist societies, that generate and reproduce gender inequalities through economic sphere was developed, with simultaneous critics of key social disciplines that were omitting to see the role of gender inequalities for the reproduction of the system and existing power relations. The aim of this article is to provide overview of contemporary state of art in the feminist economics and feminist sociology in regard to gender economic inequalities. The analysis is focused on thematic and geographical scope of articles published in two international journals with high impact: ?Feminist Economics? and ?Gender and Society?. The aim is to obtain insights in significance ascribed to economic inequalities within the broader studies of gender, economy and society. This is initial stage of broader research focused on differences in knowledge production on gender economic inequalities among the scholars from center, semi-periphery and periphery of the global system, which is more focused on substantive aspects - interpretation of causes, forms and consequences of gender economic inequalities in societies with different position in the world capitalist system and at the same time in the global system of knowledge production. The second line of the analysis includes insights in the state of art in Serbia, based on two leading sociological journals: ?Sociology? and ?Sociological Review?, and two leading economic journals: ?Economic Annals? and ?Economic Ideas and Practice?. The analysis is conducted on the journal volumes published during 2013-2017.
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Acharya, Sanghmitra S. "Disease Burden and Health Inequalities in Punjab-Understanding Economic and Social Consequences." International Journal of Preventive, Curative & Community Medicine 05, no. 02 (September 6, 2019): 15–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.24321/2454.325x.201910.
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Akyelken, Nihan. "Urban conceptions of economic inequalities." Regional Studies 54, no. 6 (April 15, 2020): 863–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2020.1732902.
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Napoli, Grazia. "Values spaces migration. appraisal scenarios for an intercultural society [Valori spazi migrazioni. prospettive estimative per una società interculturale]." Valori e Valutazioni 28 (July 2021): 49–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.48264/vvsiev-20212805.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Incessant migratory flows move towards nations or cities where they can find better living conditions, driven by economic inequalities, political and social instability, war conflicts and environmental emergencies, and generate real or perceived perturbations in the social and economic organization of territories. The changes in value, social, spatial and economic systems resulting from migration flows were debated during the SIEV conference “Values Spaces Migrations. Identity and Otherness in the Multicultural City”, which took place in October 2020 Incessanti flussi migratori si muovono verso nazioni o città in cui trovare condizioni di vita migliori sospinti da sperequazioni economiche, instabilità politiche e sociali, conflitti bellici ed emergenze ambientali, e generano perturbazioni, reali o percepite, sull’organizzazione sociale, ed economica dei territori. I mutamenti dei sistemi valoriali, sociali, spaziali ed economici conseguenti ai flussi migratori sono stati dibattuti durante il convegno SIEV “Valori Spazi Migrazioni. Identità e alterità nella citta multiculturale”, che si è svolto nel mese di ottobre del 2020.
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Wenczenovicz, Thaís Janaina, ANA CAROLINA MARTINS DA SILVA, and JANAINA RECZIEGEL. "SOCIAL INEQUALITIES AND YOUTH." International Journal for Innovation Education and Research 10, no. 2 (February 1, 2022): 128–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.31686/ijier.vol10.iss2.3654.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The struggle against social inequalities in Brazil has been the center of analysis in several areas of knowledge. Scholars, public managers, researchers, and public policymakers strive to diagnose and implement measures to reduce inequalities in the Brazilian context. Among the multiple forms of manifestation of such inequalities, the social markers of gender, race, and social class are the most investigated. However, color or race occupies a central space in most of the debates given the process of the socio-historical constitution of Brazil. In this debate, besides the aspects that are related to the Brazilian development process characteristics, whose dynamics have produced erasures and silencing throughout the country's history, black youth are among those included. As a consequence, the partial inclusion of the black, brown, or indigenous populations in this process has translated into higher levels of economic and social vulnerability, with greater incidence in some communities. The present reflection analyzes the impact of the social racial marker among the black Brazilian youth. The bibliographical-investigative methodological procedure is used.
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Bonizzato, Paola, and Juan Eduardo Tello. "Social economic inequalities and mental health. I. Concepts, theories and interpretations." Epidemiologia e Psichiatria Sociale 12, no. 3 (September 2003): 205–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1121189x00002980.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
SummaryAims – Reconstructing the models used for approaching the inequalities issues in health, idenfiying the most relevant theoretical and conceptual contributions. Method – Literature electronic-search on Medline, Psyclit, Econlit, Social Science Index and SocioSearch using the key-words inequalities, deprivation, poverty, socio-economic status, social class, occupational class, mental health for the period 1965-2002; integrated with manual search. The material was classified according to the conceptual and theoretical interpretative models or to the analyses of the association 'inequalities-health' where health was expressed as mortality, morbidity or services utilisation. Results – Four different interpretative models about the genesis of inequalities were identified. Further theoretical developments overcome the distinction among conceptuals contrapositions selection versus causation, statistic artefactual versus real differences, individual behaviours versus material context. Since the 80's the concept of material deprivation has been enlarged to include social deprivation to explain health inequalities. The social exclusion is related to material deprivation and to social fragility enlarging the traditional aspects of poverty. The theories that better adapt to the psychiatric field are the social selection and social causation. Conclusions – The social exclusion and the new methodologies for measuring the inequalities seems to be an effective way for understanding of the inexplored aspects of the mental health inequalities.Declaration of Interest: This work was partly funded by the Department of the Public Health Sciences “G. Sanarelli” of the University of Rome “La Sapienza” and the Department of Medicine and Public Health of the University of Verona.
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Waldegrave, C., and C. Cunningham. "SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC INEQUALITIES: THE MARGINALISATION OF OLDER PEOPLE." Innovation in Aging 1, suppl_1 (June 30, 2017): 1312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igx004.4805.
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11
Piasecki, Ryszard. "Development Economics and the issues of poverty and social inequalities." Annales. Etyka w Życiu Gospodarczym 20, no. 6 (February 22, 2017): 123–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/1899-2226.20.6.09.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Development economics emerged as a separate discipline of economic science in the 1950s but it wasn’t until the 1960s and mid-1970s that it began to draw serious attention. Gradually, an extensive literature concerning economic development was built up. In the 1980s it turned out, however, that despite some successes, the economic growth in most of medium and less developed countries was not as high as expected. During the 1980s and 1990s, the so-called Washington Consensus dominated the theory and practice of economic development. This notion covered the whole range of activities that were to lead the developing countries to improved welfare and prosperity. It included strict fiscal and monetary policies, deregulation, foreign trade and capital flow liberalisation, elimination of government subsidies, moderate taxation, liberalisation of interest rates, maintaining low inflation, etc. Based on the developmental experience of over past ten years, a new paradigm of development is emerging, the elements of which can be described as follows: (1) the basic economic environment should encourage the long-term investment in (2) the economy should have a high sensitivity to market stimuli (3) human capital must complement physical capital (4) due to the fast flow and absorption of information in the rapidly changing world, the key role is played by institutions and mechanisms that jointly respond to stimuli (5) wherever market failures occur, an intervention of the state should be market-friendly 6) social equality must be guaranteed if the economic development is to take place on a sustainable basis.
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Kristensen, Jytte, and Jørgen Elm Larsen. "Fattigdom, social eksklusion og boligforhold." Dansk Sociologi 18, no. 4 (November 3, 2007): 9–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.22439/dansoc.v18i4.2305.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Formålet med artiklen er primært at belyse, hvordan boligforholdene for fattige og socialt ekskluderede i Danmark har udviklet sig i perioden fra 1976 til 2000. Artiklen viser, at boligforholdene udgør en helt afgørende markør på socioøkonomiske uligheder i det danske samfund. Dem, der er fattige, socialt ekskluderede og som har et dårligt helbred, har langt ringere boligforhold end andre, og der er en klar intersektionalitet mellem forskellige, sårbare socioøkonomiske positioner. Artiklen viser endvidere, at der er en klar skillelinje mellem ejere og lejere i forhold til disse sårbare socioøkonomiske positioner. Lejere har for det første ringere boligforhold end ejere, og for det andet er de økonomiske uligheder mellem ejere og lejere øget markant inden for de seneste år på grund af stigende uligheder i indkomster og formuer. Artiklen giver således som noget nyt i dansk socialforskning et samlet overblik over økonomiske, sociale og boligstandardmæssige uligheder mellem dels ejere og lejere og dels mellem fattige og socialt ekskluderede og resten af befolkningen.
ENGELSK ABSTRACT:
Jytte Kristensen & Jørgen Elm Larsen: Poverty, Social Exclusion and Housing Conditions
The purpose of this article is to examine how housing conditions for poor and socially excluded people in Denmark have developed between 1976 and 2000. The article shows that housing conditions are a decisive marker of socio-economic inequalities in Danish society. People who are poor, socially excluded, and have poor health have poorer housing conditions than others. There is a clear intersectionality between the different vulnerable socio-economic positions. The analysis indicates that there is an unmistakable dividing line between owners and tenants as regards these vulnerable socio-economic positions. Firstly tenants have poorer housing conditions than owners, and secondly the economic inequalities between owners and tenants have increased in recent years primarily due to increasing inequalities in income and wealth. The article contributes to existing scientific knowledge about housing and inequality by drawing together both existing and new evidence about the economic, social and housing inequalities between owners and tenants and between poor and social excluded people and the rest of the population.
Key words: Housing conditions, poverty, social exclusion, health conditions, inequality.
13
Sukovic, Danilo. "Did economic inequality cause the economic crisis." Panoeconomicus 61, no. 3 (2014): 369–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/pan1403369s.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The sudden and large increase of interest in questions of distribution of wealth and economic inequality, arising in recent years, resulted primarily from the enormous increase in inequality that occurred during the last three decades. The global economic crisis that emerged in 2008 gave a new impetus to this research because numerous scientific studies appeared in which inequalities were given as one of the key causes of the crisis from which the world is slowly recovering. This is especially true in Europe, whose recovery is barely discernible. This paper analyzes the trends of economic inequality and points to the impact of inequality on economic growth. The central question in this paper, however, is whether the economic inequalities caused the economic crisis. Although opinions differ as to inequality?s impact on the occurrence of the crisis, the fact is that enormous economic inequalities, and especially their permanent growth, could have many negative effects, such as increasing poverty, increasing social stratification and causing global economic crises. As many authors have pointed out, escalating inequality is not an inevitable price of progress. On the contrary, it is a political decision that often has expensive ramifications.
14
Grover, Chris. "Social Protest in 2011: Material and Cultural Aspects of Economic Inequalities." Sociological Research Online 16, no. 4 (December 2011): 188–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.5153/sro.2538.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The wave of social protest that swept across England in August 2011 has predominantly been explained by political elites through appeals to various approaches that have in common individualistic frameworks of reference. Issues related to the material condition of society are either little analysed or, among the political elite, ruled out as an explanation of the protests. However, it is clear from both the historical literature on social protest and the contemporary literature on relationships between crime and inequality that explanations ignoring inequalities, particularly economic inequalities, are problematic.
15
Papa, Monika. "Social Inequalities in a Time of Economic Crisis in Greece." International Journal of Social Science Research 6, no. 1 (March 30, 2018): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ijssr.v6i1.12168.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The study maintains the focus at the economic crisis in Greece, in real social terms. The research highlights the evidence between the level of education and poverty, and the impact that children of poor families are facing. The authors are focusing on the lack of social protection in single parent families, as well as the significant increase in the number of unemployed in Greece during the period of the memorandum. Moreover, the lack of an effective social state and the collapse of informal support networks increases the chances of tearing the social fabric and more families going into poverty. The study also underlines the social consequences of the economic crisis that are geared towards issues of social inclusion in societies organized in relation to values and the development of skills logic, and the inability to secure full-time jobs. The absence of social protection factors, coupled with the impact of vulnerability and risk factors, are causing poverty, unemployment, loss of rights and social support, social exclusion, discrimination, deinstitutionality, migration combined with effects on personality, developmental experiences, health of the body and soul. In Greek society, at the time of the economic crisis, there is a lack of a social protection network, and the weakening of the institution of the family. In Greece, it is necessary to approach the "new poor" in terms of politics and economy, so that they can be considered as indispensable social partners of democracy. Unprivileged social groups have to claim their rights, become part of their liberation process, and become faces of a change of personnel and social level with the ultimate goal of social transformation.
16
Pasarin, M. I. "Weighing Social and Economic Determinants Related to Inequalities in Mortality." Journal of Urban Health: Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine 81, no. 3 (September 1, 2004): 349–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jurban/jth123.
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Emler, Nicholas, and Julie Dickinson. "Children's representation of economic inequalities: The effects of social class." British Journal of Developmental Psychology 3, no. 2 (June 1985): 191–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-835x.1985.tb00971.x.
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Warren, John Robert. "Does Growing Childhood Socioeconomic Inequality Mean Future Inequality in Adult Health?" ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 663, no. 1 (December 10, 2015): 292–330. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002716215596981.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Over the past half century, American children have experienced increasingly unequal childhoods. The goal of this article is to begin to understand the implications of recent trends in social and economic inequalities among children for the future of inequalities in health among adults. The relative importance of many of the causal pathways linking childhood social and economic circumstances to adult health remains underexplored, and we know even less about how these causal pathways have changed over time. I combine a series of original analyses with reviews of relevant literature in a number of fields to inform a discussion of what growing childhood inequalities might mean for future inequalities in adult health. In the end, I argue that there is good reason to suppose that growing inequalities in children’s social and economic circumstances will lead to greater heterogeneity in adults’ morbidity and mortality.
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Provin, Mércia Pandolfo, Silvana Nair Leite, and Rita Goreti Amaral. "Social inequalities in lawsuits for drugs." Brazilian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 49, no. 3 (September 2013): 465–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-82502013000300008.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The aim of this study was to characterize the lawsuits requesting drugs considering the economic profile of their petitioners. All lawsuits (1378) accepted against Goiânia, GO from 2003 to 2007 were analyzed. Petitioners' demographic characteristics, reported diseases, requested drugs, origin of healthcare service, and lawsuit agent were described. Complainants' addresses were georeferenced and distributed into 4 regional groups classified in accordance with the population's average income. Dwellers of wealthier regions filed court actions requesting drugs more frequently, with an average rate of 1.7 lawsuits/1000 inhabitants versus 0.55/1000 in the poorer region. Lawsuit costs were 4-fold higher in wealthier regions compared with the poorest region. Chronic diseases were involved in most lawsuits, where acute and low complexity diseases predominated among complainants living in poorer regions. Thus, social differences were reflected in the granting of health rights.
20
JEVTIĆ, DRAGAN, and MILAN MILJKOVIĆ. "SOCIAL SECURITY AND RISKS OF MODERN MIGRATION." Kultura polisa, no. 46 (October 18, 2021): 55–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.51738/kpolisa2021.18.3r.1.04.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Social security implies the realization of comprehensive guarantees to citizens from certain risks, most often socio-economic, but also others related to them, in an objective and subjective sense, which are integral parts of social security (social security, social protection, social development and social risks). Social security is often equated with social security, especially in its broader sense, although are not synonymous, and implies a comprehensive and integrated system of social measures that guarantee an adequate standard of living and well-being, can include a range of related systems and subsystems, ideas and concepts of security and other factors (economic, political, demographic, environmental, etc.) that are associated with it have a greater or lesser impact and determine the character of its actions. Social security is most directly related to human security and sustainable development. Achieving the highest possible level of social security is no longer just a possibility and ability of nation states but also of the entire global world system, with a system of international relations, which aspires to realize the idea and vision of a global society with a number of international supranational and global institutions, institutes and rules, who need to realize his premises. The central problem in the current form of globalization, as a system of international relations, is the constant increase of socio-economic inequalities and other inequalities, at the level of global society, between regions and states and within states and which is actualized as a result of structural inequalities stemming from neoliberalism, dominant economic-political model and its rules. As a consequence of endangering the socio-economic security of people and their identities, modern migrations with their risks appear, of which the capacity of migrations to become a terrismogenic factor (factor generic of terrorism) is of special importance. The paper deals with issues of social security and social risks; globalization, increasing socio-economic inequalities and social risks, and the relationship between social risks and migration as a terrismogenic factor, with reference to the analysis of migration risks in the Republic of Serbia.
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Irwin, Sarah. "Lay Perceptions of Inequality and Social Structure." Sociology 52, no. 2 (August 23, 2016): 211–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0038038516661264.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Lay perceptions of social structure and economic distribution have a particular salience in the current era of widening inequalities which has characterised Britain since the 1980s. Research into subjective beliefs has generated puzzles: people underestimate the extent of inequalities, see themselves as being situated ‘near the middle’ irrespective of their objective position, and allegedly hold an a-social view of the underpinnings of socio-economic inequalities. This article presents a new qualitative analysis of lay perceptions of inequality. It does so with a particular focus on context, biographical experience and social change. The qualitative and temporal perspectives reveal that people are more sophisticated analysts of social process, and of their own situatedness within the wider social structure, than often thought. This has implications for sociological understanding but also holds relevance for renewing political options for intervention. Additionally, the evidence offers insights into lived experiences of inequality through a period of significant restructuring.
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Veenstra, Gerry, and Thomas Abel. "Capital interplays and social inequalities in health." Scandinavian Journal of Public Health 47, no. 6 (January 23, 2019): 631–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1403494818824436.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
We explore the ramifications of applying Pierre Bourdieu’s theory of capitals to epidemiological research on socioeconomic health inequalities. Capitals are resources used by individuals and groups to maintain and enhance their positions in the social order. The notion of capital interplay refers to the interconnectedness of multiple forms of capital in the production of good health. We provide definitions of economic, cultural and social capitals and describe a variety of causally distal processes—namely, capital acquisition, multiplier and transmission interplays—from which new hypotheses can be developed to guide future study of socioeconomic health inequalities in modern societies.
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VanHeuvelen, Tom, and Jane S. VanHeuvelen. "Between-country inequalities in health lifestyles." International Journal of Comparative Sociology 62, no. 3 (June 2021): 203–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00207152211041385.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
How does engagement in multiple health behaviors consolidate into health promoting health lifestyles, and how does economic development provide a broadly shared living condition to enable participation in health promoting health lifestyles? To answer these questions, we harmonize information from the 2011 International Social Survey Programme and the 2014 European Social Survey to examine patterns of health lifestyles and subsequent associations with self-rated health in representative samples of 52 country-years nested in 35 countries, with repeated observations from 17 countries. We find individuals engage more frequently in health promoting behaviors in countries with higher levels of economic development. Moreover, we find a tighter connection between health lifestyles and health in countries with higher levels of economic development. Critically, we move health lifestyles research forward by testing the consequences of within country changes in economic development, finding that growth in economic development increases the engagement of health promoting health behaviors. Policy and theoretical implications are discussed.
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Malmusi, Davide, Carles Muntaner, Carme Borrell, Marc Suhrcke, Patricia O’Campo, Mireia Julià, Giulia Melis, et al. "Social and Economic Policies Matter for Health Equity: Conclusions of the SOPHIE Project." International Journal of Health Services 48, no. 3 (June 12, 2018): 417–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020731418779954.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Since 2011, the SOPHIE project has accumulated evidence regarding the influence of social and economic policies on population health levels, as well as on health inequalities according to socioeconomic position, gender, and immigrant status. Through comparative analyses and evaluation case studies across Europe, SOPHIE has shown how these health inequalities vary according to contexts in macroeconomics, social protection, labor market, built environment, housing, gender equity, and immigrant integration and may be reduced by equity-oriented policies in these fields. These studies can help public health and social justice advocates to build a strong case for fairer social and economic policies that will lead to the reduction of health inequalities that most governments have included among their policy goals. In this article, we summarize the main findings and policy implications of the SOPHIE project and the lessons learned on civil society participation in research and results communication.
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McRorie, Christina. "Heterodox Economics, Social Ethics, and Inequalities." Journal of Religious Ethics 47, no. 2 (May 30, 2019): 232–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jore.12263.
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Daniele, Vittorio, and Paolo Malanima. "Trends in Mediterranean inequalities 1950-2015." Panoeconomicus 66, no. 4 (2019): 385–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/pan160923012d.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This article is aimed at analysing the trends of economic, social and institutional inequality among the Mediterranean countries in the period 1950- 2015. After the examination of the inequalities in GDP per capita among and within nations, we present a Human Development Index (HDI) that includes a measure of democratic achievements. Main result is that inequalities in income, after the rise from the 1950s onwards, declined from the start of the twenty-first century. Inequalities in HDI, instead, constantly diminished in the period under examination, while a process of democratization occurred. On the whole, despite the convergence among Mediterranean countries, economic inequalities are much deeper than those in social indicators.
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Bracanović, Slobodan. "The economic tendencies, capital and inequalities." Bastina, no. 51 (2020): 239–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/bastina30-26406.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Inequalities in: capital, property, income; the regulations are contemporary and global society. The rate income on capital surpasses rate the economic growth. Implement is enormous concentration of capital. Large is number a rich mans and extreme wealthy. On other side enormous majority is smaller the well-off and poor. Increase and the layer global plutocrats. Project is decelerate dynamics growth. The future is foggy uncertainty, as and full risky. Target of the work is perceive growth sociable a inequalities as the urgent contemporary the problem. Apply is various the methodology (historical, deductive-inductive, structural, comparative, statistical and other analysis). The problem it is concentration of capital and possibility reduce the social divide. Similarly swear, the problem is it and long-term the decelerate dynamics of the economic growth. Conclude is that beneficial influence powers of the convergence and (or) of the divergence, as and mixed of the efficiencies whose a resultant to be able in the direction reduce a global inequalities. Development individually a regions to be able and to dynamism of the economic growth. Philosophical and economic, rate the return of capital surpass the rate economic growth (p>g). This the trend anticipate is and in 21. century. "the first basic law of capitalism": a participation income of capital in national income (a) increase is rate the return (r) on capital and relation capital and income (b) that is a = r x b. "Other basic law of capitalism": relation capital and income (b) quotient is rate of saving (s) and rate growth of national income (g) that is b = s/g. "Law cumulative growth": rather small annual rate the return in long a deadline cause powerful growth, initial, of capital. "Law behavior": money and profit are motor activities! Richest the layer make one percentage of people (1%) on highest top of pyramid! Plutocracy create of the world politics.
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O’Relley, Z. Edward. "Privatization and some economic and social consequences: Higher incomes, greater inequalities." Social Science Journal 43, no. 3 (September 1, 2006): 497–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.soscij.2006.04.001.
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Huisman, Martijn, Frank J. Van Lenthe, Katrina Giskes, Carlijn B. M. Kamphuis, Johannes Brug, and Johan P. Mackenbach. "Explaining socio-economic inequalities in daily smoking: a social–ecological approach." European Journal of Public Health 22, no. 2 (April 7, 2011): 238–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckr039.
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Awasthi, Ishwar Chandra, and Puneet Kumar Shrivastav. "Inequalities in economic and educational status among social groups in India." International Journal of Social Economics 44, no. 6 (June 12, 2017): 774–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijse-08-2015-0210.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to analyse the social and economic disparities across social groups in rural Uttar Pradesh. The paper demonstrates that the structure of the rural economy in India is characterised by deeply ingrained prejudices and social discrimination. The four-village study undertaken in one of the most populated states in India, Uttar Pradesh, clearly reveals that there is a huge disparity in terms of various social and economic indicators and that the so-called high growth has hardly helped in bettering their lives. Design/methodology/approach The paper is based on primary data collected from the Census survey of villages exploring socio-economic disparities across social groups by using decomposition models. Findings The results evidently lend credence to the postulations that a large proportion of the disadvantaged groups are prone to multiple deprivations, both in the society and in labour markets. The inquiry reveals this phenomenon clearly. Research limitations/implications From the policy point of view, it is therefore imperative to ensure the direct and focussed provision of basic human requirements in terms of education, employment and income of the state. The implementation of direct policy interventions is an absolute necessity if the state has to guarantee convergence and the inclusive growth process on a sustained basis. Originality/value This paper fulfils an identified need to study the inequality among the social groups in terms of education, employment, income and livelihood opportunities in selected villages of four districts of Uttar Pradesh.
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Pellissery, Sony. "Social Hierarchies, Economic Inequalities and Interpersonal Relationships: An Overview from India." Interpersona: An International Journal on Personal Relationships 2, no. 2 (December 30, 2008): 243–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5964/ijpr.v2i2.28.
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Chmielewska, Barbara, and Zuzana Horváthová. "Policy levelling economic and social inequalities between rural and urban areas." Journal of International Studies 9, no. 2 (June 2016): 103–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.14254/2071-8330.2016/9-2/7.
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Díaz-Méndez, Cecilia, and Isabel García-Espejo. "Social Inequalities in Following Official Guidelines on Healthy Diet During the Period of Economic Crisis in Spain." International Journal of Health Services 49, no. 3 (May 30, 2019): 582–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020731419847589.
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In Spanish society, social inequalities continue in connection with diet; however, no data examines whether these inequalities altered during the period of economic crisis. This article aims to analyze trends in inequalities related to adherence to government guidelines concerning healthy diet during the period of economic crisis based on the data obtained from the National Health Surveys conducted by the National Statistics Institute. The approach involves studying first the data from the 2006 survey, shortly before the crisis, and then comparing these with the data from the 2011–2012 survey. Applying models of logistic regression shows that certain social inequalities were accentuated by the crisis. However, the general and widespread pattern of eating habits does not disappear in times of crisis. Inequalities are more commonly seen when socioeconomic factors affect foods that the guidelines indicate should be eaten daily. However, with respect to more expensive products, socioeconomic factors did not have so much negative effect on how far a healthy diet was followed because it is recommended that consumption of these foods should be limited. The results suggest that food policy should have specific focuses during times of economic recession.
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Kakpo, Nathalie. "Lyon metropolis: economic development and social division of space." TERRITORIO, no. 61 (June 2012): 47–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/tr2012-061007.
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This paper discusses the effects of the economic development and metropolisation of Lyon and the social division of space. It ex¬plores the residential distribution of the various socio-economic groups and extrapolates three types of relationships between social and urban change: segregation, ‘embourgeoisement', and gentrification. In addition economic growth tends to reinforce the social division of space in Greater Lyon. The growing prosperity of cities that have been rich for some time is the driving force behind growing socio-territorial inequalities.
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MARMOT, MICHAEL, and MARTIN BOBAK. "Social and economic changes and health in Europe East and West." European Review 13, no. 1 (January 20, 2005): 15–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1062798705000037.
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The health status of populations of the countries of Central and Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union underwent major changes after the fall of communism. While mortality started declining in Central Europe, mortality in Russia and most other countries of the former Soviet Union rose dramatically and has yet to improve. In terms of the socioeconomic changes, some countries (mainly Central Europe) were able to contain the fall in income and rise in income inequalities, but across the former Soviet Union gross domestic product plummeted and income inequality grew rapidly. This led to two types of inequality: first, the widening gap in mortality between countries, and second, the increasing social gradient in health and disease within countries. The thrust of our argument is that the disadvantages in health in Eastern Europe, and the growing social inequalities in health in the region, are direct results of the social changes, and that psychosocial factors played a pivotal role in the health pattern seen in Central and Eastern Europe.
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Khattab, Ahmed, and El Imad. "The long-run impact of bank credit growth on social and economic inequalities in Morocco: Evidence from the Johansen's cointegration analysis." European Journal of Applied Economics 18, no. 2 (2021): 95–126. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/ejae18-30597.
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The subject of the economic and social inequalities growth has become a major concern for economic researchers around the world. As a result, there is a great attention and concern about the significant costs of rising inequalities on peace and social coherence in society. To counteract the harms of these inequalities, Morocco has undertaken several reforms, including the implementation of a new development model set up in 2018. The main objective of this article is to estimate the impact of bank credit growth on the increase of economic and social inequalities in Morocco. In other words, we have verified whether there is a positive impact on the rise of income inequalities in Morocco. For this reason, in this study, we tested an econometric model, using the cointegration method, particularly, the error correction model. Thus, our results confirms that the degree of trade openness, bank credit and gross domestic product per capita are considered to be determinants of the equilibrium of the Gini index in the long run. We used annual data covering the period 1990-2019 from the Central Bank of Morocco (BAM) database and the World Bank database (WBD). A wide range of studies demonstrate the significant positive impact between bank credits and income inequalities.
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Roberts, Kenneth M. "(Re)Politicizing Inequalities: Movements, Parties, and Social Citizenship in Chile." Journal of Politics in Latin America 8, no. 3 (December 2016): 125–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1866802x1600800305.
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For 20 years following the 1989–1990 democratic transition, Chilean politics was characterized by stable forms of party-based political representation, relatively low levels of social mobilization, and a technocratic consensus around a neoliberal development model that generated rapid and sustained, albeit highly unequal, patterns of economic growth. This sociopolitical matrix was challenged, however, when hundreds of thousands of students and their supporters took to the streets to protest against educational inequalities, while smaller numbers of protestors mobilized around a plethora of other labor, environmental, and indigenous rights claims. This wave of social protest occurred in a context of growing detachment of Chilean citizens from traditional parties and representative institutions, and it punctured the aura of inevitability and consensus that surrounded the country's economic model. The ground-swell of popular protest signified the end of a posttransition political era in Chile and the dawning of a new one defined by the repoliticization of social and economic inequalities, including vigorous debates about the social pillars of the neoliberal model and the reach of social citizenship rights. The Chilean case sheds new light on the processes by which inequalities come to be politicized or depoliticized in different structural, institutional, and ideational contexts.
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Stella, Gian Paolo, Umberto Filotto, and Enrico Maria Cervellati. "Could Financial Literacy Become a Key Variable to Examine Social and Economic Inequalities? A Study on Italian Regions." International Journal of Trade, Economics and Finance 11, no. 1 (February 2020): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.18178/ijtef.2020.11.1.657.
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Rani, Uma. "COMMENT ON THE REPORT OF THE INTERNATIONAL PANEL ON SOCIAL PROGRESS, CHAPTER 3: ECONOMIC INEQUALITY AND SOCIAL PROGRESS." Economics and Philosophy 34, no. 3 (October 30, 2018): 451–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266267118000470.
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Chapter 3 discusses the causes, patterns and dynamics of inequalities in an exhaustive review of the literature on inequality of income, expenditure and wealth among individuals and households. It emphasizes how these inequalities reflect and affect inequality along various dimensions, including political freedom, economic opportunity, health, education and social outcomes. It gives three sets of policy recommendations for different populations: (i) policies to improve the conditions among the poor, the vulnerable and the socially excluded; (ii) policies geared towards supporting the growth and sustainability of a strong middle class; and (iii) policies that seek to curb concentration of income and wealth at the top (121). Some of these policy recommendations are quite consistent with what has often been proposed for the past three decades, which is that redistributive policies or welfare at the bottom should benefit the least well-off and address inequality.
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Andersen, Hans Thor, Mia Arp Fallov, Anja Jørgensen, Maja De Neergaard, and Rikke Skovgaard Nielsen. "Cohesion in the Local Context: Reconciling the Territorial, Economic and Social Dimensions." Social Inclusion 8, no. 4 (December 3, 2020): 178–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/si.v8i4.3747.
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This brief editorial introduces a set of articles dealing with territorial challenges in Europe. The EU and the member states have put attention to a silent, but growing issue of inequality: The spatial disparities are in several member states considered able to provide wider political tensions and challenges. Consequently, the EU has launched a research theme in its framework programme Horizon 2020 to cope with such matter. Most of the papers in this issue have their origin in the Horizon COHSMO project “Inequality, Urbanization and Territorial Cohesion. Developing the European Social Model of Economic Growth and Democratic Capacity.” While social or economic inequalities are recognized as a social problem, spatial disparities are forgotten or ignored. However, territorial inequalities do boost social and economic differences and add to growing tensions and contradictions in many cases. Coping with such challenges is a difficult matter; most European countries have had programmes aiming at rebalancing regional inequalities for many years. Despite major investments in public services, infrastructure, education and culture, as well as targeted support for private investors, businesses raising employment opportunities and so on. However, the success in terms of growing population and employment has been limited. Instead, endogenous structures and relations receive more attention; in particularly local capacity to generate solutions and means to promote economic and social development. This ability strongly links to the concept of collective efficacy, i.e., a joint understanding and capability to organize and execute actions of mutual benefit.
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Hübelová, Dana, Pavel Ptáček, and Tereza Šlechtová. "Demographic and socio-economic factors influencing health inequalities in the Czech Republic." GeoScape 15, no. 1 (June 1, 2021): 53–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/geosc-2021-0005.
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Abstract Health inequalities, which could be prevented by appropriate means in various areas, are generally perceived as a consequence of injustice in the society and are mostly the result of inequalities in social determinants. The main goal of this article is to determine health inequalities defined by demographic and socio-economic factors at the level of districts of the Czech Republic in the period 2007–2018(due to the specific differences in data, the Capital City of Prague region was not included). The following statistical methods were used to process the data: correlation analysis, principal component analysis, composite indicator, cluster analysis and multidimensional factor analysis. The value of the composite indicator shows a very favorable situation in the districts of Praha-východ and Praha-západ (especially high proportion of university students, low unemployment, age index, infant mortality, abortion rate and housing subsidies), and the unfavourable situation in the districts of Chomutov, Teplice and Most (especially high housing and unemployment subsidies, low rate of university students, negative migration balance, high rates of infant mortality and abortion). The results specify regional disparities of demographic and socio-economic indicators that can cause health inequalities: negative regional disparities (Most, Teplice, Děčín, Bruntál, Karviná, Ostrava-město and Jeseník districts) and positive regional disparities (Praha-západ, Praha-východ, Mladá Boleslav, Jihlava and Brno-venkov). The study presents the results of analyses based on the example of smaller territorial units (districts) and confirms the existence of regional disparities in accordance with research at the national and international level. Highlights for public administration, management and planning: • Demographic factors are connected to socio-economic environmental factors (poverty, education, social exclusion, unemployment, social security, family situation etc.) that lead to regional health inequalities. • The regional disparities of selected demographic and socio-economic indicators of the districts of the Czech Republic that cause health inequalities were specified.
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Nunn, Alexander, and Daniela Tepe-Belfrage. "Social reproduction strategies: Understanding compound inequality in the intergenerational transfer of capital, assets and resources." Capital & Class 43, no. 4 (October 30, 2019): 617–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309816819880795.
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This article focuses on the way that households respond to ‘global pressures’ by adapting their social reproduction strategies (SRS). We understand social reproduction strategies to encapsulate the more or less consciously developed day-to-day and inter-generational responses to the social conditions that households confront and their own motivations and aspirations for the future. Yet, due to a range of extant inequalities of accumulated and dynamic resources – some of which are material and some of which are at once ethereal and embodied in the concrete labouring capacities of individuals – we argue that social reproduction strategies, and capacities to pursue them, differ widely. Differences are conditioned by positionality, access to information and the construction of ‘economic imaginaries’ as well as material resources. By looking at these different expressions of social reproduction strategies, we highlight how they reinforce macro-scale socio-economic pressures, creating what we term ‘compound inequality’ into the future. Compound inequalities result from different behavioural responses to socio-economic conditions, inequality and (perceived or real) insecurity, which have the potential to exaggerate inequality and insecurity into the future. Inequalities do not just arise from formal economic markets then but also from the realm of social reproduction.
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Scalon, Celi, Fernando Tavares Júnior, and Sin Yi Cheung. "Stratification in the 21 century." Civitas - Revista de Ciências Sociais 22 (August 16, 2022): e42936. http://dx.doi.org/10.15448/1984-7289.2022.1.42936.
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The global Covid-19 pandemic had seen inequalities much exacerbated and disparities between and within nations widened. The socio-economic crisis experienced in Brazil is no exception. The long-term impacts of the pandemic on our socio-economic and political lives and how they shape the production and reproduction of inequalities will continue to dominate contemporary sociological debates. We propose a set of original papers that focus not only on the measurement of social inequalities, but seek to articulate the complex social processes based on new empirical evidence on wealth distribution, well-being and life chances in the 21st century. Despite being a late-industrialized country, the general trends observed in Brazil in inequalities can shed light on similar developments in other societies, and this Special Issue aims to provide an in-depth analysis of the persistent and deepening inequalities worldwide.
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Cruz, Isabel Cristina Fonseca da. "Health and african-brazilian ethnicity research group (HABERG)." Online Brazilian Journal of Nursing 1, no. 1 (April 2, 2002): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.17665/1676-4285.20024791.
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Since 1994, the Health and African-Brazilian Ethnicity Research Group is focused on the social determinants of health inequalities. The group was created and is directed by Isabel Cruz, RN, PhD It is based in the Medical-Surgical Nursing Department, Fluminense Federal University (RJ, Brazil). Its aims were to undertake multi-disciplinary social and health science research to advance the understanding of the social processes, particularly the racism, which underlie and mediate socio-economic inequalities in health and to advance the methodology of health inequalities research.These aims are been taking forward through two projects. The project related to the nursing diagnosis chronic low self-esteem and the nursing intervention cultural brokerage is multi-disciplinary, involving collaborators from arts (music, dance, painting, literature), economics, history, psychology, social policy and sociology. The other project is related to the nursing diagnoses and interventions to the hypertensive client and his family. Both projects have a focus on racism and socio-economic inequalities in health, addressing for example ethnic and gender inequalities which are not yet on the scientific and policy agenda of public health.Communication with the users of research has been a priority for the HABERG, which was linked regularly to over 500 users in and beyond Brazil by the NEPAE-NESEN Eletronic Newsletter which provides updates on HABERG activities, researches, and its policy implications. The information on the website (www.uff.br/nepae/NESEN.htm) provides a record of the research group activities.Publications: all HABERG newsletter articles and research reports are displayed on the website www.uff.br/nepae or www.uff.br/nepae/NESEN.htm
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TISDELL, CLEM, and SERGE SVIZZERO. "GLOBALIZATION, SOCIAL WELFARE, PUBLIC POLICY AND LABOR INEQUALITIES." Singapore Economic Review 49, no. 02 (October 2004): 233–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217590804000901.
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Income inequality has increased sharply in higher income and in many lower income countries. Theories attributing this to bifurcation of labor markets in higher income countries are examined. Some theorists attribute this bifurcation primarily to technical change with influence from globalization. Others take an opposite viewpoint. A contrasting view presented here is that globalization is strongly linked with technological change. More significantly even if globalization increases economic efficiency and growth in globalizing countries, it can raise income inequality and reduce social welfare in such countries. International fiscal competitiveness may, it is argued, contribute to income inequality and make all nations worse off. Trends in public social expenditure and in taxation receipts in higher income countries, including Singapore, are examined to determine the extent of empirical support for the theory.
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MILNE, ALISOUN, and JENNIE WILLIAMS. "Meeting the mental health needs of older women: taking social inequality into account." Ageing and Society 20, no. 6 (November 2000): 699–723. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x01007942.
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Whilst there is increasing acceptance that social inequalities have implications for mental health, there is minimal acknowledgement of their effects on the development and treatment of mental ill health in older people. This paper focuses on older women, as they are the majority sufferers of mental illness in later life, and are particularly vulnerable to the cumulative effects of lifelong and age-related inequalities. The authors, who draw upon literature from the fields of gerontology and mental health, argue that for effective care to be developed, older women's mental ill health needs to be seen within the context of their past and present experience of social inequalities. Evidence particularly relates to socio-economic disadvantages as well as to the consequences of discrimination. It is argued that psychological vulnerability is further compounded by the gendered effects of social policy, and by a care system which constructs mental health needs as unrelated to oppression, and dislocated from their economic, social and historical roots. Finally, the authors outline the key components of a care and service system which takes account of social inequalities, and which accords centrality to the experiences, views and opinions of older women with mental health problems.
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Navarro, Vicente. "Neoliberalism, “Globalization,” Unemployment, Inequalities, and the Welfare State." International Journal of Health Services 28, no. 4 (October 1998): 607–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/y3x7-rg7e-6626-fvpt.
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This analysis of “neoliberalism” and its economic and social consequences is presented in six sections. Section I begins by describing the impact of neoliberal public policies on economic growth and inflation, on business profits and business investments, on productivity, on business credit, on unemployment and social inequalities, on social expenditures, and on poverty and family debt. The author shows that, except in the area of business profits and control of inflation, neoliberal policies have not proved superior to those they replaced. Section II deals with unemployment and social polarization in the developed capitalist countries. The author criticizes some of the theories put forward to explain these social problems, such as the introduction of new technologies and globalization of the economy, and suggests that a primary reason for these problems is the implementation of neoliberal policies. Section III challenges the widely held neoliberal perception that the U.S. economy is highly efficient and the E.U. economies are “sclerotic” due to their “excessive” welfare states and “rigid” labor markets. The author shows that the U.S. economy is not so dynamic, nor the E.U. economies so sclerotic. Some developed countries with greater social protection and more regulated labor markets are shown to be more successful than the United States in producing jobs and lowering unemployment. The reasons for the growing polarization in developed capitalist countries, rooted in political rather than economic causes, are discussed in section IV—especially the enormous power of the financial markets and their influence on international agencies and national governments, and the weakness of the labor movements, both nationally and internationally. Section V questions the major theses of globalization. The author shows that rather than globalization of commerce and investments, we are witnessing a regionalization of economic relations stimulated by political considerations. He also analyzes the globalization of capital finance, criticizing the thesis that capital markets are determining public policies. The economic determinism that underlies the globalization position is questioned, uncovering the importance of political explanations for understanding major social problems such as unemployment. Finally, section VI shows that neoliberal public policies on the deregulation of labor markets are creating enormous instability in the labor force, worsening the living conditions of the majority of the populations.
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Kenzhegaliev, Kulush. "WAYS OF OVERCOMING SOCIAL INEQUALITY BY THE KAZAKH NOMADS IN THE BOOK OF ABAI KUNANBAEV “THE WORDS OF EDIFICATION”." CBU International Conference Proceedings 3 (September 19, 2015): 368–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.12955/cbup.v3.626.
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This article considers the role of Russian and other languages toward the wealth of Kazakh nomads in the book of Kazakh educator, region ruler, and sultan Abai Kunanbaev. It reveals the progressiveness of his ideas of studying Russian in overcoming socio-economic inequalities in comparison with the Kazakhs, the Russians, the Uzbeks, and the Tatars. Comparative analysis of Abai’s economic ideas with economic theories of Adam Smith and Karl Marx shows the limitations of Abai’s ideas. The lack of goods production has left a definite imprint on Abai’s ideas.In modern Kazakhstan, Abai’s ideas received new qualitative development in overcoming socio-economic inequalities of the people of Kazakhstan in the world.
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Palriwala, Rajni. "Debating Gender Inequalities: Culture, Economics and Choice." Indian Journal of Gender Studies 24, no. 3 (October 2017): 422–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0971521517716811.
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This paper looks at a little-known part of Leela Dube’s writings through a debate between her and the economic historian, Dharma Kumar, on sex-selective abortion. Drawing on comparative and cross-cultural work on gender and kinship, Dube questioned the application of demandsupply dynamics to social relations and was prescient of later developments in the juvenile sex ratio. The paper argues that Dube and the debate draws attention to four themes that remain relevant to an understanding of sex ratios and gender relations. These are the significance and construction of the social, the depth, range and contours of diversity, understandings of preference, choice and agency, and state action and responsibility.
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Stok, F. Marijn, Michèlle Bal, Mara A. Yerkes, and John B. F. de Wit. "Social Inequality and Solidarity in Times of COVID-19." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 12 (June 11, 2021): 6339. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18126339.
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The enormous public health burdens of the COVID-19 pandemic are not distributed equally. Inequalities are noticeable along socio-economic and socio-cultural fault lines. These social determinants of health affect both the prevalence and severity of COVID-19 infections as well as the magnitude of negative impacts of the measures taken to slow the spread of the virus. This perspective paper summarizes key inequalities in who is affected by SARS-CoV-2 infection and in who is affected by COVID-19 prevention measures, based on evidence presented in state-of-the-art literature, and discusses the scope of challenges that these inequalities pose to solidarity and social justice. Key challenges for solidarity are highlighted across three areas: challenges to intergenerational solidarity, to global solidarity, and to intergroup solidarity.