Дисертації: "Social and economic inequalities"

1

Kadow, Alexander. "Essays in European integration and economic inequalities." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2012. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/3403/.

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The ongoing process of economic integration in Europe and beyond has already led to profound changes that are likely to manifest themselves further. Within Europe, formerly centrally planned economies have joined the European Union (EU) with the intention to ultimately introduce the common currency. On a more global scale, marginalised farmers in developing countries seek to become integrated in the world trading system to lift themselves out of poverty. However, issues surrounding economic inequalities are no longer exclusively confined to emerging economies. Indeed, awareness of income inequalities and their impact on the domestic economy is increasing among industrialised nations. This dissertation seeks to contribute to these topical debates in the form of three self-contained essays. The first essay is concerned with monetary integration in Europe. More specifically, we consider the EU member countries from Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) that seek to adopt the euro in the foreseeable future. Our analysis is based on a global VAR (GVAR) model to investigate to what extent central banks in CEE follow the European Central Bank’s lead. We look in another core chapter at the economic implications of the Fair Trade (FT) movement. This is a fairly novel topic to the economics profession and we thus aim to provide intuitive insights. One of the key elements of our trade model is that FT generates and hinges upon economic inequalities. We combine these two aspects in the third core chapter. In particular, we analyse how monetary policy operates in an environment which is characterised by wage inequalities using a New Keynesian model that features heterogeneous labour. The third essay is motivated by the case of the United States, where, similar to many European countries, there is strong empirical evidence for rising internal economic divergence. Overall, the thesis not only combines and investigates topical issues, it moreover does so employing various techniques with the intention to also make contributions on the methodological level. We conclude the monograph by highlighting policy implications and by providing directions for future research.

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2

Roy, Sutanuka. "Economics of social, gender, and income inequalities." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2018. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/3727/.

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The thesis contains three chapters. The first chapter reports on the first large-scale randomized field experiment involving legally-recognized minorities to examine the causal effects of providing performance-based financial incentives based on social or income disadvantage on high stakes university test scores. The results are that the average test scores of the whole cohort goes down by .14 standard deviations when financial incentives were provided by income disadvantage while there is no effect on the test scores when financial incentives were provided by social disadvantage or when financial incentives were provided to all students. The chapter provides evidence of academic non-cooperation when financial incentives are offered by income status and no evidence of such peer effects when prize incentives are given by social disadvantage. The second chapter, which is a joint work with Dr. H.F.Tam, studies the impact of matrimonial laws introduced by the British in British provinces in colonial India during 1800s and early 1900s. Exploiting quasi-random variations of districts that were former British Provinces within each post-independent Indian states, we find that females have 5% lower chances of marrying under the current legal age, and 1.6% higher chance of attending school at 10-16 years old in regions that were formerly British Provinces. Furthermore, using historical Census of India 1901-1931 on marriage status of population between 0-15 years at district level, the chapter estimates the impact of Child Marriage abolition Act (1931) on child marriages in colonial India. The third chapter uses a large-scale novel panel dataset (2005-14) on schools from the Indian state of Assam to test for the impact of violent conflict on female student’s enrolment ratios. We find that a doubling of average killings in a districtyear leads to a 13 per cent drop in girl’s enrolment rate with school fixed effects.

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3

Dahlén, Gisselmann Marit. "The first injustice : socio-economic inequalities in birth outcome /." Stockholm : Centre for Health Equity Studies (CHESS), 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-6803.

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4

Rueda, Pozo Silvia. "Social Inequalities in health among the elderly." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/31877.

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Aquesta tesi analitza les desigualtats en salut entre les persones grans a través d’un marc d’anàlisi on es combinen la posició socioeconòmica, el gènere, el desenvolupament socioeconòmic regional i el suport social. Està formada per tres articles, cadascun d’ells centrat en les diferents dimensions de les desigualtats socioeconòmiques en salut entre les persones grans. Algunes de les troballes més importants han estat que les desigualtats socioeconòmiques i de gènere persisteixen entre les persones grans; que les dones presenten una pitjor salut que els homes; que l’impacte de les característiques familiars en la salut de les persones grans varia per gènere i segons l’indicador de salut analitzat; que el suport social constitueix un determinant important de l’estat de salut; i que tot i que el grau de desenvolupament regional constitueix un determinant de l’estat de salut, no està relacionat amb les desigualtats de gènere en salut.
This dissertation analyses socio-economic inequalities in health among the elderly through a combined framework of socio-economic position, gender, regional socioeconomic development and social support. It is made up of three papers focusing on the different dimensions of socio-economic inequalities in health among the elderly. The most important findings are that socio-economic and gender inequalities in health persist in old age; that women present a poorer health status than men; that the impact of family characteristics on the health of older people differs by gender and the health indicator analysed; that social support constitutes an important determinant of health status; and that whereas regional socio-economic development constitutes a determinant of health status, it is not related to gender inequalities in health.

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5

Hong, Jihyung. "Socio-economic inequalities in mental health and their determinants in South Korea." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2012. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/494/.

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Suicide rates in South Korea (hereafter ‘Korea’) have seen a sharp upward trend over the past decade, and now stand amongst the highest in OECD countries. This raises urgent policy concerns about population mental health and its socioeconomic determinants, an area that is still poorly understood in Korea. This thesis sets out to investigate socio-economic inequalities in the domain of mental health, particularly for depression and suicidal behaviour, in contemporary Korea. The thesis first evaluates the extent of income-related inequality in the prevalence of depression, suicidal ideation and suicide attempts in Korea and tracks their changes over a 10-year period (1998-2007) in the aftermath of the 1997/98 economic crisis. Based on four waves of the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KHANES) data, concentration indices reveal a growing trend of pro-rich inequalities in all three outcomes over this period. To understand the potential impact of the observed widening income inequality, the next empirical investigation examines whether income inequality has a detrimental effect on mental health that is independent of a person’s absolute level of income. Due to the paucity of time series data, the analysis focuses on an association between regional-level income inequality and mental health, using the 2005 KHANES data. The results provide little evidence to support the link between the two at regional level. The thesis pays special attention to suicide mortality rates given their disconcerting trend in contemporary Korea. Using mortality data for 2004-2006, the third empirical investigation first elucidates the spatial patterns of suicide rates, highlighting substantial geographical variations across 250 districts. The results of a spatial lag model suggest that area deprivation has an important role in shaping the geographical distribution of suicide, particularly for men. The final empirical investigation sets out to understand the suicide trend in Korea in the context of other Asian countries (Hong Kong, Japan, Singapore, and Taiwan), using both panel data and country-specific time-series analyses (1980-2009). Despite similarities in geography and culture, the suicide phenomenon is unique to Korea, particularly for the elderly. The overall findings suggest that low levels of social integration and economic adversity may in part explain the atypical suicide trend in Korea.

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6

Córdoba, Doña Juan Antonio. "Withstanding austerity : economic crisis and health inequalities in Spain." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Epidemiologi och global hälsa, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-130950.

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Background: Along with the austerity measures introduced in many countries, the economic crisis affecting Europe since 2008 seems to have impacted many aspects of the health of the Spanish population and has had a negative effect on the provision health services. An increasing body of knowledge has shown a clear impact of the current crisis on suicidal behaviour and mental health, and a less consistent effect on physical health and access to healthcare. However, little is known about the impact of the crisis on social inequalities in health and healthcare access, an area on which the present study seeks to shed light in the context of Spain, and specifically Andalusia, a region hit very hard by the crisis. Objective: To study the impact of the economic crisis starting in 2008 on health, health inequalities and health service utilisation in Spain and Andalusia and the roles of socio-demographic factors in these associations. Methods: Death rates were analysed to study the annual percent change in overall and cause-specific mortality in Spain between 1999 and 2011, and the Longitudinal Database of the Andalusian Population was used to study educational inequalities in overall mortality from 2002 to 2010 (study 1). To calculate suicide attempt rates, information from 2003 to 2012 on 11,494 men and 12,886 women provided by the Health Emergencies Public Enterprise Information System in Andalusia was utilised. The association between unemployment and suicide attempts was studied through linear regression models (study 2). Two waves of the Andalusian Health Survey (2007 and 2011–12) provided data for the third and fourth studies of this thesis. Educational and employment status inequalities in poor mental health in relation with the crisis were analysed through Poisson regression models (study 3). The change in inequalities (pre-crisis–crisis) in health care utilisation outcomes (general practitioner, specialist, hospitalisation and emergency attendance) was measured by the change in horizontal inequality indices. A decomposition analysis of change in inequality between periods was performed using the Oaxaca approach (study 4). Results: Study 1: Overall mortality in Spain decreased steadily during the period, with annual percent changes of -2.44% in men and -2.20% in women. An increase in educational inequality in mortality was observed in men in Andalusia. In women, the inequalities instead remained stable. Suicide mortality showed a downward trend in both sexes in Spain. Study 2: A sharp increase in suicide attempts in Andalusia was detected after the onset of the crisis in both sexes, with adults aged 35 to 54 years being the most affected. Suicide attempts were associated with unemployment rates only in men. Study 3: Poor mental health increased in working individuals with secondary and primary studies during the crisis compared to the pre-crisis period, while it decreased in the university study group. However, in unemployed individuals poor mental health increased only in the secondary studies group. Financial strain could partly explain the crisis effect on mental health among the unemployed. Study 4: Horizontal inequality in utilisation changed to a greater equality or a more pro-poor inequality in both sexes. In the decomposition analysis, socioeconomic position and health status showed greater contributions to the changes in inequalities. Conclusion: This thesis illustrates the complexity of the influences of the current economic crisis on health inequalities in a Southern European region. Specifically, no noticeable effects of the crisis on overall and suicide mortality were detected; instead, increasing educational inequalities in mortality in men and a large increase in suicide attempts in middle aged men and women were observed. The deterioration in poor mental health was mainly detected in those of intermediate educational level. Economic conditions such as unemployment and financial strain proved to be relevant. Finally, in the light of no increased inequalities in healthcare utilisation, the universal coverage health system seems to buffer the deleterious effect of the crisis and austerity policies in this context.

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7

Balasubramanian, Pooja [Verfasser]. "Leaving no one behind: Behavioral response to social exclusion and economic inequalities / Pooja Balasubramanian." Göttingen : Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1216330654/34.

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8

Beyazit, Eda. "Transport and socio-spatial inequalities : the case of the Istanbul Metro." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2013. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:d98b3158-bd38-4145-a35c-487c50e26dab.

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In this thesis, socio-spatial processes regarding the distribution of transport infrastructures are investigated and the ways in which inequalities occur as a result of these processes are discussed. The transport system of Istanbul and particularly, the Istanbul Metro, the first modern subway of the city, has been the focus of this research. In order to understand inequalities in transport, social and spatial justice theories have been employed. Discussions have been extended in order to include different approaches to the issues of transport inequality from various disciplines such as geography, sociology and urban planning. In this sense, this study is multi-disciplinary. Debates on land rent theory, space and power, gendered mobilities, social exclusion and the right to the city are among the many concerns that formed the main arguments of this research. In this thesis, transport is taken as a fixed, an immobile commodity that produces mobile and dynamic commodities such as mobilities and flows. Through such interaction socio-spatial processes are produced which may or may not consist of inequalities. Issues related to inequalities are deconstructed in the literature review in order to help reconstruct a theory of uneven socio-spatial development as a result of the distribution of transport infrastructure investments. Discussions on theory are further examined through four empirical chapters each of which investigates different issues related to transport inequalities. A mixed-method approach has been used in order to fully explore the complexity of the subject and integrate different epistemological positions. Through four empirical chapters, socio-spatial inequalities are discussed with regard to daily mobility levels of different socio-economic groups in Istanbul and the Istanbul Metro as well as in-direct economic impacts of the Metro and the socio-political processes it generates. The findings support some of the previous research on social inequalities based on transport, especially on how gender, education and employment become important determinants of travel time, trip frequency, trip purposes and the use of different transport modes. Yet, the thesis presents unexpected results on the impacts of the Istanbul Metro. On the one hand, the Istanbul Metro can be regarded as a just infrastructure as it accommodates users from every socio-economic background. On the other hand, it can be inequitable as it is likely to facilitate the accumulation of capital in certain areas, and circulation of producers and consumers of this capital within the same spatial unit, the Metro itself. This thesis proposes that horizontal and vertical socio-spatial inequalities exist both individually and together in various contexts in Istanbul. These inequalities are based on the spatial distribution of transport infrastructure investments, power relationships between different socio-economic groups, the dominance of politically powerful groups and the historical development of the urban space. Together this thesis is in an attempt to establish a comprehensive narrative of the discourses of inequalities in transport planning and policy and makes suggestions on the ways to reduce such inequalities. Moreover, this thesis is an original contribution to the literature as it links hitherto unconnected strands of theory in transport geography and social and spatial justice literatures.

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9

Safarzynska, Karolina. "Socio-economic Determinants of Demand for Private Tutoring." Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/esr/jcr045.

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This study examines socio-economic factors underlying the demand for private tutoring. The analysis utilizes two samples of students from lower- and upper-level secondary schools in Poland based on the PISA 2006 data set. Special attention is paid to channels through which private tutoring may endure socio-economic inequalities, especially in the context of the gender gap in education outcomes. We find that parents' decisions concerning private education are sensitive to student gender, which may raise concerns for policymakers committed to provide equal opportunities and outcomes in education. At the level of gymnasium (lower-level secondary school), female students are more likely to enrol in private tutoring in mathematics than male students. The evidence indicates the opposite with respect to private tutoring in Polish and preparatory courses for the gymnasium final examination. The grade from the final exam does not affect the probability of graduating from gymnasium, but it is used by upper secondary schools for the admission purpose. In upper secondary schools, we find that male students are less likely to participate in private education services than female students. This may be indicative of an increase in power of students in household's decision-making as they graduate from gymnasium. (author's abstract)

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10

Deemer, Danielle R. "Spatial Inequalities in the Fiscal Distribution of the U.S. Welfare State." The Ohio State University, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1437342124.

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11

Shaw, Amanda. "Divergent economies of agriculture in Hawaiʻi : intersecting inequalities and the social relations of agrifood work". Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2017. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/3733/.

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This thesis analyses agrifood work in Hawaiʻi from an intersectional, gendered perspective. It examines the intersecting social relations of production, investigating how different agrifood practices address, if at all, intersecting social inequalities. It asks, how do agroecological ‘alternatives’ address intersecting inequalities, if at all, in their work? Do forms of ʻalternative agriculture’ offer more ‘gender-inclusive’ forms of work when intersecting inequalities are considered? The research sought to address these questions by analysing three case studies which can be said to represent ‘outliers’ compared to the majority of Hawaiʻi’s agrifood production. It examines particular cases of small and collective agroecological growing practices, as well as examples of transnational seed production. The thesis utilised methods of participant observation, interviews and document analysis in order to understand how different how agrifood work is organised and how different participants in these practices make meaning of their work. It drew on analytical frameworks from agrifood studies of labour and justice and intersectional feminist and anti-imperialist political economic and ecological theorising. The research found that within the cases, agrifood practices are characterised by their diversity, and sought to draw out what I argue are nevertheless important tendencies within them. This entailed analysing the tensions, contradictions and possibilities these cases presented for addressing intersecting inequalities in their work. I showed that, in some ways, agroindustrial seed production offers more formal ʻgender-inclusive’ benefits but that agroecological practices create spaces to challenge gendered-norms on an individual and collective basis. At the same time, I suggested that projects for the recognition and inclusion of women and women’s work are highly limited when they fail to account for the ways gendered inequalities intersect with other differences of class and race, for example. At the same time, I argued that efforts to address intersecting gendered inequalities within agrifood work must attend to these contradictions, failures and possibilities and that doing so is not only revealing of some of the wider logics shaping agrarian ideals and agrifood practices, but potentially of how gendered colonialities operate.

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12

Ellfolk, Kenttä Fanny. "Social Work as a Democratic Tool : The inclusion of socially marginalized groups in the electoral process." Thesis, Ersta Sköndal högskola, Institutionen för socialvetenskap, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:esh:diva-2458.

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The democratic deficit in the U.S. becomes strikingly evident as statistics show that only half of the population actually votes in elections. Seeing that many who do not participate in the electoral processes are also generally members of socially marginalized groups then this is an increasing social issue. The effects of this become deepening socio-economic inequalities, greater marginalization and a weakened democracy. This study argues that social workers can contribute to solve this democratic deficit by using social work to reach and include socially marginalized groups in the democratic process of electoral participation. Focusing specifically on San Francisco and the greater Bay Area, I have used qualitative method to interview representatives from non-profit organizations that provide different kind of social service and academic professors from the disciplines of Social Work and Political Science in order to investigate how social work can include marginalized non-voting groups in the electoral process. The result is analyzed together with a theoretical framework built from research on democracy, welfare research, empowerment theory and theories on community practice. The findings show that social work has an important role in creating belonging among these marginalized groups and to bring them into the political process by using social mobilizing and advocacy social work with an empowerment perspective.

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13

Aguirre, sanchez Andrea carolina. "Urban crime in Ecuador : three essays on the role of economic inequalities, population density and emotions." Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSES051/document.

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L’Amérique Latine et les Caraïbes sont l’une des régions plus violentes du monde. Le niveau de violence est particulièrement élevé dans les plus grandes villes de cette région (UNODC, 2013). La compréhension des déterminants de la criminalité urbaine est donc un défi majeur pour ces pays. Cette thèse a pour but d’explorer le rôle de trois déterminants de la criminalité en Équateur: les inégalités économiques, la taille des villes et le role des émotions liés aux évènements sportifs tels que les matchs de football.Avant d’entreprendre cette analyse empirique, nous proposons une revue des littératures théorique et empirique sur les déterminants de la criminalité urbaine. Une conclusion importante est que les incitations économiques conduisant à des activités criminelles sont influencées par les schémas de localisation des criminels et des victimes. Partant de ce constat, la thèse propose d’entreprendre trois analyses empiriques à différentes échelles géographiques. Tout d’abord, nous explorons l'effet des inégalités de revenus sur le risque de victimisation en Équateur, en utilisant des données individuelles issues de l’enquête nationale de victimisation. Le principal résultat est que, contrairement aux prédictions, le coefficient de Gini a un effet négatif sur la probabilité d’être victime de vols. Ce résultat pourrait être lié à une ségrégation résidentielle élevée ou à un contrôle social élevé contre la criminalité. De plus, les estimations révèlent une relation croissante et concave entre le niveau de revenu des victimes et la probabilité de victimisation concernant les vols de véhicule, qui augmente avec un revenu mensuel jusqu’à 5,100 dollars, et puis diminue.Ensuite, nous testons l'existence d'une prime de criminalité urbaine (criminalité plus élevée dans les zones urbaines) en Équateur, à l’échelle des paroisses. Le principal résultat indique que la taille des villes a une influence non-monotone sur le taux d’homicide. La probabilité de constater un ou plusieurs homicides est plus élevée dans les paroisses les plus peuplées. Toutefois, le taux d’homicide diminue avec le niveau de population dans les paroisses où se produisent des homicides. Concernant les crimes contre la propriété, les résultats confirment l’influence positive de la population sur le nombre de crime par habitant. Enfin, nous estimons l’impact des matchs de football sur le nombre d'homicides et de crimes contre la propriété dans 16 cantons d’Équateur, à l’échelle intra-urbaine. L’objectif est d’étudier l’influence des matchs de football sur les profils temporels et géographiques des crimes, ainsi que l’impact des émotions (frustration et euphorie) liées aux résultats des matchs sur la criminalité. Les résultats indiquent que le nombre d'homicides augmente 0.18% avant le match, tandis que le nombre de crimes contre la propriété augmente 12% après le match, à proximité du stade. Les matchs de football entraînent également une diffusion spatiale de la criminalité dans des quartiers éloignés des stades. Les jours de matchs, les crimes contre la propriété diminuent 0.88% avant le match et les homicides diminuent 0.05% pendant le match, dans les quartiers éloignés des stades. Après le match, les homicides et les crimes contre la propriété augmentent de manière significative dans les quartiers éloignés des stades. Enfin, l'effet des émotions sur les homicides et les crimes contre la propriété n'est pas significatif au niveau agrégé, alors qu’il est significatif en ce qui concerne les homicides commis dans la capitale de l'Équateur, Quito
Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) is one of the most violent regions in the world. Importantly, higher levels of violence prevail in most urbanized LAC cities (UNODC, 2013). Understanding the determinants of urban crime is therefore a major challenge for those countries. The purpose of this dissertation is to explore the role of three crime determinants in Ecuador: economic inequalities, city size, and the emotions caused by soccer events.Before conducting this empirical analysis, we first review the theoretical and empirical literature on urban crime determinants. An important conclusion is that economic incentives that lead individuals to commit crime are influenced by the location pattern of criminals and victims. Building on these considerations, we perform three empirical analyses at different geographic levels.First, we explore the effect of income inequality on victimization in Ecuador, using data at the individual level thanks to the Ecuadorian Victimization survey. The main result is that, contrary to the predictions, the Gini coefficient has a negative effect on victimization by robbery. This result could be related to a high residential segregation or a high social control against crime. In addition, we provide evidence for an increasing and concave relationship between the income level of victims and the probability of victimization by vehicle theft, which first increases with a monthly household income up to $5,100, and then falls.Second, we test the existence of an urban crime premium (higher crime in urban areas) in Ecuador, at the parish level. Our main result is that population exerts a non-linear influence on the homicide rate. The probability that a homicide happens is higher in larger parishes. However, the homicide rate decreases with population in parishes with positive homicides. By contrast, the results regarding property crimes confirm that the level of population increases the number of pecuniary crimes per inhabitant.Third, we explore the effect of soccer matches on the number of homicides and property crimes in 16 cantons of Ecuador, at the intra-city level. The aim is to test whether soccer matches alter the temporal and spatial patterns of crime, and the role of emotions (frustration and euphoria) resulting from soccer matches on crime. Results reveal that the number of homicides increases by 0.18% before the match whereas the number of property crimes increases by 12% after the match, near the stadium. Soccer matches also cause spatial spillovers of crime in locations distant from stadiums. On game days, the number of property crimes falls by 0.88% before the match and the number of homicides falls by 0.05% during the match, in these distant locations. After the game, the homicides and property crimes significantly increase in locations distant from stadiums. Finally, the effect of emotions on homicides or property crimes is not significant at the aggregate level but it is significant regarding homicides that occur in the capital of Ecuador, Quito

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14

Stringhini, Silvia. "Explaining social inequalities in mortality : evidence from the British Whitehall II and the French GAZEL studies." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00681088.

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Les différences de morbidité et de mortalité entre les groupes socioéconomiques constituent un des résultatsle plus cohérent de la recherche épidémiologique. Cependant, les mécanismes qui sous-tendent cetteassociation demeurent encore mal compris. Les données de deux grandes cohortes européennes ont étéutilisées pour décrire l'ampleur des différences socioéconomiques de mortalité toutes causes et spécifique, etexaminer le rôle des comportements de santé et du soutien social dans ces inégalités. Les indicateurs de lasituation socioéconomique dans l'enfance se sont révélés liés à la mortalité à l'âge adulte, même si toutefoisles trois mesures examinées - position socioprofessionnelle du père, niveau d'études et taille - étaientdifféremment liées à la mortalité. Les indicateurs de la position socioéconomique à l'âge adulte, catégoriesocioprofessionnelle et revenu, étaient associés à la mortalité toutes causes et cardiovasculaire dans les deuxcohortes. Dans l'étude Whitehall II, les comportements de santé étaient socialement distribués etexpliquaient une grande partie des inégalités sociales de mortalité, en particulier lorsque les changementsdans ces comportements au cours du suivi étaient pris en compte. Les mêmes comportements expliquaienttrès peu les inégalités sociales de mortalité dans l'étude GAZEL, leur répartition sociale étant faible danscette cohorte. Parmi les mesures de soutien social considérées, le statut marital expliquait également unepartie du gradient socioéconomique de mortalité dans l'étude Whitehall II, mais pas dans GAZEL, tandis quele rôle de la participation sociale et du réseau social était négligeable dans les deux cohortes. Différentsmécanismes semblent jouer un rôle dans les inégalités sociales de santé dans ces deux pays européensvoisins. Cela implique que des recherches comparatives visant à comprendre les déterminants communs etspécifiques des différences sociales de santé sont nécessaires. D'autres recherches visant davantage lescauses fondamentales des inégalités sociales de santé sont également souhaitables.

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15

Evangeliou, Antonios. "Economic inequalities between countries and the impact on youth and elderly respectively: a comparative case study focusing on Greece and Sweden." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Tema Genus, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-123920.

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This thesis attempts to throw light on the underlying reasons behind the economic ambivalence between EU countries. In this sense, Greece and Sweden will be posted at the center of my research interest. For this purpose, Intersectionality theory as well as Neo liberalism and Neoclassical economics will be used in such a way that will assist me to disclose the deep causes of this inequality and to further examine how intersections of gender, age/generation and class are intertwined and affect the youth and elderly in both countries. Furthermore, both qualitative and quantitative data will be applied in a way that will enable me to compare and contrast the two social groups chosen. Having demonstrated that, I will move a step forward by narrowing down my research focus on how the youth in both countries react against this kind of social exclusion.

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16

Lee, Sungho 1950. "Cross-Country Analysis of Income Inequality." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1989. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc501122/.

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The purpose of this paper is to examine the cross-country relationship between income inequality and selected socioeconomic variables reflecting the level of economic development. The first chapter introduces some theoretical approaches to income distribution and poses problems regarding income inequalities across countries. The second chapter surveys cross-country studies of income inequalities conducted by previous researchers. The third chapter covers statistical methodology. Chapter four analyzes statistical results of multiple regression. The final chapter is intended for summary, conclusion, and recommendations.

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17

Hobbs, Graham Trevor. "Investigating social class inequalities in educational attainment : the effects of schools and the validity of free school meal status as a proxy for scio-economic status." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2007. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/10020538/.

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I examine one explanation of social class differences in educational achievement, school allocation. Class differences in achievement are decomposed. One term of the decomposition is class differences in "Type A" school effectiveness. This is the effect of class differences in school allocation on class differences in achievement. Sufficient conditions to estimate causal "Type A" school effects in non-experimental data are stated. Uniquely rich birth cohort data, the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC), matched to the National Pupil Database (NPD), are used. The difference in effectiveness of the 20 percent most and least effective schools is two-thirds to threequarters of a standard deviation during Key Stage 2 (KS2). The majority of class differences in school effectiveness are significant. Over 20 percent of class differences in KS2 progress are explained by class differences in school allocation. Much quantitative educational research in the UK relies on free school meal (FSM) status to proxy measures of socio-economic status. In ALSP AC-NPD data, FSM status is a quite imperfect measure of low income or employment, or one-parenthood. There is a large bias when using FSM status to estimate differences in average KS2 achievement by low-income status. When used as a control variable in a model ofKS2 achievement, FSM status reduces the bias from omitting measures of socio-economic status to a limited extent only.

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18

Barreto, Luis Fernando Britto Pereira de Mello. "Uma análise da divisão digital no Brasil através da aplicação da aprendizagem de redes bayesianas." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/12/12139/tde-18022013-175034/.

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Este trabalho buscou identificar como o Brasil está posicionado no contexto internacional da divisão digital assim como também os fatores que influenciam a divisão digital no país. Utilizando dados do cálculo do índice IDI disponibilizados pelo International Telecommunication Union (ITU) para 152 diferentes países obteve-se um modelo de clusterização a partir do aprendizado de Redes Bayesianas que resultou numa distribuição dos países em oito clusters. Este modelo foi alimentado com subconjuntos incompletos de indicadores correspondentes aos componentes do IDI para diversas subdivisões regionais brasileiras (regiões, estados, regiões metropolitanas/interiores dos estados e zonas rural/urbana), conforme a disponibilidade em diferentes fontes como a ANATEL, o IBGE e o CGI.BR. Desta forma foi possível inferir a que cluster mais provavelmente cada subdivisão regional deve pertencer. Enquanto a posição 64 no ranking do IDI coloca o Brasil em uma posição à frente de mais da metade dos 152 países incluídos, a concentração de diversas sub-regiões no sexto cluster coloca a maior parte do país apenas dois níveis acima dos países de pior classificação e a cinco níveis de distância dos melhores classificados. Já a análise dos fatores que influenciam a divisão digital no Brasil utilizou dados fornecidos pelo CGI.BR na obtenção de um modelo diferente de rede Augmented Naive Bayes para cada uma de quatro variáveis representativas de adoção tecnológica: uso da internet, uso do celular, adoção do comércio eletrônico e do internet banking. Como variáveis independentes, os modelos incluíram sexo, faixa etária, grau de instrução, situação de emprego, raça, classe social, zona rural/urbana, região e estado, sendo que as que apresentaram maior grau de influência foram a classe social e o grau de instrução. O conjunto de fatores selecionado demonstrou ser bastante preciso apenas na identificação da divisão digital em relação ao uso de internet, enquanto a utilização do celular, do comércio eletrônico e do internet banking não puderam ser totalmente explicadas, sugerindo a necessidade de mais estudos no sentido de identificar variáveis complementares que influenciem a adoção dessas tecnologias.
This study aimed to identify how Brazil is positioned in the international context of the digital divide as well as the factors influencing the digital divide within the country. A clustering model was obtained by applying Bayesian Networks learning on data for calculating the IDI index provided by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) for 152 different countries, resulting in the distribution of the countries among eight clusters. This model was fed with incomplete subsets of indicators corresponding to the various components of the IDI for Brazilian regional subdivisions (regions, states, metropolitan areas/state country sides and rural/urban zones), as available from different sources such as ANATEL, IBGE and CGI.BR. This way it was possible to infer the most likely cluster to which each regional subdivision should belong. The 64 IDI ranking position puts Brazil ahead of more than half of the 152 countries included, but with the majority of sub-regions placed in the sixth cluster, most of the country appears just two levels above the lowest ranking countries and five levels away from the top ranked. The analysis of the factors influencing the digital divide in Brazil used data provided by CGI.BR to obtain a different Augmented Naive Bayes network model for each of four variables representing technology adoption: internet use, cell phone use, ecommerce adoption and internet banking adoption. Gender, age, education level, employment status, race, social class, rural / urban areas, region and state were included as independent variables, with social class and education level showing the most influence. The selected factors proved to be quite accurate in identifying the internet use digital divide, while cell phone use, e-commerce adoption and internet banking adoption could not be fully explained, suggesting the need for further studies to identify additional variables influencing the adoption of these technologies.

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Molon, Júnior Nelso. "Direito econômico e os fundamentos do princípio da redução das desigualdades regionais e sociais na Constituição de 1988." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/178503.

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O presente trabalho aborda os fundamentos do princípio da ordem econômica da redução das desigualdades regionais e sociais previsto no artigo 170, VII, e, paralelamente, o artigo 3º, III, ambos da Constituição da República Federativa do Brasil de 1988 sob o viés do Direito Econômico. Inicialmente são expostas considerações propedêuticas acerca do Direito Econômico e da hermenêutica para a introdução do leitor à abordagem do princípio da ordem econômica. Após, é apresentada a evolução das classificações de regiões no Brasil, o cenário hodierno das desigualdades regionais brasileiras, fundamentos do princípio da ordem econômica da redução das desigualdades regionais e sociais, o federalismo cooperativo brasileiro, a relação entre o planejamento e o princípio da ordem econômica, a utilização de organismos regionais para a redução das desigualdades regionais (utilizando como exemplo a Superintendência do Desenvolvimento do Nordeste – SUDENE), a relação dos princípios e as regras próprios do Direito Econômico com o princípio da ordem econômica da redução das desigualdades regionais e sociais e a análise do Recurso Extraordinário n. 480.107-8 do Supremo Tribunal Federal.
The current work deals with the fundamentals of the economic order principle of reducing regional and social inequalities present in the article 170, VII, and, in parallel, article 3rd, III, both of the Constitution of the Federative Republic of Brazil of 1988 under the bias of Economic Law. Initially, propaedeutic considerations about economic law and hermeneutics are presented for introducing the reader to the approach to the principle of economic order. Afterwards, the evolution of the classifications of regions in Brazil, the current scenario of Brazilian regional inequalities, foundations of the economic order principle of reducing regional and social inequalities, Brazilian cooperative federalism, the relationship between planning and the principle of the economic order, the use of regional bodies to reduce regional inequalities (using the Superintendência do Desenvolvimento do Nordeste - SUDENE as an example), the relation between principles and rules specific to Economic Law with the principle of the economic order of reducing regional and social inequalities and the analysis of Extraordinary Appeal no. 480.107-8 of the Supreme Court.

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Markova, Nora Konstantinova. "Addressing the issue of equity in health care provision during the transition period in Bulgaria." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2008. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:d9232e82-20fb-4087-a8e7-0aab500b1de3.

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The collapse of the communist regimes in Central and Eastern Europe in 1989-1990 heralded the beginning of an economic transition from central planning to market economies. The subsequent period was marked by malfunctioning of these countries’ social sectors, including their health care systems, raising serious issues of equity. This thesis examines the impact of the transition period and the introduction of social insurance on equity in health care provision in Bulgaria. Equity in health care is investigated with respect to function - i.e. financing (according to ability to pay) and delivery (according to need) - and outcomes - i.e. health status, income inequality and poverty. Differences in health, health care financing and delivery are explored by income, education, ethnic, employment, marital status, age and sex groups. Furthermore, the thesis outlines the impact of health care provision, in particular social insurance, on poverty and health inequalities. The thesis employs empirical analysis based on household data. Its methodology includes concentration and decomposition analysis, and provides new ways of modelling health care financing and delivery, as well as the link between health and health care delivery. The thesis concludes that social insurance does not provide a uniform means of improving equity and that the root cause of the problem lies in the large proportion of out-of-pocket payments and the rather limited size of the health insurance sector. Inequity in health care provision leads to poverty and untreated illness. The data suggests that there are differences between socio-economic groups as regards their likelihood to seek treatment for their ill health, which result in differences in their health status. The social factors that have impacted the most on health are low education and low income.

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21

Lavaine, Emmanuelle. "Les Inégalités sociales de santé liées aux effets de la pollution sur la santé." Thesis, Paris 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA010047/document.

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Les émissions de polluants atmosphériques ont tendance à diminuer dans l'ensemble des industrialisés. Néanmoins, l'exposition actuelle à la pollution atmosphérique engendre encore des effets néfastes sur la santé. Dans ce contexte, l'impact de la pollution environnementale sur la santé est priorité croissante de santé publique. Mon projet de thèse consiste donc à étudier les impacts sanitaires liés à la dégradation de l’environnement et d'analyser leurs conséquences macroéconomiques. Le premier objectif de cette thèse est de rassembler deux pans de la littérature en se focalisant sur les liens existant entre pollution et risques sanitaires et SI inégalités sociales d'exposition aux risques environnementaux. Par le biais d'études économétriques, étudions d'une part les taux de mortalité associés à la pollution atmosphérique selon le statut socioéconomique de la population des départements français et, d'autre part, les liens entre poil atmosphérique et santé des enfants à la naissance au sein des communes françaises en utilisant l’expérience naturelle. Par ailleurs, la dernière partie de cette thèse s'attache à mettre en regard la méthode des prix hédoniques, évaluation des références reposant sur une perception subjective des effets 1 pollution, avec la fonction de dommage, méthode de valorisation objective des coûts de la santé
Many pollutants are declining throughout the industrialized world. However, exposure to air pollution, even at the levels commonly achieved nowadays in European countries, still leads to adverse health effects. In this context, there has been increasing global concern over the public health impacts attributed to environmental pollution. The thesis aims to examine health impacts linked to environmental pollution by sheding light on their macroeconomic consequences. The first objective of the thesis is to explore empirically the relations between socio-economic status, environmental exposures and health outcomes. Through econometric analysis, we study the total mortality rate in relation to socioeconomic status and air pollution for the French department, and the effect of energy production on new born health using a recent strike that affected oil refineries in France as a natural experiment. Finally, the last part of the thesis tries to draw inferences about individuals' valuations of risk by combining estimates of the effect of air pollution on bath property values and hospital respiratory admissions for respiratory causes

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Schoff, Staci Leigh. "Economic Inequality's Correlation with Political Inequality and Inequality of Opportunity and the Implications for Social Justice Theory." PDXScholar, 2013. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/980.

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In 2004 the American Political Science Association ("APSA") published research exploring whether the rising income inequality in the United States had an effect on political equality. Although the APSA found tremendous evidence of a correlation between income and political power, the APSA nonetheless concluded that the issue could not be conclusively determined without further analysis. The intent of this thesis is to argue the position that economic inequality is heavily implicated in both political equality and equality of opportunity, and to propose a political theory that directly addresses - rather than evades - this issue. A conclusion drawn in this paper is that it is necessary in liberal capitalist environments to place constraints on individual economic liberty for the sake of maintaining some degree of economic equality. I show in this paper that this conclusion is consistent with both the liberal tradition and American political culture. This paper accepts - rather than circumvents - the fundamental principle that income inequality is inevitable in a capitalist democracy as is the ability of money to purchase positions, power and assorted privileges. Therefore, it should be the goal of social justice theory to ensure the gap between the richest and poorest be allowed to be great enough to respect individual choice and responsibility, but not great enough to dampen the opportunities available to those born into the bottom of the economic scale or to permit those born into the top of the economic ladder to exert oppressive power over the rest. In the final chapter I propose four methods of narrowing economic inequality. These include a minimum standard, minimum wage and income tax reform, a tax and cap on wealth and an absolute inheritance cap. These four methods of limiting economic inequality are directed at narrowing, if not eliminating political inequality and inequality of opportunity.

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Sidibe, Modibo. "Structural empirical models of spatial inequalities: housing choices, policies and generational consequences." Phd thesis, Université Lumière - Lyon II, 2011. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00702737.

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Cette thèse présente trois articles où des agents optimisateurs tiennent compte dans leurs choix présents de leurs situations futures. Dans le premier essai, nous estimons un modèle dynamique de choix de logement. Nous nous intéressons à la disponibilité à payer pour les caractéristiques du logement en estimant un modèle hédonique dynamique. Notre méthode d'estimation tient compte des caractéristiques inobservables du logement, qui peuvent être de surcroît corrélées aux caractéristiques observées. Nous utilisons la régulation des loyers comme principale source d'identification, qui rend les loyers indépendants des conditions locales du marché du logement. Les résultats indiquent une corrélation négative entre l'hétérogénéité non observée et les paramètres. L'impossibilité de tenir compte de cette hétérogénéité biaiserait les paramètres. Dans le deuxième essai, nous proposons un modèle d'appariement sur le marché du travail pour évaluer la politique publique des zones franches urbaines. Nous modélisons chaque aire urbaine comme un marché local du travail composé d'une localisation centrale et d'une banlieue. Les firmes font des choix de localisation en fonction de leur productivité. La segmentation ainsi générée crée une différence entre les taux d'arrivée des offres des deux localisations. Les résultats démontrent que la politique a un effet très faible sur le chômage. De plus, le modèle suggère qu'il faudrait multiplier par 20 le nombre de firmes en ZFUs afin d'avoir un effet sur le chômage. Enfin, dans le troisième essai, nous analysons la contribution respective des différences individuelles et entre localisations à la dynamique de la ségrégation et des inégalités. Nous développons un modèle dans l'esprit de Bewley-Huggett-Aiyagari où plusieurs frictions sont présentes. Plus précisément, nous introduisons une segmentation entre les propriétaires et les locataires, l'imperfection du marché du crédit et la mobilité au cours du cycle de vie. De plus, la localisation des individus affecte leur productivité, leur accumulation de capital via la dynamique des prix des logements, et le processus d'acquisition de capital humain de la génération. Nous analysons ainsi la mobilité individuelle à partir de ce cadre de travail.

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Sonaglio, Juliana. "Produtividade para a coesão social: o desenvolvimento dependente é a saída para o trabalho na América Latina?" Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Parana, 2012. http://tede.unioeste.br:8080/tede/handle/tede/2590.

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Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T19:07:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JULIANA SONAGLIO.pdf: 1315348 bytes, checksum: b79349bc19b60abfc0520b76febd7202 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-04-24
The Economic Commission for Latin American and Caribean (ECLAC) has spread widely from 90 s, the propose of Productive Transformation with Equity, as basis for the consolidation of economic development able to ally progress with the reduction of poverty. Being the labour the central axis of this propose, the conciliation between productivity and social cohesion understood as the people access to a minimum of well-being, as the insertion in the job , gain strength in the ECLAC that his thinking is assumed as object of reflection of this proposed study. To the ECLAC, the structural heterogeneity the debility of the diffusion of the technical progress, the unemployment and informality has inhibited the growth of economy, contributing for the worsening of poverty in Latin America. In view of this confront of such heterogeneity, the ECLAC emphasize the importance of work for the process of growth by defining it as a determinant of significant economy and stimulating the diffusion of the technical progress, and at the same time, conceiving it as the pillar of the social cohesion in Latin America, for being the mark of income distribution that allows people to actively participate in economic development. Understand the paper of work in the ECLAC s context is the aim of this exploratory study, that search to evidence that, over his thinking, the ECLAC has hidden the exploitation in which the work is submitted in this capitalist mode of production, and deny it as a mechanism of poverty and reproductive existing relations of domination in contemporary times.
A Comissão Econômica para a América Latina e o Caribe (CEPAL) tem difundido amplamente, a partir dos anos 1990, a proposta da Transformação Produtiva com Equidade, como base para a consolidação de um desenvolvimento econômico capaz de aliar crescimento com a redução da pobreza. Sendo o trabalho o eixo central de tal proposta, a conciliação entre produtividade e coesão social entendida como o acesso das pessoas a um nível mínimo de bem-estar, como a inserção no emprego , ganha força na CEPAL cujo pensamento assume-se como objeto de reflexão desse estudo proposto. Para a CEPAL, a heterogeneidade estrutural debilidade da difusão do progresso técnico, o desemprego e a informalidade tem inibido o crescimento da economia, contribuindo para o agravamento da pobreza na América Latina. Tendo em vista o enfrentamento de tal heterogeneidade, a CEPAL enfatiza a importância do trabalho para o processo de crescimento, definindo-o como determinante de uma economia significativa e impulsionador da difusão do progresso técnico, ao mesmo tempo, concebendo-o como o pilar da coesão social na América Latina, por ser o marco da distribuição de renda que permite à população participar ativamente no desenvolvimento econômico. Compreender o papel do trabalho no contexto da CEPAL é o objetivo desse estudo exploratório, que busca evidenciar que, ao longo de seu pensamento, a CEPAL tem ocultado a exploração na qual o trabalho é submetido no modo de produção capitalista, ao negá-lo como mecanismo reprodutor da pobreza e das relações de dominação vigentes na contemporaneidade.

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Mgiba, Martin Rifuwo. "The role of Section 12 A (3) of the Competition Act to bring into effect the objectives of the act of addressing social and economic problems and past inequalities through the public interest assessment in merger proceedings." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/15176.

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The advent of our constitution necessitated a drastic re-evaluation of our aspirations as a young democratic state. Formal equality had to be accompanied by substantive equality. Substantive equality could only be achieved by a total revamp of our economic policy and framework, which was designed to benefit the white minority. The government quickly realized the fact that our competition jurisprudence had a significant role to play in bringing about economic and social reform. The challenge however was that the economy inherited, was littered with monopolies. As a result in 1995, the South African government embarked on a project to review competition policy and the process was concluded in September 1998 when Parliament passed the Act into law. The Act introduced new provisions, including the consideration of public interest in merger regulation. The inclusion of public interest in the Act was motivated by the need to address the socio-economic inequalities arising in society. Competitiveness and development was seeing as mutually supporting objectives. It was recognised that a small economy like South Africa, may be concentrated and therefore any merger and acquisition activity can create further concentration and social disparities if left unchecked. Mergers may lead to the shedding of jobs, especially where they are driven by cost saving and efficiency goals. Hence, it was recognised as being important that merger regulation consider the preservation of jobs where these arise as a result of the merger. In an economy with high unemployment rates, it would not serve the public interest to encourage or allow further job losses. Hence the inclusion of section 12 A 3 of the Competition Act which made it mandatory to consider public interest considerations in merger proceedings. This paper seeks to evaluate if competition authorities have carried out their mandate of addressing socio economic issue in merger processing through section 12 A (3).

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Grisold, Andrea, and Paschal Preston. "Economic Inequalities and Mediated Communication." USC Annenberg School for Communication and Journalism, 2017. http://epub.wu.ac.at/5840/1/6668%2D28654%2D1%2DPB.pdf.

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One of the most significant economic developments over the past decades has been the rise in income and wealth inequality. After decades of benign neglect, the issues of economic and social inequalities have reentered the stage of mainstream political attention in the Western heartland over the past couple of years. This is due, in part, to the high public profile of publications by Thomas Piketty and Tony Atkinson. In line with the growing significance of deepening economic inequalities, this Special Section engages with two broad, if overlapping, questions: (1) How do new forms of economic inequality, power, and privilege relate to relevant theories and conceptualizations of the media and institutions of public communication, whether in the fields of communication studies or political economy? (2) What role do the new forms of economic inequality play today in the typical narratives of mediated communication, and how is such inequality framed and discussed?

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Antwi-Ansorge, Nana Akua. "Ethnic mobilisation and the Liberian civil war (1989-2003)." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:9d7a54b2-e2e9-4f72-aad4-2301e9cf2def.

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This thesis examines the relationship between ethnicity and violent group mobilisation in Liberia’s civil war (1989-2003). It focuses on Gio, Mano and Mandingo mobilisation to investigate how and why internal dynamics about moral norms and expectations motivated leadership calls for violence and ethnic support. Much of the existing literature interprets popular involvement in violent group mobilisation on the Upper Guinea Coast as a youth rebellion against gerontocracy. I argue that such an approach is incomplete in the Liberian case, and does not account for questions of ethnic mobilisation and the participation of groups such as the Gio, Mano and Mandingo. At the onset of hostilities, civilians in Liberia were not primarily mobilised to fight based on their age, but rather as members of ethnic communities whose membership included different age groups. I explore constructivist approaches to ethnicity to analyse mobilisation for war as the collective 'self-defence' of ethnic groups qua moral communities. In the prelude to the outbreak of civil war, inter-ethnic inequalities of access to the state and economic resources became reconfigured. Ethnic groups—as moral communities—experienced external 'victimisation' and a sense of internal dissolution, or threatened dissolution. In particular, the understanding of internal reciprocal relations between patrons and clients within ethnic groups was undermined. Internal arguments about morality, personal responsibility, social accountability/justice, increased the pressure on excluded elites and thus incentivised them to pursue violent political strategies. Mobilisation took on an ethnic form mainly because individuals believed that they were fighting to protect the moral communities that generate esteem and ground understandings of good citizenship. Therefore, ethnic participation in the Liberian countryside differed from the model peasant rebellion that seeks to overthrow the feudal elites. Rather than a revolution of the social order, individuals regarded themselves as protecting an extant ethnic order that provided rights and distributed resources. Even though some individuals fought for political power and resources, and external actors facilitated group organisation through the provision of logistical support, the violence was also an expression of bottom-up moral community crisis and an attempt by politico-military elites to keep their reputation and enforce unity.

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Lai, Kwok-hung, and 黎國雄. "Shoplifting and social inequalities." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1994. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31977686.

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Lai, Kwok-hung. "Shoplifting and social inequalities." [Hong Kong] : University of Hong Kong, 1994. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B13857940.

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30

Pizarro, Díaz Vladimir. "Desigualdades en el estado de salud y utilización de Servicios de Salud Odontológicos en Catalunya, España." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/7139.

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La existencia de desigualdades socio-económicas en el estado de salud dentalde los ancianos no institucionalizados de la ciudad de Barcelona, sumado a labaja utilización de servicios odontológicos, indican un problema de acceso aeste tipo de servicios. Este tipo de hallazgos son especialmente relevantespara países como España, que aunque cuentan con un Sistema Nacional deSalud para toda la población, poseen una limitada cobertura de tratamientosodontológicos para adultos, que sólo incluye las extracciones dentales.Si bien durante la década de los años 90 se ha registrado un aumento en elporcentaje de utilización de servicios de salud odontológicos en Cataluña, esteindicador aún es bajo si se compara con el resto de países de Europa. Por otrolado, a pesar de que se han producido reducciones de las desigualdades en lautilización de servicios de salud odontológicos según ciertas característicasestudiadas como el tipo cobertura sanitaria y el grupo de ancianos, lasdesigualdades en la utilización persisten para las clases sociales másdesaventajadas y para las personas con bajo nivel de educación. Por todo ello,son necesarios futuros estudios que ayuden a conocer la evolución futura deesta tendencia

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Moreira, Guilherme Renato Caldo. "Políticas sociais, desigualdades pessoais e regionais da renda no Brasil: uma análise de insumo-produto." Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11132/tde-15062007-102435/.

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A forma como os frutos do desenvolvimento econômico são distribuídos entre as pessoas está fortemente relacionado ao bem estar. Conforme visto na seção 2, o Brasil apresenta uma das piores distribuições de renda do planeta, sendo essa uma fonte constante de problemas sociais. A bibliografia levantada no trabalho mostra que a combinação entre mão-de-obra pouco qualificada com um sistema produtivo moderno tem sido o principal fator gerador dessas desigualdades. Através da utilização do sitema de matrizes de insumo-produto para o Brasil estimadas para 2002, combinadas com dados das pesquisas de orçamentos familiares - POF e da pesquisa nacional por amostra de domicílios - PNAD, o trabalho estimou os impactos que alterações na demanda dos setores de atividade econômica provocam sobre a distribuição de renda brasileira; o instrumental utilizado foi o modelo Leontief-Miyazawa. Os resultados encontrados mostram que alguns setores econômicos como, por exemplo, construção civil e vestuário, são redutores de desigualdades de renda. Por outro lado, setores como prestação de serviço a empresas e instituições financeiras agravam o quadro distributivo. Quando se avaliou o resultado nas cinco macro-regiões brasileiras, viu-se também que algumas dessas regiões, caso sejam estimuladas, podem desempenhar importante papel na redução das desigualdades brasileiras, destacando-se a Região Nordeste, onde esses efeitos possuem maior magnitude. Os setores que possuem maior potencial redutor de desigualdades são, respectivamente, serviços privados não mercantis e agricultura, ambos na região Nordeste. Por outro lado, as regiões Centro- Oeste e Sudeste, quando estimuladas, agravam o problema distributivo brasileiro na maioria de seus setores de atividade econômica. Dentro dessas regiões, os setores mais concentradores são as instituições financeiras, os serviços prestados às empresas (Região Sudeste) e Administração Pública da região Centro-Oeste. A adoção de investimentos em educação, conforme visto no trabalho, leva a uma melhora significativa na redução das desigualdades, no entanto, esse tipo de política tem um longo período de maturação. Dada a urgência do problema da distribuição de renda brasileira, a combinação de políticas compensatórias do tipo "Bolsa-Família", que possuem efeito de curto prazo, associadas a políticas que incentivem setores chaves da economia em determinadas regiões, podem ter um efeito redutor de desigualdade, enquanto a política educacional ainda não conseguir atingir seus objetivos.
The way that the results of the development are distributed among the people is strongly related to their welfare. As seen in section 2, Brazil shows one of the worst income distribution in the world, which generates a constant source of social problems. The references used in this work show that the combination of a low qualified labor force with a modern productive sector has been one of the main sources of these inequalities. Using an input-output system for the Brazilian economy, estimated for 2002, combined with data from the surveys on household budgets - POF and household - PNAD, this work estimated the impacts that changes in the final demand of the sectors will have in the Brazilian income distribution, the methodology used is based on the Leonfief- Miyazawa model. The results show that some of the economic sectors contribute to the reduction in the income inequalities, like civil construction and apparel. On the other end, sectors like services rendered to the enterprises and financial institutions contribute to the worsening of the income distribution. The results for the five Brazilian macro regions show that if some of the regions are stimulated, this could have a important role in the reduction of the Brazilian inequalities, the Northeast region stands out in this case. The sectors that have the great potential in reducing inequalities are private services and agriculture, both in the Northeast region. On the other hand, the Central West and Southeast regions, on the majority of their sectors, when stimulated, increase the distributive problem. Inside these regions, the sectors that concentrate the most are financial institutions and services rendered to the firms (Southeast), and public administration (Central West). The adoption of investment in education, as saw in the work, leads to a significant reduction in the inequalities; however, this kind of policy has a long time of maturation. Given the urgency of the income distribution in the Brazilian economy, the combination of compensatory policies of the type "Household Subsidies", that have a short time effect, associated with policies of incentive to key sectors in the economy, in selected regions, could have a effect to reduce inequality, while the educational policy has not yet reached its goals.

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Gisselmann, Marit. "The first injustice : Socio-economic inequalities in birth outcome." Doctoral thesis, Stockholm University, Department of Sociology, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-6803.

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Adverse birth outcomes like preterm birth and infant mortality are unevenly distributed across socio-economic groups. Risks are usually lowest in groups with high socio-economic status and increase with decreasing status.

The general aim of this thesis was to contribute to the understanding of the relation between socio-economic status and birth outcomes, focussing on maternal education and class, studying a range of birth outcomes. More specific aims were to investigate the relation between maternal education and infant health, to study the combined influence of maternal childhood and adult social class on inequalities in infant health and to explore the contribution of maternal working conditions to class inequalities in birth outcomes. The studies are population based, focussing on singletons births 1973-1990. During the period under study, educational differences in birth outcomes increased, especially between those with the lowest and highest education. The low birth weight paradox emerged, suggesting that the distribution of determinants for low birthweight infants differs for these groups.

Further, an independent association was found between maternal childhood social class and low birthweight and neonatal mortality, but not for postneonatal mortality. Since this was found for the two outcomes closest to birth, this indicates that the association is mediated through the maternal body.

Finally, there is a contribution of maternal working conditions to class inequalities in birth outcome. Lower job control, higher job hazards and higher physical demands were all to some degree related to increased risk of the following adverse birth outcomes: infant mortality, low birthweight, very low birthweight, foetal growth, preterm birth, very and extremely preterm birth. Working conditions demonstrated disparate associations with the birth outcomes, indicating a high complexity in these relationships.

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Coyoc, Rocio Ofelia Uc. "Socio-economic health and health care inequalities in Mexico." Thesis, University of York, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.442360.

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Santos, Luiz Eduardo Neves dos. "ESTRATÉGIAS DO CAPITAL NA PRODUÇÃO DO ESPAÇO URBANO DE SÃO LUÍS: Sobre verticalização e desigualdades socioespaciais (2000 2010)." Universidade Federal do Maranhão, 2013. http://tedebc.ufma.br:8080/jspui/handle/tede/627.

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Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-17T18:10:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao Luiz.pdf: 4711466 bytes, checksum: 1a698ef63524333dd608338e628ecab7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-03-05
The understanding of the forms of production of urban space in São Luís, with emphasis on the process of urbanization, and vertical space inequalities, is the primary objective of this study. Resorted to, at first, to scholars like Marx, Lefebvre, Santos, Gottdiener, Souza, Kowarick, among others, to discuss and problematize theoretical and analytical categories as 'production of space', 'city', 'urban', 'urbanization', 'vertical' and 'urban dispossession'. It is a brief overview on the history of occupation and production of urban space in São Luís, highlighting a evident slowness with respect to its urbanization until the 1960s. From the 1970s, its urban sprawl intensifies due to the implementation of projects and programs from the military government. The survey also covers the theoretical and methodological aspects and interpretation regarding the 'ground rent' in Marx and on 'urban ground rent' in Oliveira Ribeiro and Topalov, which are related to the reality of the city of São. Luís between the years 2000 and 2010. Finally the research brings an analytical approach on the transformation from the production of urban space of São Luís by the strategies of capital from the critical interpretation of data from the 2000 Census and 2010 Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics, IBGE. The expansion of consumer society and urbanization of Brazilian cities and, more specifically, of São Luís, ultimately generates different forms of appropriation by social groups. Thus, the globalized economic system is represented by the explicitness and dominance through technical and scientific. However, this system, to expand, not become one, but only hegemonic. Its expansion was accomplished from the fundamental contradiction that separates groups of dominant groups in a city dominated fragmented and uneven.
A compreensão das formas de produção do espaço urbano no município de São Luís, com ênfase no processo de urbanização, verticalização e desigualdades socioespaciais, constitui o objetivo precípuo deste estudo. Recorre-se, em um primeiro momento, a pensadores como Lefebvre, Santos, Gottdiener, Souza, Kowarick, entre outros, para se discutir e problematizar categorias teórico-analíticas como produção do espaço , cidade , urbano , urbanização , verticalização e espoliação urbana . Faz-se uma breve abordagem sobre o histórico de ocupação e produção do espaço urbano em São Luís, destacando uma evidente lentidão no que tange a sua urbanização até a década de 1960. A partir da década de 1970, sua expansão urbana se intensifica devido à implantação de projetos e programas oriundos do governo militar. A pesquisa ainda contempla os aspectos teórico-metodológicos e interpretativos referentes à renda fundiária em Marx e sobre renda fundiária urbana em Oliveira, Ribeiro e Topalov, todos relacionados com a realidade do município de São Luís entre os anos de 2000 e 2010. Por fim a pesquisa traz uma abordagem analítica sobre as transformações decorrentes da produção do espaço urbano de São Luís pelas estratégias do capital a partir da interpretação crítica dos dados dos Censos de 2000 e 2010 do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística, IBGE. A expansão da sociedade de consumo e a urbanização das cidades brasileiras e, mais especificamente, de São Luís, acaba por gerar diferentes formas de apropriação do espaço pelos grupos sociais. Dessa forma, o sistema econômico globalizado é representado pela explicitação e dominação do meio técnico-científico. Entretanto, este sistema, ao se expandir, não se tornou único, mas tão somente hegemônico. Sua expansão se efetivou a partir da contradição fundamental que separa grupos dominantes de grupos dominados em uma cidade fragmentada e desigual.

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Suarez, Robles Pablo. "Gender disparities in Africa's labour markets : An analysis of survey data from Ethiopia and Tanzania." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Est, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00909494.

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The main objective of this thesis is to contribute to our better understanding of the main factors behind large and persistent gender disparities in Africa's labour markets. This work looks at three key dimensions of labour market gender inequality in Africa: (i) the gender wage gap, (ii) gender inequalities in allocating time to market and household work, and (iii) the gender-differentiated income effect of informality. Chapter 2 shows that, in Ethiopia, progress towards gender equity in education is important to improve women's wages but not enough to close most of the gender wage differential. Other interventions would be needed as, for instance, information campaigns and other awareness-raising efforts in support of the anti-discriminatory provisions of Ethiopia's own constitution and legislation, to compensate for the adverse impact of unobservable factors (discriminatory practices, social and cultural norms...), that directly contribute to the gender wage gap and indirectly, through job selection. Chapter 3 highlights the coexistence of two phenomena in Ethiopia, a strong gender-based division of labour and a double work burden on women. The country would benefit from pursuing and intensifying its efforts to ensure better access to education at all levels for women, and from providing better information and enforcement of the law in support of women's economic and social well-being, as it would help changing mentalities and attitudes that impede women to take full advantage of their abilities and that keep them subordinated to men. Finally, in Chapter 4 we observe that, in Tanzania, women face a significantly higher informal employment wage penalty than men. To explain this result, we conjecture that the exclusion hypothesis, according to which individuals are denied access to formal jobs due to the disproportionate constraints they face (burden of household responsibilities, lack of adequate infrastructure...), is more acute among women.JEL classification : J16, J22, J24, J31, J42, J71

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Nziengui, Mamboundou Pierre. "Analyse de l'impact des réformes économiques sur les inégalités de genre et la pauvreté en Afrique : Application au Burkina Faso et au Sénégal." Thesis, Normandie, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020NORMLH27.

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La lutte contre les inégalités de genre et la pauvreté est au coeur des politiques économiques menées au Burkina Faso etau Sénégal. Cette priorisation découle de l’importance des inégalités entre les hommes et les femmes (tant au niveau desactivités marchandes que non marchandes) et de l’ampleur de la pauvreté qui concerne 40,1% de la population auBurkina Faso et 38% au Sénégal. (Banque Mondiale 2020). Pour y faire face, ces deux économies ont élaboré des plansde développement basés sur des réformes spécifiques. Ainsi, au Burkina Faso, l’enjeu est d’accroître les ressourcespubliques allouées au développement. Il en découle une réforme de la TVA et des subventions aux hydrocarbures dontnous analysons les effets sur les inégalités de genre, la pauvreté et la sécurité alimentaire. Au Sénégal par contre, latransformation de l’économie est déjà en cours, avec pour ambition de faire de l’agriculture l’un des moteurs de lacroissance. Nous nous intéressons donc aux effets de cette transformation sur les inégalités de genre et la pauvreté. Enutilisant des modèles d’équilibre général calculable, les résultats de cette thèse montrent que les réformes envisagées auBurkina Faso ont des effets négatifs sur l’économie et sur le genre. Ils favorisent un accroissement des inégalités de genre(marchandes et domestiques) et augmentent la pauvreté. Au Sénégal, la transformation du secteur agricole conduit à unebaisse des inégalités de genre et de la pauvreté. Il faut cependant faire attention au mode de financement des réformes
The fight against gender inequalities and poverty is a central issue for policy makers in Burkina Faso and Senegal.Indeed, we observe high gender inequality level in both countries (in formal labour market and in household work) andhigh poverty level, which affects 40.1% of the population in Burkina Faso and 38% in Senegal (World Bank 2020). It iswhy economic development plan have drawn up based on specific reforms in each country. In Burkina Faso, thechallenge is to increase the public resources allocated to development, which leads to a reform of VAT and oil subsidies.We analyse the effects of these policies on gender inequalities, poverty and food security. In Senegal, the transformationof the economy has been already started, with a particular interest for agriculture sector. We are interested in the effectsof this transformation on gender inequalities and poverty. Using computable general equilibrium models, the results ofthis thesis show that the reforms envisaged in Burkina Faso have negative effects on gender and poverty. In Senegal, thetransformation of the agricultural sector leads to a decrease in gender inequalities and poverty

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Vieira, Edmar Eduardo de Moura. "As zonas de processamento de exporta??o como instrumento de desenvolvimento e redu??o das desigualdades regionais." Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2013. http://repositorio.ufrn.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/13971.

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:27:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 EdmarEMV_DISSERT.pdf: 4563188 bytes, checksum: dcc789dbc6a3a3fcc788ce53cdae6e7e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-08-30
The existence of inequalities among the Brazilian regions is an indeed fact along the country s history. Before this reality the constitutional legislator inserted into the Federal Constitution of 1988, as a purpose of the Federative Republic of Brazil, the reduction of regional inequalities. The development has also been included as a purpose from the State, because there is an straight relation with the reduction of regional inequalities. In both situations is searched the improvement of people s living conditions. . In pursuit of this achievement, the State must implement public policy, and, for this to happen, it needs the ingress of income inside of the public coffers and support of economic agents, therefore the importance of constitucionalization of the economic policy. The 1988 s Constitution adopted a rational capitalism regime consentaneous with current legal and social conceptions, that s why it enabled the State s intervention into economy to correct the so-called market failures or to make the established objectives fulfilled. About this last one, the intervention may happen by induction through the adoption of regulatory Standards of incentive or disincentive of economic activity. Among the possible inductive ways there are the tax assessments that aim to stimulate the economic agents behavior in view of finding that the development doesn t occur with the same intensity in all of the country s regions. Inside this context there are the Export Processing Zones (EPZs) which are special areas with different customs regime by the granting of benefits to the companies that are installed there. The EPZs have been used, by several countries, in order to develop certain regions, and economic indicators show that they promoted economic and social changes in the places where they are installed, especially because, by attracting companies, they provide job creation, industrialization and increased exports. In Brazil, they can contribute decisively to overcome major obstacles or decrease the attraction of economic agents and economic development of the country. In the case of an instrument known to be effective to achieve the goals established by the Constitution, it is duty of the Executive to push for the law that governs this customs regime is effectively applied. If the Executive doesn t fulfill this duty, incurs into unjustifiable omission, correction likely by the Judiciary, whose mission is to prevent acts or omissions contrary to constitutional order
A exist?ncia de desigualdades entre as regi?es brasileiras ? um fato presente ao longo da hist?ria do pa?s. Diante dessa realidade, o legislador constituinte inseriu na Constitui??o Federal de 1988, como objetivo da Rep?blica Federativa do Brasil, a redu??o das desigualdades regionais. O desenvolvimento tamb?m foi inclu?do com objetivo do Estado, pois tem direta rela??o com a redu??o das desigualdades regionais. Em ambos os casos o que se pretende ? a melhoria das condi??es de vida das pessoas. Nessa busca, o Estado deve implementar pol?ticas p?blicas, e, para isso, necessita do ingresso de receitas em seus cofres e do aux?lio dos agentes econ?micos, da? a import?ncia da constitucionaliza??o da Ordem Econ?mica. A Constitui??o de 1988 adotou o regime do capitalismo racional, consent?neo com as atuais concep??es jur?dicas e sociais, por isso possibilitou a interven??o do Estado na economia para corrigir as chamadas falhas de mercado ou para que sejam cumpridos os objetivos estabelecidos. Nesse ?ltimo caso, a interven??o pode ser feita por indu??o, atrav?s da ado??o de normas regulat?rias de estimulo ou de desest?mulo da atividade econ?mica. Entre as medidas indutivas poss?veis, est?o os incentivos fiscais, que visam estimular comportamentos dos agentes econ?micos, tendo em vista a constata??o de que o desenvolvimento n?o ocorre com a mesma intensidade em todas as regi?es pa?s. Nesse contexto, est?o as Zonas de Processamento de Exporta??o (ZPE s), que s?o ?reas especiais com regime aduaneiro diferenciado pela concess?o de benef?cios as empresas nelas instaladas. As ZPE s t?m sido utilizadas por diversos pa?ses com o objetivo de desenvolver determinadas regi?es, e os indicadores econ?micos demonstram que elas promoveram mudan?as econ?micas e sociais nos lugares onde est?o instaladas, especialmente porque, com a atra??o de empresas, proporcionam a gera??o de empregos, a industrializa??o e o aumento das exporta??es. No Brasil, podem contribuir decisivamente para a supera??o ou diminui??o dos principais obst?culos a atra??o dos agentes econ?micos e ao desenvolvimento econ?mico do pa?s. Em se tratando de um instrumento reconhecidamente eficaz para o cumprimento dos objetivos estabelecidos pela Constitui??o, ? dever do Poder Executivo diligenciar para que a lei que disciplina esse regime aduaneiro seja efetivamente aplicada. Se n?o cumprir esse dever, incorre em omiss?o injustific?vel, pass?vel corre??o pelo Poder Judici?rio, que tem a miss?o de impedir a??es ou omiss?es contr?rias a Ordem constitucional
2020-01-01

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Labar, Kelly. "Social Inequalities in China : Which Reality ?" Clermont-Ferrand 1, 2008. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00272994/document.

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Given the social distortions born from the movement of reforms launched at the end ofthe 1970's in China, the present thesis investigates evolution regarding three major topics: labour market, the level of education and the health status. Using the CHNS database, I first consider returns to human capital in China, given the requirements of a more competitive economic environment in terms of productivity. I highlight increasing returns to education and nutrition in China since 1991, underlining the impact of the reforms on the way wages are now fixed. The conclusion appears positive for a rise in productivity and consequently for future growth. However, if individuals do not have equal access to education and to a good health, a higher payment of these factors can lead to deterioration in terms of inequalities. I subsequently focus on the evolution of the level of education and of the health status since the movement of reforms through two channels: potential transmission of the parents' social status to their children, i. E. Social mobility ; and inequalities in wellbeing in three social dimensions which are income, education and health. Using mobility matrices as well as econometric strategies, I demonstrate a comparably high level of mobility in education and wages as in other developed and developing countries. Nevertheless, the increasing impact of parents' wages on the child's schooling attainment can result in future lower mobility. Combined with results found from the analysis of multidimensional inequalities in wellbeing, I conclude that social inequalities in China are expected to increase in the coming years. Policy measures should address them focusing particularly on providing equal access to education and good health
Au regard des distorsions sociales qui ont suivi le mouvement de réformes initié en Chine à la fin des années 1970, cette thèse étudie les évolutions récentes relatives à trois principaux sujets : le marché du travail, le niveau d’éducation et le niveau de santé. En utilisant la base de données CHNS, je considère dans un premier temps les rendements du capital humain en Chine, étant donnés les besoins en gains de productivité liés à une économie plus compétitive. Je souligne l’augmentation des rendements de l’éducation et de la nutrition en Chine depuis 1991, soulignant également l’impact des réformes sur la manière dont les salaires sont fixés aujourd’hui. Cette conclusion apparaît dans un premier temps positive pour l’augmentation de la productivité et de la croissance dans l’avenir. Cependant, si les individus ne bénéficient pas d’un égal accès à l’éducation et à la santé, une plus forte rémunération de ces facteurs peut mener à une détérioration en termes d’inégalités. C’est pourquoi je me focalise dans un deuxième temps sur l’évolution relative au niveau d’éducation et de santé depuis le mouvement de réformes à travers deux canaux : la possible transmission du statut social des parents à leurs enfants, i. E. La mobilité sociale ; puis les inégalités de bien-être dans trois dimensions sociales que sont le revenu, l’éducation et la santé. Grâce à l’utilisation de matrices de mobilité ainsi que de stratégies économétriques, je démontre un niveau de mobilité salariale et en terme d’éducation en Chine dans la moyenne en comparaison à celui d’autres pays développés ou en développement. Cependant, l’impact croissant du salaire des parents sur la scolarisation des enfants peut se traduire par une mobilité plus faible dans le futur, dans la mesure où cela renforce les dynamiques inégalitaires. Mis en parallèle avec les résultats de l’analyse multidimensionnelle des inégalités de bien-être, je conclus que les inégalités sociales en Chine sont amenées à augmenter dans les années à venir, nécessitant des mesures politiques en faveur de l’amélioration de l’accès à l’éducation et à la santé

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Fuchs, Benjamin [Verfasser], and Aderonke [Akademischer Betreuer] Osikominu. "Essays on tackling economic inequalities / Benjamin Fuchs. Betreuer: Aderonke Osikominu." Hohenheim : Kommunikations-, Informations- und Medienzentrum der Universität Hohenheim, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1108390951/34.

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Solé, Juvés Meritxell. "Working conditions and health: Evidence on inequalities in Spain." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/145835.

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This thesis is concerned with the relationship between disability and working conditions. In the first two chapters we investigate how past and current working conditions, in conjunction with other socio-demographic variables, contribute to disability. We focus on differences by migrant status (first chapter) and by period or cohort (second chapter) specifically, by comparing successive cohorts of young people aged 25 to 34. In the third chapter we take up the opposite perspective and we analyse the effect of permanent disability on the working life of the individual. The main result of the first chapter is that migrant status – with differences among regions of origin – significantly affects both disability and the probability of being employed in a high-risk occupation. In spite of immigrants’ working conditions being objectively worse, they exhibit lower probability of becoming disabled than natives because the impact of such conditions on disability is much smaller in their case. Our results also suggest that not only the risks of illness and injury, widely recognized, involve higher rates of disability. Unskilled labour and employment instability are also associated with increased risks of disability and its impact is greatest among later-born cohorts, as the second chapter reveals. Attending to differences by cohort, job insecurity has a significant and huge impact on disability for all birth cohorts. By contrast, the effect of temporary employment “per se” is controversial without considering other factors, like the changes in Employment Protection Legislation motivated by the labour market reforms of the last two decades. Finally, the results of the third chapter show that only 10% of disabled people remain in the labour market after the occurrence of the disability. The potential disincentives to employment are controversial. While it is true that higher disability pensions are associated with lower probabilities of employment, it is also observed that, in general, wages and income decreases as a result of a disability, being the decision of remaining out of the labour market not entirely attributable to the worker and his pension level. Conversely, it is plausible that the alleged disincentives to employment come too, and largely, from the labour market. The wage gap between workers with and without IP are high and significant, and only in part can be explained by differences in productivity, so that the unexplained difference could be attributed to discrimination in the labour market against people with disability. The data sets employed in the three chapters have been elaborated from the Continuous Sample of Working Lives, known as the MCVL in Spanish (from "Muestra Continua de Vidas Laborales"), a Spanish administrative data set containing work histories of workers and pensioners available since 2004.
Esta tesis se ocupa de la relación entre incapacidad permanente y condiciones de trabajo. En los dos primeros capítulos se investiga cómo las condiciones de trabajo, junto con otras variables sociodemográficas, contribuyen a la discapacidad. Nos centramos en diferencias asociadas a la condición de inmigrante (primer capítulo) y por periodo o cohorte (segundo capítulo), mediante la comparación de sucesivas cohortes de jóvenes entre 25 y 34 años de edad. En el tercer capítulo tomamos la perspectiva opuesta y analizamos el efecto de la incapacidad permanente en la vida laboral del individuo. Los resultados del primer capítulo indican que la condición de migrante - con diferencias por región de origen - tiene efectos significativos en la discapacidad y la probabilidad de estar empleado en una ocupación de alto riesgo. A pesar de que las condiciones de trabajo de los inmigrantes son objetivamente peores, presentan menor probabilidad de quedar discapacitados que los nativos. Nuestros resultados también sugieren que no sólo los riesgos de accidente y enfermedad profesional, ampliamente reconocidos, se asocian con probabilidades elevadas de discapacidad. Los trabajos poco cualificados y la inestabilidad en el empleo también se asocian con un mayor riesgo de discapacidad. En el segundo capítulo se muestra que el impacto de la inestabilidad laboral es mayor entre las cohortes de jóvenes actuales, si se comparan con los jóvenes en los años 80. Por último, los resultados del tercer capítulo muestran que sólo cerca del 10 % de las personas con discapacidad siguen trabajando después de la aparición de ésta. La brecha salarial entre trabajadores con y sin discapacidad es importante y significativa, y cerca del 30% de esta diferencia se atribuiría a discriminación de las personas con discapacidad. Nuestros resultados apuntan a que los efectos de esta discriminación en el empleo de las personas con discapacidad serían importantes, en particular para los hombres. Los conjuntos de datos utilizados en los tres capítulos se han elaborado a partir de la Muestra Continua de Vidas Laborales (MCVL), un conjunto de datos administrativos que contiene las historias laborales de los trabajadores y pensionistas desde 2004 .

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41

Jacob, Amanda Martins. "Vulnerabilidade socioambiental no município de São Paulo: análise das capacidades e liberdades humanas." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/90/90131/tde-03122013-165716/.

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Com o objetivo de identificar e discutir as inter-relações que aproximam os problemas de restrição de capacidades e liberdades humanas da questão da vulnerabilidade socioambiental, esta pesquisa buscou analisar indicadores de desenvolvimento, previamente selecionados, que refletissem as desigualdades sociais, econômicas e ambientais relativas aos noventa e seis distritos do município de São Paulo. Para discorrer sobre a questão das capacidades e liberdades humanas, a pesquisa bibliográfica levou em conta principalmente, os trabalhos do economista indiano Amartya Sen, em especial seus escritos sobre a abordagem das capacidades na teoria da justiça e do desenvolvimento como liberdade. O estudo de caso utilizou indicadores secundários separados em duas grandes dimensões: vulnerabilidade que corresponde aos indicadores de: condição de... e desenvolvimento que corresponde aos indicadores de: acesso a.... As categorias segundo as quais os indicadores foram classificados são: demografia, habitação, violência, condições de saúde e assistência social, educação, renda e susceptibilidade ao risco ambiental, na dimensão vulnerabilidade; e transportes, infraestrutura em saúde e assistência social, cultura e lazer, infraestrutura em educação, emprego, abastecimento e saneamento, e áreas verdes na dimensão desenvolvimento. Através do agrupamento dos indicadores e transformação das variáveis pela média, obtiveram-se valores de índices tanto para vulnerabilidade, quanto para desenvolvimento. Por meio da utilização de mapas e tabelas, o estudo mostra de que forma a vulnerabilidade e o desenvolvimento estão dispostos no território paulistano. O resultado da pesquisa quantitativa mostrou que cerca de 50% dos distritos paulistanos apresentaram índices de alta vulnerabilidade ou vulnerabilidade extrema, a grande maioria em áreas periféricas. Ao mesmo tempo, apenas dez distritos dos noventa e seis, apresentaram resultados bons de desenvolvimento, sete dos quais inseridos na porção sudoeste do município de São Paulo, área nobre e extremamente valorizada da cidade. Este resultado da análise mostrou que a capital paulista é extremamente desigual dos pontos de vista social, ambiental e econômico, e que os problemas associados à vulnerabilidade se expressam no próprio território do município, de forma que as periferias são o reflexo de espaços altamente segregados, com graves problemas sociais, riscos ambientais iminentes e ainda, baixos níveis de desenvolvimento devido, em especial, à insuficiente atuação do Estado como promotor de políticas públicas. A constatação da vulnerabilidade deveu-se, entre outros fatores, à precariedade de acesso a serviços como transporte, saúde e educação, incluindo demais equipamentos, sobretudo públicos, de acesso ao saneamento básico, lazer e cultura. Além disso, há baixa oferta de empregos locais com boa remuneração e níveis consideráveis de violência e pobreza características que limitam o empoderamento dos grupos sociais residentes, sobretudo dos mais vulneráveis como as mulheres, os jovens, os negros e os idosos. A todo este conjunto de características, atribui-se a responsabilidade pela restrição das capacidades e liberdades elementares dos indivíduos. Dessa forma verificou-se que as desigualdades de vulnerabilidade e desenvolvimento existentes representam as diferenças de capacidades e liberdades entre as populações, e que o enfrentamento desses problemas deve considerar princípios de justiça que levem em conta a construção das capacidades das populações mais desfavorecidas a fim de se promover justiça social e igualdade de oportunidades.
With the objective to identify and discuss the interrelations that approximate the problems of human capabilities e freedoms restriction of issue social and environmental vulnerability, this study examined indicators, previously selected, that reflect the social, economic and environmental inequalities relative to ninety-six districts of the city of São Paulo. To discuss the issue about human capabilities and freedoms, the bibliographic research took into account, mainly, the works of the Indian economist Amartya Sen, in particular his writings about the capability approach, in the theory of justice, and the development as freedom. The case study used secondary indicators separated into two major dimensions: vulnerability, that corresponds to the indicators of \"condition of...\", and development that refers to the indicators of \"access to...\". The categories under which the indicators were classified are: demographics, housing, violence, health and social care, education, income and susceptibility to environmental risk, in the vulnerability dimension; and transport, health and social care infrastructure, culture and recreation, education infrastructure, employment, water and sanitation, and green areas in the development dimension. With the transformation of variables and the grouping of indicators, were obtained values for both indexes: vulnerability and development. Through the use of maps and tables, the study showed how the vulnerability and development are arranged in the São Paulo city. The result of the quantitative survey showed that nearly fifty percent of São Paulo districts have high levels of vulnerability or extreme vulnerability, the large majority in outskirts. At the same time, only ten of the ninety-six districts showed good results of development, seven of which inserted in the southwest portion of city the prime area and extremely rich. This showed that São Paulo is extremely unequal in the points of views social, environmental and economic, and that the problems associated with vulnerability are expressed in the territory, such that the outskirts are the reflection of highly segregated spaces, with serious social problems, imminent environmental risks, and yet, low levels of development, due to, in particular, the inadequate performance of the State as promoter of public polices. The verification of vulnerability is due, among other factors, to the limited access to public services as transport, health and education, including other equipment for access to basic sanitation, recreation and culture. In addition, there is low offer of local jobs with a good salary, and considerable levels of violence and poverty features that limited the empowerment of specific social groups, especially the most vulnerable like as women, younger, blacks and elderly. The whole this package of characteristics is attributed the responsibility for restricting the capabilities and freedoms of the individuals. Therefore, it was found that the inequalities of vulnerabilities and developing represent the difference of capabilities and freedoms between the populations and that for facing these issues, is necessary consider the principles of justice concerning the capacities construction of vulnerable groups, in order to promote social justice and equal opportunities.

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42

Dourgnon, Paul. "Evaluation des politiques publiques et inégalités sociales d'accès aux services de santé." Phd thesis, Université Paris Dauphine - Paris IX, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00912417.

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En dépit des objectifs énoncés de respect du principe d'équité horizontale, on observe des inégalités sociales dans la consommation de soins des pays dotés de systèmes de santé socialisés.Cette thèse se propose, au travers de quatre études, de contribuer à l'analyse des politiques publiques dans le système de santé, du point de vue de l'équité de recours aux services de santé. L'introduction propose des éléments descriptifs des inégalités sociales de recours aux soins en France ainsi que des principaux mécanismes qui, à l'intérieur du système de santé français, peuvent en être à l'origine.Le premier chapitre étudie les liens entre barrières financières à l'accès aux soins et état de santé. Il montre que le fait de renoncer à des soins pour des raisons financières est associé à un état de santé futur plus détérioré.Le deuxième chapitre propose une analyse de l'interaction médecin-patient et de son rôle dans la formation des inégalités de recours aux soins. Nous étudions les catégorisations opérées par les médecins au sujet de leurs patients en fonction de leurs situations sociales. Nous montrons ensuite les relations entre ces catégorisations et les pratiques observées.Un troisième chapitre collige deux études portant sur la réforme du médecin traitant. La première propose une analyse de la réforme et de son contexte, en particulier le rôle des différents acteurs. La seconde propose une étude des conséquences de la réforme sur l'accès financier aux soins de spécialistes

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43

Langenberg, Claudia. "Poor growth, social inequalities and coronary risk." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2007. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1444920/.

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Data from 5 epidemiological studies, spanning an age range from childhood to late adult life, are used to investigate associations between components of height, used as markers of growth at different phases, and arterial stiffness, subclinical atherosclerosis and cardiovascular risk. The roles of prenatal growth and life course socioeconomic position are considered. In the 1946 Birth Cohort, shorter leg, but not trunk length, was associated with greater pulse pressure, a measure of arterial stiffness, in adult men and women. Longitudinal analyses suggested that these effects were due to a steeper rise of blood pressure with age, independent of potential confounders and mediators considered. In the Whitehall II Study, shorter leg and trunk length were both associated with adverse levels of several cardiovascular risk factors and also lower distensibility and greater stiffness of the carotid arteries in men. In a cross-sectional examination of Filipino-American women, coronary disease was most strongly associated with leg length, while diabetes prevalence was not associated with measures of growth, but highest in women who were socioeconomically disadvantaged in childhood and adulthood. Higher blood pressure levels were observed in children with shorter leg length, relative to total body height, of a contemporary US birth cohort at age 3 years. The contribution of prenatal growth was considered in all studies where birthweight was available and found to be limited. Finally, results from the first Whitehall Study suggested that associations between stature and cardiovascular mortality may differ by socioeconomic position. These findings lend some support to the hypothesis that factors limiting leg growth are associated with arterial stiffness, subclinical atherosclerosis and cardiovascular risk these associations may originate in childhood and be amplified with age. The specificity of leg length as a marker of early influences on growth that alter cardiovascular risk is questioned.

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44

Raabe, Bianca. "Citizenship? : young people, social relations and inequalities." Thesis, University of East London, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.310612.

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45

Catalán, Héctor E. Nájera. "Youth poverty and social inequalities in Mexico." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2016. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.687684.

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This thesis aims at providing an estimate of the extent of youth poverty and advances in the understanding of its existence in Mexico. It raises the following four main research questions: (1) What is the extent of youth poverty in Mexico? (2) What are the associations between different material deprivations? (3) What is the relationship between different socio-economic factors and the likelihood of experiencing poverty during youth? (4) What is the spatial association between material deprivation and public provision for youth at the municipal level? The findings suggest that official poverty measure is not reliable and does not offer a valid poverty index. The thesis produces an adjusted measure and according to this index, poverty affects around half of young Mexicans, and only a small minority fully enjoys their social rights. The results indicate that the theoretical structure of the poverty index holds and that different deprivations are positively associated. Multiple deprivation can be tackled by improving public provision, including increases in access to social security and health. Youth poverty in Mexico seems to be rather structured, in that the likelihood of being poor varies considerably across different population groups. Ethnicity, family composition, economic independence and rurality all affect the chances of remaining in poverty. The results suggest that human capital is a good framework for predicting the worst forms of poverty among young people, but it is not a theory that can be applied to less severe types of poverty and deprivation. Further theoretical developments are therefore required, in order to explain fully poverty experienced by youth in Mexico. Finally, area-level material deprivation is highly clustered, and it is spatially associated with poor standards of public provision.

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46

Chappell, Paul James. "Understanding social and geographical inequalities in eating." Thesis, University of York, 2013. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/7932/.

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Through an analysis of the 1970 British Birth Cohort Study, this thesis explores the intersections between food, class, space, and the life course. I show that different class groups consume different foods, and argue that this provides evidence for an ongoing homology between class and cultural consumption. The broad divide I uncover is between indulgent eating patterns on the part of working classes, and ascetic consumption patterns on the part of the middle classes. I show how, over the period from 1986 to 2000, a new post-Fordist pattern of consumption has developed (the ‘Ascetic plus’ eating pattern) amongst the cohort under investigation. I am also able to demonstrate that socialization in childhood, as well as cultural capital, appear to retain important roles in structuring eating patterns, but that the importance of socialization seems to vary depending on the trajectory of individuals’ life courses. Upwardly socially and geographically mobile people are the individuals who are most likely to adhere to the new post-Fordist eating pattern and because of this, I argue that these groups may the most able to break away from the structural moorings of class based consumption. I propose that this finding could be explained with reference to unequal distribution of reserves of reflexivity – these particular ‘mobile’ segments of the middle class may have greater access to individualized forms of identity.

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47

Chigwenah, Tariro. "Explaining the socio-economic inequalities in child immunisation coverage in Zimbabwe." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/32533.

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Socioeconomic inequalities in health have received significant attention globally because of the well-known association between wealth and health. A lot of studies show that poor people are more prone to sickness than their counterparts. Immunisation has been a key antidote to avert deaths for children under the age of 5. This study represents an initial attempt to assess specific variables that contribute to socioeconomic inequalities in immunisation coverage in Zimbabwe. Data were obtained from the 2015 Zimbabwe Demographic Health Survey, a nationally representative survey. Immunisation coverage was measured using four categories: full immunisation (a child who will have received 10 doses of vaccines), partial immunisation (a child who will have received at least one but not all vaccines), no immunisation (a child who will not have received any immunisation dose from birth) and immunisation intensity (a proportion of doses received to total doses that they should have received). Inequalities in immunisation coverage in Zimbabwe were assessed using concentration curves and indices. A positive (negative) concentration index indicates immunisation coverage concentrated among the rich (poor). The concentration index was decomposed to identify how different variables contribute to the socioeconomic inequality in immunisation coverage in Zimbabwe. Results indicate that immunisation intensity and full immunisation concentration indices were (0.0154) and (0.0250) respectively, indicating that children from lower socio-economic status are less likely to receive all doses of vaccines. No immunisation and partial immunisation concentration indices were (-0.0778) and (-0.0878) indicating that children from higher socioeconomic status are more likely to have their children immunised opposed to their poor counterparts. The main contributors to socioeconomic inequality in immunisation coverage are the mother's education, socioeconomic status and place of residence (rural/urban and province). While immunisation services are free of charge in the public health sector in Zimbabwe, coverage rates are higher among the wealthy, which shows that there may be barriers to utilising these services that may not be the direct cost of vaccination. There have to be measures by the government to reach people in areas that are not easily accessible. Also, more needs to be done to reduce socioeconomic inequalities in Zimbabwe.

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48

Celse, Jérémy. "Inequalities and destructive decisions : four essays on envy." Thesis, Montpellier 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011MON10067/document.

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A travers cette thèse, nous étudions l'envie et explorons l'impact de cette dernière sur le bien-être et le comportement individuel. Cette thèse se compose de quatre chapitres. Dans un premier chapitre, nous définissons l'envie en nous référant à des travaux réalisés en philosophie et en psychologie. Nous concluons que l'envie est une émotion déclenchée par la prise de conscience d'un attribut désiré, possédé par autrui et qui se caractérise par une douloureuse tristesse incluant des sentiments d'hostilité. Ensuite nous élaborons un protocole expérimental dont l'objectif est d'étudier l'impact de l'envie sur le bien-être et sur le comportement individuel. Nous capturons l'envie à travers des méthodes d'évaluation subjective et nous examinons si l'envie incite les sujets à réduire la dotation de leur partenaire malgré le coût personnel induit par la réduction. Nous observons que l'envie est fortement présente mais n'explique pas pourquoi les sujets réduisent la dotation des autres. Les inégalités de dotations mesurées en termes relatifs modulent les décisions des sujets à réduire la dotation d'autrui. Dans le chapitre trois, nous nous intéressons à l'impact de l'effort sur l'envie. Pour cela nous élaborons deux traitements. Dans un traitement, les sujets reçoivent des dotations de manière aléatoire alors que dans l'autre traitement les dotations sont attribuées en fonction de la performance de chaque sujet lors d'une tache effectuée avant l'expérience. Nous trouvons que l'effort n'affecte pas la satisfaction des sujets mais partiellement leur comportement : les sujets ne sont pas plus nombreux a réduire les gains des autres mais ils en réduisent une plus grande partie. Enfin, nous nous intéressons à un type de sujets particulier dans lequel l'envie est susceptible d'être ressentie fortement : les sportifs. Nous concluons que la pratique d'activités sportives pousse les agents à ressentir de l'envie et les incite à entreprendre des actions de réduction
Throughout this dissertation we aim at identifying envy and investigating its impacts on both individual well-being and behaviour. This dissertation consists of four chapters. The first chapter is devoted to the definition of envy by referring to both researches on philosophy and psychology. We convey that envy can be defined as an emotion triggered by the awareness of a desired attribute enjoyed by another person characterised by a painful sadness including feelings of hostility. In the second chapter, we implement an experiment so as to investigate the impact of envy on individual well-being and behaviour. We capture envy through referring to self-report methods and explore whether envy pushes subjects to reduce their opponent's endowment at a personal cost. We observe that envy is highly present but does not explain why subjects reduce others' income. Inequalities between subjects' endowments measured in relative terms modulate subjects' decisions to reduce others' income. In chapter three, we study how effort affects envy and whether the impact of envy on both individual well-being and behaviour is amplified or weakened by effort. To fulfil our purpose, we implement two different conditions. In one condition endowments are randomly attributed to subjects and in the other condition endowments are allocated according to each subject's performance in a task. We observe that effort does not affect subjects' satisfaction and partially their behaviour : subjects do not reduce more often their opponent's endowment but they cut a higher portion of their opponent's endowment when endowments are attributed according to individual effort. In the final chapter, we focus on a specific category of subjects in which envy is ought to be experienced intensively : subjects practicing sport activities. We observe that sport practice pushes subjects to experience envy and exerts them to engage in reduction decisions

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49

Roche, Jose Manuel. "Capabilities and Group Inequalities : Measuring geographical and social class inequalities in housing adequacy in Venezuela." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.505898.

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50

Ali, Sharifah Aisha Binti Syed. "Formulations and valid inequalities for Economic Lot Sizing Problems with Remanufacturing (ELSR)." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 2016. http://digitool.lib.strath.ac.uk:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=27403.

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Nowadays, many manufacturers are beginning to establish remanufacturing facilities due to the stricter government regulations on end-of-life product treatment, and the increasing public awareness towards environmental issues. Remanufacturing offers a huge potential for employment, and provides profitable business opportunities. However, production planning activities are more complex for remanufacturing,as they incorporate greater uncertainties and greater risk associated with product returns and demands. These activities become even more intricate in hybrid remanufacturing and manufacturing systems. For this reason, we have investigated two variants of production planning of the hybrid remanufacturing and manufacturing systems, they are: i) Economic Lot Sizing Problem with Remanufacturing and Separate Setups (ELSRs) and ii) Economic Lot Sizing Problem with Remanufacturing and Joint Setups (ELSRj).In each period, the demands can be fulfilled by either remanufactured, or new products, or both. These problems have been proven to be N P-hard in general. Therefore, we study different approaches to tackle these problems. First, we propose several traditional methodologies to obtain better lowerf bounds for both problems, namely (ℓ, S) - like inequalities and reformulation techniques, such as facility location (FL) reformulation, multi-commodity (MC) reformulation, and shortest path (SP) reformulation. Both theoretical and computational comparisons of different lower bounding techniques are discussed. The results show that the reformulation techniques demonstrate better performance than other formulations for the separate setups case when the setup cost for remanufacturing is equivalent to the setup cost for manufacturing. For the joint setups case, our (ℓ; S) - like inequalities, which have the same lower bounds as the reformulation techniques, are the most efficient methods to quickly solve the problem. Motivated by the previous chapter, we further investigate the polyhedral structure of a simpler mixed integer set, arising from the feasible set of ELSRs and ELSRj problems, in order to derive several existing and new valid inequalities. These mixed integer sets are variants of the well-known single node fixed-charge network set, where two knapsack sets are considered simultaneously. Our main contributions for these problems rely upon on identifying the facet-defining conditions of the proposed inequalities, and discussing their separation problems. For each problem, comparisons of computational experiments between different traditional methodologies introduced earlier, and the proposed inequalities, are presented to test their effectiveness. The results indicate that the valid inequalities, with embedded (ℓ; S) - like inequalities for the separate setups case, have significantly improved the lower bounds in almost (all) instances tested, compared with other formulations when the setup cost for remanufacturing is, at most, the setup cost for manufacturing. As regards to the joint setups case, the results show that (ℓ; S) -like inequalities remain provide stronger lower bounds than the proposed inequalities for those randomly generated instances.

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