Статті в журналах: "Soak liquor"

1

Berber, Didem, İpek Türkmenoğlu, and Nüzhet Cenk Sesal. "Antibacterial and Anti–Biofilm Activities of Acetone Extracts of Usnea sp. against Mixed Cultures of Bacteria from Soak Liquor Samples and Tank Surfaces." Journal of the American Leather Chemists Association 115, no. 10 (October 4, 2020): 365–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.34314/jalca.v115i10.4174.

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Long-term or improper use of antibacterial agents utilized in the soaking process has led to the resistance of some bacteria in the leather industry. New agents may be the solution to combat these antibacterial resistant bacteria in the soaking process. As a natural resource, lichens are known to have many biological activities. In previous studies, we demonstrated that the acetone extracts of several lichen species including Usnea sp. may have potential antibacterial and anti–biofilm properties against some Bacillus species, which were isolated from different soak liquor samples. In the present study, it was questioned whether the same bioactivities of acetone extracts of Usnea sp. can be seen in the mixed cultures of tank surface samples and pre-and main soak liquor samples, which were obtained from different tanneries. Although the extracts did not show noteworthy antibacterial effect against one of the tank surface samples (inhibition ratios; 6.5–16.22 %), inhibition percentages were detected as 69.32 and 46.33 at the concentrations of 240 and 120 µg/mL for the other tank surface sample. The anti-biofilm potential of the extracts was tested on the sample where the antibacterial activity of the extracts was not observed. One of the mixed culture of samples from the tank surface could not be inhibited by the extracts in terms of bacterial growth. However, the extracts were tested on this biofilm-forming sample and detected more than 50% inhibition. Furthermore, the extracts inhibited the growth of the mixed culture of bacteria from pre-soak liquor by the percentages of 78.96, 61.5, 51.3, 45.1, and 33.4 at the concentrations of 240, 120, 60, 30 and 15 µg/mL, respectively. On the other hand, the same antibacterial efficacy could not be observed in the other mixed culture from pre-soak liquor sample obtained from a different tannery whereas this sample formed a biofilm structure. The mixed culture of samples from the main soaking process was inhibited by the extracts at the inhibition percentages of 62.13–78.17 at the concentrations of 240- 30 µg/mL. Similar results were also obtained for the other sample (64.6–76.5%) from main soak liquor sample obtained from a different tannery. In conclusion, lichen extracts may have potential antibacterial and anti-biofilm properties against the mixed culture of bacteria from tank surface, pre-and main soak liquor samples and maybe alternatively utilized in the leather industry.

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2

Rajeswari, S., S. Vidhya, R. Navanietha Krishnaraj, P. Saravanan, S. Sundarapandiyan, S. Maruthamuthu, S. Ponmariappan, and M. Vijayan. "Utilization of soak liquor in microbial fuel cell." Fuel 181 (October 2016): 148–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2016.04.121.

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3

Lakshmi, K., K. Yamuna, and V. S. Gayathri. "Evaluation of Common Herbs for Treating Soak Liquor of Tannery." Applied Mechanics and Materials 787 (August 2015): 167–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.787.167.

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Wastewater is a very turbid liquid with an offensive smell in most cases. Its composition varies from large floating or suspended solids to smaller suspended solids, very small solids in colloidal form and chemical impurities as dissolved substances. This makes the treatment complicated and hence it is essential to adopt more than one type of treatment method. It is a common practice to carry out cost effective pre treatment to make the actual treatment less tedious and more effective. Chemical impurities such as sulphides, sulphates, chloride, oil and greases are usually found at the second stage of tannery effluent. The pH of tannery effluent ranges from 5.5 to 10. This work explores common herbs as a viable pre treatment option for non – chromium tannery effluent.

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4

Gopinath, Arun, Nagarajan Vedaraman, Balaraman Madhan, Jonnalagadda Raghava Rao, Magesh Peter, and Ramalingam Kirubagaran. "Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Based Skin Preservation: Solving the Soak Liquor Effluent Crisis of the Leather Industry." Journal of the American Leather Chemists Association 115, no. 4 (April 1, 2020): 145–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.34314/jalca.v115i4.3801.

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Salt-based preservation of hides/skins contributes to about 50% total dissolved solids (TDS) in tannery wastewaters. In this study, raw skins have been preserved by exposing them to a continuous flow of supercritical carbon dioxide (SCCO2) in a pressurized reactor. The process was carried out in reactors of two different capacities to ensure scalability. The skins thus dried could be stored at room temperature for a period of 30 days. The SCCO2–dried skins were less conducive for microbial growth than wet-salted skins. The soak liquor of SCCO2–dehydrated skin showed a 90% reduction in chloride content and significantly lower BOD and COD levels than soak liquor from wet-salted skins. The leathers produced from SCCO2-preserved skins and wet-salted skin had no significant quality differences. As SCCO2 systems have been reported as alternatives to all other unit operations, establishing SCCO2–based preservation will complete the circle of total leather manufacture with SCCO2.

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5

Sesha Girish, G. V. S., and A. Mani. "Analysis of forced convective evaporation system for tannery effluent (soak liquor)." International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 30, no. 5 (July 2003): 727–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0735-1933(03)00110-6.

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6

Lefebvre, O., N. Vasudevan, M. Torrijos, K. Thanasekaran, and R. Moletta. "Anaerobic digestion of tannery soak liquor with an aerobic post-treatment." Water Research 40, no. 7 (April 2006): 1492–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2006.02.004.

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7

Kumar, S. Sathish, and A. Mani. "Measurement of physical and transport properties of tannery effluent (soak liquor)." International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 34, no. 3 (March 2007): 339–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2006.12.004.

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8

Caglayan, P. "Isolation and Identification of Moderately Halophilic Bacteria from Soak Liquor Samples Collected of Leather Tanneries." Journal of the American Leather Chemists Association 118, no. 7 (July 3, 2023): 293–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.34314/jalca.v118i7.7857.

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Isolation and identification of protease and lipase producing moderately halophilic bacteria from soak liquor samples and studying their adverse effects to the sheepskin using scanning electron microscopy may provide critical data on decomposition of raw hide/skin materials during soaking process. Moreover, enzyme-production properties of the moderately halophilic isolates (such as catalase, oxidase, lipase, protease, urease, caseinase, amylase, cellulase, pullulanase, xylanase) were determined. The effects of different NaCl concentrations, pH and temperature values on the growth of moderately halophilic bacterial isolates were tested. In the present study, four moderately halophilic bacterial isolates were isolated and selected for further experiments. The isolated species designated as SLMHB5, SLMHB10, SLMHB12, SLMHB13 were similar to Vibrio alginolyticus, Terribacillus halophilus, Vibrio alginolyticus, and Vibrio parahaemolyticus species, respectively. Scanning electron micrographs of sheepskin samples demonstrated that enzymatic activities of moderately halophilic bacteria isolated from soak liquor samples which decomposed the skin structure. After 35-days storage period, the sheepskin sample showed bad odor, sticky appearance and hair slip. Hence, it is recommended to control these microorganisms during the soaking process with an effective antimicrobial agent.

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9

Lefebvre, O., N. Vasudevan, M. Torrijos, K. Thanasekaran, and R. Moletta. "Halophilic biological treatment of tannery soak liquor in a sequencing batch reactor." Water Research 39, no. 8 (April 2005): 1471–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2004.12.038.

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10

Rajeswari, S., S. Vidhya, S. Sundarapandiyan, P. Saravanan, S. Ponmariappan, and K. Vidya. "Improvement in treatment of soak liquor by combining electro-oxidation and biodegradation." RSC Advances 6, no. 53 (2016): 47220–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra28076a.

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11

Boopathy, R., and G. Sekaran. "Electrochemical treatment of evaporated residue of soak liquor generated from leather industry." Journal of Hazardous Materials 260 (September 2013): 286–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2013.05.027.

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12

Gong, Shusen, Fei Yang, Qingfen Wang, and Tian Wu. "Processing of Noni Liquor based on response surface methodology." PeerJ 10 (August 16, 2022): e13817. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.13817.

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Noni (Morinda citrifolia L.) is widely used as a health food and medicine because it is rich in polysaccharides, polyphenols, and flavonoids; it is precisely because noni is rich in these substances that people usually like to soak it in liquor to drink. This study sought to maximize the main active constituents (polysaccharides, polyphenols, and flavonoid s) dissolved in liquor and spirits soaked with noni fruit, using ethanol as the solvent to optimize the extraction conditions using response surface methodology. The highest polysaccharide yield of 16.35% was found at 60 °C for 3.5 h, a liquid-solid ratio of 52 mL/g, and an ethanol concentration of 25%. The optimal extraction conditions for polyphenols were 75 °C for 1.5 h, a liquid-solid ratio of 90 mL/g, and an ethanol concentration of 50%, resulting in a 10.37% yield. The optimum extraction conditions for flavonoids were 75 °C for 1 h, a liquid-solid ratio of 70 mL/g, and an ethanol concentration of 100%, with 1.35% yield. Many active ingredients, including polysaccharides, polyphenols, and flavonoids, were obtained via alcohol extraction of noni fruit, suggesting that liquor and spirits soaked with noni fruit are novel and promising types. This study provides a technical reference for the production of high-quality noni liquor. It is recommended to use the best conditions for the extract of polysaccharides, polyphenols, and flavonoids, and blending them to obtain the desired degree of alcohol.

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13

Brinda, V., N. Vedaraman, John Sundar, J. Kangaraj, K. C. Velappan, and C. Muralidharan. "De-Oiled Karanja Cake as Potential Bio-Additive for Low Salt Raw Skin Preservation." Journal of the American Leather Chemists Association 115, no. 5 (May 1, 2020): 159–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.34314/jalca.v115i5.3807.

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The most commonly practiced preservation processes for raw hide/skin is by application of common salt (NaCl) due to its wide availability, cost effectiveness and bacteriostatic activity. During the soaking process, the salt present in the skin dissolves in water, thereby generating high total dissolved solids (TDS) levels causing pollution to the environment. Hence, an eco–friendly material without salt or with lower quantities of salt is needed for the preservation of the skin. In this present study Karanja de-oiled cake (Millettia/Pongamia pinnata) extract was studied for its antibacterial activity, minimal inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration for preservation. The reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) analysis shows the presence of karanjin (0.2%) and pongamol (0.02%) and these compounds may be responsible for the antibacterial activity against skin deteriorating bacteria. The preservation trials with karanja de-oiled cake 15% along with less salt 15% showed no hair slip, no putrefaction, reduced bacterial load to approximately 35%, compared to control skins at 25º-35ºC for 21 days. The preserved skins on rehydration showed that the soak liquor of experimental skins had a considerable reduction in TDS (about 67%) compared with conventional soak liquor. On processing these skins into leather, the experimental skins were found to possess comparable strength properties (tensile, tear strength) and organoleptic properties as conventional salt-based preserved skins. This study concludes that conventional salt-based preservation of skins can be replaced by an eco-friendly preservation method using karanja de-oiled cake along with less salt.

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14

Srithar, K., and A. Mani. "Studies on solar flat plate collector evaporation systems for tannery effluent (soak liquor)." Journal of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE A 7, no. 11 (November 2006): 1870–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1631/jzus.2006.a1870.

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15

Sathishkumar, Kuppusamy, Jayaraman Narenkumar, Adikesavan Selvi, Kadarkarai Murugan, Ranganathan Babujanarthanam, and Aruliah Rajasekar. "Treatment of soak liquor and bioelectricity generation in dual chamber microbial fuel cell." Environmental Science and Pollution Research 25, no. 12 (February 8, 2018): 11424–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-1371-1.

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16

Rajamani, S. "Sustainable cleaner production technologies and treatment of segregated effluent streams with recovery of quality salt, chromium & water." Journal of Textile Engineering & Fashion Technology 8, no. 2 (March 11, 2022): 27–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.15406/jteft.2022.08.00297.

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Conventional process and treatment system adopted by Indian and Global Tanneries consist of Segregation of Spent Chrome Stream and discharge of supernatant for combined treatment along with effluent from all sectional operations starting from soaking to finishing, Conventional physiochemical and biological treatment for reduction of Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), etc., Ultra-filtration and Reverse Osmosis (RO) system for recovery of water and Multiple Effect Evaporator (MEE) for the evaporation of RO reject stream and generation of mixed salt in case of Zero Liquid Discharge (ZLD) system and Storage of mixed salt recovered from the MEE system for which no viable disposal system is found. Establishment of treatment system for the mixed stream results in poor performance of biological treatment units, increases the Operation & Maintenance (O&M) cost and accumulation of recovered mixed salt in case of ZLD system. It is estimated that, more than 8-10 tones of mixed salt is generated during the treatment of 1.0 MLD effluent under ZLD system. To address this serious environmental problem, an innovative approach of segregation of saline streams such as soak liquor and chrome liquor are planned to be collected separately with the feasibility of recovering reusable quality salt and chromium in the form cake for regeneration and use in the form of Basic Chromium Sulphate (BCS) by the tanneries. This innovative treatment concept has been developed and is being implemented in many Common Effluent Treatment Plants (CETPs) in India. This will become the first of its kind in Global Leather World. This developmental scheme is in accordance with the guidelines and recommendations of UNIDO in terms of sustainability of ZLD system for leather sector. The technological developments on cleaner productions, centralized chrome recovery reuse system, segregation of saline soak water for separate treatment with recovery of water and quality salt are dealt in this technical paper.

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17

Berber, Didem. "Antibacterial Activities of Lichen Derived Extracts against Different Bacillus Species from Soak Liquor Samples." Journal of the American Leather Chemists Association 115, no. 03 (March 2, 2020): 96–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.34314/jalca.v115i03.1627.

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In the leather industry, some bacterial strains may become resistant to antibacterial agents utilized in the soaking process due to long-term use and/or not using in sufficient doses. Alternative approaches or novel agents need to be investigated to overcome antibacterial resistance of bacteria present in the soaking process. These alternative approaches may be from natural resources such as lichens which are known to have various biological activities such as antibacterial, antifungal etc. For this purpose, soak liquor samples from different tanneries were collected and eight isolates from these samples were identified by cultural and molecular techniques. Also, the antibacterial effects of acetone extracts of Hypogymnia physodes, Evernia divaricata, Pseudevernia furfuracea and Usnea sp. at different concentrations were tested on these isolates. They were all Gram (+), rod shaped, oxidase (+), catalase (+), protease (+). Six isolates had lipase activities. The isolates were assigned to Bacillus toyonensis, B. mojavensis, B. subtilis, B. amyloliquefaciens, B. velezensis, B. cereus, and B. licheniformis in molecular analyses. The acetone extracts of Evernia divaricata totally killed B. toyonensis, B. mojavensis, B. amyloliquefaciens, and B. subtilis at the concentrations of 240, 120, 60 and 30 µg/ml, respectively. These extracts had also significant antibacterial efficacies on B. cereus, B. velezensis, B. licheniformis at the concentration of 240 µg/ml. The acetone extracts of P. furfuracea had a great inhibitory effect on the growth of most species (80.24-88.65%) only at the concentration of 240 µg/ml. H. physodes acetone extracts totally killed B. amyloliquefaciens and had considerably high suppressive effect on the growth of other tested bacteria at the concentrations of 120 and 240 µg/ml. Usnea sp. acetone extracts had inhibitory effect on Bacillus species (86.6-97.9%) even at the 30 µg/ml concentration. In this respect, lichens may provide an alternative approach for the leather industry to overcome bacterial resistance to the antibacterial agents.

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18

Chandrasekaran, Karthikeyan, Hosimin Selvaraj, Hema Sindhuja George, Maruthamuthu Sundaram, and Thaj Mohammed Khaleel. "A hybrid treatment process for product recycling from tannery process effluent and soak liquor." Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering 8, no. 2 (April 2020): 103516. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2019.103516.

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19

Birbir, Yasar, Nazli Dolek, and Meral Birbir. "Effect of a combined treatment using both direct and alternating electric currents on hide bacteria in hide-soak liquor." Journal of Electrostatics 71, no. 5 (October 2013): 898–904. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.elstat.2013.07.003.

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20

Sekar, Sudharshan, Senthilkumar Sivaprakasam, and Surianarayanan Mahadevan. "Investigations on ultraviolet light and nitrous acid induced mutations of halotolerant bacterial strains for the treatment of tannery soak liquor." International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation 63, no. 2 (March 2009): 176–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2008.08.005.

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21

Berber, Didem, İpek Türkmenoğlu, and Nüzhet Cenk Sesal. "Antibacterial Potential of Six Lichen Species against Enterococcus durans from Leather Industry : Evaluation of acetone extracts obtained from several lichen species as alternative natural antibacterial agents." Johnson Matthey Technology Review 64, no. 4 (October 1, 2020): 480–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1595/205651320x15942856494595.

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Antibacterial resistant bacteria are a significant problem in the hide or skin soaking process due to their destructive properties on finished leather. Lichens may be a solution to overcome this resistance problem. Enterococcus durans (99.86%) was isolated from soak liquor samples. For screening of possible antibacterial effects of lichen acetone extracts, six lichen species (Hypogymnia tubulosa, H. physodes, Evernia divaricata, Pseudevernia furfuracea, Parmelia sulcata and Usnea sp.) were examined by nine-fold dilution against E. durans. H. tubulosa, H. physodes and E. divaricata extracts showed antibacterial effects at the concentrations of 240 μg ml−1, 120 μg ml−1 and 60 μg ml−1 whereas the extracts of P. furfuracea had an antibacterial effect at 240 μg ml−1 and 120 μg ml−1. On the other hand, P. sulcata had no antibacterial effect. The most successful lichen extract was determined to be Usnea sp. at the concentrations of 240 μg ml−1, 120 μg ml−1, 60 μg ml−1, 30 μg ml−1 and 15 μg ml−1. In conclusion, lichen extracts seem to have potential antibacterial efficacies against E. durans.

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22

Berber, Didem, İpek Türkmenoğlu, Meral Birbir, and Nüzhet Cenk Sesal. "Efficacy of Usnea sp. Extracts in Preventing Biofilm Formation by Bacillus Species Isolated from Soaking Liquor Samples." Journal of the American Leather Chemists Association 115, no. 6 (June 1, 2020): 222–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.34314/jalca.v115i6.3820.

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Bacteria forms biofilm to be resistant to antibacterial agents and other unfavorable environment as compared to planktonic bacterial cells. Due to resistance of bacterial biofilms to commonly used antimicrobial agents and adverse effects of these biofilms in different industries, potential natural compounds which can inhibit bacterial biofilms have attracted more attention in recent years. Lichens are known to have unique secondary metabolites with various biological activities including anti-biofilm properties. Therefore, Bacillus toyonensis, Bacillus mojavensis, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, Bacillus velezensis, Bacillus cereus, and Bacillus licheniformis, isolated from soak liquor samples in the previous study, were tested for their ability to form biofilm in this study. Biofilm-forming Bacillus species were detected as B. subtilis, B. amyloliquefaciens, and B. velezensis. The anti-biofilm effect of the acetone extracts of Usnea sp. was evaluated at various concentrations against these biofilm-forming isolates. The anti-biofilm effect of acetone extracts of Usnea sp. against B. subtilis and B. amyloliquefaciens was observed at the concentration of 5 µg/mL by inhibition ratios of 62.75% and 72.72%, respectively. In addition, biofilm formation of B. velezensis was inhibited by the treatment with 1.25 µg/mL extracts at a 62.69% inhibition rate. Biofilm formations of B. amyloliquefaciens and B. velezensis were also suppressed by the extracts at varying percentages of inhibition ranging between 10.11-43.69% and 21.25-46.35%, respectively. This study may provide an alternative approach to overcome the biofilm formation and bacterial resistance to the antibacterial agents in the leather industry.

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23

Srithar, K., and A. Mani. "Open fibre reinforced plastic (FRP) flat plate collector (FPC) and spray network systems for augmenting the evaporation rate of tannery effluent (soak liquor)." Solar Energy 81, no. 12 (December 2007): 1492–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2007.02.004.

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24

권혁양. "An Etymology of MK. suïr ‘rice wine; liquor; alcoholic drink’, NK. suuy- ‘to fall in the mire’, NK. suki- ‘to soak, dip, steep, souse’ ModK. sw- ‘to soak (cloth) in ttïmul (water that has washed rice) so as to gloss it’." DAEDONG MUNHWA YEON'GU ll, no. 68 (December 2009): 139–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.18219/ddmh..68.200912.139.

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25

Birbir, Yasar, Nazli Dolek, and Meral Birbir. "Effect of a combined treatment using both direct and alternating electric currents on hide bacteria in hide-soak liquor [J. Electrostat. 71(5) (2013) 898–904]." Journal of Electrostatics 80 (April 2016): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.elstat.2015.12.004.

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26

Yakubova, Ol'ga Sergeyevna, Elena Yur'yevna Demyantseva, and Regina Smith Smith. "PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF SULPHATE WASTE LIQUOR AFTER SOAP EXTRACTION IN THE PRESENCE OF SURFACTANTS." chemistry of plant raw material, no. 4 (December 14, 2021): 337–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/jcprm.2021049521.

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During the wood delignification a multicomponent spent liquor (black liquor) is formed. Depending on the type of wood, black liquor is enriched with valuable extractives. The isolation of extractives from processing liquors and their conversion into biologically active substances, tall products is according to development trend of pulp and paper industry. It includes the introduction of scientific based technologies in manufacturing processes with reference to modern environmental protection requirements. Now the extraction efficiency of sulphate soap does not exceed 75–80% whereby the quality of obtained soap is low. Sulphate soap, especially extracted after hardwood cooking, contains a large amount of impurities. This complicates the process of soap treatment into valuable biologically active substances (beta-sitosterol, etc.). In the present work the addition of demulsifying and coagulating substances into the black liquor is proposed to intensify the hardwood sulphate soap extraction. The chemical colloidal characteristics of the obtained sulphate soap were investigated. Two critical micelle concentration (CMC) were found on the surface tension isotherms. The second critical micelle concentration (CMC2) in the concentration range of 0.9–1.0% CMC2 indicates the restructuring of micelles into a spherocylindrical shape. A comparative qualitative and quantitative analysis of the composition of sulfate soap obtained in industrial conditions and in the presence of selected additives in laboratory was carried out. Surfactants promote the extraction of phytosterol from black liquor obtained from hardwood species cooking. The influence of surfactant addition on the main physical and colloidal chemical characteristics of black liquor before and after isolation of sulphate soap is investigated. A decrease in viscosity and a de foaming of a black liquor solution is observed as a result of the addition of surfactant additives.

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27

Starzhinskaya, Elena V., Anatoly M. Kryazhev, Sergey I. Tret’yakov, and Anatoliy A. Gluhanov. "Sulphate Soap Separation from Wood Mixture Cooking Black Liquor." Lesnoy Zhurnal (Forestry Journal), no. 6 (December 10, 2022): 178–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.37482/0536-1036-2022-6-178-192.

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The sulphate soap separation from black liquor is influenced by a large number of factors: wood species composition, physical properties and composition of liquor components. The bases of the process are widely researched, but the influence of some factors requires additional research. Meanwhile, due to the diversity of the processed wood species composition and different cooking conditions, the composition and properties of the liquor may differ significantly, and the soap separation at different mills does not always follow the patterns established in previous studies. The purpose of this research is to determine the optimal parameters for the sulphate soap separation from semi-steamed black liquor from the mixed wood cooking, as well as the consumption of additives to increase the sulphate soap yield. The research is based on the principles of mathematical modeling of processes and was carried out in laboratory conditions. We used the method of a planned experiment in the form of a second-order rotatable compositional uniform plan in order to obtain a mathematical model of the soap skimming process, depending on the chosen variables and to determine the optimal values of the process parameters. In the experiment, the following factors were varied: temperature, soap settling time and liquor density. The optimal values of these factors for sulphate soap separation from black liquor were determined, a mathematical model of the process was developed, and the optimal parameters for the effective sulphate soap settling were determined as results of the experiment. Adjusting the soap skimming production conditions to the optimal can increase soap skimming from semi-steamed liquors by 20 %. As a result of evaluating the effect of adding surfactants of different nature to black liquor of different density on the completeness of sulphate soap separation, we have found their optimal dosages, which give the maximum positive effect – an increase in soap yield by 15 %. For citation: Starzhinskaya E.V., Kryazhev A.M., Tret’yakov S.I., Gluhanov A.A. Sulphate Soap Separation from Wood Mixture Cooking Black Liquor. Lesnoy Zhurnal = Russian Forestry Journal, 2022, no. 6, pp. 178–192. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.37482/0536-1036-2022-6-178-192

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28

Hong, Youwei, Xinbei Xu, Dan Liao, Taotao Liu, Xiaoting Ji, Ke Xu, Chunyang Liao, Ting Wang, Chunshui Lin, and Jinsheng Chen. "Measurement report: Effects of anthropogenic emissions and environmental factors on the formation of biogenic secondary organic aerosol (BSOA) in a coastal city of southeastern China." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 22, no. 11 (June 16, 2022): 7827–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-7827-2022.

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Abstract. To better understand the formation of biogenic secondary organic aerosol (BSOA), aerosol samples with a 4 h time resolution were collected during summer and winter in the southeast of China, along with online measurements of trace gases, aerosol chemical compositions, and meteorological parameters. The samples were analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry for PM2.5-bound secondary organic aerosol (SOA) tracers, including isoprene (SOAI), α/β-pinene (SOAM), β-caryophyllene (SOAC), and toluene (ASOA). The average concentrations of total SOA tracers in winter and summer were 38.8 and 111.9 ng m−3, respectively, with the predominance of SOAM (70.1 % and 45.8 %), followed by SOAI (14.0 % and 45.6 %), ASOA (11.0 % and 6.2 %) and SOAC (4.9 % and 2.3 %). Compared to those in winter, the majority of BSOA tracers in summer showed significant positive correlations with Ox (O3+NO2) (r = 0.443–0.808), HONO (r = 0.299–0.601), ultraviolet (UV) (r = 0.382–0.588) and temperature (T) (r = 0.529–0.852), indicating the influence of photochemical oxidation under relatively clean conditions. However, in winter, BSOA tracers were significantly correlated with PM2.5 (r = 0.407–0.867), NO3- (r = 0.416–0.884), SO42- (r = 0.419–0.813), and NH3 (r = 0.440–0.757), attributed to the contributions of anthropogenic emissions. Major BSOA tracers in both seasons were linearly correlated with aerosol acidity (pH) (r = 0.421–0.752), liquid water content (LWC) (r = 0.403–0.876) and SO42- (r = 0.419–0.813). The results indicated that acid-catalyzed reactive uptake onto sulfate aerosol particles enhanced the formation of BSOA. In summer, the clean air mass originated from the ocean, and chlorine depletion was observed. We also found that concentrations of the total SOA tracers were correlated with HCl (R2=0.545) and chlorine ions (r = 0.280–0.639) in PM2.5, reflecting the contribution of Cl-initiated volatile organic compound (VOC) oxidations to the formation of SOA. In winter, the northeast dominant wind direction brought continental polluted air mass to the monitoring site, affecting the transformation of BSOA tracers. This implied that anthropogenic emissions, atmospheric oxidation capacity and halogen chemistry have significant effects on the formation of BSOA in the southeast coastal area.

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YUNIKA, I. "FORMULA OPTIMIZATION OF FEMININE LIQUID SOAP." International Journal of Prevention Practice and Research 03, no. 07 (July 1, 2023): 01–06. http://dx.doi.org/10.55640/medscience-abcd624.

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The formulation and optimization of feminine liquid soap represent a critical endeavor in the realm of personal care product development. This study explores the multifaceted aspects of designing an effective and appealing liquid soap tailored specifically for feminine hygiene. The research encompasses a comprehensive investigation into the selection and optimization of key ingredients, with a focus on achieving optimal cleansing efficacy while maintaining skin-friendly attributes. Fundamental to this optimization process is the delicate balance between pH levels, skin moisturization, and the incorporation of active ingredients that contribute to feminine hygiene. Methodologies involving experimental design and statistical analysis are employed to systematically optimize the formula, taking into account sensory attributes, stability, and microbial safety. The study aims to not only enhance the product's functional performance but also to address consumer preferences and market trends. The findings of this research contribute to the advancement of formulation science in the context of feminine liquid soap, offering insights that can be leveraged by personal care product developers and manufacturers to create products that align with the diverse needs of modern consumers.

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30

ZHAO, LIMING, DANIELLY CORTES, and HONGHI TRAN. "Effects of added materials on black liquor combustion." July 2016 15, no. 7 (August 1, 2016): 479–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.32964/tj15.7.479.

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Black liquor is often mixed with various types of materials before being burned in a recovery boiler to meet specific needs of kraft pulp mills. A systematic study was conducted using a thermogravimetric combustor to examine how added materials might affect the combustion behavior of black liquors obtained from several pulp mills. The results show that adding soap, caustic, white liquor, and sawdust significantly reduces the liquor swelling tendency, thereby requiring a longer time for the liquor to burn completely. Adding makeup saltcake, precipitator ash, sodium sulfate, and biosludge, on the other hand, has little or no effect on the liquor combustion behavior.

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31

Kabara, Jon J. "Bar Soap and Liquid Soap." JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 253, no. 11 (March 15, 1985): 1560. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.1985.03350350054017.

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32

NTIFAFA, YAO, ASHOK GHOSH, and PETER W. HART. "Quantification of hardwood black liquor contamination in pine black liquor." February 2024 23, no. 2 (February 27, 2024): 88–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.32964/tj23.2.88.

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The presence of hardwood black liquor contamination in pine black liquor can negatively impact brownstock washer and evaporator operation, as well as reduce soap separation and yield. It is also believed to negatively impact commercial kraft lignin production. It was desired to develop a method of quantitatively determining the amount of low-level hardwood liquor contamination in pine black liquor. A method employing pyrolysis-gas chromatography mass spectrometry (py-GCMS) was developed to perform the desired measurement. Laboratory cooks with carefully controlled blends of pine and hardwood chips were prepared, and the resulting liquor was measured using this technique. Additionally, samples of pine and hardwood black liquors were blended in known quantities and analyzed. All these samples were submitted as blind samples. The resulting analysis suggests the py-GCMS method was able to accurately determine the level of hardwood contamination between 1% to 10% hardwood liquor using a low-level calibration curve prepared with coniferyl alcohol and sinapyl alcohol as standards.

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33

BOHANNON, JOSEPH. "Evaluation of soap recovery efficiency from black liquor - analytical tools." April 2023 22, no. 4 (May 1, 2023): 234–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.32964/tj22.4.234.

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Soap skimmings (“soap”) are typically recovered from black liquor in kraft mills that process a high percentage of softwood. In many mills, the recovery of soap is inefficient, negatively impacting performance of evaporators and recovery boilers and resulting in loss of potential revenue. A thorough evaluation of soap recovery performance in a kraft mill requires measurement of soap content in black liquor at various sampling locations, especially around the soap skimmer. The standard laboratory method for evaluating soap content in black liquor is a complex, multi-step process that relies on solvent extraction and titration; most mills send these samples to an outside laboratory for this analysis. In this study, 100 black liquor samples, with a wide range of soap concentrations, were tested by the standard solvent extraction method. After additional dilution, each sample was also tested for surface tension with a bubble pressure tensiometer. The results were found to correlate very closely with the solvent extraction tests results. This alternate method, using surface tension measurements of diluted black liquor samples, produces rapid results and can be easily implemented in most kraft mills, which would facilitate much more frequent in-house evaluations of soap recovery performance.

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34

Yakubova, Olga S., Elena Yu Demiantseva, Regina A. Smit, and Vladimir K. Dubovy. "Analysis of Micelle Formation and Adsorption Layers of Binary Mixtures of Sulphate Soap Components." Lesnoy Zhurnal (Forestry Journal), no. 6 (December 1, 2021): 196–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.37482/0536-1036-2021-6-196-205.

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Currently, the main trend of the pulp and paper industry development is bio-refining. It is based on integrated and deep processing of wood raw materials to obtain products with higher value added and reduced amount of waste. One of the high priority tasks of bio-refining is improvement of technology of by-product (sulphate soap) extraction from spent liquor with an increase in the yield and quality of the resulting product and a decrease in the level of environmental pollution. The complexity and energy intensity of sulphate soap extraction from spent liquor depends on many factors, including the species used for wood cooking, composition of extractives, the method of wood preparation for delignification, etc. Sulphate soap is a multicomponent emulsion with a predominant content of resin and fatty acids, small amount of unsaponifiable substances and an admixture of lignin, which is mainly extracted from waste liquior by settling. The low degree of its extraction is associated with the absence of systematical data on the mutual influence of the sulphate soap components. In this work, the patterns of intermolecular interaction of the individual components of the by-product (sulphate soap) are found. For this purposes the critical concentration of micelle formation (CCM) and surface tension depression of surface-active sodium oleate and sodium abietate and their mixtures of varying compositions were determined by the methods of tensiometry and conductometry. A detailed analysis of its mixed micelles and adsorption layers was carried out using the Rubin–Rosen pseudophase model. The interaction mechanisms of components in mixtures are explained. The impact on the composition of micelles and adsorption layers of the more surface-active sodium oleate was detected in mixed solutions. A maximum synergistic effect of micelle formation was observed in mixtures with a predominant content of sodium abietate. Analysis of experimental data and the result of sulphate soap modeling allow substantiating the complexity of its extraction from waste liquor after wood cooking with the presence of hardwood over 30 %, which is explained by the reduced content of resin acids in black liquor. For citation: Yakubova O.S., Demiantseva E.Yu., Smit R.A., Dubovy V.K. Analysis of Micelle Formation and Adsorption Layers of Binary Mixtures of Sulphate Soap Components. Lesnoy Zhurnal [Russian Forestry Journal], 2021, no. 6, pp. 196–205. DOI: 10.37482/0536-1036-2021-6-196-205

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35

Heinze, John E. "Bar Soap and Liquid Soap-Reply." JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 253, no. 11 (March 15, 1985): 1561. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.1985.03350350054018.

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36

Zhan-Bo, He, Li Dong-Mei, and Shi Yu-Quan. "Soap Liquid Membrane Oscillators." Acta Physico-Chimica Sinica 18, no. 11 (2002): 979–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3866/pku.whxb20021104.

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37

Santoso, Aman, Syafiuddin Syafiuddin, Dedek Sukarianingsih, Sumari Sumari, and Rini Retnosari. "OPTIMASI SINTESIS DAN KARAKTERISASI SABUN CAIR DARI KEMIRI (Aleurites moluccana) DENGAN BANTUAN GELOMBANG ULTRASONIC." Jurnal Ilmiah Ibnu Sina (JIIS): Ilmu Farmasi dan Kesehatan 6, no. 1 (March 30, 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.36387/jiis.v6i1.545.

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Liquid soap has become a basic necessity, especially during the Covid pandemic. The quality of soap is influenced by the type of raw material used. Candlenut oil saponification with potassium hydroxide produces liquid soap which has the potential to be anti-bacterial. Ultrasonic waves (US) produce cavitation which speeds up the reaction. This study aims: (1) Synthesis and characterization of liquid hazelnut oil soap, (2) to determine the antibacterial activity of liquid soap. The stages in this study were: (1) isolation and characterization of hazelnut oil, (2) making liquid soap at various alkaline concentrations with US (3) characterizing liquid soap (4) testing for antibacterial activity. The results showed that liquid soap can be made by saponification with KOH hazelnut oil, obtained physical properties of viscous liquid form, yellowish white color, distinctive aroma. The chemical properties of liquid soap have a pH of 8.46, a density of 1.10 g/mL, a free fatty acid content of 0.34%, a free alkaline content of 0.05%, a viscosity of 1,460 cSt and a surface tension of 4.33 x 10-4 N/m. Candlenut liquid soap has antibacterial activity in the weak category against E. coli bacteria and in the moderate category against S. aureus bacteria

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38

Nazliniwaty and Erly Sitompul. "Antimicrobial Activity of Liquid Soap Containing Turmeric (Curcuma domestica val.) and Lemongrass (cymbopogon nardus l.) Leaf Juice." Indonesian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 1, no. 1 (April 16, 2018): 64–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.32734/idjpcr.v1i1.204.

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Abstract. The purpose of this study was to formulate an antimicrobial liquid soap containing 25% turmeric and lemongrass leaf juice. Lemongrass leaf juice and turmeric juice 25% were formulated into a liquid soap. Stability, pH and viscosity of the liquid soap were evaluated. For stability tests, the preparation was stored for 3 months at room temperaure. The pH test was measured by Hanna pH meter. The viscosity test,was measured by Brookfield viscometer.The antimicrobial activity of the liquid soap was measured by disc diffusion method using bacteria such as Staphylococcus epidermis, Eschericia coli, Microsporum gypseum and Candida albicans. Physical properties of the formulated liquid soap including pH, viscosity, and stability showed that it was stable for 3 months. The results of antimicrobial test of the liquid soap containing turmeric and lemongrass leaf juice showed that the inhibition diameter against Staphylococcus epidermis, Eschericia coli, Microsporum gypseum and Candida albicans were 22.89, 27.05, 24.30, and 33.05 mm, respectively, while the liquid soap without the juice were 20.76, 19.50, 20.50 and 21.46 mm, respectively. The soap was effective in inhibiting the growth of microbes. Combination of turmeric and lemongrass leaf juice increased the inhibitory zone diameter of the liquid soap for microbe. Keywords: Antimicrobial Agent, Lemongrass Leaf, Liquid Soap, Turmeric Leaf.

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39

Syukri, Daimon. "Development and Improvement of Antiseptic Liquid Soap Production with the Addition of Gambir Extract in CV. Novalindo, Padang." Pelita Eksakta 5, no. 2 (November 30, 2022): 92. http://dx.doi.org/10.24036/pelitaeksakta/vol5-iss2/184.

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This activity was carried out in order to increase the effectiveness of antiseptic liquid soap by adding extracts of natural ingredients, namely catechins from Gambir so that the production of antiseptic liquid soap can be increased with the cooperation of CV Novalindo. Antiseptic liquid soap product with the addition of gambir extract was introduced and then production was carried out more in CV. Novalindo. The introduction of technology using active ingredients catechins in the manufacture of liquid soap can be utilized by CV. Novalindo to develop liquid soap made from active catechins as a natural antiseptic in liquid soap. It is hoped that this product will become a brand by CV Novalindo.

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40

Birbir, Yasar, Gamze Uğur, and Meral Birbir. "Inactivation of bacterial population in hide-soak liquors via direct electric current." Journal of Electrostatics 66, no. 7-8 (July 2008): 355–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.elstat.2008.03.002.

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41

Silsia, Devi, Laili Susanti, and Reko Apriantonedi. "EFFECTS OF KOH CONCENTRATION ON CHARACTERISTICS OF USED COOKING OIL LIQUID SOAP HAVING KALAMANSI CITTRUS FRAGRANCE." Jurnal Agroindustri 7, no. 1 (May 27, 2017): 11–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.31186/j.agroind.7.1.11-19.

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Used refined cooking oil can be used to make soap. An important factor in the manufacture of soap is the saponification reaction between bases (KOH) and fatty acids. The addition of citrus essential oil to the soap preparation can increase consumer acceptance. This study aims to determine the effect of KOH concentration on the characteristics of liquid soap and to determine the proper concentration of KOH to produce good quality of liquid soap. This research uses a factorial completely randomized design with one factor that is KOH concentration, consisting of three levels ie 25%, 30% and 35%. Characteristics of liquid soap observed were viscosity, foam height, pH, and free alkali content. The results showed that the concentration of KOH effect on the characteristics of liquid soap produced. If KOH concentration increases, viscosity, pH and alkali-free alkali content of the liquid soap increased. The best KOH concentration is 25%.

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42

Uzwatania, Fina, Riska Surya Ningrum, and Sri Resti O. "FORMULATION OF LIQUID HAND SOAP MADE FROM NEEM SEED OIL AND LEMONGRASS ESSENTIAL OIL." Indonesian Journal of Applied Research (IJAR) 1, no. 3 (December 28, 2020): 155–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.30997/ijar.v1i3.79.

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The COVID-19 outbreak has overly emphasised the importance of handwashing with soap to reduce the spread of the virus. This study was conducted to formulate a liquid hand soap with neem oil and lemongrass essential oil as an natural antibacterial component. Three different concentrations of neem oil 5%; 10% and 15% and three different concentration of lemongrass essential oil (0.2%; 0.4%;0.6%) were formulated as liquid soap using coconut oil, castor oil and neem oil as its soap bases. The natural liquid soap was made by saponification reaction between oils and potassium hydroxide. The soap was evaluated for its pH value, density, foam stability, insoluble in alcohol content, free fatty acid and antibacterial activity. The results showed that the colour of the liquid soap was transparent with yellowish colored and had distinctive smell of neem oil. The pH values of the different formulated liquid hand soaps are within the accepted pH range of 4 - 10. The specific gravity was 1,083 – 1,088 g/ml. The foam stability range was 25.35% - 78.38%, respectively. The insoluble in alcohol content range were 0.14 – 0.4. The free caustic alkali range was 0.12 – 0.47. The liquid hand soap can inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus aureus. The inhibition zone diameter of liquid hand soap was 1.98- 2.61 cm. It was therefore proven that neem oil and lemongrass essensial oil is effective as an antibacterial component in the formulation of liquid hand soap.

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43

Wiyono, Andi Eko, Herlina Herlina, Nidya Shara Mahardika, and Cahyan Ferdie Fernanda. "KARAKTERISASI SABUN CAIR DENGAN VARIASI PENAMBAHAN EKSTRAK TEMBAKAU (Nicotiana tabacum L.)." JURNAL AGROTEKNOLOGI 14, no. 02 (December 31, 2020): 179. http://dx.doi.org/10.19184/j-agt.v14i02.17736.

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Liquid soap is a kind of cleanser made from a chemical reaction of the potassium salt of fatty acids. The distribution of soap with natural ingredients is rarely available on a market. One of the best options that can be used as a natural active ingredient of soap is a tobacco leaf. This study aimed was to the best treatment concentration of tobacco extract on the physical, chemical, and microbiological properties of liquid soap. The formulations of tobacco extract were 5%, 10%, and 15% of base soap. The study showed that the addition of tobacco extract to liquid soap could decrease the viscosity, specific gravity, pH, and alkaline free. Meanwhile, the nicotine level and bacterial inhibition (clear zone) were higher. The best concentration of liquid soap was formulation with the addition of 5% tobacco extract, with characteristics of viscosity about 2498.1 cP, specific gravity about 1.0209 g/mL, the stability of foam about 180 mL/ 9 hours, foam power about 22.34 second, pH 10.14, alkaline free about 0.0824%, nicotine content about 128.69 mg/100g and the antibacterial of E. coli (clear zone) of tobacco liquid soap about 5.8 mm. Keywords: liquid soap, natural active ingredients, tobacco extract

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44

Widyasanti, Asri, Shayana Junita, and Sarifah Nurjanah. "Pengaruh Konsentrasi Minyak Kelapa Murni (Virgin Coconut Oil) dan Minyak Jarak (Castor Oil) terhadap Sifat Fisikokimia dan Organoleptik Sabun Mandi Cair." Jurnal Teknologi dan Industri Pertanian Indonesia 9, no. 1 (April 1, 2017): 10–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.17969/jtipi.v9i1.6383.

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VCO contains of lauric acid that perform to smooth and to moisturize the skin. Castor oil has ricinoleic acid that serves to protect the skin. Therefore, both of the oil are suitable to be the raw material for liquid soap making. This study aimed were to produce a liquid soap, to determine the exact concentration of VCO and castor oil for liquid soap and to find out the effect of VCO and Castor Oil concentrations to the characteristics of liquid soap. The method used was laboratory experimental method with descriptive analysis. The treatments in this study were A =concentrations of VCO 100 %, B = concentrations of VCO 80 % and castor oil 20 %, C = concentrations of VCO 50 % and castor oil 50 %, D = concentrations of VCO 20 % and castor oil 80 %, and E = concentrations of castor oil 100 %, from 200 gram soap base. The parameter observed for liquid soap included chemical properties, physical properties of soap, and organoleptic test. The result shows that all treatments complies the requirement SNI 06-4085-1996. The formula of liquid soap with treatment B was revealed as the best product with 0.01 % of total alkali content, pH value of 9.16 , specific gravity 1.06, and total plate count 5colonies/g. This technology process of natural liquid soap production with the VCO and castor oil could be develop and apply in industrial scale.

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45

Nury, Dennis Farina, Wika Atro Auriyani, Feerzet Achmad, and Muhammad Zulfikar Luthfi. "Penyuluhan dan Pembuatan Sabun Cair Berbasis Minyak Goreng Bekas di Desa Trisnomaju, Kabupaten Pesawaran, Lampung Selatan." Journal of Industrial Community Empowerment 1, no. 1 (April 30, 2022): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.52759/jice.v1i1.93.

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Due to the many uses of cooking oil for household needs, it generates a huge residue called waste cooking oil or jelantah. Waste cooking oil can cause health and environmental problems. The conversion of waste cooking oil will help to reduce environmental damage. One of the conversion is making the waste cooking oil into valuable product as liquid soap. Liquid soap is made from Potassium hydroxide (KOH) reaction that produces salt (soap), water and glycerin. The saponification process was produced liquid soap using hydrolysis of waste cooking oil into fatty acids and glycerol in the KOH to hydrolyze. The waste cooking oil (jelantah) can ben converted into liquid soap by using the mixture of waste cooking oil, KOH solution, water and scent oil. This study aimed to educate the housewives about the problems of using waste cooking oil repeatly and to make liquid soap with a short training in Desa Trisnomaju, Kabupaten Pesawaran, Lampung Selatan. This activity consists of discussions, demonstrations and hands-on practice liquid soap. The results showed the the housewives were verry happy and enthusiastic during training. It can be concluded that the housewives are good and focus in making liquid soap, were increased in survey score from pretest to post test, 59,72% to 81,67%, respectively.

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46

Rinaldi, Rinaldi, Fauziah Fauziah, and Rizka Mastura. "FORMULASI DAN UJI DAYA HAMBAT SABUN CAIR EKSTRAK ETANOL SERAI WANGI (Cymbopogon nardus L) TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN Staplylococcus aureus." Jurnal Riset Kefarmasian Indonesia 3, no. 1 (January 16, 2021): 45–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.33759/jrki.v3i1.115.

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Citronella (Cymbopogon Nardus.L) contains essential oil compounds, saponins, polyphenols and flavonoids which are antibacterial. The use of active compounds of Citronella is formulated into antibacterial liquid soap preparations. This study aims to determine the characteristics of liquid soap and its inhibition against the growth of Staphylococcus aureus. This research is experimental to formulate liquid soap containing ethanol extract of lemongrass sticks at concentrations of 9% (F1), 18% (F2) and 24% (F3). The test parameters for liquid soap preparations include organoleptic test (shape, aroma, color), homogeneity test, pH test, foam height test, foam stability test, free alkaline test and inhibition test against the growth of Staphylococcus aureus using the Kirby-Bauer method. The results showed that the liquid soap preparations in the F1, F2 and F3 formulas were liquid, had a distinctive aroma of Citronella and were brown in color, homogeneous. The pH values, foam height, foam stability and free alkaline content of liquid soap were F1 (12; 70 mm; 85.7% and 0.14%), F2 (11. 80 mm, 87.5% and respectively). 0.10%), F3 (10.100 mm, 90% and 0.08%). The formula inhibition zone diameters are 32.06 mm, 25.6 mm and 29.2 mm, respectively. The conclution is the characteristics of the liquid soap with the ethanol extract of Citronella (Cymbopogon Nardus.L) meet the requirements as liquid soap. The greatest inhibitory effectiveness on the growth of Staphylococcus aureus was a formula at a concentration of 24% (F3) with a strong category.

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47

R, Divyashree, and Kirthi Raj. "Determining the frequency of microbial growth “in?use” detergent products in various dental clinics: A microbiological research." Journal of Dental Specialities 8, no. 2 (July 15, 2021): 52–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.18231/j.jds.2020.013.

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Clean hands are hands and as a part of dental clinic infection control measure hand washing by a dental health professional before having contact with a patient’s oral cavity becomes a fundamental duty. Most detergents claim a 99.99% efficacy in killing bacteria however, there is paucity in literature if there will be a microbial growth “in use” detergents. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate bar soap and liquid soap from liquid soap from dental clinics for microbial contamination while it was in use.The study period was 2- month, dentists and dental assistants were the participants of the study. A total of 25 handwashing place samples from 12different dental clinics were collected. All the test tube samples of bar soap and liquid soap were all transferred to the microbiology laboratory for microbiological analysis. data was analyzed using a one- sample paired t-test and independent students t-test. 6 different microbial species were identified. The abundance of staphylococcus aureus was highest compared to other microorganisms in both soaps. Further, the mean number of microorganisms was found similar (P > 0.05) in liquid soap. the microbial load of a mixed flora of Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria, aerobes, and fungi were found in both the in-use bar soap and liquid soap. Thus, the results indicate that the bar soap ‘in-use’ condition harbors a greater number of microorganisms as compared to that of liquid soap.

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48

Peracini, Amanda, Rômulo Rocha Regis, Raphael Freitas de Souza, Valéria Oliveira Pagnano, Cláudia Helena Lovato da Silva, and Helena de Freitas Oliveira Paranhos. "Alkaline Peroxides Versus Sodium Hypochlorite for Removing Denture Biofilm: a Crossover Randomized Trial." Brazilian Dental Journal 27, no. 6 (December 2016): 700–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0103-6440201600913.

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Abstract This study evaluated the efficacy of cleanser solutions on denture biofilm removal by a crossover randomized clinical trial. Thirty two edentulous patients were instructed to brush their dentures (specific brush and liquid soap) three times a day (after breakfast, lunch and dinner) and to soak them (≥ 8 h) in: (C) control -water; (AP): alkaline peroxide; or (SH) 0.5% sodium hypochlorite. Each solution was used for 21 days (three cycles of 7 days). At the end of each cycle, the inner surfaces of maxillary dentures were disclosed (1% neutral red) and photographed (HX1 - Sony). Areas (total and stained biofilm) were measured (Image Tool software) and the percentage of biofilm calculated as the ratio between the area of the biofilm multiplied by 100 and total surface area of the internal base of the denture. Data were compared by means of generalized estimating equation (α=5%) and multiple comparisons (Bonferroni; α=1.67%). Immersion in SH reduced biofilm (%) (8.3 ± 13.3B) compared to C (18.2 ± 14.9A) and AP (18.2 ± 16.6A). The 0.5% sodium hypochlorite solution was the most efficacious for biofilm removal. Alkaline peroxides may not lead to further biofilm removal in patients with adequate denture maintenance habits.

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49

Zahra, Allya, Irfan Restu Fauzan, Intan Oktavia D, Setyaningrum Setyaningrum, and Sujuliyani Sujuliyani. "LIQUID SOAP WITH ADDITIONS SARGASSUM (Sargassum polycystum) EXTRACT." Buletin Jalanidhitah Sarva Jivitam 1, no. 2 (September 1, 2019): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.15578/bjsj.v1i2.8480.

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Research on making Sargassum soap with the addition of Sargassum polycystum seaweed was carried out for 2 months at the Jakarta College of Fisheries. This study aims to determine the flow of the Sargassum polycystum soap making process, find out how to make Sargassum polycystum soap extracts, determine the quality of liquid soap produced through sensory, chemical and biological tests. This research uses direct research methods. Research results show that the process of making liquid soap extracts include: preparation of raw materials, maceration, evaporation, rinsing and drying. The process of making liquid soap, among others, by adding chemicals include: texafon S, sodium sulfate, aquades, texafon EVR, glycerin, olive oil Sargassum extract, perfume. Based on the results of sensory testing of soap by adding the concentration of Sargassum extract with soap that did not get the addition of Sargassum, it has an average rating that is almost the same. In addition to knowing the quality of Sargassum, chemical, microbiological and anti-bacterial tests were also carried out. Chemical tests include: Moisture content, specific gravity, viscosity, foam stability, Ph test, and free alkali. While the microbiological tests conducted on soap are: ALT.Keywords: Liquid soap, Seaweed, Sargassum, Extract

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Kurniawati, Darini. "Antibacterial Activity Test of Herbal Liquid Soap Against Streptoccus pyogenes and Candida albicans." Berkala Kedokteran 18, no. 2 (September 30, 2022): 213. http://dx.doi.org/10.20527/jbk.v18i2.14571.

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Nowadays people like to use liquid soap because it is more practical and easier to store. Antiseptic liquid soap circulating in the market uses chemical compounds such as triclosan, hexalorofen and bithional whose raw materials are from abroad. The government encourages the use of its own natural raw materials so that natural materials will become the mainstay of Indonesian industry. The purpose of this research was knowing the antibacterial effectiveness of herbal liquid soap against Streptococcus pyogenes and Candida albicans. This research used true experimental method which the process was started by making herbal liquid soap products using the hot; and cold press method for evaluating pH, organoleptic, foam stability, water content, free fatty acids and free alkali, testing germ numbers with the intervention group (washing hands with herbal liquid soap). and control group (washing hands with running water), followed by testing the inhibitory power of herbal liquid soap against Streptococcus pyogenes and Candida albican microbes. The results of the evaluation test of herbal liquid soap have a liquid form, lemon odor and yellow color, foam height 15-70 mm, pH 10, water content 52%, free fatty acids 0.05%, free alkali 0.091%, according to SNI soap standards. required liquid. Antibacterial test by dilution method and continued with microbial inhibition results obtained MIC against Streptococcus pyogenes at a concentration of 20% and MBC at a concentration of 20% of 22mm. Against Candida albican, the results of MIC at a concentration of 25% and MBC at a concentration of 25% were 15 mm.

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