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Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 18 травня 2024

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1

Shashidhar, R., B. R. Ratna, S. Krishna Prasad, S. Somasekhara, and G. Heppke. "Smectic-Ad–smectic-A2critical point." Physical Review Letters 59, no. 11 (September 14, 1987): 1209–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.59.1209.

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2

Prasad, S. Krishna, R. Shashidhar, B. R. Ratna, B. K. Sadashiva, G. Heppke, and S. Pfeiffer. "Evidence of continuous evolution of smectic A2from smectic Ad." Liquid Crystals 2, no. 1 (January 1987): 111–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02678298708086643.

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3

Jeong, Y. H., G. Nounesis, C. W. Garland, and R. Shashidhar. "Calorimetric study of the smectic-Ad–smectic-A2critical point." Physical Review A 40, no. 7 (October 1, 1989): 4022–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physreva.40.4022.

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4

Shankar Rao, D. S., S. Krishna Prasad, V. N. Raja, S. Pfeiffer, S. Quentel, and G. Heppke. "Dielectric Behavior near a Smectic Ad- Smectic A2 Critical Point." Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals 198, no. 1 (April 1991): 291–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00268949108033405.

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5

Indekeu, J. O., and A. Nihat Berker. "Quadruple reentrance (nematic-smectic-Ad-nematic-smectic-Ad-nematic-smectic-A1) from the frustrated spin-gas model of liquid crystals." Physical Review A 33, no. 2 (February 1, 1986): 1158–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physreva.33.1158.

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6

Dabrowski, R., J. Baran, B. Sosnowska, and J. Przedmojski. "Binary Smectic Systems Including Trinuclear Pyrimidines with and without Nematic Gap." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A 42, no. 1 (January 1, 1987): 35–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zna-1987-0107.

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Анотація:

Phase diagrams of binary mixtures are presented in which one component has been selected from among four trinuclear isomeric pyrimidines forming a nematic or smectic A, phase, and the second one from cyanocompounds forming an Ad smectic phase. Depending on the molecular structure of pyrimidine, mixtures were obtained that show or show not a nematic gap between the A1 and Ad smectic regions. In the latter case it was found that the relation TSA → N= f(x) has two independent branches in different ranges of the concentration x. The measured spacing of the smectic layers in such mixtures points to the possibility of the pyrimidine monolayer being transformed into a bilayer.

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7

Urban, Stanisław, and Albert Würflinger. "High Pressure Dielectric Studies of a Substance with the Smectic A1 Phase." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A 54, no. 8-9 (September 1, 1999): 455–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zna-1999-8-901.

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The results of dielectric studies of 5-n-hexyl-2-(4'-isothiocyanato)-l,3-dioxane (6DBT) in the smectic A, phase at pressures up to 150 MPa and temperatures up to 340 K are presented. The low frequen-cy relaxation time τ|| (p, T) yields the activation volume Δ# V|| = RT(∂|| In τ||/p)T and activation enthalpy Δ# H|| = R(∂In τ||/∂T-1)p. The calculated values of these parameters are compared with those ob-tained recently for n-octyl-cyanobiphenyl (8CB) forming the smectic Ad phase. In the case of 6DBT both these quantities are practically constant, whereas those for 8CB decrease, when going away from the phase transitions isotropic -smectic A1 (6DBT) or nematic -smectic Ad (8CB). These differences support our earlier conclusion that increase of pressure leads to a breaking of the antiparallel associa-tions of cyanobiphenyl molecules in the smectic as well as in the nematic phases.

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8

Bahr, Ch, G. Heppke, and R. Shashidhar. "Smectic A1 — Smectic Ad Transition in Binary Mixtures of Compounds with Strongly Polar Terminal Groups." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A 40, no. 12 (December 1, 1985): 1311–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zna-1985-1220.

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Анотація:

On the basis of high pressure studies we present here the evidence for the existence of a smectic A1 - smectic Ad transition at high pressure in a binary liquid crystal mixture consisting of terminally polar compounds. A feature of this observation is that both the constituent compounds are three phenyl ring systems wherein the bridging dipoles are disposed additive with respect to the polar end group.

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9

Prasad, S. Krishna, S. Pfeiffer, G. Heppke, and R. Shashidhar. "Effect of Pressure on Strongly Polar Liquid Crystals." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A 40, no. 6 (June 1, 1985): 632–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zna-1985-0615.

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The effect of pressure on several mesogens which possess a strongly polar terminal group (CN or NO2 ) is studied. In all cases the partially bilayer smectic A (Ad) gets bounded while the nematic phase gets more stabilised at high pressures. In the case of reentrant nematogens, the maximum pressure of smectic stability is seen to be related to the temperature range of the nematic phase at 1 bar.

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10

Bouwman, Wim G., and Wim H. de Jeu. "Difference in critical behaviour of the phase transitions nematic-smectic A1 and nematic-smectic Ad." Journal de Physique II 4, no. 5 (May 1994): 787–804. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/jp2:1994165.

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11

Mach, P., S. Grantz, D. A. Debe, T. Stoebe, and C. C. Huang. "Surface Tension of Several Liquid-Crystal Compounds in the Smectic-A or Smectic-Ad Phase." Journal de Physique II 5, no. 2 (February 1995): 217–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/jp2:1995124.

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12

Wen, Xin, C. W. Garland, R. Shashidhar, and P. Barois. "Calorimetric study of the smectic-Ad–smectic-A2critical point in a binary mixture of homologs." Physical Review B 45, no. 10 (March 1, 1992): 5131–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.45.5131.

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13

Wa[zgrave]yńska, Barbara. "Induction of Smectic Ad, Phase in Binary Mixtures Composed of Compounds with Nematic or Smectic Phases." Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals Science and Technology. Section A. Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals 301, no. 1 (August 1997): 391–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10587259708041793.

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14

Dąbrowski, R., and K. Czupryński. "Effect of polarity of smectic Ad molecules on the induction of the nematic phase in binary mixtures of smectics A1 and Ad." Crystal Research and Technology 23, no. 12 (December 1988): 1545–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/crat.2170231225.

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15

Brodzik, Marzena, and Roman Dabrowski. "Induction of Smectic Ad, Phase in Mixtures of Polar Esters." Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals Science and Technology. Section A. Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals 260, no. 1 (February 1995): 361–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10587259508038709.

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16

Brodzik, M., R. Dabrowski, and J. Przedmojski. "Induction of Smectic Ad Phase in Polar Systems of nCBB-nCB." Journal de Physique II 5, no. 12 (December 1995): 1805–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/jp2:1995214.

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17

Yamamura, Yasuhisa, Takahito Murakoshi, Sakiko Iwagaki, Natalia Osiecka, Hideki Saitoh, Mafumi Hishida, Zbigniew Galewski, Maria Massalska-Arodź, and Kazuya Saito. "Structure and molecular packing in smectic BCr and Ad phases of Schiff base liquid crystal compounds through the analyses of layer spacing, entropy and crystal structure." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 19, no. 29 (2017): 19434–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7cp03863a.

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18

Czupryński, K., R. Dabrowski, and J. Przedmojski. "Effect of properties of the smectic Adphase on the induction of a nematic phase in binary mixtures of smectics A1and Ad." Liquid Crystals 4, no. 4 (January 1989): 429–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02678298908035489.

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19

Basappa, Geetha, A. S. Covind, and N. V. Madhusudana. "Effect of a Strong Electric Field on the Reentrant Nematic to Smectic Ad Phase Transition." Journal de Physique II 7, no. 11 (November 1997): 1693–707. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/jp2:1997210.

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20

Hatta, Ichiro, Yoshihiro Nagai, Naoto Tamai, and Iwao Yamazaki. "Two Kinds of State in the Smectic-Ad Phase of Octyloxycyanobiphenyl (80CB) and Octylcyanobiphenyl (8CB)." Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals 123, no. 1 (February 1985): 295–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00268948508074785.

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21

Lobko, T. A., B. I. Ostrovskii, and W. Haase. "X-ray studies of the smectic C phase and transitions between reentrant nematic, smectic A1, AD and C phases in binary mixtures of polar mesogens." Journal de Physique II 2, no. 5 (May 1992): 1195–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/jp2:1992195.

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22

Żywociński, Andrzej. "Volumetric Study of the Nematic−Smectic-Ad−Reentrant Nematic Phase Transitions in the 8OCB + 6OCB Mixture." Journal of Physical Chemistry B 103, no. 16 (April 1999): 3087–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp982577x.

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23

Petrov, Vladimir F., Takeyasu Tasaka, Hiroaki Okamoto, Shunsuke Takenaka, and Acknowledgements. "The Influence of Lateral Substitution of Liquid Crystals on the Structure of their Smectic Ad Phases." Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals Science and Technology. Section A. Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals 338, no. 1 (January 1, 2000): 11–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10587250008024416.

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24

Prasad, Akhileshwar, and Malay Kumar Das. "Optical birefringence studies of a binary mixture with the nematic–smectic Ad-re-entrant nematic phase sequence." Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter 22, no. 19 (April 16, 2010): 195106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0953-8984/22/19/195106.

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25

Miyajima, Seiichi, A. F. McDowell, and R. M. Cotts. "Pulsed-field-gradient stimulated-spin-echo NMR study of anisotropic self-diffusion in smectic Ad liquid crystal CBOOA." Chemical Physics Letters 212, no. 3-4 (September 1993): 277–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0009-2614(93)89326-d.

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26

Figueirinhas, J. L., C. Cruzi, A. C. Ribeiro, and Nguyen Huu Tinh. "NMR Study of Molecular Order in a Liquid Crystal with Smectic Ad and Reentrant Nematic Mesophases. A Comparative Study with Models for the SAd Phase." Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals Science and Technology. Section A. Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals 212, no. 1 (February 1992): 263–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10587259208037267.

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27

Czupryński, K., R. Dabrowski, J. Baran, A. Żywociński, and J. Przedmojski. "A nematic gap in mixtures of smectics A1 and Ad." Journal de Physique 47, no. 9 (1986): 1577–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/jphys:019860047090157700.

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28

Wang, Xiaoli, and Hejing Wang. "Structural Analysis of Interstratified Illite-Smectite by the Rietveld Method." Crystals 11, no. 3 (February 28, 2021): 244. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst11030244.

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Анотація:

Rietveld method is a powerful tool in obtaining structural information of clay minerals by using of X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns. However, the interstratified illite-smectites (I-S) show various stacking defects preventing the direct application of this method. It was shown that the Rietveld method combined with a recursive structure-factor calculation can be used for describing the stacking disorder of I-S. In this study, a series of samples with different stacking sequences and different proportions of layer types were chosen to verify the applicability of Rietveld method in determination of structural parameters of I-S. The Rietveld refinements were carried out on powder samples and oriented specimens in air-dry (AD) and ethylene glycol (EG) state. The structural information obtained by X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and thermal analysis were used as an independent test of the reliability of the refinements. The refined and experimental results were compared systematically and the relationship between structural parameter was discussed. For powder and oriented specimens, the refined results of occupancies of potassium and iron and the proportion of illitic layers showed consistent results. The refined value of cis-vacant layers was in good agreement with the experimental data. The reliability of the refinements increased with increasing proportion of illitic layers.

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29

Dowell, F. "Prediction and Design of First Super-Strong Mostly-Rigid Polymers from Very Molecular Theories for Smectic and Nematic Polymers." MRS Proceedings 134 (1988). http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/proc-134-33.

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ABSTRACTThis paper presents a unique microscopic molecular theory for backbone liquid-crystalline polymers (LCPs), side-chain LCPs, and combined LCPs in the nematic (N) and multiple smectic-A (SA) LC phases and the isotropic (I) liquid phase. There are no ad hoc or arbitrarily adjustable parameters in this theory. The agreement between the theoretical and experimental values for various thermodynamic and molecular ordering properties for existing LCPs is very good (relative deviations between 0% and less than 6.2%). This theory has been used by this author to predict and design (atom by atom, bond by bond) the first super-strong (SS) LCPs. This paper presents the design of SS mostly-rigid (MR) LCPs.

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30

Dowell, F. "Theoretical Predictions for Side-Chain Liquid-Crystal Polymers and Comparison to Experiment." MRS Proceedings 134 (1988). http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/proc-134-47.

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ABSTRACTThis paper presents results from a unique microscopic molecular theory for side-chain liquid-crystalline polymers (LCPs) in the nematic (N) and multiple smectic-A (SA) LC phases and the isotropic (I) liquid phase. There are no ad hoc or arbitrarily adjustable parameters in this theory. The agreement between the theoretical and experimental values for various properties (including transition temperatures and quadratic characteristic radii) is very good (relative deviations between 0% and less than 6.2%). The theoretical results also show--for the first time--that the N and I phases for these LCPs involve the packing of plate-like sections of backbones and side chains and that the local bilayer SA phase involves packing of side-chains within a plate-like section. This type of packing is predicted to be typical for side-chain LCPs. This theory can predict-- for the first time--whether the side chains of a molecule pack on the same or alternating opposite sides of the backbone and whether side chains on different molecules interdigitate (overlap) with each other.

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31

Zhang, Miao, Christopher James Spiers, Jinfeng Liu, and Hongwei Zhou. "Stress-Strain-Sorption Behaviour of Smectites Upon Exposure to Dry and Wet CO2." Frontiers in Earth Science 10 (May 20, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/feart.2022.911247.

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Анотація:

The swelling-shrinkage behavior of smectites induced by interlayer uptake or sorption of CO2 and H2O has been investigated with increasing interest recent years, primarily because of its potential impact on the sealing efficiency of clay-bearing caprocks overlying CO2 storage reservoirs. To get a better understanding of the stress-strain-sorption coupling in smectite exposed to supercritical CO2, we performed multiple stepwise axial loading and unloading, oedometer-type experiments on ∼1 mm thick discs of pre-pressed Na-SWy-1 and of Ca-SAz-1 montmorillonite. Initially air-dry (AD) samples were first tested in the presence of wet CO2 (20% RH) at 10 MPa pressure, and in the vacuum-dry (VD) state in the presence of pure (dry) CO2 at 10 MPa. The samples were incrementally loaded and unloaded at 40°C, employing effective axial stresses ranging from 0.5 to 44 MPa. Control tests using wet and dry He or Ar instead of CO2, were performed to distinguish strains due to loading-related CO2 sorption/desorption from purely poroelastic effects. All samples saturated with CO2 exhibited 30–65% lower apparent stiffness moduli than when saturated with He or Ar, showing that CO2 adsorption/desorption altered the mechanical response of pre-pressed smectites. Relative to the He and Ar tests, swelling strains of a few % (corrected for poroelastic effects) were measured for AD Na-SWy-1 smectite exposed to wet CO2, decreasing from 4.9 to 3.8% with increasing effective axial stresses in the range 1.6–36.2 MPa. AD SAz-1 material exhibited similar tends. VD samples tested with dry CO2 showed much smaller relative swelling strains (0.5–1.5%), which also decreased with increasing applied effective stresses. The experimental data on relative swelling strain versus effective stress are well fitted by a recent thermodynamic model for stress-strain-sorption behavior in coal. Results derived from model fits indicate that smectite-rich rocks have significant storage capacity for CO2 at shallow depths (up to 1.5–2 km) through CO2 sorption by the clay minerals. However, this component of storage capacity is reduced by more than 80% with increasing burial depth beyond 3 km. The model provides a first step towards modelling stress-strain-sorption effects in smectite rich caprocks penetrated by CO2, though further refinements are needed for broader application to the smectite-CO2-H2O system.

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