Статті в журналах: "Smart grid operation and control"

1

Aklilu, Yohannes T., and Jianguo Ding. "Survey on Blockchain for Smart Grid Management, Control, and Operation." Energies 15, no. 1 (December 28, 2021): 193. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15010193.

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Power generation, distribution, transmission, and consumption face ongoing challenges such as smart grid management, control, and operation, resulting from high energy demand, the diversity of energy sources, and environmental or regulatory issues. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of blockchain-based solutions for smart grid management, control, and operations. We systematically summarize existing work on the use and implementation of blockchain technology in various smart grid domains. The paper compares related reviews and highlights the challenges in the management, control, and operation for a blockchain-based smart grid as well as future research directions in the five categories: collaboration among stakeholders; data analysis and data management; control of grid imbalances; decentralization of grid management and operations; and security and privacy. All these aspects have not been covered in previous reviews.

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Patino, Diego Alejandro, and Andres Eduardo Nieto Vallejo. "Scale Prototype Ring Main Unit for the Measurement and Control of Nodes in a Smart Grid." Revista Politécnica 14, no. 26 (June 2018): 113–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.33571/rpolitec.v14n26a10.

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Smart grids are playing a key role in modern electric power grids, improving load control, assuring safer operations and collecting valuable information of the electrical conditions of the grid. In a smart grid, a RTU (Remote Terminal Unit) is a device that is able to measure the electric variables of the grid and sends all the information to a MTU (Master Terminal Unit), which is responsible of controlling the operations of the grid. RMU (Ring Main Unit) devices are used in electric power grids to protect loads and to disconnect them in case of failure to prevent damage. This article presents the design of a special RMU capable of measuring voltage, current and frequency, detecting electric faults, and making automatic self-healing in order to manage the flow of energy in the smart grid to guarantee energy supply to the critical loads (hospitals). The RMU devices were installed on a scaled smart grid in order to show its operation capabilities.

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Monteiro, Vitor, Luis F. C. Monteiro, Francesco Lo Franco, Riccardo Mandrioli, Mattia Ricco, Gabriele Grandi, and João L. Afonso. "The Role of Front-End AC/DC Converters in Hybrid AC/DC Smart Homes: Analysis and Experimental Validation." Electronics 10, no. 21 (October 25, 2021): 2601. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10212601.

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Electrical power grids are rapidly evolving into smart grids, with smart homes also making an important contribution to this. In fact, the well-known and emerging technologies of renewables, energy storage systems and electric mobility are each time more distributed throughout the power grid and included in smart homes. In such circumstances, since these technologies are natively operating in DC, it is predictable for a revolution in the electrical grid craving a convergence to DC grids. Nevertheless, traditional loads natively operating in AC will continue to be used, highlighting the importance of hybrid AC/DC grids. Considering this new paradigm, this paper has as main innovation points the proposed control algorithms regarding the role of front-end AC/DC converters in hybrid AC/DC smart homes, demonstrating their importance for providing unipolar or bipolar DC grids for interfacing native DC technologies, such as renewables and electric mobility, including concerns regarding the power quality from a smart grid point of view. Furthermore, the paper presents a clear description of the proposed control algorithms, aligned with distinct possibilities of complementary operation of front-end AC/DC converters in the perspective of smart homes framed within smart grids, e.g., enabling the control of smart homes in a coordinated way. The analysis and experimental results confirmed the suitability of the proposed innovative operation modes for hybrid AC/DC smart homes, based on two different AC/DC converters in the experimental validation.

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You, Wei, Lian Hua Wu, Yin Nan Yuan, and Guan Nan Xi. "Smart Grid Control Technology of Multi Diesel Generator Set." Advanced Materials Research 1070-1072 (December 2014): 1322–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1070-1072.1322.

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In this paper, the application status of diesel generator set and the purpose and advantages and disadvantages of its parallel operation are summarized in brief. Grid connected operation of multi diesel generator are analyzed mainly. The necessary conditions of grid connected operation, the safety and special protect environment of grid operation, as well as the foreign and domestic development status of grid connected control technology are presented. Finally the development direction of grid diesel generator is pointed out, and the concept of smart grid is proposed.

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Sakis Meliopoulos, A. P., George Cokkinides, Renke Huang, Evangelos Farantatos, Sungyun Choi, Yonghee Lee, and Xuebei Yu. "Smart Grid Technologies for Autonomous Operation and Control." IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid 2, no. 1 (March 2011): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2010.2091656.

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Hernández-Callejo, Luis. "A Comprehensive Review of Operation and Control, Maintenance and Lifespan Management, Grid Planning and Design, and Metering in Smart Grids." Energies 12, no. 9 (April 29, 2019): 1630. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12091630.

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New technological advances based on software, hardware and new materials must be implemented in smart grids. In addition, these advanced electrical grids must incorporate elements of artificial intelligence. Advances in software development must be complemented with the development of new hardware (power electronics and active distribution among others). The aforementioned must rely on the development of new materials and sensors, which should be integrated into the smart grid. Therefore, the four areas of research based on the technologies are: Operation and Control, Maintenance and Lifespan Management, Grid Planning and Design, and Metering. The review presents the algorithms, materials, devices and others paradigms applied to smart grids, classifying the works according to the four areas of research. This review has focused on the four fundamental pillars of smart grids, on the one hand, the need for more efficient operation and control, followed by advanced maintenance management, to continue planning and designing the new grids, and for conclude with the advanced measurement. As you will see in the article, new devices, new techniques, and future scenarios will make possible the transition from the current grid to the future smart grid.

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Szcześniak, P., and Z. Fedyczak. "Application of the matrix converter to power flow control." Archives of Electrical Engineering 63, no. 3 (September 1, 2014): 409–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/aee-2014-0030.

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Abstract Advanced power electronic converters can provide the means to control power flow and ensure proper and secure operation of the future power grid. The small electrical energy sources dispersed in electrical power systems referred to as distributed generation are one of the most significant parts of future grids - Smart Grids. The threephase, direct matrix converter is an alternative solution to the conventional AC-DC-AC converter for interfacing two AC systems in distributed power generation with different voltage and/or frequency parameters. This paper presents a control analysis of a threephase matrix converter employed as a power interface of future electrical grids. The proposed system has been successfully tested for bidirectional power flow operation with different grid operating conditions, such as, frequency and voltage variation

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8

Wang, Chen, Hong Ai, Lie Wu, and Yun Yang. "A Fine-Grained Access Control Model for Smart Grid." Applied Mechanics and Materials 513-517 (February 2014): 772–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.513-517.772.

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The smart grid that the next-generation electric power system is studied intensively as a promising solution for energy crisis. One important feature of the smart grid is the integration of high-speed, reliable and secure data communication networks to manage the complex power systems effectively and intelligently. The goal of smart grid is to achieve the security of operation, economic efficient and environmental friendly. To achieve this goal, we proposed a fine-grained access control model for smart grid. In order to improve the security of smart grid, an access-trust-degree algorithm is proposed to evaluate the reliability of the user who want to access to the smart grid.

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Carati, Emerson Giovani, Victor Emanuel Soares Barbosa, Rafael Cardoso, Carlos Marcelo de Oliveira Stein, and Jean Patric da Costa. "Supervisory Layer for Improved Interactivity of Distributed Generation Inverters with Smart Grids." Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks 10, no. 4 (November 10, 2021): 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jsan10040064.

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This work proposes an autonomous management system for distributed generation (DG) systems connected to the AC grid, using supervisory control theory (SCT). SCT is used to deal with discrete asynchronous events that modify the properties and operational conditions of these systems. The proposed management layer allows the smart inverters to interact with smart grid managers (SGMs), while guaranteeing operation compliance with the IEEE Standards. The implemented supervisor for the management layer is an automaton that performs the smart inverter manager (SIM) functions in the photovoltaic systems in discrete events. A DSP real-time verification was performed with Typhoon HIL 602+ to demonstrate the smart inverter’s operating dynamics connected to the grid. The results showed the fast response and robust operation of the smart inverter manager to the commands from the smart grid manager.

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Tang, Bi Qiang, Sheng Chun Yang, Yi Jun Yu, Ling Ling Pan, and Shu Hai Feng. "The Framework and Key Technologies of Power Grid Operation Track Oriented Automatic Smart Dispatch." Advanced Materials Research 805-806 (September 2013): 1160–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.805-806.1160.

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The rapid development of smart grid in China has put forward higher requirements to the power grid dispatch, and it is necessary to develop adaptable smart grid dispatch support system. Based on the existing technical achievements of smart grid dispatch, a power grid operation track oriented automatic smart dispatch system is proposed to accurately grasp the trend of grid operation status. The concept and characterization method of grid operation track are introduced. The overall objective of automatic smart dispatch is presented. And the framework of automatic smart dispatch system is proposed, mainly including awareness & forecasting, analysis & assessment, decision support and automatic control. Moreover, the key technologies of automatic smart dispatch are pointed out.

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Li, Shan Shan, Hong Dan Li, Hui Quan Zou, Yao Qiang Liu, and Xiang He. "Development and Application of Smart Distribution Grid Self-Healing Control System." Advanced Materials Research 960-961 (June 2014): 828–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.960-961.828.

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Self-healing is an important feature of smart distribution grid. Self-healing control for smart distribution grid covers risk prevention and operation optimization before accidents, in addition, it covers fault location, fault isolation and power restoration. The research of self-healing control theory, risk assessment, fault diagnosis and safety warning for smart distribution grid provides technical supports to help build a safe, reliable, efficient, high-quality, flexible and compliant smart distribution grid.

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Egert, Rolf, Tim Grube, Florian Volk, and Max Mühlhäuser. "Holonic System Model for Resilient Energy Grid Operation." Energies 14, no. 14 (July 8, 2021): 4120. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14144120.

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The transformation of energy grids towards smart grids is driven by numerous political, economic, and ecological goals. As part of this process, the centralized top-down architecture of energy grids changes towards increasingly decentralized structures. It is widely accepted that the challenges emerging from this transition threaten the resilient operation of energy grids. For instance, the volatility of renewable energy sources challenges the required balance between demand and supply; their distribution in the energy grid likewise complicates their coordination. Holarchies are a promising (systems-of-systems) architectural pattern for smart grids fostering fast isolation and self-sustained operation of subparts (so-called holons), as well as supporting dynamic reconfigurations of the grid’s structure. To leverage these properties to increase the resilience of smart grids, we propose a system model that combines a holonic architecture and locally available resources offered by prosumers. Our model organizes the participants in the grid as holarchy and enables the application of fine-grained control mechanisms. We show the capabilities of the model by resolving an overproduction situation and a situation of severe electricity scarcity using a modified binary ant colony optimization approach. Our evaluation with the simulation environment HOLEG shows that the system model and the proposed algorithm can quickly mitigate balancing problems in holonic energy grids.

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13

Inayat, Usman, Muhammad Fahad Zia, Sajid Mahmood, Tarek Berghout, and Mohamed Benbouzid. "Cybersecurity Enhancement of Smart Grid: Attacks, Methods, and Prospects." Electronics 11, no. 23 (November 23, 2022): 3854. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics11233854.

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Smart grid is an emerging system providing many benefits in digitizing the traditional power distribution systems. However, the added benefits of digitization and the use of the Internet of Things (IoT) technologies in smart grids also poses threats to its reliable continuous operation due to cyberattacks. Cyber–physical smart grid systems must be secured against increasing security threats and attacks. The most widely studied attacks in smart grids are false data injection attacks (FDIA), denial of service, distributed denial of service (DDoS), and spoofing attacks. These cyberattacks can jeopardize the smooth operation of a smart grid and result in considerable economic losses, equipment damages, and malicious control. This paper focuses on providing an extensive survey on defense mechanisms that can be used to detect these types of cyberattacks and mitigate the associated risks. The future research directions are also provided in the paper for efficient detection and prevention of such cyberattacks.

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14

Zeng, Kaiwen, Fusheng Li, Jianing Liu, Haizhu Wang, Dan Lin, Weicong Wu, and Tao Yu. "An Exploratory Investigation on Modelling Technologies to Flexible Loads Dispatching in A Smart Grid Environment." E3S Web of Conferences 194 (2020): 03013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202019403013.

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As the proportion of flexible load resources in smart grids continues to rise, resulting in increasingly complex grid structures, significant changes in grid characteristics, and increased risks to grid operation and control, it will be difficult to intelligently regulate the grid solely by relying on traditional resource regulation methods, and the dispatchable space for traditional resources will become smaller and smaller. To this end, this paper conducts an exploratory investigation on the modeling techniques for flexible loads participation in smart grid dispatching. First, a classification of the flexible loads involved in grid regulation is made. Secondly, according to the flexible load classification, the modeling techniques of different classes of flexible loads are reviewed and studied; then, the flexible load dispatching modes for different operating states and different control tasks, and under different control methods are discussed deeply. Moreover, the technological economics and feasibility of these different flexible load dispatching modes are compared. Finally, an outlook and conclusion are made.

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Kim, Seong Cheol, Papia Ray, and S. Surender Reddy. "Features of Smart Grid Technologies: An Overview." ECTI Transactions on Electrical Engineering, Electronics, and Communications 17, no. 2 (August 31, 2019): 169–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.37936/ecti-eec.2019172.215478.

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This paper presents an overview of smart grid (SG) technology features such as two-way communication, advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) system, integration of renewable energy, advanced storage techniques, real time operation and control, data management and processing, physical and cyber security, and self-healing, etc. The SG technology allows twoway communications for better reliability, control, efficiency and economics of the power system. With these new SG technologies, consumers have many energy choices, such as use of renewable energy, usage management, flexible rates, electric vehicles (EVs), etc. The requirement of these technologies is the real time operation, and the SG accommodates this realtime operation and control. SG technology allows distributed generation through demand response and energy efficiency technologies to shed the load demand. However, it’s very difficult to adopt these changes to the conventional grids. Utility companies, governments, independent system operators (ISOs) and energy regulatory commissions need to agree on the scope and time frame of these changes.

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Ko, Yun-Seok, Su-Hwan Kim, and Gyoung-Hwan Lim. "Miniaturized Distributed Generation for a Micro Smart Grid Simulator." Energies 15, no. 4 (February 17, 2022): 1511. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15041511.

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In this paper, a miniaturization method is proposed for developing micro distributed generation for a micro smart grid simulator. The micro smart grid simulator is a fault simulator that was built to test and verify the new operation control algorithms for smart grids in the laboratory and has a size downscaled to one-thousandth of that of an actual smart grid. The micro distributed generation was designed in a multi-layered structure (dimension: 13 × 20 cm2), in which each function is implemented in several layers, to satisfy the size requirements. Next, the grid synchronization and PQ control algorithms required for the distributed generation were developed. A three-phase 19 V power system was built, and a 19 V–7.5 W three-phase micro distributed generation was realized through experimental verification. In addition, by verifying the effectiveness through grid synchronization and 7.5 W PQ control experiments, it was confirmed that the micro distributed generation based on the proposed miniaturization method can be implemented in a micro smart grid simulator.

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Alsuwian, Turki, Aiman Shahid Butt, and Arslan Ahmed Amin. "Smart Grid Cyber Security Enhancement: Challenges and Solutions—A Review." Sustainability 14, no. 21 (October 31, 2022): 14226. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142114226.

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The incorporation of communication technology with Smart Grid (SG) is proposed as an optimal solution to fulfill the requirements of the modern power system. A smart grid integrates multiple energy sources or microgrids and is supported by an extensive control and communication network using the Internet of Things (IoT) for a carbon-free, more reliable, and intelligent energy system. Along with many benefits, the system faces novel security challenges, data management, integration, and interoperability challenges. The advanced control and communication network in the smart grid is susceptible to cyber and cyber-physical threats. A lot of research has been done to improve the cyber security of the smart grid. This review aims to provide an overview of the types of cyber security threats present for smart grids with an insight into strategies to overcome the challenges. As the selection of techniques and technologies may vary according to the threats faced, therefore the adoption of researched methods is compared and discussed. As cyber-security is the greatest challenge in smart grid implementation, this review is beneficial during the planning and operation of smart grids for enhanced security.

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Farmanbar, Mina, Kiyan Parham, Øystein Arild, and Chunming Rong. "A Widespread Review of Smart Grids Towards Smart Cities." Energies 12, no. 23 (November 25, 2019): 4484. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12234484.

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Nowadays, the importance of energy management and optimization by means of smart devices has arisen as an important issue. On the other hand, the intelligent application of smart devices stands as a key element in establishing smart cities, which have been suggested as the solution to complicated future urbanization difficulties in coming years. Considering the scarcity of traditional fossil fuels in the near future, besides their ecological problems the new smart grids have demonstrated the potential to merge the non-renewable and renewable energy resources into each other leading to the reduction of environmental problems and optimizing operating costs. The current paper clarifies the importance of smart grids in launching smart cities by reviewing the advancement of micro/nano grids, applications of renewable energies, energy-storage technologies, smart water grids in smart cities. Additionally a review of the major European smart city projects has been carried out. These will offer a wider vision for researchers in the operation, monitoring, control and audit of smart-grid systems.

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Kisielewicz, Tomasz, Stanislaw Stanek, and Mariusz Zytniewski. "A Multi-Agent Adaptive Architecture for Smart-Grid-Intrusion Detection and Prevention." Energies 15, no. 13 (June 28, 2022): 4726. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15134726.

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The present paper deals with selected aspects of energy prosumers’ security needs. The analysis reported aim to illustrate the concept of the implementation of intrusion-detection systems (IDS)/intrusion-prevention systems (IPS), as supporting agent systems for smart grids. The contribution proposes the architecture of an agent system aimed at collecting, processing, monitoring, and possibly reacting to changes in the smart grid. Furthermore, an algorithm is proposed to support the construction of a smart-grid-operating profile, based on a set of parameters describing the devices. Its application is presented in the example of data collected from the network, indicating the process of building a device-operation profile and a possible mechanism for detecting its changes. The proposed algorithm for building the operating profile of devices in the smart grid, based on the mechanism of continuous learning by the system, allows for detecting network malfunctions not only in terms of individual events but also regarding limits of the scope of system alerts, by determining the typical behavior of devices in the smart grid. The paper gives recommendations to a software-agent system development, which is dedicated to detecting and preventing anomalies in smart grids.

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Yao, Jianguo, Shengchun Yang, Ke Wang, Yaping Li, Zhenglin Yang, Taiyou Yong, and Lingling Pan. "Framework for Future Smart Grid Operation and Control with Source-Grid-Load Interaction." IFAC Proceedings Volumes 47, no. 3 (2014): 2788–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3182/20140824-6-za-1003.01367.

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Kolosok, Irina, and Liudmila Gurina. "Cyber Security-Oriented Smart Grid State Estimation." E3S Web of Conferences 69 (2018): 02004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20186902004.

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Development of Smart Grid involves the introduction of Wide Area Measurement System (WAMS), which provides the use of information, computing and digital technologies for measuring, transmitting and processing operating parameters when solving control problems. In this regard, the increased vulnerability to cyberattacks of the control system was noted. The control of Smart Grid includes monitoring, forecasting and planning of the system operation based on its Electric Power System state estimation results. Therefore, the goal of the paper is to develop a mathematical instrument to bad data detection under cyberattacks. Particular attention is paid to false data injection attacks which result in distortion of state variables estimates. The result of the research is an algorithm developed for state estimation based on the interior point method and test equation obtained by Crout matrix decomposition. The obtained results showed effectiveness of the algorithm in state estimation.

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Kandasamy, Manivel, S. Anto, K. Baranitharan, Ravi Rastogi, Gunda Satwik, and A. Sampathkumar. "Smart Grid Security Based on Blockchain with Industrial Fault Detection Using Wireless Sensor Network and Deep Learning Techniques." Journal of Sensors 2023 (May 9, 2023): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/3806121.

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Low-cost monitoring and automation solutions for smart grids have been made viable by recent advancements in embedded systems and wireless sensor networks (W.S.N.s). A well-designed smart network of subsystems and metasystems known as a “smart grid” is aimed at enhancing the conventional power grid’s efficiency and guaranteeing dependable energy delivery. A smart grid (S.G.) requires two-way communication between utility providers and end users in order to accomplish its aims. This research proposes a novel technique in enhancing the smart grid security and industry fault detection using a wireless sensor network with deep learning architectures. The smart grid network security has been enhanced using a blockchain-based smart grid node routing protocol with IoT module. The industrial analysis has been carried out based on monitoring for fault detection in a network using Q-learning-based transfer convolutional network. The experimental analysis has been carried out in terms of bit error rate, end-end delay, throughput rate, spectral efficiency, accuracy, M.A.P., and RMSE. The proposed technique attained bit error rate of 65%, end-end delay of 57%, throughput rate of 97%, spectral efficiency of 93%, accuracy of 95%, M.A.P. of 55%, and RMSE of 75%. This proposed paradigm is advantageous for the operation of smart grids for increased security and industrial fault detection across the network because security is the biggest barrier in smart grid implementation.

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Chandrasekaran, Kumar, Jasper John Sahayam, Sundarsingh Jebaseelan Somasundaram David Thanasingh, Sripriya Ramalingam, Hady H. Fayek, Nagananthini Ravichandran, and Eugen Rusu. "Performance of Multifunctional Smart PV-Based Domestic Distributed Generator in Dual-Mode Operation." Machines 9, no. 12 (December 15, 2021): 356. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/machines9120356.

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This article briefs about a smart multifunctional single-phase inverter control for a domestic solar photo voltaic (PV)-based distributed generation that can work in both a grid-connected mode and an islanded mode by making the inverter mimic the operation of a synchronous generator. The control objectives were threefold: to provide the required active and reactive power for normal operating conditions and under varying operating conditions, to maintain the rated voltage and the rated frequency for the islanded mode, and to switch between the two modes of operation with the least amount of disturbance for the system while behaving as a virtual synchronous generator (VSG). The control structure is divided into three major loops: the outermost loop responsible for power control, the middle loop responsible for voltage control, and the innermost loop responsible for current control. The proposed control methodology incorporates the functionalities of the grid-connected and the islanded-mode control into a single complex structure and thus provides support to the grid under abnormal conditions while providing good-quality power to consumers under grid failure. The efficacy of the system is good. The operation under various modes were simulated in MATLAB Simulink, and the proportional integral (PI) controllers used for current controllers were tuned using particle swarm optimization (PSO). It can be concluded that the control structure becoming complex is benefitted by the added advantages of the smart PV system. The smart domestic PV system helps the prosumer to actively provide frequency support and voltage support, adding frequency support to the existing multifunctional PV systems.

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Ulrich, André, Sergej Baum, Ingo Stadler, Christian Hotz, and Eberhard Waffenschmidt. "Maximising Distribution Grid Utilisation by Optimising E-Car Charging Using Smart Meter Gateway Data." Energies 16, no. 9 (April 28, 2023): 3790. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16093790.

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The transition towards climate neutrality will result in an increase in electrical vehicles, as well as other electric loads, leading to higher loads on electrical distribution grids. This paper presents an optimisation algorithm that enables the integration of more loads into distribution grid infrastructure using information from smart meters and/or smart meter gateways. To achieve this, a mathematical programming formulation was developed and implemented. The algorithm determines the optimal charging schedule for all electric vehicles connected to the distribution grid, taking into account various criteria to avoid violating physical grid limitations and ensuring non-discriminatory charging of all electric vehicles on the grid while also optimising grid operation. Additionally, the expandability of the infrastructure and fail-safe operation are considered through the decentralisation of all components. Various scenarios are modelled and evaluated in a simulation environment. The results demonstrate that the developed optimisation algorithm allows for higher transformer loads compared to a P(U) control approach, without causing grid overload as observed in scenarios without optimisation or P(U) control.

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Li, Lian, and Zhi Xin Huang. "Research on the Smart Grid Dispatching System Based on Cloud Computing." Applied Mechanics and Materials 385-386 (August 2013): 1730–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.385-386.1730.

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Dispatching being the core of the power operation and control, intelligent dispatching is the key point of the construction of unified and strong smart grid. During the construction of smart grid dispatching technical support system, many key points and difficulties must be addressed including massive data storage and processing, huge computational applications of security and stability assessment, unified management and flexible expansion of the system, flexible deployment and dispatching operations, integration of calculation and analysis capabilities. Based on the relevant characteristics of cloud computation, there latest technologies using cloud computation and the optimization of platform in constructing smart grid dispatching technical support system were discussed.

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Rangarajan, Shriram S., Rahul Raman, Amritpal Singh, Chandan Kumar Shiva, Ritesh Kumar, Pradip Kumar Sadhu, E. Randolph Collins, and Tomonobu Senjyu. "DC Microgrids: A Propitious Smart Grid Paradigm for Smart Cities." Smart Cities 6, no. 4 (July 3, 2023): 1690–718. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/smartcities6040079.

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Recent years have seen a surge in interest in DC microgrids as DC loads and DC sources like solar photovoltaic systems, fuel cells, batteries, and other options have become more mainstream. As more distributed energy resources (DERs) are integrated into an existing smart grid, DC networks have come to the forefront of the industry. DC systems completely sidestep the need for synchronization, reactive power control, and frequency control. DC systems are more dependable and productive than ever before because AC systems are prone to all of these issues. There is a lot of unrealized potential in DC power, but it also faces some significant challenges. Protecting a DC system is difficult because there is no discrete location of where the current disappears. DC microgrid stability that is dependent on inertia must also be considered during the planning stage. The problems that DC microgrids have include insufficient power quality and poor communication. The power quality, inertia, communication, and economic operations of these value streams, as well as their underlying architectures and protection schemes, are all extensively discussed in this paper. This review paper examines the pros and cons of both grid-connected and isolated DC microgrids. In addition, the paper compares the different kinds of microgrids in terms of power distribution and energy management agency, such as the prerequisites for a DC microgrid’s planning, operation, and control that must be met before state-of-the-art systems can be implemented.

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Scarabaggio, Paolo, Raffaele Carli, Graziana Cavone, and Mariagrazia Dotoli. "Smart Control Strategies for Primary Frequency Regulation through Electric Vehicles: A Battery Degradation Perspective." Energies 13, no. 17 (September 3, 2020): 4586. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13174586.

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Nowadays, due to the decreasing use of traditional generators in favor of renewable energy sources, power grids are facing a reduction of system inertia and primary frequency regulation capability. Such an issue is exacerbated by the continuously increasing number of electric vehicles (EVs), which results in enforcing novel approaches in the grid operations management. However, from being an issue, the increase of EVs may turn to be a solution to several power system challenges. In this context, a crucial role is played by the so-called vehicle-to-grid (V2G) mode of operation, which has the potential to provide ancillary services to the power grid, such as peak clipping, load shifting, and frequency regulation. More in detail, EVs have recently started to be effectively used for one of the most traditional frequency regulation approaches: the so-called frequency droop control (FDC). This is a primary frequency regulation, currently obtained by adjusting the active power of generators in the main grid. Because to the decommissioning of traditional power plants, EVs are thus recognized as particularly valuable solutions since they can respond to frequency deviation signals by charging or discharging their batteries. Against this background, we address frequency regulation of a power grid model including loads, traditional generators, and several EVs. The latter independently participate in the grid optimization process providing the grid with ancillary services, namely the FDC. We propose two novel control strategies for the optimal control of the batteries of EVs during the frequency regulation service. On the one hand, the control strategies ensure re-balancing the power and stabilizing the frequency of the main grid. On the other hand, the approaches are able to satisfy different types of needs of EVs during the charging process. Differently from the related literature, where the EVs perspective is generally oriented to achieve the optimal charge level, the proposed approaches aim at minimizing the degradation of battery devices. Finally, the proposed strategies are compared with other state-of-the-art V2G control approaches. The results of numerical experiments using a realistic power grid model show the effectiveness of the proposed strategies under the actual operating conditions.

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28

Porobic, Vlado, Evgenije Adzic, and Milan Rapaic. "HIL evaluation of control unit in grid-tied coverters." Thermal Science 20, suppl. 2 (2016): 393–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci150928025p.

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Hardware-in-the-Loop (HIL) emulation is poised to become unsurpassed design tool for development, testing, and optimization of real-time control algorithms for grid connected power electronics converters for distributed generation, active filters and smart grid applications. It is strongly important to examine and test how grid connected converters perform under different operating conditions including grid disturbances and faults. In that sense, converter?s controller is a key component responsible for ensuring safe and high-performance operation. This paper demonstrates an example how ultra-low latency and high fidelity HIL emulator is used to easily, rapidly and exhaustively test and validate standard control strategy for grid connected power electronics converters, without need for expensive hardware prototyping and laboratory test equipment.

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29

Esenboğa, Burak, and Tuğçe Demirdelen. "Soft-Switching Smart Transformer Design and Application for Photovoltaic Integrated Smart City Power Distribution." Sustainability 15, no. 1 (December 20, 2022): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15010032.

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Smart city power distributions have become promising technologies to meet the demand for energy in developed countries. However, increase in smart grids causes several power quality problems on the smart grid, in particular, current and voltage harmonic distortions, sudden voltage sag and swells, fault current, and isolation deterioration. Smart transformers are potential solutions to improve the power quality on the electric grid. They present energy efficiency, ensure grid reliability and power flow control, voltage regulation, bidirectional power flow, fault current limiting, harmonic blocking, and galvanic isolation. Therefore, this paper offers an optimal selection of a three-stage (AC-DC-DC-AC) smart transformer model and power control strategy for solar PV power plant integrated smart grids. The topology of the rectifier, isolated bidirectional converter, and inverter has soft-switching features. This enables low conduction loss, low electromagnetic interference (EMI), high efficiency, achievable zero-voltage switching for converters, and zero-current switching for electrical auxiliary systems. Operation strategies of the proposed ST, PWM control, voltage, and current control between converters, including a medium-voltage (MV) high-frequency transformer to realize a 10 kVA, 450 Vdc to 220 Vdc, or 220 Vac ST, are presented. Significantly, the ST prototype achieves 96.7% conversion efficiency thanks to its control strategy, even under unstable power generation conditions from the solar PV plant. Experimental results obtained on the 344 Vac 10.4 A load current validates the dv/dt rate 6.8 kV/us. The dynamic and experimental results of the proposed bidirectional smart transformer demonstrate the success in preventing power quality problems for photovoltaic integrated smart city power distribution.

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30

Li, Weng Ting, Yan Zheng, Shao Bo Liu, Zhao Zhi Long, and Zhi Cheng Li. "Research of Smart Meter Massive Data Storage Based on Cloud Computing Platform." Applied Mechanics and Materials 341-342 (July 2013): 1434–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.341-342.1434.

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With the comprehensive construction of the smart grid, the smart grid operation control and interactive service system will be initially formed. The smart terminal of smart grid are smart meters, and they produce a large number of various data all the time. That how to most effectively manage these massive data storage is an important research point for improving the intelligence service. This paper studies the smart meter massive data storage management based on cloud computing platform. The Hadoop distributed computing platform for smart meter massive data management is reliable, efficient, scalable storage.

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31

Al Omairi, Saif, Kenneth E. Okedu, and Marya Al Balushi. "Dynamics of a Smarter Grid Operation in the Current Power Situation of Oman." International Journal of Engineering Research in Africa 59 (March 15, 2022): 151–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-fnxrm9.

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Electricity supply in Oman is very stable, however, power generation from gas turbines and fossil fuels, which are not environmentally friendly, contribute over ninety percent to the present power grid. Due to rapid development, the current power state of Oman is been over stretched. This is as a result of increased power demand, considering the size of the electricity network and the control strategies employed at different levels of the power system. Therefore, in order to keep pace with the recent development, it is paramount to integrate the current power grid of the country with smart grid technologies. Some of the benefits of employing smart grid technologies are; providing more reliable power, utilizing more efficient renewable power, employing a mix of energy sources, use of smart devices, mitigating carbon footprint, enabling the roadmap for electric vehicles, availing smart job opportunities, saving of energy via reduced consumption programs, improved customer services, accurate billings, detection of frauds and technical losses, increased competition, and levelling of the demand curve or peak reduction. This paper presents the dynamics of making the power grid of Oman smarter, based on the current power situation in the country. The paper addresses the penetration of smart grid technologies with the national power grid and also present an extensive review of power situation of Oman power system. Efforts were made to discuss the possible locations of wind and solar energy potentials, in the country, since they are the two commonly used and readily available renewable energy sources. There is no doubt that smart grid technologies like information and communication technology, data management, energy sales and smart metering strategies, would play a huge role in making the power grid smarter. In addition, some dynamic behavior of the power grid was analyzed considering the penetration of solar and wind energy, in the current power grid of Oman.

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32

Gao, Bo, Guangyi Liu, Yanbin Qu, Zhanyong Yang, Shixiong Fan, Yang Yang, Kai Zhang, Bin Shu, and Tong Zhou. "A New Smart Grid Control and Operation Concept - Autonomic Power System." MATEC Web of Conferences 40 (2016): 07011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/20164007011.

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33

Xu, Xiao, Xiao Chun Ma, Zhen Ning Zi, Bao Qiang Ben, Hua Li, and Si Ming Wei. "Research on Electric Power Control Technique for Stable Operation of DC Micro-Grid." Advanced Materials Research 986-987 (July 2014): 1129–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.986-987.1129.

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Distributed generation (DG) into DC micro-grid can save a lot of converter equipments compared with AC micro-grid,.So,with the popularity of DG,DC micro-grid technology also has get great development.However,the key technology of DC micro-grid is not yet mature.This paper is based on shanghai DC micro-grid demonstration project of Sate Grid Smart Grid Research Institute.Firstly,we analysis the advantages and disadvantages of AC,DC and AC/DC hybrid micro-grid.Then, after comparison and analysis of DC micro-grid topology,we put forward system scheme and corresponding control strategy.The simulation results show that, the proposed control strategy is feasible,simple,real-time and effective.This design scheme is applicable for radiant topology and would provide guidance to the development direction of DC micro-grid project later.

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34

Wang, Shuang Hu, Yong Yi Wu, Hui Jun Zhao, and Yu Feng Yang. "The Study on Coordinated Control Strategy for Micro-Grid Containing Various Distributed Generators." Advanced Materials Research 773 (September 2013): 199–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.773.199.

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According to external dual power line supply and the grid-connected and islanded operating modes of micro-grid and the changeover among them, a control strategy of micro-grid with different kinds of DG (Distributed Generation) is proposed. It monitors the operating states of both micro-grid and power network and provides the unified coordinating control by the controller of micro-grid. In grid-connected mode, all kinds of DG work in constant power mode (P-Q mode) to generate power output for load. In islanded mode, energy storage system works in constant voltage-frequency mode (V-f mode), which is selected as the master power for supporting the voltage and frequency in micro-grid. And the rest works in P-Q mode. The application at one smart community in Shanghai proved its feasibility. The proposed strategy keeps the stable operation of micro-grid and implements the seamless transition between two operating modes by synchronizing device in grid-connected point.

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35

Wang, Yi Rong, Da Li Tong, and Wei Deng. "The Application Analysis and Network Design of Wireless VPN for Power Grid." Applied Mechanics and Materials 427-429 (September 2013): 2130–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.427-429.2130.

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With the rapid development of smart grid construction, communication mode size in smart grid business relying on operators 2G/3G wireless network continues to increase. In this paper, first, with a deep study of application, communication requirement and network status in power wireless business, the security risk and defects cannot control in the existing power wireless business are noted. Secondly, wireless VPN target of power grid is innovatively put forward, to achieve the safe and efficient power wireless business hosting, intensive operation and scale development. Once again, the design of wireless VPN for power grid, security access platform, operating platform are made a further analysis and elaboration.

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36

Jiang, Xiaotao, Ming Xin Zhao, Wei Liu, and Ruo Bing Xu. "The Application of Artificial Intelligence Technology in Smart Energy." E3S Web of Conferences 185 (2020): 01037. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202018501037.

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At present, the development of energy system tends to be clean and intelligent. China has upgraded the development of smart energy to national strategy. As the core link of energy system, power system is widely used, with strong regulation ability and complex control, especially with the increasing proportion of new energy and various forms of consumption. Now the power system presents the characteristics of complex nonlinearity, strong uncertainty and strong coupling. There are many limitations in traditional modeling, optimization and control technology, and artificial intelligence technology will be an effective measure to solve the control and decision-making problems of complex system. Firstly, this paper analyzes the application prospect of artificial intelligence technology in power system and the application of artificial intelligence technology in power grid operation. It establishes the prediction model of power grid operation mode, the model can help operators of power system quickly adjust the power flow to convergence state, and then greatly improve the calculation efficiency of power grid operation mode.

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37

, Kundeti Krishna Rao, Ch Prem Prakash. "Power Management Strategy in PV-Wind Hybrid System with Cuckoo Search." International Journal for Modern Trends in Science and Technology 6, no. 7 (July 31, 2020): 143–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.46501/ijmtst060723.

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The main theme of this paper is to propose a Cuckoo MPPT technique for Hybrid PV-Wind Smart grid system. Generally, Smart grid is an electrical grid which includes a variety of operation and energy measures including smart appliances, renewable energy resources, and energy efficient resources. Electronic power conditioning and control of the production and distribution of electricity are important aspects of the smart grid. In order to get maximum output from a PV and wind energy system, an extensive research has been underway for long time so as to access the performance of hybrid system. This paper presents PV- wind hybrid system along with maximum power point tracking control algorithms, power electronics converters to control the system, filters to reduce the harmonics from the converters. The proposed model and its control strategy offer a proper tool for smart grid performance optimization. The proposed hybrid system is experimentally verified in Matlab/Simulink.

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38

García, Moisés Antón, Ana Isabel Martínez García, Stylianos Karatzas, Athanasios Chassiakos, and Olympia Ageli. "SGAM-Based Analysis for the Capacity Optimization of Smart Grids Utilizing e-Mobility: The Use Case of Booking a Charge Session." Energies 16, no. 5 (March 6, 2023): 2489. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16052489.

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The description of the functionality of a smart grid’s architectural concept, analyzing different Smart Grid (SG) scenarios without disrupting the smooth operation of the individual processes, is a major challenge. The field of smart energy grids has been increasing in complexity since there are many stakeholder entities with diverse roles. Electric Vehicles (EVs) can transform the stress on the energy grid into an opportunity to act as a flexible asset. Smart charging through an external control system can have benefits for the energy sector, both in grid management and environmental terms. A suitable model for analyzing and visualizing smart grid use cases in a technology-neutral manner is required. This paper presents a flexible architecture for the potential implementation of electromobility as a distributed storage asset for the grid’s capacity optimization by applying the Use Case and Smart Grid Architecture Model (SGAM) methodologies. The use case scenario of booking a charge session through a mobile application, as part of the TwinERGY Horizon 2020 project, is deployed to structure the SGAM framework layers and investigate the applicability of the SGAM framework in the integration of electromobility as a distributed storage asset into electricity grids with the objective of enhanced flexibility and decarbonization.

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39

Surender Reddy, S. "Control and communication of renewable energy based smart grid: an overview." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 3 (July 4, 2018): 1276. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i3.13104.

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Smart Grid (SG) involves complex controls and communications. These controls include both the local as well as global controls. SG in-volves a two-way communication system at each stage and that is one of the advantages over the conventional utility grid. However, due to this two-way communications, the issues such as complexity, data gathering and management, etc, are introduced into the SG system. Therefore, this new grid requires a more complex and control operation. The objective of this paper is to evaluate various control systems, communication technologies, and real time measurement tools that are involved in the SG. This paper also performs the cost benefit analysis (CBA) of the control and communication schemes involved in the SG. The paper evaluates the latest tools for control and communications that are available, and it also evaluates the issues and challenges relative to it.

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40

Jamsek, S., S. Tot, M. Lasić, I. Periša, and M. Miklavcic. "REGIONALY IMPORTANT SINCRO.GRID SMART GRID PROJECT." Journal of Energy - Energija 67, no. 2 (June 2, 2022): 86–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.37798/201867283.

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Regional transmission and distribution challenges has evolved and changed a lot in recent years. Four contradictory influences increasingly affected the operations of Slovenian and Croatian electricity systems. Regional electricity systems experienced increasing support of RES integration to meet the EU targets, a lower electricity consumption due to the economic crisis, a growing lack of centralized electricity production for electric system support and the high interconnectivity between the neighboring control zones. TSOs and DSOs observed growing network overvoltage issues as well as a decrease in secondary reserve capacities. Such situation starts to impact national and regional renewable integration targets affecting the security of supply at European level. SINCRO.GRID joint investment project addressed the above-mentioned issues in a sustainable manner. Such cross-border systemic approach will bring synergetic benefits. It will enable an acceptable level of security of operation for at least the next ten years hosting levels of RES in line with the trends foreseen to reach the 2030 targets safely. The project is going to integrate new active elements in the transmission and distribution grids. It leans on the following main pillars: deployment of six compensation devices, deployment of advanced dynamic thermal rating (DTR) systems, deployment of electricity storage systems, integration of distributed renewable generation (DG) and deployment of a virtual cross-border control center (VCBCC). A key aspect of the SINCRO.GRID project lies in the synergy brought by the simultaneous innovative deployment of a portfolio of mature technology-based solutions bring high benefits and positive externalities for the region and European Union.

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41

Risso, C. "Benefits of demands control in a smart-grid to compensate the volatility of non-conventional energies." Revista Facultad de Ingeniería Universidad de Antioquia, no. 93 (August 23, 2019): 19–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.17533/10.17533/udea.redin.20190404.

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Uruguay is a leader in the usage of renewable energies, getting 96% of its electricity from an assorted assemble of such sources with an increasing percentage of nonconventional energies, of wind power mostly. As clean and financially stable as they are, non-conventional energies have weaknesses. Unlike thermic and most hydro-sources, wind and solar energies are not controllable, are intermittent and uncertain some hours ahead, complicating the short-term operation and maintenance of electrical systems. This work explores how to use smart-grids capabilities to adjust electricity demand as a hedge against novel short-position risks in the Uruguayan electricity market coming from the volatility of non-conventional renewables. This approach uses combinatorial optimization dispatch models to quantitatively assess benefits resulting from having demand control. Results show that for the Uruguayan context, the benefits are not only due to savings in production costs (generation). Smart-grid optimal dispatch-schedules are also less stressing regarding the operation of the grid itself.

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42

Dewangan, Fanidhar, Almoataz Y. Abdelaziz, and Monalisa Biswal. "Load Forecasting Models in Smart Grid Using Smart Meter Information: A Review." Energies 16, no. 3 (January 31, 2023): 1404. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16031404.

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The smart grid concept is introduced to accelerate the operational efficiency and enhance the reliability and sustainability of power supply by operating in self-control mode to find and resolve the problems developed in time. In smart grid, the use of digital technology facilitates the grid with an enhanced data transportation facility using smart sensors known as smart meters. Using these smart meters, various operational functionalities of smart grid can be enhanced, such as generation scheduling, real-time pricing, load management, power quality enhancement, security analysis and enhancement of the system, fault prediction, frequency and voltage monitoring, load forecasting, etc. From the bulk data generated in a smart grid architecture, precise load can be predicted before time to support the energy market. This supports the grid operation to maintain the balance between demand and generation, thus preventing system imbalance and power outages. This study presents a detailed review on load forecasting category, calculation of performance indicators, the data analyzing process for load forecasting, load forecasting using conventional meter information, and the technology used to conduct the task and its challenges. Next, the importance of smart meter-based load forecasting is discussed along with the available approaches. Additionally, the merits of load forecasting conducted using a smart meter over a conventional meter are articulated in this paper.

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43

Reddy, M. Jaya Bharata, D. Venkata Rajesh, Pathirikkat Gopakumar, and Dusmanta Kumar Mohanta. "Smart Fault Location for Smart Grid Operation Using RTUs and Computational Intelligence Techniques." IEEE Systems Journal 8, no. 4 (December 2014): 1260–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jsyst.2014.2303833.

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44

Ding, Jianguo, Attia Qammar, Zhimin Zhang, Ahmad Karim, and Huansheng Ning. "Cyber Threats to Smart Grids: Review, Taxonomy, Potential Solutions, and Future Directions." Energies 15, no. 18 (September 17, 2022): 6799. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15186799.

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Smart Grids (SGs) are governed by advanced computing, control technologies, and networking infrastructure. However, compromised cybersecurity of the smart grid not only affects the security of existing energy systems but also directly impacts national security. The increasing number of cyberattacks against the smart grid urgently necessitates more robust security protection technologies to maintain the security of the grid system and its operations. The purpose of this review paper is to provide a thorough understanding of the incumbent cyberattacks’ influence on the entire smart grid ecosystem. In this paper, we review the various threats in the smart grid, which have two core domains: the intrinsic vulnerability of the system and the external cyberattacks. Similarly, we analyze the vulnerabilities of all components of the smart grid (hardware, software, and data communication), data management, services and applications, running environment, and evolving and complex smart grids. A structured smart grid architecture and global smart grid cyberattacks with their impact from 2010 to July 2022 are presented. Then, we investigated the the thematic taxonomy of cyberattacks on smart grids to highlight the attack strategies, consequences, and related studies analyzed. In addition, potential cybersecurity solutions to smart grids are explained in the context of the implementation of blockchain and Artificial Intelligence (AI) techniques. Finally, technical future directions based on the analysis are provided against cyberattacks on SGs.

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45

Zhao, Wei Mei, Chao Yang Zhu, and Zhen Yu. "Development and Research of an Integrated Platform System for Management and Control." Applied Mechanics and Materials 719-720 (January 2015): 732–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.719-720.732.

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This paper describes the current status of power communication systems, problems and solutions, proposed to build an integrated platform system for communications management and control.The integrated platform system is divided into four parts: Comprehensive Monitoring Subsystem, Resource Management Subsystem, Operation and Maintenance Management Subsystem, Security Management and Control Subsystem, which can monitor the resource, operation and maintenance, and security controls etc.This system can implement communication professional management, process management, user management, daily operation, maintenance work management standardization, process and automation; promote systematic and integrated for communication network, improve service management level and efficiency of operation and maintenance; and provide better support and protection for developing the grid and the smart grid.

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46

Ji, Peng, Lipeng Zhu, Chao Lu, Wei Lin, and Jürgen Kurths. "How Price-Based Frequency Regulation Impacts Stability in Power Grids: A Complex Network Perspective." Complexity 2020 (February 28, 2020): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/6297134.

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With the deregulation of modern power grids, electricity markets are playing a more and more important role in power grid operation and control. However, it is still questionable how the real-time electricity price-based operation affects power grid stability. From a complex network perspective, here we investigate the dynamical interactions between price-based frequency regulations and physical networks, which results in an interesting finding that a local minimum of network stability occurs when the response strength of generators/consumers to the varying price increases. A case study of the real world-based China Southern Power Grid demonstrates the finding and exhibits a feasible approach to network stability enhancement in smart grids. This also provides guidance for potential upgrade and expansion of the current power grids in a cleaner and safer way.

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47

Raghavendra, P., Ramakrishna S. S. Nuvvula, Polamarasetty P. Kumar, Dattatraya N. Gaonkar, A. Sathoshakumar, and Baseem Khan. "Voltage Profile Analysis in Smart Grids Using Online Estimation Algorithm." Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering 2022 (October 10, 2022): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/9921724.

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Voltage rise is the main obstacle to prevent the increase of distributed generators (DGs) in low-voltage (LV) distribution grids. In order to maintain the power quality and voltage levels within the tolerance limit, new measurement techniques and intelligent devices along with digital communications should be used for better utilization of the distribution grid. This paper presents a real-time sensor-based online voltage profile estimation technique and coordinated Volt/VAR control in smart grids with distributed generator interconnection. An algorithm is developed for voltage profile estimation using real-time sensor remote terminal unit (RTU) which takes into account topological characteristics, such as radial structure and high R/X ratio, of the smart distribution grid with DG systems. A coordinated operation of multiple generators with on-load tap changing (OLTC) transformer for Volt/VAR control in smart grids has been presented. Direct voltage sensitivity analysis is used to select a single DG system for reactive power support in multi-DG environment. The on-load tap changing transformer is employed for voltage regulation when generators’ reactive power contributions are not enough to regulate the voltages. Simulation results show that the reported method is capable of maintaining voltage levels within the tolerance limit by coordinated operation of DG systems and on-load tap changing transformer.

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48

Bandi, Venkata, Tiia Sahrakorpi, Jukka V. Paatero, and Risto Lahdelma. "Unveiling the Decision-Making Dilemmas in Mini-Grids: The Intricate Case of Smart Meters." Energies 16, no. 17 (August 22, 2023): 6112. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16176112.

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Mini-grids need to imitate the transition path of a traditional grid to maintain their position as a sustainable energy access alternative, while aligning with the objectives of the seventh Sustainable Development Goal. One such strategy is implementing smart-metering solutions to improve business viability and remote monitoring of distributed mini-grid assets. However, selecting smart meters presents a significant challenge for mini-grid operators, primarily due to the installation costs involved and the complexities associated with operating mini-grids in rural areas. Against this backdrop, the current case study’ demonstrates the utility of multi-criteria decision aids, such as stochastic multi-criteria acceptability analysis (SMAA), to assist mini-grid operators in making informed decisions concerning smart-meter selection. In addition, practitioners’ narratives elucidate how implementing smart metering can function as part of mini-grid operations in rural areas. Furthermore, narratives highlight the importance of considering context-specific conditions to avoid the under-utilisation of smart meters.

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49

Shin, Jin-Ho, Seon Yeong Han, and Seong-Hwan Choi. "Cross-domain approach for operation support in smart grid." IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution 9, no. 11 (August 6, 2015): 1151–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-gtd.2014.0821.

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50

Zhao, He, Zhi Yuan Sun, Yu Jia Zhang, and Tian Jun Jing. "Economic Analysis of Micro Grid Operation in Energy Self-Balance Mode." Applied Mechanics and Materials 448-453 (October 2013): 2709–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.448-453.2709.

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Micro grid operation cost is the main obstacle of restricting its commercial operation. An effective way to solve this problem is the effective evaluation and the cost reduction by the evaluation. In the micro grid operation cost evaluation, there are not only basic factors, such as the cost of distributed generation and energy storage system, the sale contract, but also the grid backup cost. The indexes about power exchange are adopted to evaluate backup power cost. The data from a smart building micro grid is used to validate the method. It can be seen that the cost of energy, time of use price, and control strategy are of great significance for the operation cost, and good control policy can make the cost of micro grid reasonable.

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