Дисертації з теми "Smart city services"

A Smart City is a high-performance urban context, where citizens live independently and are more aware of the surrounding opportunities, thanks to forward-looking development of economy politics, governance, mobility and environment. ICT infrastructures play a key-role in this new research field being also a mean for society to allow new ideas to prosper and new, more efficient approaches to be developed. The aim of this work is to research and develop novel solutions, here called smart services, in order to solve several upcoming problems and known issues in urban areas and more in general in the modern society context. A specific focus is posed on smart governance and on privacy issues which have been arisen in the cellular age.

A Smart City is a high-performance urban context, where citizens live independently and are more aware of the surrounding opportunities, thanks to forward-looking development of economy politics, governance, mobility and environment. ICT infrastructures play a key-role in this new research field being also a mean for society to allow new ideas to prosper and new, more efficient approaches to be developed. The aim of this work is to research and develop novel solutions, here called smart services, in order to solve several upcoming problems and known issues in urban areas and more in general in the modern society context. A specific focus is posed on smart governance and on privacy issues which have been arisen in the cellular age.

With the rise of ICT in smart cities, citizens actively contribute to city governance. Citizens contribute through sensing and processing capabilities of smart phones, thus developing an innovative collaboration paradigm, called “citizen-sourcing”, which fosters public engagement and participation in a collaborative governance. However, implementing such citizen-sourcing implies a collaborative process that is more complex than traditional bureaucratic procedures, and involves a wider range of data. Indeed, it faces various challenges, which include governance process, data, and IT architecture. Governance process challenge relates to the stakeholder engagement and participation, accountability, communication and collaboration. Data challenge includes not only data openness, generalization, heterogeneity, but also, with unstructured data, data duplication and information trustworthiness. Finally, IT architecture challenge addresses scalability, business-IT alignment, and accessibility. Our main contribution is a framework, called G-CSF (General Citizen-Sourcing Framework for city services), which defines reference collaboration processes, a reference data model, and a reference architecture. G-CSF stems from a benchmark to evaluate citizen-sourcing systems in terms of process, data, and architecture. Within G-CSF, the reference collaboration process addresses four stakeholders, namely Feed Producer, Feed Coordinator, Feed Consumer, and Feed Contractor, which, respectively, represent (a) stakeholders who submit service request (e.g., citizens, customers), (b) collaboration coordinators (e.g., municipality officers), (c) city departments who answer the service request, and (d) field staff (e.g., service response teams) who deliver services. In order to integrate heterogeneous data into a unique exchangeable format, we propose a reference data model, namely General City Feed Specification (GCFS), which facilitates the service configuration and data sharing for city service providers. In order to better support a scalable business-IT alignment and efficient data integration and processing, we define a Publisher / Subscriber architecture, which supports a distributed data-driven service composition and orchestration, and provides an easy-to-configure and easy-to-deploy environment for stream data processing; Additionally, we illustrate distinctive automated services, namely automated feed detection, credibility assessment, similarity analysis, and automated feed dispatch. The key innovations of G-CSF include: a) a supervised incremental text classifier (KLD-Star) for detecting feeds in OSN (Online Social Network); b) a hybrid credibility assessment approach for assessing information credibility of feeds, which assesses credibility on user reputation, semantics, and similarity of nearby feeds. By far, G-CSF is the first citizen-sourcing solution addressing automated feed detection, credibility assessment and de-duplication. We illustrate two case studies as proof of concept, namely CITY FEED and MOBANA. CITY FEED manages city issues, and it has been deployed in Pavia, and Basiglio, a small municipality in Milan, Italy. MOBANA focuses on the public transit domain, and proves the scalability and processing efficiency of the proposed architecture.
With the rise of ICT in smart cities, citizens actively contribute to city governance. Citizens contribute through sensing and processing capabilities of smart phones, thus developing an innovative collaboration paradigm, called “citizen-sourcing”, which fosters public engagement and participation in a collaborative governance. However, implementing such citizen-sourcing implies a collaborative process that is more complex than traditional bureaucratic procedures, and involves a wider range of data. Indeed, it faces various challenges, which include governance process, data, and IT architecture. Governance process challenge relates to the stakeholder engagement and participation, accountability, communication and collaboration. Data challenge includes not only data openness, generalization, heterogeneity, but also, with unstructured data, data duplication and information trustworthiness. Finally, IT architecture challenge addresses scalability, business-IT alignment, and accessibility. Our main contribution is a framework, called G-CSF (General Citizen-Sourcing Framework for city services), which defines reference collaboration processes, a reference data model, and a reference architecture. G-CSF stems from a benchmark to evaluate citizen-sourcing systems in terms of process, data, and architecture. Within G-CSF, the reference collaboration process addresses four stakeholders, namely Feed Producer, Feed Coordinator, Feed Consumer, and Feed Contractor, which, respectively, represent (a) stakeholders who submit service request (e.g., citizens, customers), (b) collaboration coordinators (e.g., municipality officers), (c) city departments who answer the service request, and (d) field staff (e.g., service response teams) who deliver services. In order to integrate heterogeneous data into a unique exchangeable format, we propose a reference data model, namely General City Feed Specification (GCFS), which facilitates the service configuration and data sharing for city service providers. In order to better support a scalable business-IT alignment and efficient data integration and processing, we define a Publisher / Subscriber architecture, which supports a distributed data-driven service composition and orchestration, and provides an easy-to-configure and easy-to-deploy environment for stream data processing; Additionally, we illustrate distinctive automated services, namely automated feed detection, credibility assessment, similarity analysis, and automated feed dispatch. The key innovations of G-CSF include: a) a supervised incremental text classifier (KLD-Star) for detecting feeds in OSN (Online Social Network); b) a hybrid credibility assessment approach for assessing information credibility of feeds, which assesses credibility on user reputation, semantics, and similarity of nearby feeds. By far, G-CSF is the first citizen-sourcing solution addressing automated feed detection, credibility assessment and de-duplication. We illustrate two case studies as proof of concept, namely CITY FEED and MOBANA. CITY FEED manages city issues, and it has been deployed in Pavia, and Basiglio, a small municipality in Milan, Italy. MOBANA focuses on the public transit domain, and proves the scalability and processing efficiency of the proposed architecture.

E-government is generally described as the use of information and communication technologies (ICT) in government processes. The potential of ICT to transform governmental organizations into more efficient, accessible and accountable ones is widely recognized. Taking into account that according to EUROSTAT, the total EU28 public sector expenditure in 2014 represented 48.1% of its GDP, and that this percentage was 49.0% for the EA-19, the economic impact of such a transformation is of capital importance for economic growth. All national governments, nearly all subnational governments, and most local governments of any size are adopting and expanding innovative means of delivering government information and service by means of a quick technology adoption process. This is a transformation characterized by intensive ICT use and adoption of new organizational paradigms. But in addition to changes in internal processes, e-government impacts the relationship with citizens, which is shifting towards “one-stop-shops” supported by a more intelligent organization able to know who the citizen is and what the citizen's needs are in each case. In other words, public organizations are reforming themselves to be more proactive and provide services to citizens more efficiently. Putting the focus at local level public government agencies, it can be seen that cities and municipalities develop an important number of functions related to urban management such as traffic, public transport, the environment, cleaning, garbage collection, street lighting, culture, education, welfare, crime control and civil protection among others. In some countries, cities are also responsible for providing basic services such as water, gas and electricity. All these specific functions are not found at other levels of government and therefore introduce special features to local e-government. At present, the way cities are managed and developed is starting to transform dramatically thanks to the intensive application of ICT, leading to what is known as the smart city phenomenon. New developments and technologies, derived from the introduction of sensor elements and the collection and processing of large amounts of data, are improving or even “reinventing” functions directly related to the provision and management of urban services. At the same time, this transformation aims to reduce the environmental impact of city activities. Measuring e-government progress is of capital importance to manage public resources, shorter the transition to achieve a successful end. However, a review of the most recent papers published reveals a lack of academic literature and scientific reports devoted to the evaluation of e-administration at city level. There are no methodologies to perform international benchmarking of e-administration tailored to local government specificities. There are no common references established to compare the quality of public services in different cities. Therefore, it remains hard to learn from others’ experiences around the world. The aim of this PhD thesis is to contribute to a better knowledge of the local e-government phenomena by designing and implementing a benchmarking methodology. The methodology proposed is oriented to perform local e-government benchmarking at international level, based on the e-services provided by local administrations. It promotes the learning aspects of a comparative evaluation instead of the competition among participant cities. After a detailed review of the state of the art in local e-Government benchmarking, the research deals with a bottom-up process to define the benchmarking methodology which groups meaningfully services taking into account prevalence. Special attention has been paid to the adoption measurement, as it is crucial to evaluate the actual impact of electronic public services. This methodology is applied in a European measurement, and the results are discussed. The impact of such benchmarking is assessed four years afterwards by means of a survey. The feedback received confirms the utility of such benchmarking, at the same time, it provides information for improvements of the methodology and shows the need to update the catalogue of services. Finally, the research explores the extensions required to allow benchmarking the new generation of smart city services, thus paving the way for its applicability in a Smart City context.
El govern electrònic es descriu com l'ús de tecnologies de la informació i la comunicació en els processos de govern. El potencial de les TIC per transformar les organitzacions governamentals en altres més eficients, accessibles i que responguin és àmpliament reconegut. Segons Eurostat, la despesa total del sector públic EU28 el 2014 va representar el 48,1% del seu PIB (49,0% per l'EA-19). Així doncs, l'impacte econòmic d'aquesta transformació és de capital importància pel creixement econòmic. Mesurar el progrés del govern electrònic és cabdal per gestionar els recursos públics, fer més curta la transició i aconseguir els objectius proposats. Tanmateix, no hi ha treballs acadèmics sobre l'avaluació de l'e-administració a les ciutats. No existeixen metodologies per dur a terme avaluacions comparatives internacional, ni referents per comparar la qualitat dels serveis públics. Això fa difícil d'aprendre de les experiències d'altri. L'objectiu d'aquesta tesi és el de contribuir al millor coneixement del govern electrònic a les ciutats a través del disseny i implementació d'una metodologia d'avaluació comparativa. Una metodologia per dur a terme benchmarking del e-govern local en l'àmbit internacional basant-se en la comparació de serveis proporcionats per les administracions locals. Una metodologia que promou l'aprenentatge i no la competició entre les ciutats participants. Després d'una revisió detallada de l'estat de la qüestió de l'avaluació comparativa del govern electrònic local, s'exposa el procés seguit per definir la metodologia d'avaluació comparativa que agrupa de manera significativa els serveis tenint en compte la seva prevalença. S'ha prestat especial atenció al mesurament de l'adopció, ja que és fonamental per avaluar l'impacte dels serveis públics electrònics. La metodologia s'aplica en una mesura Europea, els resultats de la qual es presenten i discuteixen. Quatre anys després es mesura l'impacte d'aquest benchmarking. Les respostes obtingudes confirmen la validesa de la metodologia. A la vegada, es proposen millores a la metodologia i posa de manifest la necessitat d'actualitzar el catàleg de serveis. Finalment, la investigació explora l'extensió de la nova metodologia per tal d'avaluar també els serveis que es poden trobar en una Smart City a aplanant així el camí per a l'aplicació de la metodologia en aquest nou escenari.

1. Smart Cities and Communities Industrial Initiative [Електронний ресурс]. – Режим доступу:http://eurlex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=COM:2009:0519:FIN:EN:PDF 2. UNWTO. World Tourism Organization. [Електронний ресурс]. – Режим доступу: http://www2.unwto.org/
One of the most important components of the services sector is the tourism market, among which are distinguished: historical, "green", recreational, entertainment, sports, youth, urban and other types of tourism. In the XXI century, the processes of urbanization are actively spreading. The development of the tourism potential of cities is therefore of great importance to all countries of the world. Let’s note that modern cities of developed countries, including EU countries, are acquired the status of "smart city".
Однією з найважливіших складових сфери послуг є туристичний ринок, серед якого виділяють: історичний, «зелений», рекреаційний, розважальний, спортивний, молодіжний, міський та інші види туризму. У XXI столітті процеси урбанізації активно поширюються. Тому розвиток туристичного потенціалу міст має велике значення для всіх країн світу. Зазначимо, що сучасні міста розвинених країн, зокрема країн ЄС, набувають статусу «розумного міста».

The evolution of the Web to Web 2.0 before and after the Web of Things, has resulted in a transformation of what over the years has been the role of the user. Thanks to this socio-technological evolution, we have seen the birth of the first smart cities, which will be pervaded by services produced and delivered tailored to their citizens. The thesis addresses the key issues that affect the interaction between users and context-aware services within the smart city, with particular attention to the generation, discovery and access control of these services.

Mestrado em Gestão e Estratégia Industrial
Este trabalho tem como objetivo analisar os passos necessários para a implementação de um negócio smart parking em diferentes mercados e com diferentes níveis de maturidade. Serão analisados os diferentes modelos de negócio, municipal, intermediário e de revendedor e as situações em que se aplicam, bem como as diferentes estratégias de entrada em novos mercados, e que possibilidades existem para implementar o produto smart parking em diferentes mercados. De seguida, com recurso a dados recolhidos através de uma análise de mercado, analisar-se-ão dois mercados, Portugal e Alemanha, com características diferentes, e que requisitos existem para uma aplicação smart parking ter sucesso, na sua entrada e evolução. Por fim abordar-se-á a possível evolução do negócio smart-parking face à evolução tecnológica que ocorre no ramo automóvel.
This work aims to analyse the steps necessary for the implementation of a smart parking business in different markets, with different levels of maturity. It will analyse the different business models, municipal, intermediate and reseller and the situations in which they apply, as well as the different strategies of entry into new markets, and what possibilities exist to implement the smart parking product in different markets. Then, using data collected through market analysis, two markets, Portugal and Germany, with different characteristics, will be analysed to determine what requirements exist for a smart parking application to be successful in its entry and evolution. Finally, the possible evolution of the smart-parking business in the face of technological developments in the automotive industry will be addressed.
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Le concept de ”Smart Cities” a émergé au cours des dernières années pour décrire comment les investissements dans le capital humain et social, et dans les technologies de la communication (TIC) infrastructures et services électroniques peuvent maintenir la croissance durable et la qualité de vie, par une gestion judicieuse des ressources naturelles et par un gouvernement participatif. Pour nous, Smart City est un environnement réel augmenté permettant l’informatique ubiquitaire, avec web 2.0, qui est collaborative, mobile et contextuelle, les acteurs humains, ainsi que des objets connectés faisant désormais partie intégrante de l’Internet. Dans le contexte de notre projet international France-Chine sur Smart City, nous avons utilisé une approche MOCOCO (Mobilité, Contextualisation, Collaboration) à mener des travaux de recherche avec de multiples applications dans des situations de travail professionnels et à domicile, des situations d’apprentissage mobile contextuelles, ainsi que des applications de Smart City sont prises en compte - le transport, la distribution des marchandises, et des activités sportives et culturelles. Cette thèse se concentre sur les services basés sur la localisation (LBS), et Internet des Objets (IdO), qui sont deux aspects importants de Smart City. Le choix de la Gestion Dynamique des Voies de Circulation comme une étude de cas dans cette thèse est également une bonne pratique d’intégration de nouvelles technologies pour rendre la ville plus intelligente et pour rendre notre vie plus confortable. Selon Schiller et Voisard (2004), les services basés sur la localisation peuvent ˆêtre définis comme des services qui intègrent l’emplacement ou la position d’un dispositif mobile avec d’autres informations afin de fournir une valeur ajoutée à un utilisateur. L’objectif est d’utiliser la mise en œuvre IdO pour améliorer LBS, fournissant l’intelligence ambiante et d’assurer la facilité d’utilisation pour usagers dans des situations dynamiques. L’aspect théorique de nos contributions est que nous examinons la possibilité et la faisabilité de l’utilisation de l’IdO pour augmenter LBS. L’architecture de l’IdO a une capacité d’intégrer divers objets, ce qui fournit à LBS une meilleure gestion des dispositifs de géolocalisation; l’intergiciel de l’IdO, capable de faire l’abstraction des objets et la composition de services, donne la possibilité de déployer des composants de service plus intelligents et personnalisés, ainsi peut améliorer l’intergiciel de LBS. L’aspect pratique de nos contributions est que nous avons choisi une problématique de gestion dynamique des voies comme une étude de cas, validant notre approche d’utiliser l’IdO pour augmenter LBS dans une application de Smart City. L’objectif du système de gestion dynamique des voies est d’assurer une meilleure utilisation de voie de circulation par l’allocation dynamique de voies à différents types de transport. Nous avons fourni l’architecture du système du point de vue de TIC, et un environnement de simulation pour valider la conception de la solution. Nous avons également développé une preuve de concept pour valider les aspects technologiques du système. L’environnement de simulation comprend un simulateur pour simuler la fonction du système et les comportements des véhicules, un éditeur de scénario, et un générateur de trafic en tant qu’outils d’initialisation. Différentes formes de visualisation de résultats de simulation sont également prises en compte. En outre, nous avons développé un outil d’évaluation basé sur la visualisation en 3D, qui permet l’interaction entre l’utilisateur et l’outil en temps réel, pour effectuer des tests d’utilisation comme l’étude des aspects IHM, puisque les facteurs humains devraient toujours être mis en premiers dans le contexte de Smart City. [...]
The concept of “Smart Cities” has emerged during the last few years to describe how investments in human and social capital and modern Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) infrastructure and e-services fuel sustainable growth and quality of life, enabled by a wise management of natural resources and through participative government. To us, Smart City is a real augmented environment allowing ubiquitous computing, with up-to-date web 2.0, which is collaborative, mobile and contextual, human actors as well as different things (connected objects) are now an integral part of internet. In the international France-China project on Smart City we used the MOCOCO approach (Mobility, Contextualization, Collaboration) to conduct research work with multiple applications in working, learning and social situations; professional and home working situations, professional and teenager contextual mobile learning situations as well as Smart City applications are taken into account – transportation, goods distribution and local sport and cultural activities. This dissertation focuses on Location Based Services, and Internet of Things, which are both important aspects of Smart City. The choice of dynamic management of road lanes as a case study in this thesis, is also a good practice of integrating new technologies to make the city smarter and to make our life more comfortable. According to Schiller and Voisard (2004), Location Based Services (LBS) can be defined as services that integrate a mobile device’s location or position with other information so as to provide added value to a user. During recent years, LBS has evolved from simple GIS applications and positioning of emergent phone callers to more complicated, proactive, application-oriented services adapted to different users. However, heterogeneity of devices, data management and analysis, and HCI aspects are always main challenges for LBS. Our goal is to make the LBS meet the requirements of Smart City, with use of Internet of Things (IoT), integrating a certain degree of ambient intelligence. The theoretical aspect of our contributions is that we examine at component level the possibility and feasibility of using IoT to better support LBS. The ability of IoT architecture of integrating various objects gives LBS a better management of location-aware devices; the sensors can also enrich the data source of LBS. The middleware of IoT, good at objects abstraction and service composition, provides possibilities to deploy more intelligent and customized service components, thus can enhance the middleware of LBS. The practical aspect of our contributions is that we choose a dynamic lane management problem as a use case study demonstrating our approach in regard to combining LBS with IoT for a Smart City application. The goal of the dynamic lane management system is to make a better use of road lanes by dynamic allocation of lanes to different types of transportation. We provide the system architecture, user interfaces and a simulation environment to validate the solution design. We also develop a proof of concept to validate the technological aspects of the lane management system. The simulation environment of the lane management system is another important part of our contributions, it includes a core simulator to simulate the function of the system and the behaviors of the vehicles, and an editor of scenario and a generator of traffic as initialization tools. Different visualization methods of simulation results are also taken into consideration. In addition, we develop an evaluation tool which allows for real time user interaction, based on the visualization of the results of the simulator to conduct user tests for HCI aspects, as human factors should always be considered in the context of Smart City. [...]

In the frame of the promotion of healthy lifestyle in urban environment, this research seeks to identify viable design solutions to motivate people, both collectively and individually, to pursue daily healthy habits while enjoying the experience, through the use of improved services in the city. When it comes to urban health, street furniture, especially in terms of tactile and visual quality, urban placement and spacing, rarely makes headlines or attracts academic attention; nevertheless, each small object – be it a bench, a bus-stop, a waste container or a drinking fountain – can make our daily life easier, richer and more comfortable. Small-scale urban elements greatly influence the attractiveness of our surroundings, and whether people want to go to and spend time in, a crucial aspect if city dwellers are to lead healthier, more active lifestyles. Furthermore, thanks to the digital revolution, urban amenities and facilities are currently being transformed, becoming more and more efficient and responsible to environmental conditions, or, conversely, some of them are disappearing, if no longer in keeping with dwellers’ needs. Among all pieces of street furnishings, the project investigates the frequently overlooked role of public drinking fountain, a seemingly insignificant urban element with a huge potential if properly reinvented: not only as a public utility, but also as an expression of neighbourhood identity and sustainability, a valuable Public Health tool promoting virtuous behaviour. This research addresses the questions of what role drinking fountains should play today in public space, how a contemporary street furniture including water outlet should look like, and where should be located to best serve the community. Firstly, the study highlights the most promising features of water fountains from a public health perspective; secondly, as it configures itself as an applied research, an innovative multifunctional service, likely to create new opportunities in the city for safer and more sustainable living, is designed, prototyped and tested. Finally, the research outlines a concept of healthy-driven urban services in network, including the ones developed through prototypes, providing incentives for their most health-conscious and environmentally friendly users. In this way, urban amenities located in public spaces, linked one another, may convert demanding self-control practices dealing with health prevention and sustainability into positive moments of enjoyment and reward, thus become urban interfaces enhancing public health and personal wellbeing. The design outcomes and the prototype development of the innovative service fall within a wider University-Industry research conducted between Next City Lab, an interdisciplinary research group at Architecture Department University of Ferrara, headed by professor Gabriele Lelli, and Hera Group, one of the leading Italian multi-utility operating in environmental, energy and water services.
Nell’ambito degli studi rivolti alla promozione di stili di vita sani, questa ricerca intende individuare strategie e soluzioni concrete per motivare le persone, sia singolarmente che come comunità, a coltivare quotidianamente abitudini virtuose, per la propria salute e quella dell’ambiente, attraverso l’interazione con servizi urbani innovativi. Quando si tratta di salute pubblica, l’arredo urbano, soprattutto in termini di qualità, carattere, diffusione e rapporto con lo spazio pubblico, raramente attrae l’attenzione delle principali ricerche; tuttavia, i piccoli oggetti che insistono sullo spazio collettivo di base – siano essi panchine, fermate dell’autobus, fontanelle, pensiline – contribuiscono sensibilmente alla ricchezza della vita urbana, e a renderla più semplice e comoda. Nonostante la scala relativamente piccola, questi elementi incidono fortemente anche sull’attrattività del paesaggio urbano e sulla percezione di esso da parte del pedone, e, di conseguenza, sulla scelta delle persone di uscire e trascorrervi del tempo, aspetto cruciale per ottenere spazi pubblici invitanti e vivaci, ed incentivare i cittadini ad adottare stili di vita più attivi. Inoltre, le diverse interfacce fisiche dei servizi urbani sullo spazio pubblico risentono dell’attuale effetto dirompente della tecnologia, responsabile dell’evoluzione o della sparizione di alcuni elementi di arredo tradizionali, e la nascita di nuovi dispositivi capaci di raccogliere e trasmettere dati, capillarmente diffusi nell’ambiente costruito e perciò ancor più rilevanti per il carattere di un quartiere e il comportamento di chi lo vive. Tra tutti gli oggetti urbani, la tesi di dottorato indaga in particolare il ruolo spesso ignorato delle fontanelle per bere, un elemento apparentemente insignificante ma dal grande potenziale se ripensato, non solo nella modalità di erogazione del servizio pubblico, ma anche come espressione dell’identità locale, un presidio di quartiere per la sostenibilità ambientale, un prezioso strumento a sostegno della salute pubblica. Questa ricerca si interroga in particolare su quale ruolo le fontane debbano giocare oggi nello spazio pubblico, quale aspetto e quali funzionalità debba avere un elemento stradale contemporaneo che eroga anche acqua da bere, e dove e come debba essere distribuito nel tessuto urbano per servire al meglio la comunità. Prima di tutto, lo studio evidenzia le caratteristiche e le potenzialità delle fontane dal punto di vista della salute pubblica; in secondo luogo, ad espressione della componente applicata della ricerca in oggetto, si illustra il processo di ideazione, progetto di dettaglio, realizzazione e sperimentazione di un oggetto urbano innovativo multifunzionale. In ultima istanza, la tesi propone un progetto di rete di servizi – incluso quello direttamente sviluppato attraverso i prototipi – volto ad aumentare il benessere delle persone e premiare i fruitori più sostenibili e attenti alla salute. In questo modo, piccoli oggetti che popolano lo spazio pubblico sono interconnessi, acquisiscono capacità di dialogo con i cittadini e possono trasformare alcune attività quotidiane, talvolta faticose, legate alla sostenibilità e alla prevenzione della propria salute, in momenti di divertimento e gratificazione personale. La ricerca, quindi, oltre a disegnare scenari e forme per nuovi servizi urbani, delinea le possibili implicazioni che tale innovazione può avere per l’utente e la città, in termini di salute, qualità degli spazi, senso di comunità, gestione della complessità urbana. Lo sviluppo dei prototipi illustrati in questa tesi rientra in una più ampia collaborazione tra Next City Lab, gruppo di ricerca interdisciplinare condotto dal prof. Gabriele Lelli presso il Dipartimento di Architettura dell’Università di Ferrara, e il Gruppo Hera, una delle maggiori aziende italiane multiservizi operante nel settore ambientale, idrico ed energetico.

La tesi si occupa della creazione di una piattaforma virtuale, composta da un sito web e da una applicazione Android, a supporto di persone con handicap motori. La piattaforma e composta da una mappa interattiva che permette agli utenti di inserire nuovi locali o di commentarne esistenti, e di fare lo stesso per le barriere architettoniche. Per questi motivi il progetto e dettato da una continua comunicazione tra client e server, rendendo la piattaforma aggiornata e dinamica, anche alla vista degli utenti. La parte web viene implementata attraverso Spring MVC, utilizzando delle View .jsp ed AJAX per la comunicazione remota con il server. La parte mobile e stata implementata basandosi principalmente sulle classi di geolocalizzazione di Android, oltre alle librerie osmdroid ed osmbonuspack, fornendo compatitiblita con OSM. Questa fornisce anche un servizio di calcolo del percorso, cercando di evitare il numero maggiore di ostacoli. L'applicazione Android appoggia le proprie comunicazioni sulla libreria Robospice. La parte di persistenza e stata implementata adottando un approccio ad alto livello, grazie ad Hibernate e JPA.

Water quality monitoring is vital in smart city planning for managing water resources. In the smart city, more data is being collected. In terms of data related to water quality, many data sources such as smart sensors attached to water quality monitoring systems have been continuously collecting a significant amount of data. The potential of collected data from these sources holds no value for smart cities, unless it is being used to provide digital services such as information about clean and safe drinking water, swimming, fishing, domestic uses, and water reuse. However, the knowledge on how to utilize water quality data for the benefits of smart cities is limited. So, in this paper, I propose digital water quality monitoring services for smart city residents. I explore this proposition through a design study engaging smart city residents, service designers, and developers of water quality monitoring systems. As a result, a service blueprint is presented to illustrate how such services can be designed to provide water quality information for different activities. The study aims to illustrate how opportunities of water quality monitoring system can be explored for smart cities. The study intends that the results are helpful to designers and researchers in designing and developing digital water quality monitoring services in smart cities.

The IoT refers to the idea of internetworking physical devices, vehicles, buildings, and any other item embedded with the appropriate electronics, software, sensors, actuators, and network connectivity to allows them to interchange data and to provide highly effective new services. In this thesis we focus on the communications issues of the IoT in relation to mobility and we provide different solutions to alleviate the impact of these potential problems and to guarantee the information delivery in mobile scenarios. Our reference context is a Smart City where various mobile devices collaboratively participate, periodically sending information from their sensors. We assume that these services are located in platforms based in cloud infrastructures where the information is protected through the use of virtualisation ensuring their security and privacy. This thesis is structured into seven chapters. We first detail our objectives and identify the current problems we intend to address. Next, we provide a thorough review of the state of the art of all the areas involved in our work, highlighting how we improved the existing solutions with our research. The overall approach of the solutions we propose in this thesis use prototypes that encompasses and integrates different technologies and standards in a small infrastructure, using real devices in real scenarios with two of the most commonly used networks around the world: WiFi and 802.15.4 to efficiently solve the problems we originally identified. We focussed on protocols based on a producer/consumer paradigm, namely AMQP and particularly MQTT. We observed the behaviour of these protocols using in lab experiments and in external environments, using a mesh wireless network as the backbone network. Various issues raised by mobility were taken into consideration, and thus, we repeated the tests with different messages sizes and different inter-message periodicity, in order to model different possible applications. We also present a model for dimensioning the number of sources for mobile nodes and calculating the number of buffers required in the mobile node as a function of the number of sources and the size of the messages. We included a mechanism for avoiding data loss based on intermediate buffering adapted to the MQTT protocol that, in conjunction with the use of an alternative to the Network Manager in certain contexts, improves the connection establishment for wireless mobile clients. We also performed a detailed study of the jitter behaviour of a mobile node when transmitting messages with this proposal while moving through a real outdoor scenario. To emulate simple IoT networks we used the Cooja simulator to study and determine the effects on the probability of delivering messages when both publishers and subscribers were added to different scenarios. Finally we present an approach that combines the MQTT protocol with DTN which we specifically designed for constrained environments and guarantees that important information will never be lost. The advantage of our proposed solutions is that they make an IoT system more resilient to changes in the point of attachment of the mobile devices in an IoT network without requiring IoT application & service developers to explicitly consider this issue. Moreover, our solutions do not require additional support from the network through protocols such as MobileIP or LISP. We close the thesis by providing some conclusions, and identifying future lines of work which we unable to address here.
Internet de las cosas (IoT) se refiere a la idea de interconectar sensores, actuadores, dispositivos físicos, vehículos, edificios y cualquier elemento dotado de la electrónica, así como del software y de la conectividad de red que los hace capaces de intercambiar datos para proporcionar servicios altamente efectivos. En esta tesis nos centramos en temas relacionados con la comunicación de sistemas IoT, específicamente en situaciones de movilidad y en los problemas que esto conlleva. Con este fin ofrecemos diferentes soluciones que alivian su impacto y garantizan la entrega de información en estas situaciones. El contexto de referencia es una ciudad inteligente donde varios dispositivos móviles participan de forma colaborativa enviando periódicamente información desde sus sensores hacia servicios ubicados en plataformas en la nube (cloud computing) donde mediante el uso de virtualización, la información está protegida garantizando su seguridad y privacidad. Las soluciones propuestas en esta tesis se enfocan en probar sobre una pequeña infraestructura un prototipo que abarca e integra diferentes tecnologías y estándares para resolver eficientemente los problemas previamente identificados. Hemos enfocado nuestro esfuerzo en el uso de dispositivos sobre escenarios reales con dos de las redes más extendidas en todo el mundo: WiFi y enlaces 802.15.4. Nos enfocamos en protocolos que ofrecen el paradigma productor/consumidor como el protocolo avanzado de colas de mensajes (AMQP) y particularmente el protocolo de transporte de mensajes telemétricos (MQTT), observamos su comportamiento a través de experimentos en laboratorio y en pruebas al aire libre, repitiendo las pruebas con diferentes tamaños de mensajes y diferente periodicidad entre mensajes. Para modelar las diferentes posibles aplicaciones de la propuesta, se tomaron en consideración varias cuestiones planteadas por la movilidad, resultando en un modelo para dimensionar eficientemente el número de fuentes para un nodo móvil y para calcular el tamaño requerido del buffer, en función del número de fuentes y del tamaño de los mensajes. Proponemos un mecanismo adaptado al protocolo MQTT que evita la pérdida de datos en clientes móviles, basado en un buffer intermedio entre la producción y publicación de mensajes que, en conjunto con el uso de una alternativa al gestor de conexiones inalámbricas "Network Manager", en ciertos contextos mejora el establecimiento de las conexiones. Para la evaluación de esta propuesta se presenta un estudio detallado de un nodo móvil que se mueve en un escenario real al aire libre, donde estudiamos el comportamiento del jitter y la transmisión de mensajes. Además, hemos utilizado emuladores de redes IoT para estudiar y determinar los efectos sobre la probabilidad de entrega de mensajes, cuando se agregan tanto publicadores como suscriptores a diferentes escenarios. Finalmente, se presenta una solución totalmente orientada a entornos con dispositivos de recursos limitados que combina los protocolos MQTT con redes tolerantes a retardos (DTN) para garantizar la entrega de información. La ventaja de las soluciones que proponemos reside en el hecho de que los sistemas IoT se vuelven resilientes a la movilidad y a los cambios de punto de acceso, permitiendo así que los desarrolladores creen fácilmente aplicaciones y servicios IoT evitando considerar estos problema. Otra ventaja de nuestras soluciones es que no necesitan soporte adicional de la red como sucede con protocolos como MobileIP o el protocolo que separa el identificador del localizador (LISP). Se destaca cómo hemos mejorado las soluciones existentes hasta el momento de la escritura de esta disertación, y se identifican futuras líneas de actuación que no han sido contempladas.
Internet de les coses (IoT) es refereix a la idea d'interconnectar sensors, actuadors, dispositius físics, vehicles, edificis i qualsevol element dotat de l'electrònica, així com del programari i de la connectivitat de xarxa que els fa capaces d'intercanviar dades per proporcionar serveis altament efectius. En aquesta tesi ens centrem en temes relacionats amb la comunicació de sistemes IoT, específicament en situacions de mobilitat i en els problemes que això comporta. A aquest efecte oferim diferents solucions que alleugeren el seu impacte i garanteixen el lliurament d'informació en aquestes situacions. El context de referència és una ciutat intel·ligent on diversos dispositius mòbils participen de forma col·laborativa enviant periòdicament informació des dels seus sensors cap a serveis situats en plataformes en el núvol (cloud computing) on mitjançant l'ús de virtualització, la informació està protegida garantint la seva seguretat i privadesa. Les solucions proposades en aquesta tesi s'enfoquen a provar sobre una xicoteta infraestructura un prototip que abasta i integra diferents tecnologies i estàndards per a resoldre eficientment els problemes prèviament identificats. Hem enfocat el nostre esforç en l'ús de dispositius sobre escenaris reals amb dos de les xarxes més esteses a tot el món: WiFi i enllaços 802.15.4. Ens enfoquem en protocols que ofereixen el paradigma productor/consumidor com el protocol avançat de cues de missatges (AMQP) i particularment el protocol de transport de missatges telemètrics (MQTT), observem el seu comportament a través d'experiments en laboratori i en proves a l'aire lliure, repetint les proves amb diferents grandàries de missatges i diferent periodicitat entre missatges. Per a modelar les diferents possibles aplicacions de la proposta, es van prendre en consideració diverses qüestions plantejades per la mobilitat, resultant en un model per a dimensionar eficientment el nombre de fonts per a un node mòbil i per a calcular la grandària requerida del buffer, en funció del nombre de fonts i de la grandària dels missatges. Proposem un mecanisme adaptat al protocol MQTT que evita la pèrdua de dades per a clients mòbils, basat en un buffer intermedi entre la producció i publicació de missatges que en conjunt amb l'ús d'una alternativa al gestor de connexions sense fils "Network Manager'', en certs contextos millora l'establiment de les connexions. Per a l'avaluació d'aquesta proposta es presenta un estudi detallat d'un node mòbil que es mou en un escenari real a l'aire lliure, on estudiem el comportament del jitter i la transmissió de missatges. A més, hem utilitzat emuladors de xarxes IoT per a estudiar i determinar els efectes sobre la probabilitat de lliurament de missatges, quan s'agreguen tant publicadors com subscriptors a diferents escenaris. Finalment, es presenta una solució totalment orientada a entorns amb dispositius de recursos limitats que combina els protocols MQTT amb xarxes tolerants a retards (DTN) per a garantir el lliurament d'informació. L'avantatge de les solucions que proposem resideix en el fet que els sistemes IoT es tornen resilients a la mobilitat i als canvis de punt d'accés, permetent així que els desenvolupadors creuen fàcilment aplicacions i serveis IoT evitant considerar aquests problema. Un altre avantatge de les nostres solucions és que no necessiten suport addicional de la xarxa com succeeix amb protocols com MobileIP o el protocol que separa l'identificador del localitzador (LISP). Es destaca com hem millorat les solucions existents fins al moment de l'escriptura d'aquesta dissertació, i s'identifican futures línies d'actuació que no han sigut contemplades.
Luzuriaga Quichimbo, JE. (2017). Managing Mobility for Distributed Smart Cities Services [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/84744
TESIS

Une ville intelligente peut être considérée comme un système complexe dans lequel les différents acteurs coopèrent afin d’améliorer la zone urbaine, la rendant plus efficace et plus durable. Pour atteindre cet objectif, les technologies de l’information et de la communication et, en particulier l’Internet des Objets, sont appelées à jouer un rôle clé pour la mise en œuvre des solutions innovantes, des services et des applications. Cependant, en regardant l’état actuel de la ville intelligente, la réalisation d’un tel concept est encore loin d’être atteinte; le scénario réel est en effet caractérisé par un niveau élevé de fragmentation en raison de la pléthore de technologies et de dispositifs présents dans une ville. Afin de combler cette lacune, dans cette thèse, l’évolution de l’Internet des objets vers le Cloud of Things (CoT) est démontrée. Pour démontrer ce concept, le système d’exploitation VITAL est introduit. Dans le CoT, et en général dans le contexte Smart City, l’un des défis les plus importants est la découverte de données-sources appropriées aux besoins des utilisateurs. Cette découverte est une opération qui peut être exécutée directement in-network et / ou out-network. Dans cette thèse, les deux processus sont discutés en introduisant deux solutions différentes. En ce qui concerne la découverte in-network, la conception d’une passerelle pour le Cloud of Things est introduite. Cette passerelle est capable de découvrir et de gérer différents objets sur une base sémantique et, d’autre part, d’agir comme point final pour la présentation des données aux utilisateurs, combinant ainsi tous les aspects de cette thèse
A Smart City can be seen as a complex system in which different actors cooperate in order to improve, the urban area, making it efficient and sustainable. To achieve this goal, the Information and Communication Technologies, and especially the prominent Internet of Things, are called to play a key role for implementing innovative solutions, services, and applications. However, looking at the current status, the realization of the Smart City is still far from being realized; the real scenario is indeed characterized with a high level of fragmentation due to the plethora of technologies and devices present in a city. In order to bridge this gap, in this thesis, the evolution of the Internet of Things towards the Cloud of Things (CoT) is demonstrated. To demonstrate this concept, the VITAL operating system is introduced. Within the CoT, and in general in the Smart City context, one of the most important challenges is the discovery of appropriate data-sources that satisfy user requirements. The discovery is an operation that can be performed directly in-network and/or out-network. In this thesis, both processes are discussed by introducing two different solutions. Going deeply towards an horizontal unification of different data-sources and the need to have processing capabilities closer to the network, in the last part of the dissertation, the design of a gateway for the Cloud of Things is introduced. This gateway is capable to discover and manage different semantic-like things and, on the other hand, to act as end-point for the presentation of data to users, bridging the contributions of this thesis

Nell’ambito delle Smart City si rivela di fondamentale importanza ottenere quante più informazioni possibili dalla popolazione locale. In questo scenario sono di utilizzo strategico sistemi di CrowdSensing e soprattutto di Mobile CrowdSensing per raccogliere informazioni dalla popolazione autoctona. Su queste basi nasce e si sviluppa il sistema ParticipAct dell’Università di Bologna. A differenza dei tradizionali sistemi di Mobile CrowdSensing, ParticipAct attua il modello del così detto “Mobile CrowdSensing Partecipativo”, che vede l’utente non solo come fonte di dati passivi, ma come fonte di informazioni di qualsiasi genere, da questionari a fotografie. Questa Tesi di laurea vuole mettere in evidenza come l’integrazione di dati multimediali, in particolare i Video, possono essere sfruttati come risorsa per Smart City grazie alla loro particolare natura composta. Viene poi analizzata la particolare architettura del sistema ParticipAct e come è stato possibile implementare la richiesta di Task contenenti azioni di tipo Video in un sistema basato su interazione Client - Server.

Объект исследования – реализация концепции «Умный город». Предмет – особенности цифровизации городской среды в рамках концепции «Умный город» и ее внедрения на территории Свердловской области. Цель – осуществление анализа особенностей цифровизации городской среды в рамках концепции «Умный город» и ее внедрения на территории Свердловской области и разработка рекомендаций по совершенствованию этого процесса. Решение поставленных в работе задач осуществлялось на основе применения таких методов исследования, как анализ теоретических и нормативно-правовых документов, анализ статистических данных. Проведено социологическое исследование с использованием метода вторичного анализа данных и анализа документов. В ходе исследования были рассмотрены теоретические и нормативно-правовые вопросы цифровизации городской среды, особенности концепции «Умный город»; проведен территориальный анализ особенностей цифровизации городской среды на территории Свердловской области, выявлены основные проблемы внедрения проекта «Умный город» в городах. Результатом работы стала разработка рекомендаций по совершенствованию цифровизации городской среды и внедрению элементов «Умного города» в муниципальных образованиях Свердловской области.
The object of the research is the implementation of the “Smart City” concept. The subject is the features of digitalization of the urban environment within the framework of the “Smart City” concept and its implementation in the Sverdlovsk region. The goal is to analyze the features of the digitalization of the urban environment within the framework of the “Smart City” concept and its implementation in the Sverdlovsk region and develop recommendations for improving this process. The solution of the tasks set in the work was carried out on the basis of the application of such research methods as the analysis of theoretical and regulatory documents, analysis of statistical data. A sociological study was carried out using the method of secondary data analysis and document analysis. In the course of the research, theoretical and regulatory issues of digitalization of the urban environment, features of the concept of "Smart City" were considered; a territorial analysis of the features of digitalization of the urban environment in the territory of the Sverdlovsk region was carried out, the main problems of the implementation of the "Smart City" project in cities were identified. The result of the work was the development of recommendations to improve the digitalization of the urban environment and the introduction of elements of the "Smart City" in the municipalities of the Sverdlovsk region.

Le but de cette thèse est de concevoir et mettre en œuvre une stratégie de renseignement sur les menaces cyber afin de soutenir les décisions stratégiques. L'alerte précoce et la détection des violations sont décisives, ce qui signifie que l'accent de la cyber sécurité a évolué vers l'intelligence des menaces. Pour cette raison, nous avons créé, analysé, mis en œuvre et testé deux solutions. La première solution agit comme un mécanisme prédictif et proactif. C'est un nouveau cadre utilisé pour analyser et évaluer quantitativement les vulnérabilités associées à un réseau de villes intelligentes. Cette solution utilise le modèle de chaîne de Markov pour déterminer le niveau de gravité de vulnérabilité le plus élevé d'un chemin d'attaque potentiel du réseau. Le niveau de gravité élevé amènera l'administrateur système à appliquer des mesures de sécurité appropriées à priori aux attaques. La deuxième solution agit comme un mécanisme défensif ou auto-protecteur. Ce cadre atténue les attaques par disponibilité zero-day basées sur Identification, Heuristics et Load Balancer dans un délai raisonnable. Ce mécanisme défensif a été proposé principalement pour atténuer les attaques par déni de service distribué (DDoS) car elles sont considérées comme l'une des attaques de disponibilité les plus sévères qui pourraient paralyser le réseau de la ville intelligente et provoquer une panne complète. Cette solution repose sur deux équilibreurs de charge dans lesquels le premier utilise une approche heuristique et le second agit comme une sauvegarde pour produire une solution dans un délai raisonnable
The purpose of this thesis is to design and implement a cyber-threat intelligence strategy to support strategic decisions. Early warning and detection of breaches are decisive to being in a state of readiness, meaning that the emphasis of cybersecurity has changed to threat intelligence. For that reason, we created, analyzed, implemented, and tested two solutions. The first solution acts as a predictive and proactive mechanism. It is a novel framework used to analyze and evaluate quantitatively the vulnerabilities associated with a smart city network. This solution uses the Markov Chain Model to determine the highest vulnerability severity level of a potential attack path in the attacks graph of the network. High severity level of a potential attack path will lead the system administrator to apply appropriate security measures a priori to attacks occurrence. The second solution acts as a defensive or self-protective mechanism. This framework mitigates the zero-day availability attacks based on Identification, Heuristics and Load Balancer in a reasonable time frame. This defensive mechanism has been proposed mainly to mitigate Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks since they are considered one of the most severe availability attacks that could paralyze the smart city’s network and cause complete black out. This solution relies on two load balancers in which the first one uses a heuristic approach, and the second acts as a backup to produce a solution in a reasonable time frame

Durante il periodo di tirocinio svolto presso l’area “Gestione del territorio” del Comune di Grottammare (AP), è emersa l’opportunità “ Smarter Italy”, un programma strategico che offre a comuni e borghi italiani la possibilità di partecipare ad appalti innovativi che hanno quattro aree d’intervento: smart mobili¬ty, beni culturali, benessere delle perso¬ne e salvaguardia ambientale. Si tiene presente che non esistono tecnologie che innovano senza un utente culturalmente pronto, come non esiste un modello o un format di Smart City applicabile ad ogni città del mondo. Può esistere però un metodo di applicazione di queste tecnologie, costruito con gli strumenti del Service Design, che può fare in modo che il servizio sia cucito su misura per il contesto. GrotteGo è il servizio per la mobilità nella Città di Grottammare che si pone di affrontare il problema del sovraffollamento veicolare durante la stagione estiva, di rendere la mobilità cittadina più sostenibile e di rendere più accessibili le soluzioni per la mobilità ed i suoi spazi.

Las ciudades constituyen un poderoso motor de crecimiento económico y social gracias a las oportunidades que ofrecen en contraposición al medio rural: mayor diversidad y cali-dad de empleo junto con mejores infraestructuras y servicios. Sin embargo, este crecimien-to genera una demanda creciente de recursos por lo que su gestión sostenible se ha conver-tido en un elemento clave en la política de las administraciones en todo el mundo. El concepto de "Ciudad Inteligente" surge para dar una respuesta global para el entorno urbano. Los principales organismos de estandarización están desarrollando un ecosistema de recomendaciones que definen entre otros aspectos, y relacionados con el ámbito tecno-lógico de la presente tesis, una arquitectura tecnológica consistente, métricas e indicadores de rendimiento, así como un modelo integrado de información. En este complejo entorno, la red de comunicaciones de una Ciudad Inteligente ha de ser capaz de adaptarse a los incrementos, en muchos casos abruptos, del tráfico generado por miles de dispositivos de naturaleza, criticidad y comportamiento heterogéneo. Garantizar la calidad, disponibilidad y prestaciones de los servicios subyacentes cuando éstos compi-ten por recursos limitados, así como evaluar el impacto de la introducción de nuevos servi-cios "smart", es un área de creciente interés. Aspectos como la cobertura geográfica, el bajo consumo y coste de los dispositivos, junto con la aparición de nuevas tecnologías y novedosos patrones de tráfico no suficientemen-te caracterizados, generan nuevos retos que es necesario abordar. Sirva como ejemplo el lanzamiento en España de los primeros servicios NB-IoT (3GPP TR 45.820 Cellular system support for ultra-low complexity and low throughput Internet of Things) y el reto que su-pondrá el despliegue de las tecnologías 5G en entornos urbanos. Esta tesis, que desarrolla el objetivo 05 del Proyecto de Investigación "MEC TIN2013-47272-C2-1-R - Plataforma de Servicios para Ciudades Inteligentes con Redes M2M Den-sas (PLASMA). Caracterización de servicios MTC/IoT y modelado de patrones de tráfico", profundiza en los aspectos relacionados con la evaluación de prestaciones de diversos servicios bajo una arquitectura de referencia. Para ello se han caracterizado las diferentes fuentes de tráfico que intervienen en una ciudad inteligente y se ha definido una red mode-lo convergente de acuerdo con las recomendaciones ITU-T Y.2011/Y.2012/Q3.900 (Next Generation Networks - Frameworks and functional architecture models & testing). En base a las conclusiones anteriores, se ha diseñado una herramienta denominada "Si-mulCity" que permite simular de manera flexible escenarios donde múltiples fuentes con-figurables de voz, vídeo y MTC comparten recursos en la red modelo definida. SimulCity permite la configuración de los mecanismos de gestión de tráfico (control de admisión en el acceso, clases de servicio, funciones policía, tránsito en la red MPLS) para evaluar presta-ciones y dimensionar adecuadamente los parámetros de caudales y clases de servicio que garanticen el adecuado funcionamiento de las aplicaciones. La herramienta Simulcity se ha utilizado para simular diferentes escenarios de servicios que están en proceso de implantación en la ciudad de València. Los resultados obtenidos han permitido realizar un dimensionado adecuado de los recursos de ancho de banda y clases de servicio necesarios con anterioridad a su despliegue.
Cities are a powerful engine for economic and social growth thanks to the opportuni-ties offered in contrast to the rural environment: greater diversity and quality of em-ployment together with better infrastructure and services. However, this growth gen-erates an increasing demand for resources, so that its sustainable management has be-come a key element in the policy of administrations around the world. The concept of "Smart City" emerges to give a global response to the urban environ-ment. The main standardization bodies are developing an ecosystem of recommenda-tions that define, among other aspects, and related to the technological scope of this thesis, a consistent technological architecture, metrics and performance indicators, as well as an integrated model of information. In this complex environment, the telecommunications network of a Smart City must be able to adapt to the often-abrupt increases in traffic generated by thousands of de-vices of a nature, criticality and heterogeneous behaviour. Ensuring the quality, avail-ability and performance of underlying services when they compete for limited re-sources, as well as assessing the impact of the introduction of new smart services, is an area of growing interest. Aspects such as geographical coverage, low consumption and cost of the devices, to-gether with the appearance of new technologies and novel traffic patterns not suffi-ciently characterized, generate new challenges that need to be addressed. An example is the launch in Spain of the first NB-IoT services (3GPP TR 45.820 Cellular system support for ultra-low complexity and low throughput Internet of Things) and the chal-lenge that will involve the deployment of 5G technologies in urban environments. This thesis, which develops objective 05 of the Research Project "MEC TIN2013-47272-C2-1-R - Services Platform for Smart Cities with Dense M2M Networks (PLASMA). Characterization of MTC / IoT services and modelling of traffic patterns ", delves into the aspects related to the evaluation of the performance of various ser-vices under a reference architecture. For this, the different sources of traffic that in-tervene in an intelligent city have been characterized and a convergent model network has been defined in accordance with ITU-T recommendations Y.2011 / Y.2012 / Q3.900 (Next Generation Networks - Frameworks and functional architecture models & testing). Based on the above conclusions, a tool called "SimulCity" has been designed that al-lows to simulate in a flexible way scenario where multiple configurable sources of voice, video and MTC share resources in the defined model network. SimulCity al-lows the configuration of the traffic management mechanisms (access admission con-trol, service classes, police functions, traffic in the MPLS network) to evaluate per-formance and adequately dimension the parameters of flow rates and service classes that guarantee the adequate operation of the applications. The Simulcity tool has been used to simulate different service scenarios that are in the process of being implemented in the city of Valencia. The results obtained have al-lowed an adequate sizing of the bandwidth resources and service classes necessary prior to their deployment.
Les ciutats constituïxen un poderós motor de creixement econòmic i social gràcies a les oportunitats que oferixen en contraposició al medi rural: major diversitat i qualitat d'ocupació junt amb millors infraestructures i servicis. No obstant això, este creixe-ment genera una demanda creixent de recursos i la seua gestió sostenible s'ha convertit en un element clau en la política de les administracions en tot el món. El concepte de "Ciutat Intel·ligent" sorgix per a donar una resposta global per a l'en-torn urbà. Els principals organismes d'estandardització estan desenrotllant un ecosiste-ma de recomanacions que definixen entre altres aspectes, i relacionats amb l'àmbit tecnològic de la present tesi, una arquitectura tecnològica consistent, mètriques i indi-cadors de rendiment, així com un model integrat d'informació. En este complex entorn, la xarxa de comunicacions de una Ciutat Intel·ligen ha de ser capaç d'adaptar-se als increments, en molts casos abruptes, del tràfic generat per milers de dispositius de naturalesa, criticidad i comportament heterogeni. Garantir la qualitat, disponibilitat i prestacions dels servicis subjacents quan estos competixen per recursos limitats, així com avaluar l'impacte de la introducció de nous servicis "smart", és una àrea de creixent interés. Aspectes com la cobertura geogràfica, el baix consum i cost dels dispositius, junt amb l'aparició de noves tecnologies i nous patrons de tràfic no suficientment caracteritzats, generen nous reptes que és necessari abordar. Servisca com a exemple el llançament a Espanya dels primers servicis NB-IoT (3GPP TR 45.820 Cellular system support for ultra-low complexity and low throughput Internet of Things) i el repte que suposarà el desplegament de les tecnologies 5G en entorns urbanes. Esta tesi, que desenrotlla l'objectiu 05 del Projecte d'Investigació "MEC TIN2013-47272-C2-1-R - Plataforma de Servicis per a Ciutats Intel·ligents amb Xarxes M2M Denses (PLASMA) . Caracterització de servicis MTC/IoT i modelatge de patrons de tráfico&", aprofundix en els aspectes relacionats amb l'avaluació de prestacions de diversos servicis davall una arquitectura de referència. Per a això s'han caracteritzat les diferents fonts de tràfic que intervenen en una ciutat intel·ligent i s'ha definit una xar-xa model convergent d'acord amb les recomanacions ITU-T Y.2011/Y.2012/Q3.900 (Next Generation Networks - Frameworks and fun-ctional architecture models & tes-ting). Basant-se en les conclusions anteriors, s'ha dissenyat una ferramenta denominada "Si-mulCity"; que permet simular de manera flexible escenaris on múltiples fonts configu-rables de veu, vídeo i MTC compartixen recursos en la xarxa model definida. Simul-City permet la configuració dels mecanismes de gestió de tràfic (control d'admissió en l'accés, classes de servici, funcions policia, trànsit en la xarxa MPLS) per a avaluar prestacions i dimensionar adequadament els paràmetres de cabals i classes de servici que garantisquen l'adequat funcionament de les aplicacions. La ferramenta Simulcity s'ha utilitzat per a simular diferents escenaris de servicis que estan en procés d'implantació en la ciutat de València. Els resultats obtinguts han per-més realitzar un dimensionat adequat dels recursos d'amplada de banda i classes de servici necessaris amb anterioritat al seu desplegament.
Gómez Sacristán, ÁA. (2018). Análisis y caracterización del tráfico HTC+MTC en una Smart City. Modelado de fuentes y Calidad de Servicio [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/107357
TESIS

The potential of Digital twin (DT) technology outside of the industrial field has been recognized by researchers who have promoted the vision of applying DTs technology beyond manufacturing, to purposes such as enhancing human well-being and improving quality of life (QoL). The expanded definition of DTs to incorporate living and nonliving physical entities into the definition of DTs was a key motivation behind the model introduced in this thesis for building health digital twins of citizens. In contrast with DTs that have been developed in more industrial fields, this type of digital twins modeling necessitates protecting each citizen's unique identity while also representing features common to all citizens in a unified way. In nature, DNA is an example of a model that is both unified, common to all humans, and unique, distinguishing each human as an individual. DNA’s architecture is what inspired us to propose a digital twin DNA (DT-DNA) model as the basis for building health DTs for citizens. A review of the literature shows that no unified model for citizens’ health has been developed that can act as a base for building digital twins of citizens while also protecting their unique identity thus we aim to fill this gap in this research. Accordingly, in this thesis, we proposed a DT-DNA model, which is specifically designed to protect the unique identity of each citizen’s digital twin, similar to what DNA does for each human. We also proposed a DT-DNA-based framework to build standardized health digital twins of citizens on micro, meso and macro levels using two ISO standards: ISO/IEEE 11073 (X73) and ISO 37120. To achieve our goal, we started by analyzing the biological DNA model and the influencing factors shaping health in smart cities. The purpose of the first is to highlight the DNA model features which provide the building blocks for our DT-DNA model. The purpose of the latter is to determine the main bases of our DT-DNA model of health DTs. Based on the analysis results; we proposed DT-DNA to model health DTs for citizens. In keeping with our DNA analogy, we have identified four bases, A, T, G, and C, for our unified and unique DT-DNA model. The A base in the proposed model represents a citizen’s anthropometric when we build the DT-DNA on an individual level and represents the city’s regulatory authorities when we build the DT-DNA on community and city levels. The T base represents different tasks included in the provided health data that are required to model citizens’ health DT-DNA on different levels. The G base represents the geographic and temporal information of the city, where the citizen exists at the time of data collection. The C base represents the context at the time of data collection. To proof the concept, we present our initial work on building health DTs for citizens in four case studies. The first two case studies are dedicated for health DTs at the micro level, the third case study is dedicated for health DTs at the meso level and the fourth case study is dedicated for health DTs at the macro level. In addition, we developed an algorithm to compare cities in terms of their community fitness and health services status. The four case studies provide promising results in terms of applicability of the proposed DT-DNA model and framework in handling the health data of citizens, communities and cities, collected through various sources, and presenting them in a standardized, unique model.

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Given the population growth and increasing urbanization problems the need to search for creative solutions to improve the quality of life arises, which often are supported by the use of technology: thus the smart city initiatives come up. It is in this context that the present study aims to contribute by proposing to analyze a smart city initiative, to identify the challenges and success factors of its implementation, therefore contributing to the description of the phenomenon in the Brazilian scenario. The initiative chosen was the implementation of the Integrated Center of Command (CEIC) in Porto Alegre, because it is a service integration that uses technology. Hence, this study aims to answer the following research question: How is happening CEIC deployment in Porto Alegre? To answer this question, the Smart City Initiatives Framework in Chourabi et al. (2012) was used. To better understand the phenomenon under study, a qualitative approach with the case study method was used. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews in various organizational levels. Subsequently, to obtain the results the data were categorized. Thus, this research allowed to analyze the CEIC deployment and identified that the main contribution of the CEIC to the service integration was the implementation of a common, centralizedtechnology infrastructure through the development of a city monitoring infrastructure with the integration of cameras, images and information sharing with bodies that are part of CEIC and partners who work in special operations. In the study, the use of technology as a key element that helps to generate information to qualify the decision-making of municipal management, especially in emergencies and large events is highlighted. The key success factors identified were investment in technology, common technology infrastructure, training and collaboration. The main challenges evidenced were the scarcity of financial resources and the public procurement procedure.
Diante do crescimento populacional e dos crescentes problemas de urbanização surge a necessidade de busca de soluções criativas para melhorar a qualidade de vida dos cidadãos, as quais, muitas vezes, são apoiadas pelo uso de tecnologia: assim surgem as iniciativas de smart city. É dentro deste contexto que o presente estudo pretende contribuir, buscando analisar uma iniciativa de smart city, identificar os desafios e fatores de sucesso de sua implantação, contribuindo, destarte, com a descrição do fenômeno no cenário brasileiro. A iniciativa escolhida foi a implantação do Centro Integrado de Comando (CEIC) da cidade de Porto Alegre, por tratar-se de uma integração de serviços através da utilização da tecnologia. Assim, este estudo busca responder à seguinte questão de pesquisa: como está ocorrendo a implantação do CEIC em Porto Alegre? Para respondê-la, foi utilizado o Framework Integrativo de Iniciativas de Smart Cities de Chourabi et al. (2012). Visando um melhor entendimento do fenômeno em estudo, buscou-se utilizar uma abordagem qualitativa, tendo como método o estudo de caso.O levantamento dos dados ocorreu através de entrevistas semiestruturadas em diversos níveis organizacionais. Posteriormente, para obtenção dos resultados, os dados foram categorizados. Assim, esta pesquisa permitiu analisar a implantação do CEIC e identificar que a principal contribuição do CEIC para a integração dos serviços foi implantar uma infraestrutura tecnológica comum e centralizada através do desenvolvimento de uma infraestrutura de monitoramento da cidade, com a integração de câmeras, compartilhando as imagens e informações com órgãos que integram o CEIC e parceiros que atuam em operações especiais. No estudo, destaca-se a utilização da tecnologia como elemento fundamental que auxilia a gerar informações para qualificar a tomada de decisão da gestão municipal, principalmente em situações emergenciais e eventos de grande porte. Os principais fatores de sucesso identificados foram investimento em tecnologia, infraestrutura tecnológica comum, treinamento e colaboração. Os principais desafios evidenciados foram a carência de recursos financeiros e o processo de aquisição pública.

Le secteur public est un domaine en perpétuelle mutation, de par la pression économique actuelle mais aussi du fait des progrès technologiques constants. C'est en particulier le cas des collectivités territoriales, dans lesquelles les agents du secteur public sont soumis à de fortes pressions, notamment par la nécessité d'assurer un service de qualité aux usagers tout en minimisant les coûts engagés, mais également du fait de devoir développer de nouvelles compétences pour répondre à des exigences en évolution. Les projets actuels, impliquant de multiples technologies et le besoin de travailler en synergie avec les acteurs territoriaux, sont devenus primordiaux pour la gestion des chaînes logistiques du secteur public. Le domaine du génie industriel a développé diverses méthodes pouvant répondre à ces nouveaux besoins. Ces méthodes englobent différentes théories et pratiques allant du progrès permanent à la gestion de la chaîne logistique jusqu’à la gestion de la relation client. Ces pratiques visent avant tout à améliorer la coordination et l'intégration de toutes les activités nécessaires à l'élaboration d’un produit ou un service. L’apparition de nouvelles démarches, telles que la Smart City, légitime la mise en pratique de méthodes industrielles pour la gestion de services répondant à l’intérêt général d’un territoire. Dès lors, l'objectif de ce travail a été de transposer aux collectivités territoriales des méthodes issues du génie industriel, en s’appuyant sur la démarche de la Smart City, afin de permettre une synergie entre les partenaires, tout en augmentant la productivité de l’organisation dans la fourniture de services publics plus performants.

La trasformazione digitale che recentemente sta influenzando ogni aspetto della società ha dato luogo alla nascita delle cosiddette smart city. Sono molti i fattori che permettono ad una città intelligente di essere definita tale, fra questi la mobilità è quella che, soprattutto in Italia, presenta un potenziale latente non ancora valorizzato a dovere. Il progetto di tesi si inserisce all’interno di questo contesto, proponendo una piattaforma in grado di fornire un servizio di mobilità integrata, data dall’unione di mobilità tradizionale e mobilità condivisa. Quick-In, il nome assegnato al progetto, è un sistema MaaS il cui scopo è facilitare la mobilità delle persone, tenendo in considerazione al contempo il fattore ambientale. In un mondo in cui la riduzione di emissioni nocive alla salute sta diventando sempre più un obiettivo comune, un sistema che sia in grado di ridurre l’uso di veicoli di proprietà a favore di veicoli a più basse emissioni, oppure in condivisione, è sicuramente un valido alleato nello scopo da perseguire. Quick-In comprende un’applicazione mobile utilizzabile dagli utenti, un’architettura backend, dei dispositivi chiamati station da installare sui mezzi di trasporto pubblico dei servizi che intendono entrare a far parte del sistema e una dashboard con la quale i clienti saranno in grado di effettuare analisi sui dati raccolti dal sistema. Nel documento di tesi si analizzerà il contesto nel quale il progetto si inserisce, descrivendone successivamente le qualità e le caratteristiche del sistema realizzato, presentandone inoltre gli elementi che lo compongono.

The LuxTurrim5G project, led by Nokia and Spinverse, in Finland, started by designing a Smart Pole whose functionality, besides lighting, was to support an infrastructure to install a new network for sensors, but mostly 5G equipment. The granularity of the pole locations was adequate to guarantee the spacing among 5G cells, thus enabling smooth integration of this technology in the urban fabric. In the second part of this project, a design team from Aalto University was involved in enlarging the technological project’s scope. The first part of the work consisted of analysing the apparent tendency to often catalog a city as a Smart City, which repeatedly occurred from the installation of any technological facility, even if citizens did not perceive its value. From the research conducted, it was verified that it is imperative to take a holistic view of the city and, second, to change the paradigm from technology-centric to citizen-centric to develop a Smart City that promotes quality of life and well-being for its citizens. These findings resulted in the developed work, whereby the initial LuxTurrim5G pole evolved to become an innovative product-service ecosystem in which the products and services were merged to support citizens intrinsically, promote well-being, a better use of resources, and enhance civic participation and social cohesion in the city life. The Smart Pole triggered the conception of a Smart Urban Furniture Collection concept that was designed to offer support for the installation of new technologies as well as space for a robust set of services tailored to citizens and cities. These services range from safety and emergency, city management, transport and mobility, and citizen engagement. These were considered to be the essential set of service parameters in the Smart City context. The Smart Urban Furniture Collection was designed to adapt to the city’s DNA and urban cultural heritage. Four different collections were designed, each with an interpretation of, besides the Smart Pole, a Smart Bus Stop, a Smart Bench, a Smart Trash Can, and a novel element; a Smart Hub, developed to increase social inclusiveness and fruition of public spaces. Besides coordinating the Aalto Design Factory team task force, the author of this dissertation proposed one of the four collections, in particular the Loop Collection. This collection, inspired by minimalism and emotional design, offers a modular approach based on an aesthetic motif, a rounded rectangular shape, leading to a significant number of easily configurable versions of the different urban furniture elements. This paper describes the basic research that led to the above-mentioned concepts and the Loop collection, presenting a thorough description of the ideas supporting the different design decisions or approaches. It also details the different activities in which various stakeholders such as citizens, municipality managers, consortium partners and other representatives were involved prior to the design phase defining the process’ strategy and evaluating the results.
O projeto LuxTurrim5G liderado pelas empresas Nokia e Spinverse na Finlândia, teve como objetivo inicial conceber um poste de iluminação inteligente que, além da função base, serviria de suporte a sensores e à infraestrutura para uma célula da rede 5G. A distribuição dos postes de iluminação pela cidade oferece uma excelente granularidade permitindo implantar as células 5G sem necessidade de instalar infraestruturas adicionais. Depois da primeira fase, este projeto prolongou-se para uma segunda fase na qual foi envolvida uma equipa de design da universidade de Aalto com o intuito de alargar para outras visões o cariz eminentemente tecnológico inicial. Na primeira parte do trabalho foi analisado o conceito de cidade inteligente tendo sido concluído que, aparentemente, a tendência para catalogar uma cidade como inteligente provém essencialmente da instalação de alguma tecnologia de qualquer espécie, mesmo com os cidadãos não se apercebendo do valor intrínseco correspondente. Assim, conclui-se que será imperativo trabalhar com uma perspetiva holística da cidade, mudando o paradigma de centrado nas tecnologias para centrado nos cidadãos. Só assim uma cidade inteligente será apercebida como tendo condições para promover a qualidade de vida e o bem-estar para os seus cidadãos. Esta perspetiva macroscópica deu origem a que o poste inteligente da 1ª fase do projeto LuxTurrim5G evoluísse para um ecossistema de inovação com uma forte interligação de produto-serviço, permitindo promover uma simbiose entre elementos de mobiliário urbano e os sistemas com base tecnológica que eles suportam. Esta simbiose, quando orientada para os cidadãos, além da promoção do bem-estar, permite melhorar a utilização de recursos, promover a participação cívica e facilitar a coesão social. Assim, de um poste de iluminação chegou-se ao conceito de Coleção de Mobiliário Urbano Inteligente o qual deve ter condições para instalar tecnologia e para oferecer um conjunto significativo de serviços para os cidadãos e para apoio à gestão da cidade. Esses serviços deverem incluir áreas diversas tais como segurança e apoio a emergências, gestão dos sistemas da cidade, mobilidade e transporte e, muito importante, compromisso e envolvimento dos cidadãos. A Coleção de Mobiliário Urbano Inteligente foi projetada para se adaptar ao ADN das cidades e à sua herança cultural. Assim, foram projetadas quatro coleções distintas, com a sua interpretação da melhor adaptação a uma cidade inteligente. Cada coleção incluiu, além do poste inteligente, uma paragem de autocarro inteligente, um banco inteligente, um caixote do lixo inteligente e, adicionalmente, um elemento novo, designado por “Smart Hub”, ponto central inteligente, destinado a promover inclusão social e fruição de espaços urbanos. Além de coordenar a equipa da Aalto Design Factory o autor desta dissertação projetou uma das coleções, designada por Loop. Esta coleção, inspirada em técnicas de design minimalista e emocional, sustenta-se num módulo base como motivo estético, em particular uma forma de retângulo com vértices arredondados, com o qual se consegue obter um número significativo de versões do mobiliário urbano fáceis de configurar e de adaptar às necessidades da cidade e dos cidadãos. Este documento reporta, assim, a fase de pesquisa que levou aos conceitos macroscópicos referidos e à coleção Loop, apresentando e discutindo as ideias que conduziram às diferentes metodologias e decisões de design. Também são apresentadas as atividades que permitiram levar em consideração os inputs dos diferentes stakeholders tais como cidadãos, responsáveis do município, representantes dos membros do consórcio e outras entidades relacionadas com a cidade. Este envolvimento deu-se não só no início desta fase do projeto, mas também no fim, permitindo neste caso obter feedback e uma avaliação preliminar do trabalho realizado.
Mestrado em Engenharia e Design de Produto

Yes
Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to identify the factors influencing the citizens of India to prevent cybercrimes in the proposed Smart Cities of India. Design/methodology/approach: A conceptual model has been developed for identifying factors preventing cybercrimes. The conceptual model was validated empirically with a sample size of 315 participants from India. Data were analyzed using structural equation modeling with SPSS and AMOS softwares. Findings: The study reveals that the “awareness of cybercrimes” significantly influences the actual usage of technology to prevent cybercrimes in Smart Cities of India. The study reveals that government initiative (GI) and legal awareness are less influential in spreading of the awareness of cybercrimes (AOC) to the citizens of the proposed smart cities. Research limitations/implications: The conceptual model utilizes two constructs from the technology adoption model, namely, perceived usefulness and ease of use. The study employs other factors such as social media, word of mouth, GIs, legal awareness and organizations constituting entities spreading awareness from different related literature works. Thereby, a comprehensive theoretical conceptual model has been proposed which helps to identify the factors that may help in preventing cybercrimes. Practical implications: This study provides an insight to the policy maker to understand several factors influencing the AOC of the citizens of the proposed Smart Cities of India for the prevention of cybercrimes. Originality/value: There are few existing studies analyzing the effect of AOC to mitigate cybercrimes. Thus, this study offers a novel contribution.

Dissertation presented as the partial requirement for obtaining a Master's degree in Information Management, specialization in Information Systems and Technologies Management
The urbanization phenomenon brings great challenges to the cities and smart city's initiatives, for example smart mobility solutions, are being put in place as a strategy to mitigate the effects. With this study we intend to disclosure the current situation of the metropolitan area of Lisbon regarding smart mobility and multimodal mobility systems: with the development of the present work we gathered examples of smart passenger transport and multimodal solutions, acknowledge the level to which the citizens of the metropolitan area are aware of these solutions and committed to incorporate it in their daily lives and understood how the metropolitan area of Lisbon compares to other European cities regarding smart mobility theme. The methodology adopted was the analysis of an existent European dataset related to the preferences of the European citizens on emerging technology-based passenger transport solutions and the development of a survey custom made to the citizens of the metropolitan area of Lisbon. The results demonstrated the citizens of the metropolitan area of Lisbon are highly unhappy with the available mobility systems and use mainly the private car as transport mode and the importance of multimodal mobility systems were confirmed.
O fenómeno da urbanização traz grandes desafios às cidades e as iniciativas de cidades inteligentes, das quais fazem parte as soluções mobilidade inteligente, estão a ser utilizadas como estratégias para mitigar os efeitos deste fenómeno. Com este estudo pretendemos apresentar a situaçã atual da área metropolitana de Lisboa relativamente a mobilidade inteligente e a sistemas de mobilidde multimodal: no decorrer do estudo foram reunidos vários exemplos de soluções inteligentes de transporte de passageiros, foi avaliado o nível de conhecimento dos cidadãos acerca deste tipo de soluções e a sua disponibilidade e compromisso de adopção das mesmas no seu dia-a-dia e foi ainda feita uma comparação do tema da mobilidade inteligente na área metropolitana de Lisboa face outras cidades semelhantes na Europa. A metodologia adoptada passou pela análise de um dataset Europeu relativo às preferências dos cidadãos europeus acerca de soluções inovadoras alanvacadas pelas tecnologias emergentes e pelo desenvolvimento de um questionário para os cidadãos da área metropolitana de Lisboa. Os resultados mostram que existe um descontentamento dos cidadãos da área metropolitana de Lisboa com os sistemas de mobilidade existentes e que o carro pessoal é o meio de transporte mais utilizado; os resultados suportam ainda a importância do tema da mobilidade multimodal para a área metropolitana de Lisboa.

This research developed a theoretical model to identify determinants influencing stakeholders’ trust towards their intention to adopt smart city services in regional Australian cities. Survey data were collected from ICT professionals working in regional Queensland cities in order to test the theoretical model.

The overall purpose of this research has been the building or the improve- ment of semantic models for the representation of data related to smart cities and smart industries, in such a way that it could also be possible to build context-rich, user-oriented, ecient and eective applications based on such data. In some more detail, one of the key purposes has been the modelling of structural and the functioning aspects of the urban mobility and the produc- tion of instances exploiting the Open Street Map, that once integrated with trac sensors data, it has lead to the building and displaying of real-time trac reconstructions at a city level. One second key purpose has been the modelling of the Internet of Things, that allows today to seamlessy and e- ciently identify sensing devices that are deployed in a given area or along a given path and that are of a given type, and also inspect real-time data that they produce, through a user-oriented Web application, namely the Service Map. A pragmatic approach to the modelling has been followed, always tak- ing into consideration the best practices of semantic modelling on one side for that a clean, comprehensive and understandable model could result, and the reality of the data at our hands and of the applicative requirements on the other side. As said, the identication of architectures and methods that could grant eciency and scalability in data access has also been a primary purpose of this research that has led to the denition and implementation of a federation of Service Maps, namely the Super Service Map. The archi- tecture is fully distributed: each Super Service Map has a local list of the actual Service Maps with relevant metadata, it exposes the same interface as actual Service Maps, it forwards requests and builds merged responses, also implementing security and caching mechanisms. As said, the identica- tion of technologies, tools, methods, for presenting the data in a user-friendly manner is also has been a relevant part of this research, and it has led among the other to the denition and implementation of a client-server architecture and a Web interface in the Snap4City platform for the building, manage- ment, and displaying of synoptic templates and instances thanks to which users can securely display and iteract with dierent types of data. In end, some eort has been made for the automatic classication of RDF datasets as for their structures and purposes, based on the computation of metrics through SPARQL queries and on the application of dimensionality reduc- tion and clustering techniques. A Web portal is available where directories, datasets, metrics, and computations can be inspected even at real-time.

Дипломна робота присв’ячена систематизації використання інформаційних технологій хмарних обчислень в проектах класу «Розумне місто», котрі використовують різноманітні – рішення на базі інформаційних та комунікаційних технологій для вирішення реальних проблем міського буття. Присутнє широке коло наукових проблем і технічних можливостей для реалізації перспективних інтелектуальних сервісів та мереж в проектах класу «розумне місто», які можуть бути вирішені за допомогою класу хмарних інформаційних технологій. В першому розділі магістерської роботи проаналізовано концепцію «Розумного міста», описано крос-тематичне управління і аналітичне опрацювання даних для різних «розумних» міських програм в хмарному середовищі. В другому розділі магістерської роботи проаналізовано переваги інформаційних технологій на базі хмарних сервісів в проектах класу «розумне місто». В третьому розділі магістерської роботи досліджено способи організації та розгортання хмарних сервісів в проектах класу «Розумне місто». Розглянуто особливості організації хмарних спільнот. В четвертому розділі магістерської роботи заропонована узагальнена багатошарова архітектура. Об’єкт дослідження: інформаційні технології хмарних обчислень, прикладні застосування для організації міських служб та сервісів. Предмет дослідження: теоретичні та практичні засади системного використання інформаційних технологій хмарних обчислень в проектах класу «Розумне місто». Мета роботи: формування концептуальних засад використання класу інформаційних технологій хмарних обчислень в прикладних застосуваннях «Розумних міст», розробка рекомендіцій та типових архітектур.
Calculations in "Smart City" projects that use a variety of solutions - based on information and communication technologies to address the real problems of urban living. There is a wide range of scientific problems and technical possibilities for the implementation of promising intelligent services and networks in the projects of the "Smart city" class, which can be solved with the help of a class of cloud information technologies. The first section of the master's thesis analyzes the concept of "Smart city", describes cross-thematic control and analytical processing of data for various "smart" urban programs in a cloud environment. In the second section of the master's thesis the advantages of information technologies based on cloud services in the projects of the "Smart city" class are analyzed. The third section of the master's thesis explores how to organize and deploy cloud services in "Smart city" projects. Peculiarities of organization of cloud communities are considered. In the fourth section of the master's thesis there is a generalized multilayered architecture. Object of research: information technologies of cloud computing, applied applications for organization of city services and services. Subject of research: theoretical and practical principles of systematic use of information technologies of cloud computing in projects of the class "Smart city". The purpose of the work: the formation of the conceptual framework for the use of the class of information technology cloud computing in the application of "Smart cities", the development of recommendations and typical architectures.

Tese de Doutoramento em Informática (MAP-i)
In the context of smart cities, governments are investing efforts on creating public value through the development of digital public services (DPS) focusing on specific policy areas, such as transport. Main motivations to deliver DPS include reducing administrative burdens and costs, increasing effectiveness and efficiency of government processes, and improving citizens’ quality of life through enhanced services and simplified interactions with governments. To ensure effective planning and design of DPS in a given domain, governments face several challenges, like the need of specialized tools to facilitate the effective planning and the rapid development of DPS, as well as, tools for service integration, affording high development costs, and ensuring DPS conform with laws and regulations. These challenges are exacerbated by the fact that many public administrations develop tailored DPS, disregarding the fact that services share common functionality and business processes. To address the above challenges, this thesis focuses on leveraging the similarities of DPS and on applying a Software Product Line (SPL) approach combined with formal methods techniques for specifying service models and verifying their behavioural properties. In particular, the proposed solution introduces the concept of a virtual factory for the planning and rapid development of DPS in a given smart city domain. The virtual factory comprises a framework including software tools, guidelines, practices, models, and other artefacts to assist engineers to automate and make more efficient the development of a family of DPS. In this work the virtual factory is populated with tools for government officials and software developers to plan and design smart mobility services, and to rapidly model DPS relying on SPLs and components-base development techniques. Specific contributions of the thesis include: 1) the concept of virtual factory; 2) a taxonomy for planning and designing smart mobility services; 3) an ontology to fix a common vocabulary for a specific family of DPS; 4) a compositional formalism to model SPLs, to serve as a specification language for DPS; and 5) a variable semantics for a coordination language to simplify coordination of services in the context of SPLs.
No contexto das cidades inteligentes, os governos investem esforços na criação de valor público através do desenvolvimento de serviços públicos digitais (DPS), concentrandose em áreas políticas específicas, como os transportes. As principais motivações para entregar o DPS incluem a redução de custos administrativos, o aumento da eficácia dos processos do governo e a melhoria da qualidade de vida dos cidadãos através de serviços melhorados e interações simplificadas com os governos. Para garantir um planeamento efetivo do DPS num determinado domínio, os governos enfrentam vários desafios, como a necessidade de ferramentas especializadas para facilitar o planeamento eficaz e o rápido desenvolvimento do DPS, bem como ferramentas para integração de DPS, reduzindo altos custos de desenvolvimento e garantindo que os DPS estejam em conformidade com as leis e regulamentos. Esses desafios são exacerbados pelo fato de que muitas administrações públicas desenvolvem o DPS sob medida, desconsiderando o fato de que os serviços compartilham funcionalidade e processos de negócios comuns. Para enfrentar os desafios, esta tese concentra-se em aproveitar as semelhanças dos DPS aplicando uma abordagem de Software Product Lines (SPL) combinada com métodos formais para especificar modelos de DPS e verificar propriedades. Em particular, introduz o conceito de uma fábrica virtual (VF) para o planeamento e desenvolvimento rápido de DPS num domínio de cidade inteligente. A VF compreende ferramentas de software, diretrizes, modelos e outros artefatos para auxiliar os engenheiros a automatizar e tornar mais eficiente o desenvolvimento de uma família de DPS. Neste trabalho, a VF é preenchida com ferramentas para várias partes para planear e projetar serviços de mobilidade inteligente (MI), e modelar rapidamente o DPS com base em SPLs e técnicas de desenvolvimento baseadas em componentes. Contribuições específicas da tese incluem: 1) o conceito de VF; 2) uma taxonomia para planear serviços de MI; 3) uma ontologia para fixar um vocabulário comum para uma família específica de DPS; 4) um formalismo composicional para modelar SPLs, e servir como uma linguagem de especificação para DPS; e 5) uma semântica variável para uma linguagem de coordenação para simplificar a coordenação.
This work was funded by FCT – Foundation for Science and Technology, the Portuguese Ministry of Science, Technology and Higher Education, through the Operational Programme for Human Capital (POCH). Grant reference: PD/BD/52238/2013

Over the last few years, Smart City solutions mature very rapidly alongside IoT and cloud computing. These technologies made it easier to create services and incorporate applications devoted to improving citizen’s quality of life and offer ways for businesses to implement their solutions. Through rapid advances in the quality of sensors, new methods emerged, combining different types of devices to create a better picture of the environment. The purpose of this dissertation is to provide useful information thought public services, that can be accessed by people visiting or residing in the beach area of Costa Nova and Barra. It also provides a solution for the traffic classification problem that projects based on radar data tend to face. These applications take advantage of the devices implemented in the PASMO project, such as parking sensors, radars, and CCTV cameras. By making the service public, businesses have the opportunity to build applications on top of it, utilizing the sensor data without being directly connected to the data storage. The example developed in this dissertation offers a dashboard experience where users can navigate through charts that provide a variety of data and real-time maps. It also provides a public API that researchers and businesses can use to develop new applications in the context of PASMO. The other area tackled in this document is traffic classification. Although the data provided is reliable for the most part, one big issue is the accuracy of vehicle classification provided by the radar. Still, this device offers precise values when it comes to detection, with the cameras doing a good job in classifying traffic. The goal is to combine these two devices to present much precise information, using state-of-the-art object detection algorithms and sensor fusion methods. In the end, the system will enrich the PASMO project by making its data easily available to the public while correcting the accuracy problems of some devices.
Nos últimos anos, as soluções Smart City amadurecem muito rapidamente em conjunto com IoT e serviços na cloud. Estas tecnologias facilitam a criação de serviços e a incorporação de aplicações direcionados á melhoria da qualidade de vida do cidadão, oferecendo formas das empresas implementarem suas soluções. Por meio de rápidos avanços na qualidade dos sensores, novos métodos surgiram, combinando diferentes tipos de dispositivos para criar uma melhor imagem da realidade. O objetivo desta dissertação é fornecer informações úteis através de serviços públicos, que podem ser acedidos por pessoas que visitam ou residem na Costa Nova e Barra. Também fornece uma solução para o problema de classificação de tráfego que projetos baseados em dados de radar tendem a enfrentar. Estas aplicações beneficiam dos dispositivos implementados no projeto PASMO, como sensores de estacionamento, radares e câmeras de CFTV. Ao disponibilizar os serviços publicamente, as empresas têm a oportunidade de construir as suas próprias aplicações em cima destes, usando os dados dos sensores sem estar diretamente conectado ao armazenamento de dados. O exemplo desenvolvido nesta dissertação oferece uma experiência de dashboard onde os utilizadores podem navegar por gráficos que fornecem uma variedade de dados e mapas em tempo real. Também fornece uma API pública que os investigadores e empresas podem usar para desenvolver novos aplicativos no contexto do PASMO. A outra área abordada neste documento é a classificação de tráfego. Embora os dados fornecidos sejam confiáveis, um grande problema provém da precisão da classificação dos veículos fornecida pelo radar. Ainda assim, este dispositivo oferece valores precisos quando se trata de detecção, com as câmeras fazendo um bom trabalho na parte de classificação do tráfego. O objetivo é combinar estes dois dispositivos para apresentar informações corretas, usando algoritmos de detecção de objetos e métodos de fusão de sensores. No final, o sistema irá enriquecer o projeto PASMO, tornando seus dados facilmente disponíveis ao público e corrigindo problemas de precisão de alguns dispositivos.
Mestrado em Engenharia de Computadores e Telemática

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Tese no âmbito do Programa de Doutoramento em Ciências e Tecnologias da Informação, apresentada ao Departamento de Engenharia Informática da Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade de Coimbra.
Nowadays companies and governments are using Information and Communication Technologies as tools to deploy their services and make them accessible to citizens; in order to expand urban resource efficiency with a low environmental impact and contributing with the development of the economy. This trending is known as the Smart City paradigm and it has taken advantage of the Cloud to Internet of Things continuum to provide communication and collect a massive amount of data. This scenario permits that the data can be processed and analyzed by applications to support smart services, enabling heavy calculations that run inside powerful data centers in the Cloud. The Cloud to Internet of Things not only offers power to process data, but also makes it possible to use virtualization technologies to enhance how the object heterogeneity could be managed. Services like eHealth, smart traffic control, and smart home applications are composed of different functions that can be virtualized over physical hardware components within the network landscape. These Virtual Functions are grouped in a structure called Service Chains that fulfill particular smart service requirements, enabling a new broader set of smart end-user applications. The Cloud to Internet of Things continuum infrastructure provides communication, processing, and storage support for these applications. However, this complex, heterogeneous, and distributed landscape requires orchestration and management mechanisms in order to guarantee their proper functioning, especially in the face of failures. One particular factor to manage is the resilience to provide service availability even in the event of failures. Automated proactive solutions to enhance the survivability of Service Chains when failures occur have to be considered within the orchestration solution for the Cloud to Internet of Things continuum. This research proposes an architecture and a set of mechanisms to orchestrate, formalize, and embed a collection of service requests for chaining Virtual Functions jointly to fulfill specific requirements of applications while enhancing their resilience. The first contribution of this work is a resilience architecture for the deployment of Internet of Things services and applications in Smart Cities. The architecture proposed takes advantage of virtualization techniques to deal with the heterogeneity in the Cloud to Internet of Things continuum, as well as to provide a set of components focused on improving the resilience of applications. Specifically, the Resilience Manager module in the architecture implements a set of functions to enhance the availability of applications in case of failures. The architecture proposed worked as an inspiration for the design and implementation of an ontology to describe the Internet of Things infrastructure, to standardize how the information of the underlying components is exchanged. The second set of contributions of this work are focused on the Resilience Manager module of the proposed architecture. In detail, a framework to address the composition and embedding of Service Chains in the Cloud to Internet of Things continuum with support of replicas to increase the availability of applications was designed and implemented. The composition element in the framework is tackled via a formal grammar that enables the description of customized applications, allowing the definition of replicas for their components. In a second step, once the applications were specified, a Pareto analysis is used to optimize the selection of the components of the applications according to a given set of goals. Regarding the embedding of Virtual Functions in the substrate infrastructure, three contributions are proposed: (1) an Integer Linear Programming model that prioritizes the use of nodes with higher availability; (2) a genetic algorithm that uses a fitness function that combines node availability, use of disjoint nodes, and the tiers to which the nodes belong to; and (3) a heuristic to handle more complex scenarios by taking advantage of the multi-tier scenario comprising the Cloud-Fog-Mist-Internet of Things. The embedding mechanisms proposed in this work were evaluated via simulation. The assessment included measurements of failure rate, node utilization, and response time of the Service Chains embedded in the subtracted infrastructure. Simulation results show that it is possible to increase the resilience of chained Virtual Functions, while balancing the load of the infrastructure nodes.
Atualmente, governos e empresas estão a usar Tecnologias de Informação e Comunicação como ferramentas para disponibilizar os seus serviços e torná-los acessíveis aos cidadãos; de forma a expandir a eficácia dos seus recursos urbanos, com pouco impacto ambiental e contribuindo para o desenvolvimento da economia. Esta tendência é conhecida como o paradigma Cidades Inteligentes e tem tirado partido do continuum Nuvem-Internet das Coisas para proporcionar comunicações e recolher dados em larga escala. Este cenário permite que os dados sejam processados e analisados em aplicações que suportam os Serviços Inteligentes, tornando possível correr cálculos pesados dentro de grandes centros de dados na Nuvem. A Nuvem não somente oferece poder computacional para processar dados da, e para a, Internet das Coisas, como também torna possível o uso de tecnologias de virtualização que melhoram a forma como a heterogeneidade dos dispositivos pode ser gerida. Serviços como saúde eletrónica, controlo de trânsito inteligente, e aplicações para casas inteligentes são compostos por diferentes funcionalidades que podem ser virtualizados em componentes de hardware físico, dentro do ambiente da rede. Estas Funções Virtuais são agrupadas em estruturas denominadas Cadeias de Serviço. As Cadeias de Serviço são responsáveis por cumprir requisitos específicos de serviços inteligentes, possibilitando um novo conjunto de aplicações inteligentes para os utilizadores finais. A infraestrutura do continuum Nuvem-Internet das Coisas proporciona comunicações, poder computacional e armazenamento para suportar estas aplicações. Contudo, este ambiente distribuído, complexo e heterogéneo necessita de mecanismos de orquestração e gestão de forma a garantir o seu correto funcionamento, especialmente em caso de falhas. Um fator particular a ter em consideração é a resiliência, de modo a que um serviço se mantenha disponível, incluso em caso de falhas. Soluções proativas e automáticas para melhorar a capacidade de sobrevivência de Cadeias de Serviço, quando ocorrem falhas, têm de ser consideradas na orquestração do continuum Nuvem-Internet das Coisas. Esta tese propõe uma arquitetura e um conjunto de mecanismos para orquestrar, formalizar e incorporar um conjunto de pedidos de serviços para agrupar Funções Virtuais, de forma a cumprir requisitos específicos das aplicações e ao mesmo tempo melhorar a sua resiliência. A primeira contribuição deste trabalho é uma arquitetura para a implantação de serviços de Internet das Coisas e aplicações em Cidades Inteligentes. A arquitetura proposta tira partido das técnicas de virtualização para lidar com a heterogeneidade no continuum Nuvem-Internet das Coisas, e ainda providencia um conjunto de componentes focados em melhorar a resiliência das aplicações. Especificamente, o módulo Gestor de Resiliência da arquitetura implementa um conjunto de funções para melhorar a disponibilidade das aplicações na presença de falhas. A arquitetura proposta serviu ainda de inspiração para projetar e implementar uma ontologia para descrever a infraestrutura da Internet das Coisas, de modo a uniformizar a maneira como a informação é comunicada entre os componentes subjacentes. O segundo conjunto de contribuições deste trabalho foca o módulo Gestor de Resiliência da proposta arquitetura. Nomeadamente, foi projetada e desenvolvida uma framework para abordar a composição e incorporação de Cadeias de Serviços no continuum Nuvem-Internet das Coisas com suporte de réplicas para aumentar a disponibilidade das aplicações. Considerando a incorporação das Funções Virtuais no substrato da infraestrutura, são propostos três mecanismos: (1) um modelo de Programação Linear Inteira que prioriza a utilização de nós com alta disponibilidade; (2) um algoritmo genético que usa uma função de adequação que combina a disponibilidade dos nós, uso de nós não adjacentes e a camada a que os nós pertencem; (3) uma heurística para cenários mais complexos, que tira partido do ambiente multicamada Nuvem-Névoa-Neblina-Internet das Coisas. Os mecanismos embebidos propostos neste trabalho foram avaliados através de simulações. A avaliação inclui medições da taxa de falha, utilização dos nós e o tempo de resposta das Cadeias de Serviço embebidas no substrato da infraestrutura. Os resultados das simulações demonstram que é possível aumentar a resiliência de cadeias de Funções Virtuais, ao mesmo tempo que se equilibra a carga da infraestrutura dos nós.
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碩士
國立臺東大學
資訊管理學系碩士班
105
The development of city has integrated with information and technology in these days that technology advanced and wide spread of Internet. Many city has changed the plan as the raised of smart city. Some city in Taiwan already has the model of smart city through the E-government. Taitung government has many break through to fulfill the service much more intimate on every resident, and had promoted a smart city example plan. This research is based on Taitung County which confer smart city service quality, E-government performance, trust, resident well-being and satisfaction of local chief. Through extensive literature review, confer smart city service quality, government trust and resident well-being were identified as the critical antecedents to develop the conceptual framework of this study to explore the causal relationship among each other, further more to explore the influence to E-government performance and satisfaction of local chief. Through convenience sampling method, a total of 253 empirical data were recruited from resident in Taitung County as respondents. Partial least squares (PLS) method was applied to analyze the empirical data and validate the proposed hypotheses. By and large, the proposed hypotheses were supported by the PLS analysis results. The research findings showed that the related antecedents would significantly influence to each other. The results are expected to provide instrumental implications and suggestions to the government on promoting smart city and on investigating the satisfaction to smart city service.

From Introduction: "As part of my master's thesis, I decided to take up the topic of reorganizing public spaces in the Zabłocie district in Krakow. The focus of attention on this area of the city results from the fact that during the past 5 years of studying at the Krakow Academy, I had the pleasure to get to know the structure of this district, its possibilities, potential, architectural and landscape values. I also got to know the threats and weaknesses of the studied area. In getting to know Zabłocie, I focused primarily on the critical observation of public space. From the point of view of the inhabitant, this is an extremely important point in the functional program of each district, because public space surrounds us every day. However, we cannot only limit its definition to attractively designed parks, city squares and streets. Public space is also any place accessible to the public, where any of the city's residents can find themselves. Observing the values of the above-mentioned public spaces in Zabłocie, an image of mediocrity and mediocrity emerges, and the dominant function is subordinated to cars. This is incomprehensible, as in recent years Zabłocie has become an area of exceptionally intensive residential development, around which the space should serve to improve the quality of life of residents and to establish and develop social relations. In order to solve the above-mentioned problems, I decided to make an architectural and urban intervention"(...)

Information and Communication Technology (ICT) has been used widely across the globe for the purpose of improving the quality of both basic and higher education. Lately, different kinds of technologies, such as smart boards, have been incorporated into the teaching and learning process with the aim to contribute to the effectiveness of teaching and learning outcomes. The main aim of this study was to investigate the integration of smart boards by secondary school teachers in the Tshwane West district (Gauteng province) in their business studies teachings. The study focused on the teachers’ perspectives, the challenges they experienced, and the support they required for the integration of smart boards in the classroom. The study used a qualitative research approach to gather and analyse data. Using a multiple case study design, 5 business studies teachers were purposive sampled based on their experience on the use of smart boards. Both semi-structured interviews and non-participant observations were used to collect evidence. Technological and Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPACK) was used as a framework by which to understand the study. The four pillars of trustworthiness (credibility, transferability, confirmability, and dependability) were applied to ensure trustworthiness of the study results. The ethics guidelines (voluntarily participation, anonymity, confidentiality, and informed consent) were also taken into consideration and applied. The main research question for this study was: How do secondary school teachers integrate smart boards in teaching business studies in the Tshwane West district? The findings suggested that business studies teachers have positive perspectives on the integration of smart boards with the belief that smart boards make their teaching easier and allow them to incorporate a variety of audio and visual material into a lesson. The findings also revealed that teachers face various challenges, such as smart board malfunctioning, computer viruses, and limited time given for the integration of smart boards in the classroom. From the findings, it was clear that teachers had received professional development training on smart board integration, but that the training was inadequate. Despite the challenges that business studies teachers face during the integration of smart boards, the findings of this study indicated that teachers still had an interest in and were willing to integrate smart boards into the classroom. The study recommended that teachers should be provided with sufficient professional development on the integration of smart boards in a business studies classroom, which would improve the level of competency of teachers on smart board integration in the teaching and learning process.
Curriculum and Instructional Studies
M. Ed. (Curriculum Studies)

The text of the thesis deals with the purchase of public transport fares in terms of user- friendliness and usability. The aim is to map the area of fare purchase theoretically and practically, including the user perspective. The theoretical ground is the concepts of User Experience, User Interface, Human-computer Interaction, smart city, the theory of the city as an interface. Important parts are also the theoretical aspects of the User Experience in the city environment. Literature review of current research in public transport ticketing systems with user-friendliness perspective presents current topics in the field of public transport ticketing. The practical part of the thesis describes the public transport ticketing systems in Prague and Copenhagen in detail, their possibilities, rules, and specifics. Primary research in the form of semi-structured interviews provides insight into the User Experience and reveals the perceived advantages and disadvantages of local systems.