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Статті в журналах з теми "Small-Time stability":
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Li, Desheng, and P. E. Kloeden. "Robustness of asymptotic stability to small time delays." Discrete & Continuous Dynamical Systems - A 13, no. 4 (2005): 1007–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/dcds.2005.13.1007.
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Khan, Amjad, and Dmitry E. Pelinovsky. "Long-time stability of small FPU solitary waves." Discrete & Continuous Dynamical Systems - A 37, no. 4 (2017): 2065–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/dcds.2017088.
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de Gosson, Maurice A., Karlheinz Gröchenig, and José Luis Romero. "Stability of Gabor Frames Under Small Time Hamiltonian Evolutions." Letters in Mathematical Physics 106, no. 6 (May 6, 2016): 799–809. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11005-016-0846-6.
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Jia, Hongjie, Xiaodan Yu, Yixin Yu, and Chengshan Wang. "Power system small signal stability region with time delay." International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems 30, no. 1 (January 2008): 16–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2007.06.020.
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Maller, Ross A., and Peter C. Schmidli. "Small-time almost-sure behaviour of extremal processes." Advances in Applied Probability 49, no. 2 (June 2017): 411–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/apr.2017.7.
Анотація:
Abstract An rth-order extremal process Δ(r) = (Δ(r)t)t≥0 is a continuous-time analogue of the rth partial maximum sequence of a sequence of independent and identically distributed random variables. Studying maxima in continuous time gives rise to the notion of limiting properties of Δt(r) as t ↓ 0. Here we describe aspects of the small-time behaviour of Δ(r) by characterising its upper and lower classes relative to a nonstochastic nondecreasing function bt > 0 with limt↓bt = 0. We are then able to give an integral criterion for the almost sure relative stability of Δt(r) as t ↓ 0, r = 1, 2, . . ., or, equivalently, as it turns out, for the almost sure relative stability of Δt(1) as t ↓ 0.
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Grosu, Eran, and Isaac Harari. "Stability of semidiscrete formulations for elastodynamics at small time steps." Finite Elements in Analysis and Design 43, no. 6-7 (April 2007): 533–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.finel.2006.12.006.
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Tian-guang, Chu, and Wang Zhao-lin. "Technical stability of nonlinear time-varying systems with small parameters." Applied Mathematics and Mechanics 21, no. 11 (November 2000): 1264–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02459247.
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Zhu, Jing, Tian Qi, and Jie Chen. "Small-gain stability conditions for linear systems with time-varying delays." Systems & Control Letters 81 (July 2015): 42–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sysconle.2015.04.009.
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Giorgilli, Antonio. "Small denominators and exponential stability: From Poincaré to the present time." Rendiconti del Seminario Matematico e Fisico di Milano 68, no. 1 (December 1998): 19–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02925829.
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Harari, Isaac. "Stability of semidiscrete formulations for parabolic problems at small time steps." Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering 193, no. 15-16 (April 2004): 1491–516. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cma.2003.12.035.
Дисертації з теми "Small-Time stability":
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Restrepo, Jaime Quintero. "A real-time wide-area control for mitigating small-signal instability in large electric power systems." Online access for everyone, 2005. http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Dissertations/Spring2005/j%5Fquintero%5F011905.pdf.
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Saidi, Karima. "Stabilisation d’une classe d’EDP non linéaire. Application à l’équation de Vlasov-Poisson." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023LORR0225.
Анотація:
Les travaux présentés dans cette thèse portent sur la stabilisation d'une classe d'équations aux dérivées partielles non linéaires. Il s'agit d'un modèle discrétisé de l'équation de Vlasov-Poisson décrivant l'évolution spatio-temporelle, dans un plasma, d'une fonction de distribution de particules chargées. Dans une première étape, nous avons abordé la stabilisation des systèmes dynamiques en temps fixe (i.e. la stabilisation en temps fini avec un temps d'établissement uniformément borné). Des critères relaxant des résultats existants dans la littérature ont été établis. En effet, nous avons montré que, pour un système dynamique, la combinaison de la stabilité lente (au sens polynomiale) et de la stabilité rapide (au sens temps fini) conduit à une stabilité en temps fixe. Diverses applications sur le système de Vlasov-Poisson discrétisé concernent aussi le système double intégrateur avec observateur et les systèmes bilinéaires de dimension infinie où pour chacun de ces systèmes, le retour stabilisant et /ou les observateursen temps fixe sont construits et testés numériquement. Dans une seconde étape, nous nous sommes intéressés à la stabilisation en temps petit des systèmes dynamiques variants dans le temps. En fait, la notion de temps petit est couramment utilisée dans la théorie de la commandabilité. Pour la stabilisation, ce temps petit est situé entre le temps fini et le temps fixe. Nous avons élaboré des résultats théoriques basés sur la méthode énergétique garantissant la convergence de la solution, vers zéro, en temps petit. Cela, est obtenu moyennant une excitation temporelle d'une fonction positive non intégrable au sens de Lebesgue. Puis, nous avons appliqué nos résultats sur des exemples modèles comme l'équation de transport avec contrôle frontière, l'équation d'onde soumis à un contrôle frontière du type Wentzell. Également, pour les systèmes bilinéaires en dimension finie et infinie qui sont, en outre, des modèles types de Vlasov-Poisson discrétisé. Pour chaque système, nous avons élaboré son retour d'état dont la construction est basée sur l'intégration des excitations temporelles et uniformesThe work presented in this thesis concerns the stabilization of a class of nonlinear partialdifferential equations. It is a discretized model of the Vlasov-Poisson equation describing the spatial and temporal evolution, in a plasma, of a distribution function of charged particles. In a first step, we addressed the stabilization of the dynamical systems in fixed time (i.e. stabilization in finite time with a uniformly bounded). Criteria relaxing existing results in the literature have been established. Indeed, we have shown that, for a dynamical system, the combination of slow stability (in the polynomial sense) and fast stability (in the finite time sense) leads to a stability in fixed time. Various applications on the discretized Vlasov-Poisson system also concern the double integrator system with observer and the bilinear systems in infinite dimension where for each of these systems, the stabilizing feedback and/or observers in fixed time are constructed and numerically tested. In a second step, we are interested in the small time stabilization of time varying dynamical systems. In fact, the notion of small time is commonly used in theory of controllability. For stabilization, this small time is located between finite time and the fixed time. We have developed theoretical results based on the energy method guaranteeing the disappearance of the solution in small time. This is obtainedby means of a time excitation of a positive function not integrable in the sense of Lebesgue. Then, we have applied our results on model examples such as the transport equation with boundary control, the wave equation subject to a boundary control of the Wentzell type. Also, for finite and infinite dimensional bilinear systems which are, in addition, typical discretized Vlasov-Poisson models. For each system, we have elaborated its feedback whose construction is based on the integration of temporal and uniform excitations
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Zhang, Lin. "Control strategies and stability analysis of small-scale unmanned helicopters." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2017. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/control-strategies-and-stability-analysisof-smallscale-unmanned-helicopters(8e4f8464-6fdd-42e2-9362-033a57a128b2).html.
Анотація:
This thesis presents the design and the stability analysis of a hierarchical controller for unmanned aerial vehicles. We utilize non-linear control methodology to command dynamics of unmanned helicopter which has been divided into slower translational dynamics (outer-loop) and faster orientation dynamics (inner-loop), thus exhibiting hierarchical structure. The attitude angles and position which separately belongs to the inner-loop and the outer-loop can be independently controlled by backstepping control strategy. Stability analysis of the helicopter system including applying dynamics has been illustrated after designing. And relative comparison between linear and nonlinear controllers has been carried out. After studying linear control, nonlinear control and stability analysis of one small-scale helicopter, we think about control strategy of a group helicopter which can be called as consensus control.
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Nasri, Amin. "On the Dynamics and Statics of Power System Operation : Optimal Utilization of FACTS Devicesand Management of Wind Power Uncertainty." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Elektriska energisystem, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-154576.
Анотація:
Nowadays, power systems are dealing with some new challenges raisedby the major changes that have been taken place since 80’s, e.g., deregu-lation in electricity markets, significant increase of electricity demands andmore recently large-scale integration of renewable energy resources such aswind power. Therefore, system operators must make some adjustments toaccommodate these changes into the future of power systems.One of the main challenges is maintaining the system stability since theextra stress caused by the above changes reduces the stability margin, andmay lead to rise of many undesirable phenomena. The other important chal-lenge is to cope with uncertainty and variability of renewable energy sourceswhich make power systems to become more stochastic in nature, and lesscontrollable.Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) have emerged as a solutionto help power systems with these new challenges. This thesis aims to ap-propriately utilize such devices in order to increase the transmission capacityand flexibility, improve the dynamic behavior of power systems and integratemore renewable energy into the system. To this end, the most appropriatelocations and settings of these controllable devices need to be determined.This thesis mainly looks at (i) rotor angle stability, i.e., small signal andtransient stability (ii) system operation under wind uncertainty. In the firstpart of this thesis, trajectory sensitivity analysis is used to determine themost suitable placement of FACTS devices for improving rotor angle sta-bility, while in the second part, optimal settings of such devices are foundto maximize the level of wind power integration. As a general conclusion,it was demonstrated that FACTS devices, installed in proper locations andtuned appropriately, are effective means to enhance the system stability andto handle wind uncertainty.The last objective of this thesis work is to propose an efficient solutionapproach based on Benders’ decomposition to solve a network-constrained acunit commitment problem in a wind-integrated power system. The numericalresults show validity, accuracy and efficiency of the proposed approach.The Doctoral Degrees issued upon completion of the programme are issued by Comillas Pontifical University, Delft University of Technology and KTH Royal Institute of Technology. The invested degrees are official in Spain, the Netherlands and Sweden, respectively.QC 20141028
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Parveen, Tania. "Composite load model decomposition : induction motor contribution." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2009. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/31301/1/Tania_Parveen_Thesis.pdf.
Анотація:
In this thesis, a new technique has been developed for determining the composition of a collection of loads including induction motors. The application would be to provide a representation of the dynamic electrical load of Brisbane so that the ability of the power system to survive a given fault can be predicted. Most of the work on load modelling to date has been on post disturbance analysis, not on continuous on-line models for loads. The post disturbance methods are unsuitable for load modelling where the aim is to determine the control action or a safety margin for a specific disturbance. This thesis is based on on-line load models. Dr. Tania Parveen considers 10 induction motors with different power ratings, inertia and torque damping constants to validate the approach, and their composite models are developed with different percentage contributions for each motor. This thesis also shows how measurements of a composite load respond to normal power system variations and this information can be used to continuously decompose the load continuously and to characterize regarding the load into different sizes and amounts of motor loads.
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Kanchanaharuthai, Adirak. "Small-Signal Stability, Transient Stability and Voltage Regulation Enhancement of Power Systems with Distributed Renewable Energy Resources." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1321988036.
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Anggoro, Suryo Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering Faculty of Engineering UNSW. "Analysis of the intact stability of Indonesian small open-deck roll-on/roll-off passenger ferries." Publisher:University of New South Wales. Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering, 2008. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/44412.
Анотація:
Small open-deck roll-on/roll-off passenger ferries in Indonesia have a poor safety record. The Indonesian Government is interested in means by which the safety of these vessels can be improved, and this was the main catalyst for commencing research in this area. Any solution should be capable of being retrofitted to both existing vessels and new designs to improve their stability and, hence, their safety. The research therefore focused on the intact stability of the bare hulls, and with addition of side casings, for the vessels for which data was made available by the Indonesian Government. The research covered both quasi-static analysis, based on the objective of meeting the IMO intact stability criteria, and a dynamic approach using time-domain simulation in regular beam waves. A parametric study of the stability parameters of the twenty vessels demonstrated that, without the presence of side casings, the vessels had difficulties in complying with the IMO intact stability criteria. The problems were solved by introducing side casings (watertight spaces above the vehicle deck) either inboard of the vessels side-shell plating, or partially inboard and partially outboard of the side shell. The minimum extent (breadth) of side casings required was determined by iteration on each of the twenty vessels, incorporating variations in the height of the centre of gravity and loading conditions. The implementation of the minimum side casings showed that each vessel then met the IMO intact stability criteria. However, the assessment of the vessels dynamic stability characteristics using time-domain simulation provided inconsistent results for these vessels with side casings which met the IMO intact stability criteria. For some particular conditions, the existence and the different forms of side casings could decrease vessel survivability by increasing the roll motion amplitudes for both inside and outside casings and could lead the vessel to capsize. The results of the dynamic stability analysis also confirmed the vulnerability of small vessels with small stability parameters to large waves, and the different roll seakeeping behavior of the different vessel stability parameters.
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Calvo, García-Maroto Marta. "Analysis of long-term gravity records in europe : consequences for the retrieval of small amplitude and low frequency signals including the core resonance effects." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015STRAH003/document.
Анотація:
L’étude des variations temporelles de gravité ont une longue tradition en Europe Centrale. Dans la station, J9, située à Strasbourg depuis les années 1970, les trois principaux types de gravimètre (ressort, supraconducteur (SG), absolu) ont été utilisés. Ces séries permettent l’examen des améliorations instrumentales à partir de la stabilité à long terme et de la dérive instrumentale. Nous montrons que le SG est l’instrument le plus performant pour l’étude des marées de longues périodes et de faibles amplitudes. Nous montrons les résultats obtenus par analyse de marée de ces petites ondes. Nous estimons la période de la Free Core Nutation et nous recherchons celle de la Free Inner Core Nutation (FICN), qui n'a pas encore été observée. Pour cela nous faisons une étude précise, afin de séparer les ondes de faible amplitude, au voisinage de périodes possibles de la FICNThe study of temporal variations of gravity has a long tradition in Central Europe. Since the 1970s three main gravimeter types (spring, superconducting (SG) and absolute) have been set up at the J9 gravity station located in Strasbourg. These series allow us to review the instrumental improvements from the analyses of long term stability and instrumental drift. We show that the SG is the most powerful tool for thestudy of the low frequency and small amplitudes tides. We show the tidal analysis results for these tidal waves. We estimate the period of the Free Core Nutation and we seek the one of the Free Inner Core Nutation (FICN), which has not yet been observed. For this we make a careful study, in order to separate the low-amplitude waves in the vicinity of possible periods of FICN
La deformación elasto-gravitacional de la Tierra y las correspondientes variaciones temporales de la gravedad asociadas, registradas en la superficie terrestre mediante los gravímetros, son debidas a distintos fenómenos geofísicos con diferentes períodos y amplitudes, incluyendo entre otros a las denominadas mareas terrestres, que son el fenómeno que genera los efectos más fuertes (dichas mareas terrestres son los movimientos inducidos en la Tierra sólida y los cambios en su potencial gravitatorio derivados de las fuerzas de marea generadas por los cuerpos celestes).El objetivo principal de este trabajo consiste en mostrar la importancia tanto de la longitud de las series de datos de gravedad, como de la calidad de dichas series para mejorar nuestro conocimiento sobre la dinámica de la Tierra a través de los análisis de las mareas terrestres. [...]
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Chauffaut, Corentin. "Etude de la phase de transition d'un drone tiré par tube dédié : modélisation et commande." Thesis, Compiègne, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014COMP2154/document.
Анотація:
La motivation qui a initié le projet de recherche ANR « Démonstrateur Gun Launched Micro Air Vehicle » est le besoin d’avoir un engin portatif qui permettrait d’obtenir rapidement des images d’une zone d’intérêt située à quelques centaines de mètres, avec la possibilité de pouvoir observer l’intérieur des bâtiments à travers leurs fenêtres ou en allant les explorer directement. Pour répondre à ce besoin, l’Institut franco-allemand de recherche de St Louis a eu l’idée de lancer un minidrone hélicoptère avec un canon. Le GLMAV, sous la forme d’un projectile, est lancé à partir d‘un tube portable à une distance de 500 m et une altitude de 100 m, où il pourra commencer à transmettre des images de la zone à observer. L’utilisation d’un système hybride projectile/minidrone a deux principaux avantages : cela permet d’augmenter l’autonomie du drone, et les premières images de la zone d’intérêt sont obtenues très rapidement. Au cours de cette thèse, nous nous sommes intéressés à la phase de transition, passer d’un projectile à un mini hélicoptère. Un modèle aérodynamique détaillé du GLMAV a été obtenu sur toute son enveloppe de vol. En prenant en compte les difficultés rencontrées lors de la phase de transition (perturbations des capteurs dues à l’accélération de 2500g au lancement, conditions initiales variables), nous avons développé une stratégie de commande, et une loi de commande en vitesse basée sur la technique du backstepping. Cette stratégie de commande a été validée en simulation. La loi de commande en orientation a été validée sur le prototype du GLMAV. Des travaux sur le flux optique, pour obtenir les vitesses latérales, ont été commencésThe motivation that initiated the ANR research project "Démonstrateur Gun Launched Micro Air Vehicle" is the need to have a portable system which would permi tto quickly obtain images of an zone of interest placed at some hundred of meters, with the possibility to observe inside buildings either by their windows or by going inside them.To answer this need, the French-German Research Institute of St Louis got the idea o fusing a gun launched rotorcraft-MAV. The GLMAV, in its projectile form, is launched from a portable launching tube to a distance of 500m and a height of 100m, where it will collect and transmit visual information from the scene. The use of a projectile/rotorcraft-MAV hybrid system has two main advantages : it allows extending the MAV range,and the first images of the interest zone are obtained very quickly. During this PhD, we studied the transition phase, the passage from a projectile to a rotorcraft-MAV. A detailed aerodynamic model of the GLMAV has been obtained over his whole flight envelope. Taking into account the difficulties encountered during the transition phase (perturbation of the sensors caused by the 2500g acceleration at the launch, varying initial conditions),we developed a control strategy, and a velocity control law based on the backstepping methodology. This control strategy has been validated in simulation. The attitude control law has been validated on the GLMAV prototype. Studies on optical flow, to obtain the lateral velocities of the GLMAV, have been started
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Chou, Cha-Min, and 周嘉明. "Small Signal Stability of Time-Frequency Analysis for Power System base on HHT." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/yb5qhy.
Анотація:
碩士聖約翰科技大學
電機工程系碩士在職專班
104
This study simulates system with the Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD) of Hilbert-Huang Transform (HHT), Intrinsic Mode Function, Hilbert Transform (HT), Hilbert Spectrum, and Hilbert Marginal Spectrum for analyzing power response waveform of electric power system.In order to find out the generator with the greatest impact on system stability. The power system stabilizer (PSS) will be placed at the location of this generator such that the system can be promptly stabilized from the disturbance.
Книги з теми "Small-Time stability":
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Herrmann, Samuel. Stochastic resonance: A mathematical approach in the small noise limit. Providence, Rhode Island: American Mathematical Society, 2014.
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Zhu, Jing, Jie Chen, Tian Qi, and Dan Ma. Limits of Stability and Stabilization of Time-Delay Systems: A Small-Gain Approach. Springer, 2019.
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Zhu, Jing, Jie Chen, Tian Qi, and Dan Ma. Limits of Stability and Stabilization of Time-Delay Systems: A Small-Gain Approach. Springer, 2018.
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Rust, Philippa, Meg Birks, and David Warwick. Osteoarthritis of the hand. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198757689.003.0009.
Анотація:
The small joints of the hand are vulnerable to osteoarthritis, usually spontaneous but sometimes following trauma or infection. Nodular arthritis and arthritis in the thumb CMC has a benign natural history and most might get a little stiff but pain usually settles and function is good. Precipitous surgical intervention is inappropriate; time, reassurance, occupational therapy, splints, analgesics, and occasionally steroids should always be tried. The choice of surgical treatment depends on the functional needs of the joint—the little and ring fingers need flexibility for grip whereas the index and thumb require stability for pinch. Options include fusion (e.g. thumb metacarpophalangeal joint), excision arthroplasty (e.g. thumb base) and joint replacement (e.g. finger metacarpophalangeal joint)
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De Laurentis, Giacomo, Eugenio Alaio, Elisa Corsi, Emanuelemaria Giusti, Marco Guairo, Carlo Palego, Luca Paulicelli, et al. Rischio di credito 2.0. AIFIRM, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.47473/2016ppa00030.
Анотація:
The EBA Guidelines on loan origination and monitoring (hereinafter "GL LOM") undoubtedly represent a substantially new piece of the banking regulatory framework. In fact, for the first time, the regulator moves into a topic that was traditionally outside the scope of financial regulation, so far almost exclusively focused on aspects directly linked to both micro- and macro-prudential stability, notably through capital and liquidity management requirements and guidelines on Business Model and Internal Governance. The credit management process, and in particular loan origination and monitoring, has always been typically considered as a business issue under sole responsibility of banks, as it is considered one of the "core" processes (if not the "core" process) of the banking business. As a matter of fact, since the issue of the capital requirement regulation (i.e., Basel II and Basel III), and the introduction of the use requirements for the rating systems, the regulator moved very close, but not yet, to prescribe specific credit assessment criteria, while dictating methodological and organizational requirements for the authorization of the rating systems, and leaving substantial freedom to banks to define their own models and embedded assessment criteria and indicators. With the GL LOM, the regulator takes a further step, remarkably beyond its traditional remit, dictating principles and rules for the evaluation of the credit quality of borrowers. The starting point for this new approach from the regulator can be found in the ECB guidelines on Non-Performing Loans, later endorsed by the Bank of Italy Guidelines for Less Significant Banks, aimed at encouraging banks to define their NPL management processes and establish reduction plans to achieve NPL ratio targets in line with the regulator's expectations. Consistently with the focus on NPL, the regulation on Calendar Provisioning, amending the CRR was issued; as being a Regulation, it involves all banks, and not only significant ones (for which the ECB Addendum also applies). In addition, the new definition of default (the so-called "new Dod") has defined stricter criteria for the transition of exposures to the default status and also made the return of "cured" exposures to the performing status more difficult. The combined effect of these regulatory changes has been to make the default of counterparties not only more probable but also much more "expensive" for the banks. The natural “next step” of these regulatory changes was to "move backward" into the management process covering loan origination and monitoring . The EBA's stated objective with the issuance of the GL LOM is to define "robust and prudent" standards of lending practices so as to maintain a low level of NPLs in the future. Therefore, the focus of the GL LOM is the definition of requirements (some outlined as prescriptions, others in terms of principles) for the creditworthiness assessment of counterparties and for the management of the related data and information. Notwithstanding the fact that the Final Report has articulated the principle of proportionality much more clearly as compared to the Consultation Paper, the GLs set out three macro-categories of counterparties for which specific requirements are defined: • Individuals • Micro and small businesses • Medium and large companies. The GL LOM also provide recommendations about the valuation of guarantees both at origination and during ongoing monitoring, encouraging the use of advanced statistical models. The GL LOM focus on real estate guarantees, while financial collateral is outside the scope of the GL LOM. In the mind of the regulator, the GL LOM should not only reflect industry practices, but also incorporate the latest supervisory guidance on lending, and provide the stimulus to include ESG, AML/CTF and the use of innovative technologies into banking origination and, where applicable, monitoring processes.
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Sobczyk, Eugeniusz Jacek. Uciążliwość eksploatacji złóż węgla kamiennego wynikająca z warunków geologicznych i górniczych. Instytut Gospodarki Surowcami Mineralnymi i Energią PAN, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.33223/onermin/0222.
Анотація:
Hard coal mining is characterised by features that pose numerous challenges to its current operations and cause strategic and operational problems in planning its development. The most important of these include the high capital intensity of mining investment projects and the dynamically changing environment in which the sector operates, while the long-term role of the sector is dependent on factors originating at both national and international level. At the same time, the conditions for coal mining are deteriorating, the resources more readily available in active mines are being exhausted, mining depths are increasing, temperature levels in pits are rising, transport routes for staff and materials are getting longer, effective working time is decreasing, natural hazards are increasing, and seams with an increasing content of waste rock are being mined. The mining industry is currently in a very difficult situation, both in technical (mining) and economic terms. It cannot be ignored, however, that the difficult financial situation of Polish mining companies is largely exacerbated by their high operating costs. The cost of obtaining coal and its price are two key elements that determine the level of efficiency of Polish mines. This situation could be improved by streamlining the planning processes. This would involve striving for production planning that is as predictable as possible and, on the other hand, economically efficient. In this respect, it is helpful to plan the production from operating longwalls with full awareness of the complexity of geological and mining conditions and the resulting economic consequences. The constraints on increasing the efficiency of the mining process are due to the technical potential of the mining process, organisational factors and, above all, geological and mining conditions. The main objective of the monograph is to identify relations between geological and mining parameters and the level of longwall mining costs, and their daily output. In view of the above, it was assumed that it was possible to present the relationship between the costs of longwall mining and the daily coal output from a longwall as a function of onerous geological and mining factors. The monograph presents two models of onerous geological and mining conditions, including natural hazards, deposit (seam) parameters, mining (technical) parameters and environmental factors. The models were used to calculate two onerousness indicators, Wue and WUt, which synthetically define the level of impact of onerous geological and mining conditions on the mining process in relation to: —— operating costs at longwall faces – indicator WUe, —— daily longwall mining output – indicator WUt. In the next research step, the analysis of direct relationships of selected geological and mining factors with longwall costs and the mining output level was conducted. For this purpose, two statistical models were built for the following dependent variables: unit operating cost (Model 1) and daily longwall mining output (Model 2). The models served two additional sub-objectives: interpretation of the influence of independent variables on dependent variables and point forecasting. The models were also used for forecasting purposes. Statistical models were built on the basis of historical production results of selected seven Polish mines. On the basis of variability of geological and mining conditions at 120 longwalls, the influence of individual parameters on longwall mining between 2010 and 2019 was determined. The identified relationships made it possible to formulate numerical forecast of unit production cost and daily longwall mining output in relation to the level of expected onerousness. The projection period was assumed to be 2020–2030. On this basis, an opinion was formulated on the forecast of the expected unit production costs and the output of the 259 longwalls planned to be mined at these mines. A procedure scheme was developed using the following methods: 1) Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) – mathematical multi-criteria decision-making method, 2) comparative multivariate analysis, 3) regression analysis, 4) Monte Carlo simulation. The utilitarian purpose of the monograph is to provide the research community with the concept of building models that can be used to solve real decision-making problems during longwall planning in hard coal mines. The layout of the monograph, consisting of an introduction, eight main sections and a conclusion, follows the objectives set out above. Section One presents the methodology used to assess the impact of onerous geological and mining conditions on the mining process. Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) is reviewed and basic definitions used in the following part of the paper are introduced. The section includes a description of AHP which was used in the presented analysis. Individual factors resulting from natural hazards, from the geological structure of the deposit (seam), from limitations caused by technical requirements, from the impact of mining on the environment, which affect the mining process, are described exhaustively in Section Two. Sections Three and Four present the construction of two hierarchical models of geological and mining conditions onerousness: the first in the context of extraction costs and the second in relation to daily longwall mining. The procedure for valuing the importance of their components by a group of experts (pairwise comparison of criteria and sub-criteria on the basis of Saaty’s 9-point comparison scale) is presented. The AHP method is very sensitive to even small changes in the value of the comparison matrix. In order to determine the stability of the valuation of both onerousness models, a sensitivity analysis was carried out, which is described in detail in Section Five. Section Six is devoted to the issue of constructing aggregate indices, WUe and WUt, which synthetically measure the impact of onerous geological and mining conditions on the mining process in individual longwalls and allow for a linear ordering of longwalls according to increasing levels of onerousness. Section Seven opens the research part of the work, which analyses the results of the developed models and indicators in individual mines. A detailed analysis is presented of the assessment of the impact of onerous mining conditions on mining costs in selected seams of the analysed mines, and in the case of the impact of onerous mining on daily longwall mining output, the variability of this process in individual fields (lots) of the mines is characterised. Section Eight presents the regression equations for the dependence of the costs and level of extraction on the aggregated onerousness indicators, WUe and WUt. The regression models f(KJC_N) and f(W) developed in this way are used to forecast the unit mining costs and daily output of the designed longwalls in the context of diversified geological and mining conditions. The use of regression models is of great practical importance. It makes it possible to approximate unit costs and daily output for newly designed longwall workings. The use of this knowledge may significantly improve the quality of planning processes and the effectiveness of the mining process.
Частини книг з теми "Small-Time stability":
1
Anile, A. M., J. K. Hunter, P. Pantano, and G. Russo. "Small Time Analysis and Shock Stability." In Ray methods for nonlinear waves in fluids and plasmas, 89–103. Boca Raton: Chapman and Hall/CRC, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003208976-8.
2
Yang, Bo, and Yuanzhang Sun. "Delay-Dependent Small Signal Stability for Power System with Constant and Time-Varying Delays." In Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 135–42. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-4981-2_15.
3
Zhu, Jing, Tian Qi, Dan Ma, and Jie Chen. "Small-Gain Stability Conditions." In Limits of Stability and Stabilization of Time-Delay Systems, 43–70. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73651-8_3.
4
Cao, Yanhui, Jinhua Ye, and Gang Hao. "Research on Construction Method of Soft Soil Foundation Pit with L-Shaped Small Steps." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 531–41. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-2532-2_45.
Анотація:
AbstractA layered, segmented, and block building technique was created during the construction of the cut-and-cover foundation pit. Traditional foundation pit excavation often necessitates both support erection and mechanical excavation at the same time, however owing to the intersection of support and excavation mechanical operation, which may decrease building efficiency, and the construction requirements are higher due to the low mechanical characteristics of the soil in the silty soil layer. Therefore, the construction method of an L-shaped short step with small steps soft soil foundation pit is proposed, based on the mechanical characteristics of the silty soil layer and the construction operation characteristics of the foundation pit. After excavation, the support is erected using a numerical calculation of the stability of the foundation pit. According to engineering practice, the L-shaped short step with small steps soft soil foundation pit building technique can significantly facilitate basement pit deformation, improve construction efficiency, and be popularized.
5
Tiwari, Binod, and Duc Tran. "Using Experimental Models to Calibrate Numerical Models for Slope Stability and Deformation Analysis." In Progress in Landslide Research and Technology, Volume 1 Issue 1, 2022, 185–95. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16898-7_13.
Анотація:
AbstractLandslides cause significant loss of lives and properties globally. Rainfall and earthquake are considered to be two frequent causes of landslides although there are dozens of natural or anthropogenic triggers of landslides. Experimental or numerical analyses by varying a single parameter—while keeping other triggers constant—help researchers/practitioners to understand the influence of each triggering factor on slope stability/landslides. However, experimental modeling of landslides in laboratory is exhaustive, time consuming, and expensive process. There are various experimental methods available for such modeling—ranging from centrifuge modeling to small scale 1 g models—depending on the need, available resources, and funds. With the wide availability of materials and development of better sensors/instruments, our capability to perform laboratory experiments, specifically for landslide modeling, has been much easier and accessible in recent decades. Such experiments are valuable to calibrate numerical models so that various analyses can be performed on the real-world problems. In this study, we prepared laboratory scale slopes in Plexiglas containers at varying densities and slope inclinations, and instrumented the slopes properly to measure real time suction, displacement, advancement of wetting front, and accelerations at various locations and depths within the model. The slopes were subjected to rainfall and/or earthquake shaking to evaluate the effect of rainfall and earthquakes—separately and combined—on slope stability. The experimental results were used to calibrate the numerical modeling effort so that a full spectrum of sensitivity analyses could be performed for a slope located in an expensive neighborhood of Southern California.
6
Feil, Jan-Henning, Reimund P. Rötter, Sara Yazdan Bakhsh, William C. D. Nelson, Bernhard Dalheimer, Quang Dung Lam, Nicole Costa Resende Ferreira, et al. "Potential of Improved Technologies to Enhance Land Management Practices of Small-Scale Farmers in Limpopo Province, South Africa." In Sustainability of Southern African Ecosystems under Global Change, 653–85. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-10948-5_23.
Анотація:
AbstractIn this chapter, we explore how, in the face of increasing climatic risks and resource limitations, improved agro-technologies can support sustainable intensification (SI) in small-scale farming systems in Limpopo province, South Africa. Limpopo exhibits high agro-ecological diversity and, at the same time, is one of the regions with the highest degree of poverty and food insecurity in South Africa. In this setting, we analyze the effects of different technology changes on both food security dimensions (i.e., supply, stability, and access) and quality of ecosystem service provision. This is conducted by applying a mixed-method approach combining small-scale farmer survey data, on-farm agronomic sampling, crop growth simulations, and socioeconomic modeling. Results for a few simple technology changes show that both food security and ecosystem service provision can be considerably improved when combining specific technologies in a proper way. Furthermore, such new “technology packages” tailored to local conditions are economically beneficial at farm level as compared to the status quo. One example is the combination of judicious fertilizer application with deficit or full irrigation in small-scale maize-based farming systems. Provided comparable conditions, the results could be also beneficial for decision-makers in other southern African countries.
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Garrett, Steven L. "Nonlinear Acoustics." In Understanding Acoustics, 701–53. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-44787-8_15.
Анотація:
Abstract A fundamental assumption of linear acoustics is that the presence of a wave does not have an influence on the properties of the medium through which it propagates. By extension, the assumption of linearity also means that a waveform is stable since any individual wave does not interact with itself. Small modifications in the sound speed due to wave-induced fluid convection (particle velocity) and to the wave’s effect on sound speed through the equation of state can lead to effects that could not be predicted within the limitations imposed by the assumption of linearity. Although a wave’s influence on the propagation speed may be small, those effects are cumulative and create distortion that can produce shocks. These are nonlinear effects because the magnitude of the nonlinearity’s influence is related to the square of an individual wave’s amplitude (self-interaction) or the product of the amplitudes of two interacting waves (intermodulation distortion). In addition, the time-average of an acoustically induced disturbance may not be zero. Sound waves can exert forces that are sufficient to levitate solid objects against gravity. The stability of such levitation forces will also be examined along with their relation to resonance frequency shifts created by the position of the levitated object.
8
Steves, B. A., A. D. Barnett, and A. E. Roy. "The Finite-Time Stability Method Applied to Planets of Binary Stars." In The Dynamics of Small Bodies in the Solar System, 379–84. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-9221-5_37.
9
Hagiya, Masami, and Taiga Hongu. "Models of Gellular Automata." In Natural Computing Series, 397–410. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-9891-1_21.
Анотація:
AbstractWe summarize our work on gellular automata, which are cellular automata we intend to implement with gel materials. If cellular automata are implemented as materials, it will become possible to realize smart materials with abilities such as self-organization, pattern formation, and self-repair. Furthermore, it may be possible to make a material that can detect the environment and adapt to it. In this article, we present three models of gellular automata, among which the first two have been proposed previously and the third one is proposed here for the first time. Before presenting the models, we briefly discuss why cellular automata are a research target in DNA computing, a field which aims to extract computational power from DNA molecules. Then, we briefly describe the first model. It is based on gel walls with holes that can open and exchange the solutions that surround them. The second model is also based on gel walls but differs in that the walls allow small molecules to diffuse. In presenting the second model, we focus on self-stability, which is an important property of distributed systems, related to the ability to self-repair. Finally, we report our recent attempt, in the third model, to design gellular automata that learn Boolean circuits from input–output sets, i.e., examples of input signals and their expected output signals.
10
Koren, István. "DevOpsUse: A Community-Oriented Methodology for Societal Software Engineering." In Ernst Denert Award for Software Engineering 2020, 143–65. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-83128-8_8.
Анотація:
AbstractThe demanded fast innovation cycles of the ongoing digital transformation create an unstable environment in which the demands of heterogeneous professional communities need to be addressed. Moreover, the information systems infrastructure of these professional communities has a strong influence on their practices. However, the evolution of the web as infrastructure is shaped by an interplay of new technologies and innovative applications. It is characterized by contrasts, such as centralized versus peer-to-peer architectures and a large number of end users versus a small number of developers. Therefore, our aim is to stabilize these dichotomies apparent in the web by means of an agile information systems development methodology. The DevOps approach promotes stronger cooperation between development and operations teams. Our DevOpsUse methodology additionally fosters a stronger involvement of end-user communities in software development by including them in the process of infrastructuring, that is, the appropriation of infrastructure during its usage. The developed DevOpsUse methodology and support tools have been successfully validated by the transitions between three generations of technologies: near real-time peer-to-peer web architectures, edge computing, and the Internet of Things. In particular, we were able to demonstrate our methodology’s capabilities through longitudinal studies in several large-scale international digitalization projects. Beyond web information systems, the framework and its open-source tools are applicable in further areas like Industry 4.0. Its broad adaptability testifies that DevOpsUse has the potential to unlock capabilities for sustainable innovation.
Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Small-Time stability":
1
Gouaisbaut, Frederic, and Dimitri Peaucelle. "Stability of Time-Delay Systems with Non-Small Delay." In Proceedings of the 45th IEEE Conference on Decision and Control. IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cdc.2006.377679.
2
Jia, H., W. Yinghui, and Y. Xiaodan. "Power system small signal stability region with time delay." In 7th IET International Conference on Advances in Power System Control, Operation and Management (APSCOM 2006). IEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/cp:20062023.
3
Hu, Wensong, Yin Wang, Min Zhu, and Zhuo Fang. "Analysis of Small Time Delay Stability in Force Telepresence System." In 2008 International Workshop on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (ETT and GRS). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ettandgrs.2008.317.
4
Dorado-Rojas, Sergio A., Tetiana Bogodorova, and Luigi Vanfretti. "Time Series-Based Small-Signal Stability Assessment using Deep Learning." In 2021 North American Power Symposium (NAPS). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/naps52732.2021.9654643.
5
Jing Zhu, Jie Chen, and Tian Qi. "Small-gain stability conditions for linear systems with time-varying delays." In 2013 American Control Conference (ACC). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/acc.2013.6580090.
6
Mo, Yuanqiu, and Soura Dasgupta. "Small gain conditions for finite time input-to-state stability of interconnected discrete time systems." In 2022 IEEE 61st Conference on Decision and Control (CDC). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cdc51059.2022.9992807.
7
"A unified approach to time-delay system stability via scaled small gain." In Proceedings of the 1999 American Control Conference. IEEE, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/acc.1999.782789.
8
Nacmanson, William J., Dillon Jaglal, and Luis F. Ochoa. "Holistic Time-Varying Small Signal Stability Assessment in PV-Rich Power Systems." In 2019 IEEE Milan PowerTech. IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ptc.2019.8810615.
9
Qin, Xiujun, Wentai Liu, Jian Yang, and Yude Yang. "Small-signal stability constrained optimal power flow based on real-time data." In 2015 5th International Conference on Electric Utility Deregulation and Restructuring and Power Technologies (DRPT). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/drpt.2015.7432429.
10
Colonius, Fritz, and Wolfgang Kliemann. "Stability of Time Varying Systems." In ASME 1995 Design Engineering Technical Conferences collocated with the ASME 1995 15th International Computers in Engineering Conference and the ASME 1995 9th Annual Engineering Database Symposium. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc1995-0276.
Анотація:
Abstract The stability behavior of time varying systems can be studied using the concept of Lyapunov exponents and their corresponding Lyapunov subspaces. For linear time varying systems the entire Lyapunov spectrum can be approximated by the Floquet exponents of periodic systems. This leads to a variety of stability results, including the characterization of stability radii. Furthermore, a structural stability type theorem shows that stability features of time varying hyperbolic systems persist under small perturbations. For nonlinear time varying systems a stable manifold theorem allows us to interpret the linear results for the nonlinear system locally around an equilibrium point.
Звіти організацій з теми "Small-Time stability":
1
Strom, D., H. Glass, H. Spinka, and M. Thomure. Continued study of the time stability of a small water Cerenkov detector. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/754235.
2
Swan, Megan, and Christopher Calvo. Site characterization and change over time in semi-arid grassland and shrublands at three parks?Chaco Culture National Historic Park, Petrified Forest National Park, and Wupatki National Monument: Upland vegetation and soils monitoring 2007?2021. National Park Service, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2301582.
Анотація:
This report presents results of upland vegetation and soil monitoring of semi-arid grasslands at three Parks by the Southern Colorado Plateau Inventory and Monitoring Network (SCPN) from 2007?2021. The purpose is to compare and contrast five grassland ecological sites and examine how they have changed during the first 15 years of monitoring. Crews collected data on composition and abundance of vegetation, both at the species level and by lifeform (e.g., perennial grass, shrub, forb) and soil aggregate stability and soil texture at 150 plots within five target grassland/shrubland communities delineated using NRCS ecological site (ecosite) classification (30 plots per ecosite). Soils in plots at Petrified Forest NP and Chaco Culture NHP were deeper than those at Wupatki NM. Undifferentiated soil crust comprised the largest component of the soil surface, except at Wupatki where surface gravel dominated. Cover of biological soil crust (cyanobacteria, lichen, and moss) was low. Soil aggregate stability was moderate. From 2007?2021, SCPN crews identified 283 unique plant species. Overall live foliar cover ranged from 12-24%. Four of five ecological sites were dominated by C4 grass species (>70% of total live foliar cover). Shrubs co-dominated at one site (WUPA L) and forbs were an overall small component of total vegetation cover but contributed most of the diversity in these sites. Less than 4% of species detected were nonnative. Russian thistle (Salsola tragus) was the most frequently sampled nonnative, occurring in > 50% of plots at Wupatki in the volcanic upland ecological site. Cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum) was the second most common invasive species but occurred in < 10% of the plots at all ecological sites. Vegetation cover was modeled using Bayesian hierarchical models and included seasonal climatic water deficits, year effects and topographic variables as covariates. Models revealed significant negative time trends (i.e., changes over time that were not explained by changes in seasonal deficit covariates included) in some modeled responses, particularly in the cover of perennial grass at all five ecological sites. Time trends in shrub and forb responses were mixed. Species richness showed variable effects by ecosite, decreasing at CHCU S, and increasing at PEFO S and WUPA V. Modeled responses were influenced by climate covariates, but direction of these effects varied. The most consistent effects were that greater July water stress and higher accumulated growing degree days (i.e., warmer spring temperatures) increased cover of perennial grasses and shrubs during the same year. However, greater water stress in the spring had a negative effect on many responses as expected. Decreasing cover of perennial grass and increasing cover of shrubs and weedy forbs has been predicted for southwestern grasslands in response to increasing aridification due to anthropogenic climate change. Perennial grass trends reported here correspond with these predictions with mixed results on shrub and forb community trends. Continued drought conditions will likely exacerbate negative changes in these systems.
3
Weissinger, Rebecca. Status and trends of springs at Hovenweep National Monument, 1999–2021. Edited by Alice Wondrak Biel. National Park Service, August 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2294373.
Анотація:
Water is a scarce, but vital, resource at Hovenweep National Monument (NM). The National Park Service has prioritized long-term monitoring of water resources at the monument through a variety of programs and indicators since 1999. The purpose of this report is to evaluate water-quantity and water-quality data collected at long-term monitoring sites in Hovenweep NM from 1999 to 2021 for trends over time, and to summarize site-characterization data for currently monitored locations. Data are available for three active monitoring stations—Square Tower Spring, Hackberry Pool, and Goodman Point Spring—and three discontinued monitoring stations—Cajon Pool, Upper Hackberry Spring (Spring #4), and Horseshoe Spring. Water resources at Hovenweep NM have exhibited many trends over the past two decades. Pool levels at both Square Tower Spring and Hackberry Pool went up, with a step increase shown in 2016 (after no sampling in 2014–2015). In contrast, flow decreased by more than half at Goodman Point Spring and ceased at Upper Hackberry Spring (Spring #4). Flow at Horseshoe Spring also decreased, although the period of record at this site was very short. Both Upper Hackberry Spring (Spring #4) and Horseshoe Spring were removed from the monitoring rotation because flows were increasingly absent or too low to measure. Pool-level dynamics and water chemistry at Cajon Pool are characteristic of precipitation-derived water rather than groundwater; this site was removed from the monitoring rotation because it was not a good indicator of groundwater conditions. The water chemistry in both Square Tower Spring and Hackberry Pool changed significantly, but in opposite directions. Square Tower Spring had increasing total dissolved solids (TDS) and specific conductance, with all major ions showing increases over time. Hackberry Pool had decreases in TDS and most major ions through 2010, when water-chemistry lab analyses were suspended due to logistical constraints. Specific conductance continued to decrease at Hackberry Pool through 2021. The reasons for these changes are unknown. Increases in major ions at Square Tower Spring are unlikely to be related to oil and gas development in the region. Decreases in major ions at Hackberry Pool may reflect an increase in the amount of water that is entering the pool from rain and snowmelt rather than groundwater at this site. Water-quality parameters at Goodman Point Spring have remained stable. While the causes of trends in water chemistry at these sites are likely natural, the small quantities of water and harsh water-quality conditions make these sites poor habitat for aquatic life. Groundwater is naturally low in dissolved oxygen—but the dissolved-oxygen concentrations in the two pools are persistently low, sometimes falling to near zero in the summer. Water temperatures also warm in conjunction with air temperatures, with temperatures as warm as 18°C in the pools and 19°C in Goodman Point Spring. Traditionally, Puebloan cultures would have managed these small water resources to promote infiltration and retention of precipitation and to remove sediment and debris. Decreases in flow and increasing vegetation stress are likely tied to increasing air temperatures and long-term drought conditions across the region. The namesake hackberry trees at Hackberry Pool and nearby sites have shown increasing drought stress. Regionally, the underlying Dakota aquifer that feeds springs at the monument was relatively stable from 2008 to 2017, with decreasing levels from 2018 to 2021. Overall, the most concerning trends observed at springs in Hovenweep NM are likely due to climate change. Increasing air temperature threatens springflow and spring-associated vegetation through increased evapotranspiration. While pool levels have increased, recent decreases in the regional Dakota aquifer raise concerns about the stability of pools in the future. Managers could consider the potential benefits and risks of: Prioritizing protections and actions at Square Tower Spring, which has been the most resilient site at the monument in persistence of surface water and vegetation health during extreme drought. Implementing potential climate-adaptation actions that could improve groundwater infiltration upgradient of spring sites. This could include rehabilitating traditional structures to slow the flow of surface water. Implementing traditional management techniques that could increase dissolved-oxygen concentrations in the spring pools. Increasing invasive-plant removal efforts at Goodman Point Spring, which had the greatest number and cover of invasive-plant species of the three currently monitored locations. Developing interpretive stories about water-management techniques and the role of climate change in creating drought stress on iconic hackberry trees.
4
Abdullah, Hannah, Karim Elgendy, and Hanne Knaepen. Climate Resilience in Cities of the EU’s Southern Neighbourhood: Opportunities for the EU Green Deal. The Royal Institute of International Affairs, November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.55317/casc016.
Анотація:
Cities in the Middle East and North Africa are already suffering the effects of climate change. Weak urban regulation, ineffective climate policies, limited decentralization and insufficient empowerment of local authorities and civil society further decrease urban resilience. Future climate scenarios and projected urban growth threaten the stability of the region; with potential negative knock-on effects on Europe. This CASCADES Spotlight Study examines climate vulnerabilities in urban areas in countries to the south of the EU and the wider Middle East and North Africa region and advocates for systemic approaches to addressing urban climate resilience by strengthening the water-energy-food nexus, as well as other enabling factors such as decentralization. It concludes with recommendations on how the European Green Deal can help cities in the region adapt to climate impacts, based on a water-energy-food nexus approach. Over the past two decades, the European Commission has stepped up its support for urban climate action and resilience. An increasing number of programmes financed under the European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP) South have addressed urban climate resilience in response to the region’s rapid urbanization and the high climate vulnerability of cities. The number of urban dwellers in the wider Middle East and North Africa region is estimated to reach 527 million in 2050, an increase of 72% compared to 2020. At the same time, climate impacts – including both slow onset changes and sudden disasters – are putting additional stress on urban infrastructure. This stress is aggravated by weak urban regulations that have created unsustainable development trends which undermine the potential benefits of urbanization and adversely affect urban climate resilience. The prevalence of highly centralized administrative systems and incomplete decentralization reforms hamper local capacity building and decision-making, which are prerequisites for effective adaptation and resilience. At the same time, climate impacts – including both slow onset changes and sudden disasters – are putting additional stress on urban infrastructure. This stress is aggravated by weak urban regulations that have created unsustainable development trends which undermine the potential benefits of urbanization and adversely affect urban climate resilience. The prevalence of highly centralized administrative systems and incomplete decentralization reforms hamper local capacity building and decision-making, which are prerequisites for effective adaptation and resilience. The convergence of the region’s harsh climatic conditions with rapid, unsustainable urbanization and the associated socio-economic burdens can exacerbate existing political instability, conflict-induced migration and poverty. These developments could cascade into the EU, altering security, trade and diplomatic relations with the Southern Neighbourhood. The EU’s evolving approach to working with local authorities on urban infrastructure and climate governance is a first step towards addressing the region’s intertwined urban and climate crises. However, this approach is still in the early stages and there is a need to reflect on lessons learned and how urban spaces, climates and governance are evolving in the region. This study suggests that the EU’s overwhelming focus on supporting cities in the region with energy efficiency and the transition to sustainable energy systems is not enough to strengthen urban climate resilience. In cities of the Southern Neighbourhood, which typically struggle with resource management and scarcity, climate resilience will increasingly depend on local capacities to formulate and implement nexus approaches, especially in the water, energy and food sectors. Based on case studies of three small and intermediary urban areas, the study advocates for a systemic approach to addressing urban climate resilience in Southern Neighbourhood cities. Considering the established effectiveness of applying a water-energy-food nexus approach to improving climate resilience, the paper stresses the need for local governments to explore nexus opportunities between the water, energy and food sectors in order to achieve resilient and sustainable urbanism, while also highlighting other enabling factors such as decentralization. It concludes by exploring how future external action around the European Green Deal and its ambitions for systemic transformation could benefit from stepping up cooperation with cities in the Southern Neighbourhood around the water-energy-food nexus.
5
Altstein, Miriam, and Ronald J. Nachman. Rational Design of Insect Control Agent Prototypes Based on Pyrokinin/PBAN Neuropeptide Antagonists. United States Department of Agriculture, August 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7593398.bard.
Анотація:
The general objective of this study was to develop rationally designed mimetic antagonists (and agonists) of the PK/PBAN Np class with enhanced bio-stability and bioavailability as prototypes for effective and environmentally friendly pest insect management agents. The PK/PBAN family is a multifunctional group of Nps that mediates key functions in insects (sex pheromone biosynthesis, cuticular melanization, myotropic activity, diapause and pupal development) and is, therefore, of high scientific and applied interest. The objectives of the current study were: (i) to identify an antagonist biophores (ii) to develop an arsenal of amphiphilic topically active PK/PBAN antagonists with an array of different time-release profiles based on the previously developed prototype analog; (iii) to develop rationally designed non-peptide SMLs based on the antagonist biophore determined in (i) and evaluate them in cloned receptor microplate binding assays and by pheromonotropic, melanotropic and pupariation in vivo assays. (iv) to clone PK/PBAN receptors (PK/PBAN-Rs) for further understanding of receptor-ligand interactions; (v) to develop microplate binding assays for screening the above SMLs. In the course of the granting period A series of amphiphilic PK/PBAN analogs based on a linear lead antagonist from the previous BARD grant was synthesized that incorporated a diverse array of hydrophobic groups (HR-Suc-A[dF]PRLa). Others were synthesized via the attachment of polyethylene glycol (PEG) polymers. A hydrophobic, biostablePK/PBAN/DH analog DH-2Abf-K prevented the onset of the protective state of diapause in H. zea pupae [EC50=7 pmol/larva] following injection into the preceding larval stage. It effectively induces the crop pest to commit a form of ‘ecological suicide’. Evaluation of a set of amphiphilic PK analogs with a diverse array of hydrophobic groups of the formula HR-Suc-FTPRLa led to the identification of analog T-63 (HR=Decyl) that increased the extent of diapause termination by a factor of 70% when applied topically to newly emerged pupae. Another biostablePK analog PK-Oic-1 featured anti-feedant and aphicidal properties that matched the potency of some commercial aphicides. Native PK showed no significant activity. The aphicidal effects were blocked by a new PEGylated PK antagonist analog PK-dF-PEG4, suggesting that the activity is mediated by a PK/PBAN receptor and therefore indicative of a novel and selective mode-of-action. Using a novel transPro mimetic motif (dihydroimidazole; ‘Jones’) developed in previous BARD-sponsored work, the first antagonist for the diapause hormone (DH), DH-Jo, was developed and shown to block over 50% of H. zea pupal diapause termination activity of native DH. This novel antagonist development strategy may be applicable to other invertebrate and vertebrate hormones that feature a transPro in the active core. The research identifies a critical component of the antagonist biophore for this PK/PBAN receptor subtype, i.e. a trans-oriented Pro. Additional work led to the molecular cloning and functional characterization of the DH receptor from H. zea, allowing for the discovery of three other DH antagonist analogs: Drosophila ETH, a β-AA analog, and a dF analog. The receptor experiments identified an agonist (DH-2Abf-dA) with a maximal response greater than native DH. ‘Deconvolution’ of a rationally-designed nonpeptide heterocyclic combinatorial library with a cyclic bis-guanidino (BG) scaffold led to discovery of several members that elicited activity in a pupariation acceleration assay, and one that also showed activity in an H. zea diapause termination assay, eliciting a maximal response of 90%. Molecular cloning and functional characterization of a CAP2b antidiuretic receptor from the kissing bug (R. prolixus) as well as the first CAP2b and PK receptors from a tick was also achieved. Notably, the PK/PBAN-like receptor from the cattle fever tick is unique among known PK/PBAN and CAP2b receptors in that it can interact with both ligand types, providing further evidence for an evolutionary relationship between these two NP families. In the course of the granting period we also managed to clone the PK/PBAN-R of H. peltigera, to express it and the S. littoralis-R Sf-9 cells and to evaluate their interaction with a variety of PK/PBAN ligands. In addition, three functional microplate assays in a HTS format have been developed: a cell-membrane competitive ligand binding assay; a Ca flux assay and a whole cell cAMP ELISA. The Ca flux assay has been used for receptor characterization due to its extremely high sensitivity. Computer homology studies were carried out to predict both receptor’s SAR and based on this analysis 8 mutants have been generated. The bioavailability of small linear antagonistic peptides has been evaluated and was found to be highly effective as sex pheromone biosynthesis inhibitors. The activity of 11 new amphiphilic analogs has also been evaluated. Unfortunately, due to a problem with the Heliothis moth colony we were unable to select those with pheromonotropic antagonistic activity and further check their bioavailability. Six peptides exhibited some melanotropic antagonistic activity but due to the low inhibitory effect the peptides were not further tested for bioavailability in S. littoralis larvae. Despite the fact that no new antagonistic peptides were discovered in the course of this granting period the results contribute to a better understanding of the interaction of the PK/PBAN family of Nps with their receptors, provided several HT assays for screening of libraries of various origin for presence of PK/PBAN-Ragonists and antagonists and provided important practical information for the further design of new, peptide-based insecticide prototypes aimed at the disruption of key neuroendocrine physiological functions in pest insects.
6
McKenna, Patrick, and Mark Evans. Emergency Relief and complex service delivery: Towards better outcomes. Queensland University of Technology, June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/rep.eprints.211133.
Анотація:
Emergency Relief (ER) is a Department of Social Services (DSS) funded program, delivered by 197 community organisations (ER Providers) across Australia, to assist people facing a financial crisis with financial/material aid and referrals to other support programs. ER has been playing this important role in Australian communities since 1979. Without ER, more people living in Australia who experience a financial crisis might face further harm such as crippling debt or homelessness. The Emergency Relief National Coordination Group (NCG) was established in April 2020 at the start of the COVID-19 pandemic to advise the Minister for Families and Social Services on the implementation of ER. To inform its advice to the Minister, the NCG partnered with the Institute for Governance at the University of Canberra to conduct research to understand the issues and challenges faced by ER Providers and Service Users in local contexts across Australia. The research involved a desktop review of the existing literature on ER service provision, a large survey which all Commonwealth ER Providers were invited to participate in (and 122 responses were received), interviews with a purposive sample of 18 ER Providers, and the development of a program logic and theory of change for the Commonwealth ER program to assess progress. The surveys and interviews focussed on ER Provider perceptions of the strengths, weaknesses, future challenges, and areas of improvement for current ER provision. The trend of increasing case complexity, the effectiveness of ER service delivery models in achieving outcomes for Service Users, and the significance of volunteering in the sector were investigated. Separately, an evaluation of the performance of the NCG was conducted and a summary of the evaluation is provided as an appendix to this report. Several themes emerged from the review of the existing literature such as service delivery shortcomings in dealing with case complexity, the effectiveness of case management, and repeat requests for service. Interviews with ER workers and Service Users found that an uplift in workforce capability was required to deal with increasing case complexity, leading to recommendations for more training and service standards. Several service evaluations found that ER delivered with case management led to high Service User satisfaction, played an integral role in transforming the lives of people with complex needs, and lowered repeat requests for service. A large longitudinal quantitative study revealed that more time spent with participants substantially decreased the number of repeat requests for service; and, given that repeat requests for service can be an indicator of entrenched poverty, not accessing further services is likely to suggest improvement. The interviews identified the main strengths of ER to be the rapid response and flexible use of funds to stabilise crisis situations and connect people to other supports through strong local networks. Service Users trusted the system because of these strengths, and ER was often an access point to holistic support. There were three main weaknesses identified. First, funding contracts were too short and did not cover the full costs of the program—in particular, case management for complex cases. Second, many Service Users were dependent on ER which was inconsistent with the definition and intent of the program. Third, there was inconsistency in the level of service received by Service Users in different geographic locations. These weaknesses can be improved upon with a joined-up approach featuring co-design and collaborative governance, leading to the successful commissioning of social services. The survey confirmed that volunteers were significant for ER, making up 92% of all workers and 51% of all hours worked in respondent ER programs. Of the 122 respondents, volunteers amounted to 554 full-time equivalents, a contribution valued at $39.4 million. In total there were 8,316 volunteers working in the 122 respondent ER programs. The sector can support and upskill these volunteers (and employees in addition) by developing scalable training solutions such as online training modules, updating ER service standards, and engaging in collaborative learning arrangements where large and small ER Providers share resources. More engagement with peak bodies such as Volunteering Australia might also assist the sector to improve the focus on volunteer engagement. Integrated services achieve better outcomes for complex ER cases—97% of survey respondents either agreed or strongly agreed this was the case. The research identified the dimensions of service integration most relevant to ER Providers to be case management, referrals, the breadth of services offered internally, co-location with interrelated service providers, an established network of support, workforce capability, and Service User engagement. Providers can individually focus on increasing the level of service integration for their ER program to improve their ability to deal with complex cases, which are clearly on the rise. At the system level, a more joined-up approach can also improve service integration across Australia. The key dimensions of this finding are discussed next in more detail. Case management is key for achieving Service User outcomes for complex cases—89% of survey respondents either agreed or strongly agreed this was the case. Interviewees most frequently said they would provide more case management if they could change their service model. Case management allows for more time spent with the Service User, follow up with referral partners, and a higher level of expertise in service delivery to support complex cases. Of course, it is a costly model and not currently funded for all Service Users through ER. Where case management is not available as part of ER, it might be available through a related service that is part of a network of support. Where possible, ER Providers should facilitate access to case management for Service Users who would benefit. At a system level, ER models with a greater component of case management could be implemented as test cases. Referral systems are also key for achieving Service User outcomes, which is reflected in the ER Program Logic presented on page 31. The survey and interview data show that referrals within an integrated service (internal) or in a service hub (co-located) are most effective. Where this is not possible, warm referrals within a trusted network of support are more effective than cold referrals leading to higher take-up and beneficial Service User outcomes. However, cold referrals are most common, pointing to a weakness in ER referral systems. This is because ER Providers do not operate or co-locate with interrelated services in many cases, nor do they have the case management capacity to provide warm referrals in many other cases. For mental illness support, which interviewees identified as one of the most difficult issues to deal with, ER Providers offer an integrated service only 23% of the time, warm referrals 34% of the time, and cold referrals 43% of the time. A focus on referral systems at the individual ER Provider level, and system level through a joined-up approach, might lead to better outcomes for Service Users. The program logic and theory of change for ER have been documented with input from the research findings and included in Section 4.3 on page 31. These show that ER helps people facing a financial crisis to meet their immediate needs, avoid further harm, and access a path to recovery. The research demonstrates that ER is fundamental to supporting vulnerable people in Australia and should therefore continue to be funded by government.
7
Payment Systems Report - June of 2021. Banco de la República, February 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/rept-sist-pag.eng.2021.
Анотація:
Banco de la República provides a comprehensive overview of Colombia’s finan¬cial infrastructure in its Payment Systems Report, which is an important product of the work it does to oversee that infrastructure. The figures published in this edition of the report are for the year 2020, a pandemic period in which the con¬tainment measures designed and adopted to alleviate the strain on the health system led to a sharp reduction in economic activity and consumption in Colom¬bia, as was the case in most countries. At the start of the pandemic, the Board of Directors of Banco de la República adopted decisions that were necessary to supply the market with ample liquid¬ity in pesos and US dollars to guarantee market stability, protect the payment system and preserve the supply of credit. The pronounced growth in mone¬tary aggregates reflected an increased preference for liquidity, which Banco de la República addressed at the right time. These decisions were implemented through operations that were cleared and settled via the financial infrastructure. The second section of this report, following the introduction, offers an analysis of how the various financial infrastructures in Colombia have evolved and per¬formed. One of the highlights is the large-value payment system (CUD), which registered more momentum in 2020 than during the previous year, mainly be¬cause of an increase in average daily remunerated deposits made with Banco de la República by the General Directorate of Public Credit and the National Treasury (DGCPTN), as well as more activity in the sell/buy-back market with sovereign debt. Consequently, with more activity in the CUD, the Central Securi¬ties Depository (DCV) experienced an added impetus sparked by an increase in the money market for bonds and securities placed on the primary market by the national government. The value of operations cleared and settled through the Colombian Central Counterparty (CRCC) continues to grow, propelled largely by peso/dollar non-deliverable forward (NDF) contracts. With respect to the CRCC, it is important to note this clearing house has been in charge of managing risks and clearing and settling operations in the peso/dollar spot market since the end of last year, following its merger with the Foreign Exchange Clearing House of Colombia (CCDC). Since the final quarter of 2020, the CRCC has also been re¬sponsible for clearing and settlement in the equities market, which was former¬ly done by the Colombian Stock Exchange (BVC). The third section of this report provides an all-inclusive view of payments in the market for goods and services; namely, transactions carried out by members of the public and non-financial institutions. During the pandemic, inter- and intra-bank electronic funds transfers, which originate mostly with companies, increased in both the number and value of transactions with respect to 2019. However, debit and credit card payments, which are made largely by private citizens, declined compared to 2019. The incidence of payment by check contin¬ue to drop, exhibiting quite a pronounced downward trend during the past last year. To supplement to the information on electronic funds transfers, section three includes a segment (Box 4) characterizing the population with savings and checking accounts, based on data from a survey by Banco de la República con-cerning the perception of the use of payment instruments in 2019. There also is segment (Box 2) on the growth in transactions with a mobile wallet provided by a company specialized in electronic deposits and payments (Sedpe). It shows the number of users and the value of their transactions have increased since the wallet was introduced in late 2017, particularly during the pandemic. In addition, there is a diagnosis of the effects of the pandemic on the payment patterns of the population, based on data related to the use of cash in circu¬lation, payments with electronic instruments, and consumption and consumer confidence. The conclusion is that the collapse in the consumer confidence in¬dex and the drop in private consumption led to changes in the public’s pay¬ment patterns. Credit and debit card purchases were down, while payments for goods and services through electronic funds transfers increased. These findings, coupled with the considerable increase in cash in circulation, might indicate a possible precautionary cash hoarding by individuals and more use of cash as a payment instrument. There is also a segment (in Focus 3) on the major changes introduced in regulations on the retail-value payment system in Colombia, as provided for in Decree 1692 of December 2020. The fourth section of this report refers to the important innovations and tech¬nological changes that have occurred in the retail-value payment system. Four themes are highlighted in this respect. The first is a key point in building the financial infrastructure for instant payments. It involves of the design and im¬plementation of overlay schemes, a technological development that allows the various participants in the payment chain to communicate openly. The result is a high degree of interoperability among the different payment service providers. The second topic explores developments in the international debate on central bank digital currency (CBDC). The purpose is to understand how it could impact the retail-value payment system and the use of cash if it were to be issued. The third topic is related to new forms of payment initiation, such as QR codes, bio¬metrics or near field communication (NFC) technology. These seemingly small changes can have a major impact on the user’s experience with the retail-value payment system. The fourth theme is the growth in payments via mobile tele¬phone and the internet. The report ends in section five with a review of two papers on applied research done at Banco de la República in 2020. The first analyzes the extent of the CRCC’s capital, acknowledging the relevant role this infrastructure has acquired in pro¬viding clearing and settlement services for various financial markets in Colom¬bia. The capital requirements defined for central counterparties in some jurisdic¬tions are explored, and the risks to be hedged are identified from the standpoint of the service these type of institutions offer to the market and those associated with their corporate activity. The CRCC’s capital levels are analyzed in light of what has been observed in the European Union’s regulations, and the conclusion is that the CRCC has a scheme of security rings very similar to those applied internationally and the extent of its capital exceeds what is stipulated in Colombian regulations, being sufficient to hedge other risks. The second study presents an algorithm used to identify and quantify the liquidity sources that CUD’s participants use under normal conditions to meet their daily obligations in the local financial market. This algorithm can be used as a tool to monitor intraday liquidity. Leonardo Villar Gómez Governor