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Larsen, Lisbeth Hoekjaer, Maja Hedegaard Lauritzen, Sirin Wilhelmsen Gangstad, and Troels Wesenberg Kjaer. "The Use of Small Electronic Devices and Health: Feasibility of Interventions for a Forthcoming Crossover Design." JMIR Formative Research 5, no. 1 (January 4, 2021): e20410. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/20410.
Анотація:
Background Modern lifestyle is heavily affected by technology such as smartphones, tablets, and other small computers; yet it remains unclear how our health and well-being are affected by the heavy use of these devices. Objective This feasibility study aims to test two different interventions of an experimental protocol for a forthcoming large-scale community-based study and get estimates of parameters for sample size calculation. The aim of the large-scale study is to investigate the effect of (1) a wearable tracking device on aerobic capacity (VO2max/kg) and the effect of (2) restricting media use on total sleep time. Methods Twenty healthy participants were included and equipped with a wrist-worn device tracking physical activity and sleep. Participants were allocated to either a physical activity group, which was instructed to use the wrist-worn device to support exercise, or a sleep silent group, which was instructed to remove or switch off all electronic devices in the bedroom (except the wrist-worn tracking device). The intervention lasted approximately 4 weeks. Data collected included blood pressure, submaximal cycle ergometer test, self-reported technology use, and compliance of using the wearable tracking device. Results All participants wore the wearable tracking device 95.8% (SD 4.4%) of the time. Participants in the physical activity group increased aerobic capacity from 30.38 (SD 8.98) to 32.1 (SD 8.71) mL/kg/min (t=–2.31, P=.046) and decreased their systolic blood pressure from 126.5 (SD 15.8) mm Hg to 121.8 (SD 11.7) mm Hg (t=2.72, P=.02). The sleep silent group prolonged their time offline before bedtime from 18.1 (SD 19.4) minutes to 27.2 (SD 17.3) minutes (t=–2.94, P=.02). Conclusions The two interventions are feasible to conduct. Participants were willing to wear the tracking device on their wrist and restrict all media use in their bedroom and thereby reduce bedtime technology use. Our results also suggest that tracking physical activity using a wearable device is accompanied by noteworthy health benefits. We outline necessary adjustments for a forthcoming large-scale study.
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Wong, C. P. "An Overview of Integrated Circuit Device Encapsulants." Journal of Electronic Packaging 111, no. 2 (June 1, 1989): 97–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3226528.
Анотація:
The rapid development of integrated circuit technology from small-scale integration (SSI) to very large scale integration (VLSI) has had great technological and economical impact on the electronics industry. The exponential growth of the number of components per IC chip, the exponential decrease of device dimensions, and the steady increase in IC chip size have imposed stringent requirements, not only on the IC physical design and fabrication, but also on IC encapsulants. This report addresses the purpose of encapsulation, encapsulation techniques, and a general overview of the application of inorganic and organic polymer materials as electronic device encapsulants.
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Tsuchiya, Hideaki, Brian Winstead, and Umberto Ravaioli. "Quantum Potential Approaches for Nano-scale Device Simulation." VLSI Design 13, no. 1-4 (January 1, 2001): 335–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2001/73145.
Анотація:
With the progress of integrated technology, the feature size of experimental electron devices have already been scaled down deeply into the sub–0.1 μm region. For such ultra-small devices, it is increasingly important to take quantum mechanical effects into account for device simulation. In this paper, we present a new approach for quantum modeling, applicable to multi-dimensional ultra-small device simulation. In this work, the quantum effects are represented in terms of quantum mechanically corrected potential in the classical Boltzmann equation. We apply the Monte Carlo method to solve the quantum transport equation, and demonstrate that the quantum effects such as tunneling and quantum confinement effects can be incorporated in the standard Monte Carlo techniques.
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Cirillo, Luca, Adriana Greco, and Claudia Masselli. "CHECK TEMPERATURE: A Small-Scale Elastocaloric Device for the Cooling of the Electronic Circuits." International Journal of Heat and Technology 40, no. 3 (June 30, 2022): 665–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.18280/ijht.400302.
Анотація:
Elastocaloric is a technology to the class of solid-state cooling based on caloric-effects have attracted great interest in recent years, representing a new and viable alternative to vapour-compression. The physical phenomenon on which elastocaloric systems are based is elastocaloric effect: a physical-thermal phenomenon manifesting in some materials called shape memory alloys where, consequently to an adiabatic variation of the intensity of an external field, a temperature variation (ΔTad), occurs. If the intensity of the field is increasing, a temperature rise is observed in the elastocaloric material; conversely, to a decreasing intensity a temperature fall corresponds. Controlling the temperature of electronic equipment is also essential and, currently, there are not elastocaloric devices specifically addressed to this application. In this context CHECK TEMPERATURE (acronym of “Controlling the Heating of Electronic Circuits: a Key-approach Through Elastocaloric Materials in a Prototype Employing them as Refrigerants of an AcTive Ultrasmall Refrigerator”) project was born: the main purpose of this project is to develop an elastocaloric device targeted on miniature scale for environmentally friendly cooling of electronic components. In this paper all the aspect concerning the development are described.
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Kim, Younghye, Hyunwook Oh, Mira Yun, and Hanra Cho. "The Impact of Electronic Device Use on Life Satisfaction in Older Adults." K Association of Education Research 8, no. 3 (September 30, 2023): 135–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.48033/jss.8.3.7.
Анотація:
The purpose of this study is to examine life satisfaction and electronic device usage by demographic characteristics using 『2020 Korean National Survey on Older Adults』 data. Also, to determine whether the use of electronic devices by the elderly affects their life satisfaction. For this purpose, the use of electronic devices by the elderly was first categorized by purpose. Then, independent samples t-test and ANOVA analysis were conducted. Multiple regression analysis was conducted to examine the relationship between electronic device use and life satisfaction. The main findings are as follows. First, life satisfaction was close to the “so-so” level. Second, overall, electronic device use was higher among men than women, younger age groups, higher education levels, and non-living alone than living alone. Third, among the purposes of electronic device use, “interacting with others,” “searching and acquiring information,” and “economic transactions” were found to affect life satisfaction, but “hobbies and leisure” was not found to affect life satisfaction. Based on these results, policy recommendations were made to strengthen information technology education for traditionally vulnerable groups, encourage online activities using electronic devices, conduct small-scale information technology education, and develop various educational programs that take into account the purpose of using electronic devices.
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MANOHAR, S., A. PHAM, J. BROWN, R. BORGES, and K. LINTHICUM. "MICROWAVE GaN-BASED POWER TRANSISTORS ON LARGE-SCALE SILICON WAFERS." International Journal of High Speed Electronics and Systems 13, no. 01 (March 2003): 265–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129156403001600.
Анотація:
This paper presents the development of microwave Gallium nitride (GaN) heterostructure field-effect transistors (HFETs) on silicon (Si). GaN-on-Si provides a low-cost manufacturable platform that could lead to the commercialization of GaN-based power devices for wireless applications. Small periphery GaN high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) on Si exhibited a maximum drain current of 900mA/mm, a peak gm of 300 mS/mm, and a microwave output power density of 1.5 W/mm at 2 GHz. Microwave characterization and device modeling of GaN HEMTs on Si are discussed.
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Shimokuri, D., T. Hara, and R. Matsumoto. "Development of a small-scale power system with meso-scale vortex combustor and thermo-electric device." Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering 25, no. 10 (September 25, 2015): 104004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0960-1317/25/10/104004.
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Lu, Z. W., X. Y. Liu, X. Wang, D. X. Ba, Z. H. Jiang, P. Y. Du, and C. Y. Zhu. "High-precision small-scale laser focal spot measurements." Laser and Particle Beams 31, no. 1 (February 6, 2013): 177–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263034612001073.
Анотація:
AbstractIn this paper, a method of two-dimensional fine-scanning with charge coupled device has been conducted to precisely measure spatial position and intensity distribution of small-scale focal spot (diameter in microns). The measurement accuracy of the small-scale focal spot position is better than 1 µm when the fluctuations of the light energy and background noise are relatively small. The theoretical analysis is consistent with the experimental results.
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Yang, Dong, Hao Wang, Shenglin Luo, Changning Wang, Sheng Zhang, and Shiqi Guo. "Paper-Cut Flexible Multifunctional Electronics Using MoS2 Nanosheet." Nanomaterials 9, no. 7 (June 26, 2019): 922. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano9070922.
Анотація:
Art and science represent human creativity and rational thinking, respectively. When the two seemingly opposite fields are intertwined, there is always a life-changing spark. In particular, the integration of ancient traditional Chinese art into the latest electronic devices is always been an unexcavated topic. Fabricating two-dimensional material with a tensile strain less than 3% with an ultimate global stretch has been an important problem that plagues the current flexible electronics field. The current research is limited to material in small scale, and it is always necessary to develop and extend large-sized flexible electronic systems. Here, inspired by the traditional Chinese paper-cut structure, we present a highly deformable multifunctional electronic system based on the MoS2 nanosheet. In this work, we first demonstrate how the traditional paper-cut structure can open the view of flexible electronics. In order to obtain a large area of MoS2 with excellent performance, we use a metal-assisted exfoliation method to transfer MoS2, followed by fabricating a field effect transistor to characterize its excellent electrical properties. Two photodetectors and a temperature sensor are produced with good performance. The mechanical simulation proves that the structure has more advantages in stretchability than other typical paper-cut structures. From the experimental and mechanical point of view, it is proved that the device can work stably under high deformation. We finally show that the device has broad application prospects in highly deformed organs, tissues, and joints. These findings set a good example of traditional Chinese culture to guide innovation in the field of electronic devices.
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Mainra, Jashan Kumar, Akshpreet Kaur, Gaurav Sapra, and Parul Gaur. "Simulation and Modelling of Triboelectric Nanogenerator for Self-powered Electronic Devices." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1225, no. 1 (February 1, 2022): 012012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1225/1/012012.
Анотація:
Abstract Triboelectric Nanogenerators has revolutionised the area of energy harvesting and self-powered sensing. In recent years, variety of small scale applications of triboelectric nanogenerators have been explored extensively particularly in self powered electronics, wearable and implantable devices, self-powered biosensors, human motion monitoring, location evaluation, air quality control etc. This paper discusses simulation and modelling of contact separation mode based triboelectric nanogenerator. In this work, triboelectric nanogenerators are simulated in COMSOL to compare the voltage profile of three different triboelectric materials – Kapton, Teflon and RTV Silicone with respect to Aluminium. Also, the effect of thickness of triboelectric layer on voltage profile is studied to optimize the thickness of the films. The output voltage recorded is 75 V, 60 V and 59 V for RTV Silicone, Teflon and Kapton respectively. It was observed that with increase in thickness of triboelectric layer, output voltage first increases linearly and then starts decreasing. The future research is directed towards fabricating a robust device for realising self – powered electronic devices.
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D. A. Muller, T. Sorsch, S. Moccio, F. H. Baumann, K. Evans-Lutterodt, and G. Timp. "How Small Is Too Small ? Understanding The Electronic Structure Of Atomic-Scale Transistors." Microscopy and Microanalysis 5, S2 (August 1999): 120–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600013921.
Анотація:
The transistors planned for commercial use ten years from now in many electronic devices will have gate lengths shorter than 130 atoms, gate oxides thinner than 1.2 nm of SiO2 and clock speeds in excess of 10 GHz. It is now technologically possible to produce such transistors with gate oxides only 5 silicon atoms thick[l]. Since at least two of those 5 atoms are not in a local environment similar to either bulk Si or bulk SiO2, the properties of the interface are responsible for a significant fraction of the “bulk” properties of the gate oxide. However the physical (and especially their electrical) properties of the interfacial atoms are very different from .bulk Si or bulk SiO2. Further, roughness on an atomic scale can alter the leakage current by orders of magnitude.In our studies of such devices, we found that thermal oxidation tends to produce Si/SiO2 interfaces with 0.1-0.2 nm rms roughness.
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Arnet, Isabelle, Jean-Pierre Rothen, Valerie Albert, and Kurt Hersberger. "Validation of a Novel Electronic Device for Medication Adherence Monitoring of Ambulatory Patients." Pharmacy 7, no. 4 (November 20, 2019): 155. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy7040155.
Анотація:
Several methods exist for measuring medication adherence. The Time4MedTM device (Adherence Innovations, Hong Kong) is a small, electronic card to affix on medication packaging that records date and time of intakes when a button is pushed. We aimed to validate the device with an emphasis on polypharmacy. Twenty volunteers used Time4MedTM devices with a virtual thrice daily intake over 14 days. Diary-recorded date and time were compared to electronically-stored events. Functionality, reliability and recovery for different stress conditions were calculated. User‘s acceptability was assessed with the System Usability Scale (SUS). Eleven elderly outpatients (mean age 80.2 ± 8.1 years) taking >3 medications daily used the device over 4 weeks. Volunteers logged 847 events. Functionality (100%), sensitivity (94.9%), specificity (99.4%) and recovery (100%) were high. Dropping the smart card and storing it in a refrigerator caused either the recording of false events or no recording at all. The mean SUS score was 82.6 (SD 14.8), demonstrating excellent acceptability. Satisfaction was very high for volunteers and patients, except for pushing the button. Time4MedTM devices are highly accurate in recording, retaining and delivering electronic data of multiple medication intake. They are well accepted by elderly patients. They can be recommended in clinical studies and for practitioners who desire to elucidate adherence patterns of ambulatory patients.
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Al-Tameemi, Saif, and Mohammed Nadhim Abbas. "All-Optical Universal Logic Gates at Nano-scale Dimensions." Iraqi Journal of Nanotechnology, no. 2 (December 7, 2021): 34–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.47758/ijn.vi2.49.
Анотація:
Though photonics displays an attractive solution to the speed limitation of electronics, decreasing the size of photonic devices is one of the major problems with implementing photonic integrated circuits that are regarded the challenges to produce all-optical computers. Plasmonic can solve these problems, it be a potential solution to fill the gaps in the electronics (large bandwidth and ultra-high speed) and photonics (diffraction limit due to miniaturization size). In this paper, Nano-rings Insulator-Metal-Insulator (IMI) plasmonic waveguides has been used to propose, design, simulate, and perform all-optical universal logic gates (NOR and NAND gates). By using Finite Element Method (FEM), the structure of the proposed plasmonic universal logic gates are designed and numerically simulated by two dimensions (2-D) structure. Silver and Glass materials were chosen to construct proposed structure. The function of the proposed plasmonic NOR and NAND logic gates was achieved by destructive and constructive interferences principle. The performance of the proposed device is measured by three criteria; the transmission, extension ratio, and modulation depth. Numerical simulations show that a transmission threshold (0.3) which allows achieving the proposed plasmonic universal logic gates in one structure at 1550 nm operating wavelength. The properties of this devise was as follows: The transmission exceeds 100% in one state of NAND gate, medium values of Extension Ratio, very high MD values, and very small foot print. In the future, this device will be the access to the nanophotonic integrated circuits and it has regarded fundamental building blocks for all-optical computers.
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Park, Steve, Gaurav Giri, Leo Shaw, Gregory Pitner, Jewook Ha, Ja Hoon Koo, Xiaodan Gu, et al. "Large-area formation of self-aligned crystalline domains of organic semiconductors on transistor channels using CONNECT." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 18 (April 20, 2015): 5561–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1419771112.
Анотація:
The electronic properties of solution-processable small-molecule organic semiconductors (OSCs) have rapidly improved in recent years, rendering them highly promising for various low-cost large-area electronic applications. However, practical applications of organic electronics require patterned and precisely registered OSC films within the transistor channel region with uniform electrical properties over a large area, a task that remains a significant challenge. Here, we present a technique termed “controlled OSC nucleation and extension for circuits” (CONNECT), which uses differential surface energy and solution shearing to simultaneously generate patterned and precisely registered OSC thin films within the channel region and with aligned crystalline domains, resulting in low device-to-device variability. We have fabricated transistor density as high as 840 dpi, with a yield of 99%. We have successfully built various logic gates and a 2-bit half-adder circuit, demonstrating the practical applicability of our technique for large-scale circuit fabrication.
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Tuharea, Ibnu Rohan, Ahmad Luthfi, and Erika Ramadani. "Enhancing Digital Forensic Investigation: A Focus on Compact Electronic Devices and Social Media Metadata." Journal of Information Systems and Informatics 5, no. 4 (December 2, 2023): 1385–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.51519/journalisi.v5i4.594.
Анотація:
The rise of portable electronic devices and social media has led to new criminal activities, necessitating advancements in digital forensics. This paper introduces Small-Scale Digital Device Forensics (SSDDF), focusing on the forensic examination of miniature digital devices often used in crimes. SSDDF addresses the challenges posed by these devices, particularly in extracting and analyzing data from them. A key aspect of this research is exploring ontology in social media forensics, particularly within the Android operating system. This involves extracting digital evidence like user accounts, messages, and images from social media platforms. While the paper primarily focuses on social media data, it acknowledges the importance of the devices used in crimes. The integration of SSDDF and the analysis of Android system structures are highlighted as key advancements in digital forensic methodologies. These enhancements are expected to improve the process of collecting and analyzing digital evidence from both compact electronic devices and social media platforms. The study offers significant contributions to the field of digital forensics. It provides new strategies for more efficient and effective forensic investigations, especially in the context of extracting and analyzing digital evidence from small electronic devices and social media, thus paving the way for more robust digital evidence handling in future forensic inquiries.
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Brauer, Elizabeth J., Marek Turowski, and James M. McDonough. "Additive Decomposition Applied to the Semiconductor Drift-Diffusion Model." VLSI Design 8, no. 1-4 (January 1, 1998): 393–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/1998/96170.
Анотація:
A new numerical method for semiconductor device simulation is presented. The additive decomposition method has been successfully applied to Burgers' and Navier-Stokes equations governing turbulent fluid flow by decomposing the equations into large-scale and small-scale parts without averaging. The additive decomposition (AD) technique is well suited to problems with a large range of time and/or space scales, for example, thermal-electrical simulation of power semiconductor devices with large physical size. Furthermore, AD adds a level of parallelization for improved computational efficiency. The new numerical technique has been tested on the 1-D drift-diffusion model of a p-i-n diode for reverse and forward biases. Distributions of φ, n and p have been calculated using the AD method on a coarse large-scale grid and then in parallel small-scale grid sections. The AD results agreed well with the results obtained with a traditional one-grid approach, while potentially reducing memory requirements with the new method.
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Watkins, James J., and David J. Bishop. "Fabrication of Sub-45-nm Structures for the Next Generation of Devices: A Lot of Effort for a Little Device." MRS Bulletin 30, no. 12 (December 2005): 937–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/mrs2005.246.
Анотація:
AbstractFor the last four decades, the feature sizes of electronic devices for computers have been reduced by a factor of two roughly every 18 months. The result has been a tremendous increase in computational power and reduction in the cost of computing, as measured by cost per function, of nearly 30% annually, so that computations can be done for a billionth of the cost of using the technology of the 1950s. However, devices will soon be so small that the current technology used to produce them will have reached its limits, and the graininess of individual atoms will affect their behavior. This issue focuses on techniques to make tiny devices with dimensions under 45 nm (45 billionths of a meter) for the next generation of devices.Techniques start with coupling currently used 193-nm and 157-nm optical lithography with liquid immersion to reduce the effective wavelength. Other techniques include microprinting, self-assembly, templating, and using supercritical fluids to avoid the effects of surface tension while enabling solution-based processing at such small dimensions. The development of three-dimensional structures that are approaching this scale is also discussed.The methods presented will have an effect on many areas of technology, including, in addition to electronics, advanced sensor technology, energy conversion, catalysis, and nanoelectromechanical systems.
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Song, Xiongfei, Zhongxun Guo, Qiaochu Zhang, Peng Zhou, Wenzhong Bao, and David Wei Zhang. "Progress of Large-Scale Synthesis and Electronic Device Application of Two-Dimensional Transition Metal Dichalcogenides." Small 13, no. 35 (July 19, 2017): 1700098. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/smll.201700098.
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Quan, Lei, Fang Wang, and Rong Li. "Abiot: A Low Cost Agile Sonic Pest Control Tricopter." Advanced Materials Research 945-949 (June 2014): 1408–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.945-949.1408.
Анотація:
In this paper we introduce the concept of an agile electronic pest control intelligent device for commercial usage and we have evaluated its performance in comparison with other existing similar technologies. The frequency and intensities are changed with respect to the target pest however human behavior has been found to be inert with their exposure. The unit has been tested in lab conditions as well as field testing done have given encouraging results. The device can be a standalone unit and hence work for small scale viz. kitchen garden on the other hand multiple devices acting in coordination with each other give the desired output on a larger scale. Lastly, we chose a tricopter over the wider used quadcopter for greater yaw and agility. The work was funded by IEEE under AiyeHum – 2012 and the prototype was successfully built and tested. The system response effectiveness was found to 86.5% up to a distance of 15 meters.
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Kremer, Ingridi Dos Santos, Eloisa Da Rosa, Silvana Maldaner, Glauber Rodrigues de Quadros, Lucinéia Fabris, Lucas Tavares Cardoso, and Jocenir Boita. "Uma síntese da nanotecnologia aplicada à eletrônica." Ciência e Natura 42 (February 7, 2020): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/2179460x40594.
Анотація:
Nanotechnology is the control of small-scale matter as atomic and molecular. She works in the development of materials and components for various areas of knowledge such as electronics, catalysis, medicine and other areas. Being one of the most benefited electronics. The application of nanotechnology in electronics has brought new concepts to the area allowing to minimize electronic devices, use of semiconductors, conductors, diodes, transistors and other components built in small scales, it can be observed that they are presented smaller and lighter, and more efficient. This technology is increasingly being improved, as all tests show that materials thus converted to nanoscale are more efficient in their performance.
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Tuharea, Ibnu Rohan, Ahmad Luthfi, and Erika Ramadani. "Social Media Metadata Forensic Ontology Model." Mobile and Forensics 5, no. 2 (September 30, 2023): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.12928/mf.v5i2.8937.
Анотація:
The escalating use of compact electronic gadgets like smartphones and smartwatches, along with social media platforms, has led to a new dimension of criminal activities. Advancements in digital forensics, which investigates digital evidence, have become noteworthy. Researchers David Christopher Harrill and Richard P. Mislan devised Small-Scale Digital Device Forensics (SSDDF) for examining miniature digital devices used in criminal undertakings. Edlira Kalemi and Sule Yildirim-Yayilgan demonstrated the application of ontology in social media forensics, deciphering Android system frameworks related to social media data extraction. However, their investigations mainly focused on social media, overlooking the role of gadgets used by criminals and victims. Extracting digital data from these devices remains pivotal for securing relevant evidence from social media. Notwithstanding, incorporating SSDDF and understanding Android system structures have significantly contributed to digital forensic methodologies. These enhancements can bolster the investigation process, capturing and analyzing critical digital evidence from compact electronic appliances and social media platforms. The advent of SSDDF and elucidating Android system structures have offered invaluable inputs to digital forensics, enhancing efficacy in amassing significant evidence from small electronic devices and social media platforms.
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Youplao, Phichai, Nithiroth Pornsuwancharoen, and Preecha P. Yupapin. "High capacity terahertz frequency combs generated by small scale optical mesh network." Journal of Nonlinear Optical Physics & Materials 23, no. 01 (March 2014): 1450003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218863514500039.
Анотація:
A novel design of mesh ring resonator system is proposed and simulated to obtain the multi frequency comb bands, in which the frequency band less than 10 GHz (about 0.084 nm) of comb lines spacing with commercialized ring parameters is achieved. The proposed system is used to enhance the capacity of optical frequency comb for redundancy networks against the network element failures and to increase the survivability of the communication systems. The dependence of the mesh ring transmission characteristics with coupling coefficients of directional couplers is analyzed and studied. In application, such a system can be employed as an on-chip optical device for redundancy networks against the network element failures and to increase the survivability of the communication systems. The potential for improving the reliability and availability of the optical networks is discussed. Moreover, the proposed system can also be employed as multi sensing devices, where the microscale, for instance, as an atom/molecule force sensor can be measured by the shifted parameters of the Vernier filters.
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Solomon, Gemma C., Justin P. Bergfield, Charles A. Stafford, and Mark A. Ratner. "When “small” terms matter: Coupled interference features in the transport properties of cross-conjugated molecules." Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology 2 (December 29, 2011): 862–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjnano.2.95.
Анотація:
Quantum interference effects offer opportunities to tune the electronic and thermoelectric response of a quantum-scale device over orders of magnitude. Here we focus on single-molecule devices, in which interference features may be strongly affected by both chemical and electronic modifications to the system. Although not always desirable, such a susceptibility offers insight into the importance of “small” terms, such as through-space coupling and many-body charge–charge correlations. Here we investigate the effect of these small terms using different Hamiltonian models with Hückel, gDFTB and many-body theory to calculate the transport through several single-molecule junctions, finding that terms that are generally thought to only slightly perturb the transport instead produce significant qualitative changes in the transport properties. In particular, we show that coupling of multiple interference features in cross-conjugated molecules by through-space coupling will lead to splitting of the features, as can correlation effects. The degeneracy of multiple interference features in cross-conjugated molecules appears to be significantly more sensitive to perturbations than those observed in equivalent cyclic systems and this needs to be considered if such supernodes are required for molecular thermoelectric devices.
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URCIUOLI, D. P., and VICTOR VELIADIS. "BI-DIRECTIONAL SCALABLE SOLID-STATE CIRCUIT BREAKERS FOR HYBRID-ELECTRIC VEHICLES." International Journal of High Speed Electronics and Systems 19, no. 01 (March 2009): 183–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129156409006242.
Анотація:
Power electronics in hybrid-electric military ground vehicles require fast fault isolation, and benefit additionally from bi-directional fault isolation. To prevent system damage or failure, maximum fault current interrupt speeds in tens to hundreds of microseconds are necessary. While inherently providing bi-directional fault isolation, mechanical contactors and circuit breakers do not provide adequate actuation speeds, and suffer severe degradation during repeated fault isolation. Instead, it is desired to use a scalable array of solid-state devices as a solid-state circuit breaker (SSCB) having a collectively low conduction loss to provide large current handling capability and fast transition speed for current interruption. Although, both silicon-carbide (SiC) JFET and SiC MOSFET devices having high breakdown voltages and low drain-to-source resistances have been developed, neither device structure alone is capable of reverse blocking at full voltage. Limitations exist for using a dual common-source structure for either device type. Small-scale SSCB experiments were conducted using 0.03 cm2 normally-on SiC VJFETs. Based on results of these tests, a normally-on VJFET device modification is made, and a proposed symmetric SiC JFET is considered for this application.
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Coe, Jason B., Alexandra Rankovic, Tara R. Edwards, and Jacqueline M. Parr. "Dog owner’s accuracy measuring different volumes of dry dog food using three different measuring devices." Veterinary Record 185, no. 19 (August 13, 2019): 599. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.105319.
Анотація:
Prior research demonstrates significant inaccuracy when repeatedly measuring the same amount of dry dog food using a dry-food measuring cup, bringing into question the accuracy of measuring devices. This study aimed to determine dog owners’ accuracy when measuring different volumes of dry dog food using different types of measuring devices. One hundred dog owners, randomly assigned one of three measuring devices (a one-cup dry-food measuring cup, a two-cup graduated-liquid measuring cup or a two-cup commercial food scoop), were asked to measure ¼, ½ and 1 cup of dry dog food. Accuracy was assessed with an electronic gram scale by comparing measured volumes with the correct weight in grams. Individual accuracy ranged from −47.83% to 152.17% across devices and volumes. Measuring accuracy was found to be associated with the volume of food measured (p<0.001) and the type of measuring device used (p<0.001). Findings highlight approaches for decreasing excess intake of calories by dogs, including promotion of tactics to improve measurement accuracy (eg, gram scales, volume-calibrated dry-food measuring devices), especially for measuring small volumes.
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Ngah Demon, Siti Zulaikha, Nursaadah Ahmad Poad, Noor Fadhilah Rahmat, and Noriah Bidin. "Preparation of Indium Tin Oxide/Quaterthiophene Thin Film for Solution Processed Organic Device." Solid State Phenomena 268 (October 2017): 269–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.268.269.
Анотація:
Organic devices are advantageous in term of high carrier mobility, lightweight and flexibility. The solution processed method offers economic and efficient device fabrication in small laboratory scale. The α-quaterthiophene (α-4T) is an oligomer and a p-type organic semiconductor. In this study, pure α-4T and polylactide acid (PLA)/α-4T films were spin-coated on glass and indium tin oxide (ITO) substrates at low spin frequency. The hydrated films were left to dry at room temperature and later in vacuum oven. The α-4T microstructures changed when blended with the polymer. The roughness of the 180 nm ITO film was found to be 1 - 30 nm and the organic layer formed uneven thickness (max ~ 300 nm) thicker toward the edge. The preparation of spin coated organic thin film is the first step towards realizing solution processed organic device in electronic packaging.
27
Xu, Jian, T. Kyle Vanderlick, and David A. LaVan. "Energy Conversion in Protocells with Natural Nanoconductors." International Journal of Photoenergy 2012 (2012): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/425735.
Анотація:
While much nanotechnology leverages solid-state devices, here we present the analysis of designs for hybrid organic-inorganic biomimetic devices, “protocells,” based on assemblies of natural ion channels and ion pumps, “nanoconductors,” incorporated into synthetic supported lipid bilayer membranes. These protocells mimic the energy conversion scheme of natural cells and are able to directly output electricity. The electrogenic mechanisms have been analyzed and designs were optimized using numerical models. The parameters that affect the energy conversion are quantified, and limits for device performance have been found using numerical optimization. The electrogenic performance is compared to conventional and emerging technologies and plotted on Ragone charts to allow direct comparisons. The protocell technologies summarized here may be of use for energy conversion where large-scale ion concentration gradients are available (such as the intersection of fresh and salt water sources) or small-scale devices where low power density would be acceptable.
28
Thomas, Felix, Rainer Petzold, Carina Becker, and Ulrike Werban. "Application of Low-Cost MEMS Spectrometers for Forest Topsoil Properties Prediction." Sensors 21, no. 11 (June 7, 2021): 3927. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21113927.
Анотація:
Increasing temperatures and drought occurrences recently led to soil moisture depletion and increasing tree mortality. In the interest of sustainable forest management, the monitoring of forest soil properties will be of increasing importance in the future. Vis-NIR spectroscopy can be used as fast, non-destructive and cost-efficient method for soil parameter estimations. Microelectromechanical system devices (MEMS) have become available that are suitable for many application fields due to their low cost as well as their small size and weight. We investigated the performance of MEMS spectrometers in the visual and NIR range to estimate forest soil samples total C and N content of Ah and Oh horizons at the lab. The results were compared to a full-range device using PLSR and Cubist regression models at local (2.3 ha, n: Ah = 60, Oh = 50) and regional scale (State of Saxony, Germany, 184,000 km2, n: Ah = 186 and Oh = 176). For each sample, spectral reflectance was collected using MEMS spectrometer in the visual (Hamamatsu C12880MA) and NIR (NeoSpetrac SWS62231) range and using a conventional full range device (Veris Spectrophotometer). Both data sets were split into a calibration (70%) and a validation set (30%) to evaluate prediction power. Models were calibrated for Oh and Ah horizon separately for both data sets. Using the regional data, we also used a combination of both horizons. Our results show that MEMS devices are suitable for C and N prediction of forest topsoil on regional scale. On local scale, only models for the Ah horizon yielded sufficient results. We found moderate and good model results using MEMS devices for Ah horizons at local scale (R2≥ 0.71, RPIQ ≥ 2.41) using Cubist regression. At regional scale, we achieved moderate results for C and N content using data from MEMS devices in Oh (R2≥ 0.57, RPIQ ≥ 2.42) and Ah horizon (R2≥ 0.54, RPIQ ≥2.15). When combining Oh and Ah horizons, we achieved good prediction results using the MEMS sensors and Cubist (R2≥ 0.85, RPIQ ≥ 4.69). For the regional data, models using data derived by the Hamamatsu device in the visual range only were least precise. Combining visual and NIR data derived from MEMS spectrometers did in most cases improve the prediction accuracy. We directly compared our results to models based on data from a conventional full range device. Our results showed that the combination of both MEMS devices can compete with models based on full range spectrometers. MEMS approaches reached between 68% and 105% of the corresponding full ranges devices R2 values. Local models tended to be more accurate than regional approaches for the Ah horizon. Our results suggest that MEMS spectrometers are suitable for forest soil C and N content estimation. They can contribute to improved monitoring in the future as their small size and weight could make in situ measurements feasible.
29
Abdul Rahman, Mohd Rosdzimin, Wan Mohd Amin Wan Shuib, Mohd Rashdan Saad, Azam Che Idris, and Hasan Mohd Faizal. "Combustion Characteristic inside Micro Channel Combustor." Jurnal Kejuruteraan si4, no. 1 (September 30, 2021): 109–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/jkukm-2021-si4(1)-14.
Анотація:
Small-scale electronic devices require long hours’ operation and fast charging time. Potential technology to support requirement of small-scale electronic device is micro scale combustor. Unfortunately, micro scale combustion is prone to combustion instability. Therefore, objective of this study is to investigate the combustion characteristics, mechanism that stabilize the flame and combustor performance of the 2-D microchannel combustor with bluff body having various slit percentages gap. Two-dimensional computational domain with the height and length of the channel H = 1 mm and L = 16 mm is used respectively. The height of the bluff body is 0.5 mm and located at 2 mm from the inlet. The slit gap percentage varied in this study is 0% to 70%. The results show that the combustion characteristic such as stable flame, wavy flame, blow-off, and flame split into two parts is significantly influenced by the slit gap percentage. Flame is moving downstream and blow-off at the slit percentage of 10% to 25%. At the slit percentage of 30%, the flame zone moves towards the upstream due to the secondary vortex that exists behind the bluff body as slit gap increases and pushes the flame upstream. The reaction zone is split into two parts at 60% and 70% slit gap percentage. It is due to the incoming fresh mixture of CH4/air mixture flows through the slit and cuts the flame zone. It is also found that by increasing inlet velocity beyond 2.0 m/s, the flame becomes unstable and leads to blow-off as increase in equivalence ratio up to 1.0.
30
Ma, Huang, Li, Huang, Ma, and Liu. "MCSM-Wri: A Small-Scale Motion Recognition Method Using WiFi Based on Multi-Scale Convolutional Neural Network." Sensors 19, no. 19 (September 25, 2019): 4162. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19194162.
Анотація:
environmental perception technology based onWiFi, and some state-of-the-art techniques haveemerged. The wide application of small-scale motion recognition has aroused people’s concern.Handwritten letter is a kind of small scale motion, and the recognition for small-scale motion basedon WiFi has two characteristics. Small-scale action has little impact on WiFi signals changes inthe environment. The writing trajectories of certain uppercase letters are the same as the writingtrajectories of their corresponding lowercase letters, but they are different in size. These characteristicsbring challenges to small-scale motion recognition. The system for recognizing small-scale motion inmultiple classes with high accuracy urgently needs to be studied. Therefore, we propose MCSM-Wri,a device-free handwritten letter recognition system using WiFi, which leverages channel stateinformation (CSI) values extracted from WiFi packets to recognize handwritten letters, includinguppercase letters and lowercase letters. Firstly, we conducted data preproccessing to provide moreabundant information for recognition. Secondly, we proposed a ten-layers convolutional neuralnetwork (CNN) to solve the problem of the poor recognition due to small impact of small-scaleactions on environmental changes, and it also can solve the problem of identifying actions with thesame trajectory and different sizes by virtue of its multi-scale characteristics. Finally, we collected6240 instances for 52 kinds of handwritten letters from 6 volunteers. There are 3120 instances fromthe lab and 3120 instances are from the utility room. Using 10-fold cross-validation, the accuracyof MCSM-Wri is 95.31%, 96.68%, and 97.70% for the lab, the utility room, and the lab+utility room,respectively. Compared with Wi-Wri and SignFi, we increased the accuracy from 8.96% to 18.13% forrecognizing handwritten letters.
31
Mathew, Paven Thomas, Brian J. Rodriguez, and Fengzhou Fang. "Atomic and Close-to-Atomic Scale Manufacturing: A Review on Atomic Layer Removal Methods Using Atomic Force Microscopy." Nanomanufacturing and Metrology 3, no. 3 (June 26, 2020): 167–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s41871-020-00067-2.
Анотація:
Abstract Manufacturing at the atomic scale is the next generation of the industrial revolution. Atomic and close-to-atomic scale manufacturing (ACSM) helps to achieve this. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is a promising method for this purpose since an instrument to machine at this small scale has not yet been developed. As the need for increasing the number of electronic components inside an integrated circuit chip is emerging in the present-day scenario, methods should be adopted to reduce the size of connections inside the chip. This can be achieved using molecules. However, connecting molecules with the electrodes and then to the external world is challenging. Foundations must be laid to make this possible for the future. Atomic layer removal, down to one atom, can be employed for this purpose. Presently, theoretical works are being performed extensively to study the interactions happening at the molecule–electrode junction, and how electronic transport is affected by the functionality and robustness of the system. These theoretical studies can be verified experimentally only if nano electrodes are fabricated. Silicon is widely used in the semiconductor industry to fabricate electronic components. Likewise, carbon-based materials such as highly oriented pyrolytic graphite, gold, and silicon carbide find applications in the electronic device manufacturing sector. Hence, ACSM of these materials should be developed intensively. This paper presents a review on the state-of-the-art research performed on material removal at the atomic scale by electrochemical and mechanical methods of the mentioned materials using AFM and provides a roadmap to achieve effective mass production of these devices.
32
Zhou, Kai, Fang Xie, Yi Tao, and Hai Xia Du. "Research on Piezoelectric Generators for Vibration Energy Harvesting." Applied Mechanics and Materials 757 (April 2015): 171–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.757.171.
Анотація:
Ambient energy harvesting has been in recent years the recurring object of a number of research efforts aimed at providing an autonomous solution to the powering of small scale electronic mobile devices. Among the different solutions, vibration energy harvesting has played a major role due to the almost universal presence of mechanical vibrations. In the paper, a piezoelectric cantilever device for harvesting the ambient low-frequency vibration energy is designed, and influences of its structure on output voltage and power generation capacity are studied also. The study results show that the piezoelectric cantilever can produce enough power energy which meets the operation requirements of sensors in wireless networks. It provides a method and corresponding theoretical basis for the harvesting of ambient low-frequency vibration energy and the design of self-supply devices for sensors in wireless networks.
33
OYUBU, OYUBU AKPOVI, and OKPEKI UFUOMA KAZEEM. "AN OVERVIEW OF NANOELECTRONICS AND NANODEVICES." Journal of Engineering Studies and Research 26, no. 3 (July 27, 2020): 165–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.29081/jesr.v26i3.220.
Анотація:
Nanoelectronics is a nascent area of making electronic devices at the atomic scale to utilize small-scale 'quantum' characteristics of nature. As the name suggests, Nanoelectronics refers to employing nanotechnology in building electronic devices/components; especially transistors. Thus, transistor devices which are so small such that inter-atomic cooperation and quantum mechanical characteristics cannot be ignored are known as Nanoelectronics. This article presents Nanoelectronics and Nanodevices, which are the critical enablers that will not only enable mankind to exploit the ultimate technological capabilities of electronic, mechanical, magnetic, and biological systems but also have the potential to play a part in transforming of the systems thus giving rise to new trends that will revolutionize our life style.
34
Garg, Jivtesh, Mehmet Arik, Stanton Weaver, Todd Wetzel, and Seyed Saddoughi. "Meso Scale Pulsating Jets for Electronics Cooling." Journal of Electronic Packaging 127, no. 4 (April 20, 2005): 503–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2065727.
Анотація:
Microfluid devices are conventionally used for boundary layer control in many aerospace applications. Synthetic jets are intense small-scale turbulent jets formed from periodic entrainment and expulsion of the fluid in which they are embedded. The jets can be made to impinge upon electronic components thereby providing forced convection impingement cooling. The small size of these devices accompanied by the high exit air velocity provides an exciting opportunity to significantly reduce the size of thermal management hardware in electronics. A proprietary meso scale synthetic jet designed at GE Global Research is able to provide a maximum air velocity of 90m∕s from a 0.85 mm hydraulic diameter rectangular orifice. An experimental study for determining the cooling performance of synthetic jets was carried out by using a single jet to cool a thin foil heater. The heat transfer augmentation caused by the jets depends on several parameters, such as, driving frequency, driving voltage, jet axial distance, heater size, and heat flux. During the experiments, the operating frequency for the jets was varied between 3.4 and 5.4 kHz, while the driving voltage was varied between 50 and 90VRMS. Two different heater powers, corresponding to approximately 50 and 80 °C, were tested. A square heater with a surface area of 156mm2 was used to mimic the hot component and detailed temperature measurements were obtained with a microscopic infrared thermal imaging technique. A maximum heat transfer enhancement of approximately 10 times over natural convection was measured. The maximum measured coefficient of performance was approximately 3.25 due to the low power consumption of the synthetic jets.
35
Brunet, Y., and P. Tixador. "Small-scale experiments on static devices using AC superconductors." Electric Power Systems Research 12, no. 2 (April 1987): 149–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-7796(87)90033-2.
36
Skinner, Jack L., Jessica M. Andriolo, John P. Murphy, and Brandon M. Ross. "Electrospinning for nano- to mesoscale photonic structures." Nanophotonics 6, no. 5 (December 28, 2016): 765–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2016-0142.
Анотація:
AbstractThe fabrication of photonic and electronic structures and devices has directed the manufacturing industry for the last 50 years. Currently, the majority of small-scale photonic devices are created by traditional microfabrication techniques that create features by processes such as lithography and electron or ion beam direct writing. Microfabrication techniques are often expensive and slow. In contrast, the use of electrospinning (ES) in the fabrication of micro- and nano-scale devices for the manipulation of photons and electrons provides a relatively simple and economic viable alternative. ES involves the delivery of a polymer solution to a capillary held at a high voltage relative to the fiber deposition surface. Electrostatic force developed between the collection plate and the polymer promotes fiber deposition onto the collection plate. Issues with ES fabrication exist primarily due to an instability region that exists between the capillary and collection plate and is characterized by chaotic motion of the depositing polymer fiber. Material limitations to ES also exist; not all polymers of interest are amenable to the ES process due to process dependencies on molecular weight and chain entanglement or incompatibility with other polymers and overall process compatibility. Passive and active electronic and photonic fibers fabricated through the ES have great potential for use in light generation and collection in optical and electronic structures/devices. ES produces fiber devices that can be combined with inorganic, metallic, biological, or organic materials for novel device design. Synergistic material selection and post-processing techniques are also utilized for broad-ranging applications of organic nanofibers that span from biological to electronic, photovoltaic, or photonic. As the ability to electrospin optically and/or electronically active materials in a controlled manner continues to improve, the complexity and diversity of devices fabricated from this process can be expected to grow rapidly and provide an alternative to traditional resource-intensive fabrication techniques.
37
Mayer, Dirk. "Using Interdigitated Organic Electrochemical Transistors as Electrophysiological and Biochemical Sensors." Engineering Proceedings 6, no. 1 (May 17, 2021): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/i3s2021dresden-10133.
Анотація:
Organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) have emerged as versatile electrophysiological sensors due to their high transconductance, biocompatibility, and transparent channel material. High maximum transconductances were demonstrated, facilitating extracellular recordings from electrogenic cells. However, this often requires large channel dimensions which impede high transistor densities. To improve the device performance and density, we used interdigitated OECTs (iOECTs), which feature high transconductances with small device areas. Superior device performance was achieved by systematically optimizing the electrode layout regarding channel length, number of electrode digits, and electrode width. Interestingly, the maximum transconductance does not straightforwardly scale with the channel width-to-length ratio, which is different from planar OECTs. We used optimized iOECTs for recording action potentials of cardiomyocyte-like HL-1 cells. Furthermore, we embedded the iOECTs in a matrix of polyimide to achieve flexible and transparent bioelectronic devices. These sensors exhibited electrical characteristics similar to those of solid-substrate devices even after experiencing extremely high bending strain. Finally, we used these devices to detect neurotransmitter dopamine and ATP, which play an important role not only in signal transmission in the central nervous system but also in cardiovascular, neurodegenerative, and immune deficiency diseases. Our novel aptasensor possessed ultralow detection limits, which were several orders of magnitude lower than those of the same aptasensors using an amperometric transducer principle. Our results demonstrate that interdigitated OECTs meet two requirements of both electrophysiological and biochemical sensors, namely high device performance and small channel dimensions, and might represent the optimal transducer to integrate these two types of sensors on one chip.
38
Hadj Abdelkader, Oussama, Hadjer Bouzebiba, Danilo Pena, and António Pedro Aguiar. "Energy-Efficient IoT-Based Light Control System in Smart Indoor Agriculture." Sensors 23, no. 18 (September 5, 2023): 7670. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23187670.
Анотація:
Indoor agriculture is emerging as a promising approach for increasing the efficiency and sustainability of agri-food production processes. It is currently evolving from a small-scale horticultural practice to a large-scale industry as a response to the increasing demand. This led to the appearance of plant factories where agri-food production is automated and continuous and the plant environment is fully controlled. While plant factories improve the productivity and sustainability of the process, they suffer from high energy consumption and the difficulty of providing the ideal environment for plants. As a small step to address these limitations, in this article we propose to use internet of things (IoT) technologies and automatic control algorithms to construct an energy-efficient remote control architecture for grow lights monitoring in indoor farming. The proposed architecture consists of using a master–slave device configuration in which the slave devices are used to control the local light conditions in growth chambers while the master device is used to monitor the plant factory through wireless communication with the slave devices. The devices all together make a 6LoWPAN network in which the RPL protocol is used to manage data transfer. This allows for the precise and centralized control of the growth conditions and the real-time monitoring of plants. The proposed control architecture can be associated with a decision support system to improve yields and quality at low costs. The developed method is evaluated in emulation software (Contiki-NG v4.7),its scalability to the case of large-scale production facilities is tested, and the obtained results are presented and discussed. The proposed approach is promising in dealing with control, cost, and scalability issues and can contribute to making smart indoor agriculture more effective and sustainable.
39
Rupp, Tyrel, Binh Duc Truong, Shane Williams, and Shad Roundy. "Magnetoelectric Transducer Designs for Use as Wireless Power Receivers in Wearable and Implantable Applications." Materials 12, no. 3 (February 8, 2019): 512. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12030512.
Анотація:
As the size of biomedical implants and wearable devices becomes smaller, the need for methods to deliver power at higher power densities is growing. The most common method to wirelessly deliver power, inductively coupled coils, suffers from poor power density for very small-sized receiving coils. An alternative strategy is to transmit power wirelessly to magnetoelectric (ME) or mechano-magnetoelectric (MME) receivers, which can operate efficiently at much smaller sizes for a given frequency. This work studies the effectiveness of ME and MME transducers as wireless power receivers for biomedical implants of very small (<2 mm3) size. The comparative study clearly demonstrates that under existing safety standards, the ME architecture is able to generate a significantly higher power density than the MME architecture. Analytical models for both types of transducers are developed and validated using centimeter scale devices. The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) standards were applied to the lumped elements models which were then used to optimize device dimensions within a 2 mm3 volume. An optimized ME device can produce 21.3 mW/mm3 and 31.3 W/mm3 under the IEEE and ICNIRP standards, respectively, which are extremely attractive for a wide range of biomedical implants and wearable devices.
40
GALAJDOVA, ALENA, and ROBERT RAKAY. "LONG RANGE IOT COMMUNICATION." MM Science Journal 2021, no. 4 (October 13, 2021): 4781–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.17973/mmsj.2021_10_2021038.
Анотація:
The article deals with the design of wireless automation system. The proposed systems compare wireless data transmission devices. The main components and their parameters, which are necessary for building such system and base steps how to create and test a device are described. The created systems can serve as a suitable basis for remote monitoring and control systems in open space applications such as weather system or small-scale home automation system and can be used as an example in the education of students in fields such as Automation or Mechatronics.
41
GALAJDOVA, ALENA, and ROBERT RAKAY. "LONG RANGE IOT COMMUNICATION." MM Science Journal 2021, no. 4 (October 13, 2021): 4781–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.17973/mmsj.2021_10_2021038.
Анотація:
The article deals with the design of wireless automation system. The proposed systems compare wireless data transmission devices. The main components and their parameters, which are necessary for building such system and base steps how to create and test a device are described. The created systems can serve as a suitable basis for remote monitoring and control systems in open space applications such as weather system or small-scale home automation system and can be used as an example in the education of students in fields such as Automation or Mechatronics.
42
Anyaduba, Tochukwu D., Jonas A. Otoo, and Travis S. Schlappi. "Picoliter Droplet Generation and Dense Bead-in-Droplet Encapsulation via Microfluidic Devices Fabricated via 3D Printed Molds." Micromachines 13, no. 11 (November 10, 2022): 1946. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi13111946.
Анотація:
Picoliter-scale droplets have many applications in chemistry and biology, such as biomolecule synthesis, drug discovery, nucleic acid quantification, and single cell analysis. However, due to the complicated processes used to fabricate microfluidic channels, most picoliter (pL) droplet generation methods are limited to research in laboratories with cleanroom facilities and complex instrumentation. The purpose of this work is to investigate a method that uses 3D printing to fabricate microfluidic devices that can generate droplets with sizes <100 pL and encapsulate single dense beads mechanistically. Our device generated monodisperse droplets as small as ~48 pL and we demonstrated the usefulness of this droplet generation technique in biomolecule analysis by detecting Lactobacillus acidophillus 16s rRNA via digital loop-mediated isothermal amplification (dLAMP). We also designed a mixer that can be integrated into a syringe to overcome dense bead sedimentation and found that the bead-in-droplet (BiD) emulsions created from our device had <2% of the droplets populated with more than 1 bead. This study will enable researchers to create devices that generate pL-scale droplets and encapsulate dense beads with inexpensive and simple instrumentation (3D printer and syringe pump). The rapid prototyping and integration ability of this module with other components or processes can accelerate the development of point-of-care microfluidic devices that use droplet-bead emulsions to analyze biological or chemical samples with high throughput and precision.
43
Kaczmarek, Wojciech, Jarosław Panasiuk, Szymon Borys, Aneta Pobudkowska, and Mikołaj Majsterek. "Analysis of the Kinetics of Swimming Pool Water Reaction in Analytical Device Reproducing Its Circulation on a Small Scale." Sensors 20, no. 17 (August 26, 2020): 4820. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20174820.
Анотація:
The most common cause of diseases in swimming pools is the lack of sanitary control of water quality; water may contain microbiological and chemical contaminants. Among the people most at risk of infection are children, pregnant women, and immunocompromised people. The origin of the problem is a need to develop a system that can predict the formation of chlorine water disinfection by-products, such as trihalomethanes (THMs). THMs are volatile organic compounds from the group of alkyl halides, carcinogenic, mutagenic, teratogenic, and bioaccumulating. Long-term exposure, even to low concentrations of THM in water and air, may result in damage to the liver, kidneys, thyroid gland, or nervous system. This article focuses on analysis of the kinetics of swimming pool water reaction in analytical device reproducing its circulation on a small scale. The designed and constructed analytical device is based on the SIMATIC S7-1200 PLC driver of SIEMENS Company. The HMI KPT panel of SIEMENS Company enables monitoring the process and control individual elements of device. Value of the reaction rate constant of free chlorine decomposition gives us qualitative information about water quality, it is also strictly connected to the kinetics of the reaction. Based on the experiment results, the value of reaction rate constant was determined as a linear change of the natural logarithm of free chlorine concentration over time. The experimental value of activation energy based on the directional coefficient is equal to 76.0 [kJ×mol−1]. These results indicate that changing water temperature does not cause any changes in the reaction rate, while it still affects the value of the reaction rate constant. Using the analytical device, it is possible to constantly monitor the values of reaction rate constant and activation energy, which can be used to develop a new way to assess pool water quality.
44
Kiryanova, Marina N., O. L. Markova, and E. V. Ivanova. "HYGIENIC ASSESSMENT OF WORKING CONDITIONS IN RADIO-ELECTRONIC COMPONENT PRODUCTION." Hygiene and sanitation 97, no. 12 (December 15, 2018): 1235–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/0016-9900-2018-97-12-1235-1238.
Анотація:
Findings on the hygienic assessment of working conditions in radio-electronic component development and production at a modern enterprise producing capacitors, microcircuits, resistors and semiconductor devices are reported. Working conditions of employees engaged in radio-electronic component development (developers, designers) and production (photolithographers, wiremen, radio-electronic component and semiconductor device assemblers, adjusters and quality control inspectors) were studied. Hygienic studies of the working environment and working process factors were carried out to assess working conditions: workplace noise and magnetic field levels, microclimatic parameters, illuminance, the air pollution by chemicals. Time studies were performed to evaluate the heaviness and intensity of the work process. As a result of our studies, the main adverse factors were identified to assess worker health risks. Working conditions in job groups engaged in radio electronic component design were evaluated as harmful of 3 class, 1 degree. Working process intensity caused by sensory and mental load was found to be the major adverse factor. Working conditions in the job group engaged in experimental and small-scale production are characterized by exposure to “low-intensity factors”. Visual strain and fixed working posture are common for such jobs as radio electronic device wireman and quality control inspector using optical equipment in their work, which rates the heaviness of their working process as harmful working conditions. Our findings are intended to be used to define main harmful factors for the health risk assessment of radio component production workers, to carry out a comprehensive occupational health risk assessment, identifying job and long-term employment duration risk groups, to develop risk management measures. Our findings can provide a scientific rationale and contribute to the development of a complex of hygienic and preventive medical measures to be introduced into the practice of health protection service.
45
Lin, Xiang, and Mengdi Han. "Recent progress in soft electronics and robotics based on magnetic nanomaterials." Soft Science 3, no. 2 (2023): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.20517/ss.2023.05.
Анотація:
Recent advancements in soft electronics and robotics have expanded the possibilities beyond the capabilities of traditional rigid devices, indicating promise for a range of applications in electronic skins, wireless biomedical devices, and others. Magnetic materials exploited in these soft systems can further broaden the modalities in sensing and actuation. These magnetic materials, when constructed in the forms of nanoparticles, nanomembranes, or other types of nanostructures, exhibit some unique characteristics, such as the magnetoresistance effect and size-dependent coercivity. Soft electronics and robotics employing such magnetic nanomaterials offer a variety of functions, including the detection of the intensity and direction of magnetic fields, measurement of various types of mechanical deformations, manipulation and transport at small scales, and multimodal complex locomotion in a controllable fashion. Despite recent advancements in soft electronics and robotics, challenges remain in developing advanced materials and manufacturing schemes to improve performance metrics and facilitate integration with other devices. This review article aims to summarize the progress made in soft electronics and robotics based on magnetic nanomaterials, with an emphasis on introducing material and device performance. The discussions focus on soft electronics and robotics based on magnetic nanomembranes/nanostructures and magnetic composites. As a concluding remark, this article summarizes the current status of the field and discusses opportunities that underpin future progress.
46
Köhli, Markus, Jannis Weimar, Simon Schmidt, Fabian P. Schmidt, Alexander Lambertz, Laura Weber, Jochen Kaminski, and Ulrich Schmidt. "Arduino-Based Readout Electronics for Nuclear and Particle Physics." Sensors 24, no. 9 (May 5, 2024): 2935. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s24092935.
Анотація:
Open Hardware-based microcontrollers, especially the Arduino platform, have become a comparably easy-to-use tool for rapid prototyping and implementing creative solutions. Such devices in combination with dedicated front-end electronics can offer low-cost alternatives for student projects, slow control and independently operating small-scale instrumentation. The capabilities can be extended to data taking and signal analysis at mid-level rates. Two detector realizations are presented, which cover the readouts of proportional counter tubes and of scintillators or wavelength-shifting fibers with silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs). The SiPMTrigger realizes a small-scale design for coincidence readout of SiPMs as a trigger or veto detector. It consists of a custom mixed signal front-end board featuring signal amplification, discrimination and a coincidence unit for rates of up to 200 kHz. The nCatcher transforms an Arduino Nano to a proportional counter readout with pulse shape analysis: time over threshold measurement and a 10-bit analog-to-digital converter for pulse heights. The device is suitable for low-to-medium-rate environments up to 5 kHz, where a good signal-to-noise ratio is crucial. We showcase the monitoring of thermal neutrons. For data taking and slow control, a logger board is presented that features an SD card and GSM/LoRa interface.
47
Chen, Yulin, Chengcheng Wu, and Siting Zhao. "The influence and application of SiC MOSFET driver modules in the contemporary power electronics industry." MATEC Web of Conferences 386 (2023): 02004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202338602004.
Анотація:
Technological progress has driven the rapid development of power electronics and enhanced the scale of the industry. SiC MOSFET devices have obvious advantages in applications such as high temperature resistance, high voltage resistance, and low switching loss. However, the different characteristics of such devices will bring related problems that seriously affect the reliability of the device and system. The drive circuit is effective in solving these problems with its small input resistance, parasitic inductance, and large enough drive voltage and current. Starting from the concept and related theoretical composition of SiC MOSFET driver module, this paper mainly analyses the impact of the driver module on the contemporary power electronics industry, and explains the application of the core research theory of the circuit to the industrial level. This paper also analyses the current situation of power electronics industry from the perspective of innovation theory, and looks forward to the prospect of power semiconductor devices.
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Mims, Willie H., Michael A. Temple, and Robert F. Mills. "Active 2D-DNA Fingerprinting of WirelessHART Adapters to Ensure Operational Integrity in Industrial Systems." Sensors 22, no. 13 (June 29, 2022): 4906. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22134906.
Анотація:
The need for reliable communications in industrial systems becomes more evident as industries strive to increase reliance on automation. This trend has sustained the adoption of WirelessHART communications as a key enabling technology and its operational integrity must be ensured. This paper focuses on demonstrating pre-deployment counterfeit detection using active 2D Distinct Native Attribute (2D-DNA) fingerprinting. Counterfeit detection is demonstrated using experimentally collected signals from eight commercial WirelessHART adapters. Adapter fingerprints are used to train 56 Multiple Discriminant Analysis (MDA) models with each representing five authentic network devices. The three non-modeled devices are introduced as counterfeits and a total of 840 individual authentic (modeled) versus counterfeit (non-modeled) ID verification assessments performed. Counterfeit detection is performed on a fingerprint-by-fingerprint basis with best case per-device Counterfeit Detection Rate (%CDR) estimates including 87.6% < %CDR < 99.9% and yielding an average cross-device %CDR ≈ 92.5%. This full-dimensional feature set performance was echoed by dimensionally reduced feature set performance that included per-device 87.0% < %CDR < 99.7% and average cross-device %CDR ≈ 91.4% using only 18-of-291 features—the demonstrated %CDR > 90% with an approximate 92% reduction in the number of fingerprint features is sufficiently promising for small-scale network applications and warrants further consideration.
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Valsalakumar, Sreeram, Anurag Roy, Tapas K. Mallick, Justin Hinshelwood, and Senthilarasu Sundaram. "An Overview of Current Printing Technologies for Large-Scale Perovskite Solar Cell Development." Energies 16, no. 1 (December 24, 2022): 190. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16010190.
Анотація:
The power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have seen significant performance improvements between 2012 and 2022. PSCs have excellent optoelectronic properties and can be built using low-cost materials. In order to compete with first-generation photovoltaic technologies, it will be necessary to scale up production. This review article explores the advancements in several scalable perovskite deposition techniques, including recent developments in the fabrication of high-quality perovskite film, their stabilities and commercialization status. Several scalable deposition techniques are discussed, including user-friendly solution-techniques (spin coating, slot die coating, etc.), vapour-assisted deposition approaches in the laboratory and full-scale commercial applications. The aforementioned deposition techniques have advantages compared to deposition techniques based on cost, effective mask-less patterning and unparalleled-design freedom. Other potential advantages include optimal use of materials, scalability, contactless deposition in high-resolution and a rapid transformation from small laboratory-scale work to large industrial-scale roll-to-roll production. Most recent technological advancements and structural developments relate to long-term thermal stability and moisture resistance. Many of the developments are still in the evolving field of lab-scale devices. The improvement roadmap and commercialization aspects of PSC manufacture involve two significant milestones: bridging the gap between the performance characteristics of small-scale and large-scale devices and the scalable printing techniques for all the layers in the device.
50
Ruzhickiy, Vsevolod, Sergey Bakurskiy, Mikhail Kupriyanov, Nikolay Klenov, Igor Soloviev, Vasily Stolyarov, and Alexander Golubov. "Contribution of Processes in SN Electrodes to the Transport Properties of SN-N-NS Josephson Junctions." Nanomaterials 13, no. 12 (June 16, 2023): 1873. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano13121873.
Анотація:
In this paper, we present a theoretical study of electronic transport in planar Josephson Superconductor–Normal Metal–Superconductor (SN-N-NS) bridges with arbitrary transparency of the SN interfaces. We formulate and solve the two-dimensional problem of finding the spatial distribution of the supercurrent in the SN electrodes. This allows us to determine the scale of the weak coupling region in the SN-N-NS bridges, i.e., to describe this structure as a serial connection between the Josephson contact and the linear inductance of the current-carrying electrodes. We show that the presence of a two-dimensional spatial current distribution in the SN electrodes leads to a modification of the current–phase relation and the critical current magnitude of the bridges. In particular, the critical current decreases as the overlap area of the SN parts of the electrodes decreases. We show that this is accompanied by a transformation of the SN-N-NS structure from an SNS-type weak link to a double-barrier SINIS contact. In addition, we find the range of interface transparency in order to optimise device performance. The features we have discovered should have a significant impact on the operation of small-scale superconducting electronic devices, and should be taken into account in their design.