Статті в журналах з теми "Small African island"
Щоб переглянути інші типи публікацій з цієї теми, перейдіть за посиланням: Small African island.
Оформте джерело за APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard та іншими стилями
Ознайомтеся з топ-50 статей у журналах для дослідження на тему "Small African island".
Біля кожної праці в переліку літератури доступна кнопка «Додати до бібліографії». Скористайтеся нею – і ми автоматично оформимо бібліографічне посилання на обрану працю в потрібному вам стилі цитування: APA, MLA, «Гарвард», «Чикаго», «Ванкувер» тощо.
Також ви можете завантажити повний текст наукової публікації у форматі «.pdf» та прочитати онлайн анотацію до роботи, якщо відповідні параметри наявні в метаданих.
Переглядайте статті в журналах для різних дисциплін та оформлюйте правильно вашу бібліографію.
1
Bowman, Thomas E. "Lovenula (Neolovenula) alluaudi (Guerne and Richard, 1890) in the Canary Islands (Copepoda: Calanoida: Paradiaptominae)." Bijdragen tot de Dierkunde 59, no. 4 (1989): 239–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/26660644-05904004.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Lovenula (Neolovenula) alluaudi is widespread on Lanzarote, where it occurred at 22 of the 105 stations. On Fuerteventura it was found at only 2 of the 53 stations, both in the extreme north-west part of the island. It was also found in a reservoir on the south side of the small island of Alegranza. Samples collected at several hundred stations in the other Canary Islands failed to yield a single calanoid, supporting the belief that the eastern islands are fragments of the African continent that drifted to deeper waters.
2
Bernardie-Tahir, Nathalie, and Camille Schmoll. "Opening up the island: a ‘counter-islandness’ approach to migration in Malta." Island Studies Journal 9, no. 1 (2014): 43–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.24043/isj.292.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This paper is based on qualitative research undertaken since 2010 with African immigrants living in the small island state of Malta. Its purpose is to deconstruct a number of discourses and preconceptions about irregular migration, migrants and islandness. We argue that, in order to better understand the situation of migrants in Malta, we have to engage critically with conventional wisdom that depicts (usually small) islands as isolated, immobile and homogeneous spaces. Using a spatial approach, we propose the term ‘counter-islandness’ to describe a migration situation characterized by movement (versus immobility) and articulation of scales (versus isolation). We show how different scales in their complex and multiple interactions contribute to shaping and determining the future and trajectories of the ‘undesirables’. We explain how Malta has found itself at the heart of a complex circulatory system, articulating mobilities operating at various scales. We then categorise the role of the island within migratory patterns into three different forms: the island as barrier, hub, and place of settlement.
3
Oliveira, Cristina, Ana Brochado, Sérgio Moro, and Paulo Rita. "Consumer perception of tourist experience through online reviews." Worldwide Hospitality and Tourism Themes 11, no. 6 (December 2, 2019): 696–717. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/whatt-09-2019-0052.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Purpose Overall, there is a lack of research using online reviews as a proxy of customer experience when addressing the study of tourism in island destinations. Design/methodology/approach The current investigation aims to fill this gap by focussing on an African small island developing states, i.e. Cape Verde. This paper reports of tourist reviews extracted from TripAdvisor from “two islands of the senses” as coined by this archipelago’s national tourism organization, specifically Santo Antão and Fogo islands. The data analysis was performed through Leximancer software to generate concepts out of words, followed by themes. Findings The present research focussed on experiences in island tourism to identify their main dimensions based on visitors’ narratives in online reviews. The obtained results are of potential value to the literature by contributing to a better understanding of tourist experience in the context of tourism in islands in an understudied country, Cape Verde. Originality/value Results are presented and object of discussion vis-à-vis scientific literature and conclusions put forward in this journal paper.
4
Graham, Suzanne, and Victoria Graham. "Quality political participation and the SDGs in African small island developing states." Regions and Cohesion 9, no. 2 (June 1, 2019): 1–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/reco.2019.090202.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
English abstract: Apart from Mauritius, five of the six African small island developing States (ASIDS) are relativel y new to democracy with several only transitioning from one-party states to multiparty states in the early 1990s. Goals 13 and 14 of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are priority goals for the ASIDS. Given that one of the key tests of a healthy democracy is the depth of civil society, this article seeks to examine the quality of political participation in the ASIDS in relation to these two priority SDGs. In so doing, this article considers conventional and nonconventional forms of participation and the potential impact these different avenues for a public “voice” might or might not have on the ASIDS’ government management of climate change and marine resources.Spanish abstract:Excepto Mauritius, los otros cinco pequeños estados insulares africanos en desarrollo (ASIDS en inglés) recién incursionan en la democracia; algunos de ellos transitan de estados con un solo partido a estados múlti-partidistas a principios de los años noventa. Los objetivos 13 y 14 de los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sustentable (ODS) son prioritarios para los ASIDS. Considerando que una prueba de democracia sana es una sociedad civil robusta, este artículo examina la calidad de la participación política en los ASIDS en relación con estos dos ODS. El artículo considera las formas convencionales y no convencionales de participación y el impacto potencial que estas distintas vías de “voz” pública pueda tener en el manejo del cambio climático y los recursos marinos de las ASIDS.French abstract:A l’exception de l’île Maurice, cinq des six petits états îles en dévelopement (PEID) d’Afrique sont relativement nouveaux en matière de démocratie dans la mesure où certains ont uniquement transité du parti unique au multipartisme au début des années 90. Treize des quatorze ODD sont prioritaires pour les PEID. En partant du constat qu’une des preuves clefs d’une démocratie saine réside dans l’amplitude de la société civile, cet article cherche à examiner la qualité de la participation politique dans les PEID en relation avec deux ODD prioritaires. Ainsi, l’article considère des formes de participation conventionnelles et non conventionnelles ainsi que leur impact potentiel sur une expression publique en particulier, à savoir l’existence d’une gestion gouvernementale des PEID d’Afrique en matière de changement climatique et de ressources marines.
5
Sugakov, Gleb. "The Scale of a Country’s Economic Potential as a Factor in Investment Allocation. The Case of Small Island States in Africa." Uchenie zapiski Instituta Afriki RAN 64, no. 3 (September 20, 2023): 48–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.31132/2412-5717-2023-64-3-48-58.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The choice of partner countries for potential investment projects constitutes an important issue in the development of Russian-African cooperation. The article aims to answer the question of whether the small island states in the region (Mauritius, Seychelles, Cape Verde, Sao Tome and Principe, Comoros, Guinea-Bissau) should be included in the list of investment priorities. To this end, the author undertakes an analysis at three levels: global, regional and the national (country) one. Accordingly, first, fundamental features of the global investment system are identified, in the light of the Fituni-Abramova theory of the world economy’s subsystemic dichotomy. Second, the author introduces the concept of «economic potential scale» and hypothesizes that it plays a more important role in the allocation of foreign direct investment in Africa than in other regions of the world. As the correlation analysis shows, the important role of economic potential scale is not only characteristic of Africa, but also of other regions except Europe. According to the author, this is due to the fact that in Europe the investment climate is more important, whereas in other regions, including Africa, natural resource potential and other indicators related to economic potential scale remain the important factor. Third and lastly, taking into account the global and regional patterns discussed above, the author considers the potential for inclusion of the African small island states in Russia’s list of investment priorities. For this purpose, the author proposes a typology of these countries based on the intensity of investment attraction: the «high-intensity – offshore», «high-intensity», and «low-intensity» types. The conclusion is that the countries belonging to the first two types can be considered among Russia’s priorities for investment in Africa. Despite their relatively small economic potential, they have a number of competitive advantages, including those associated with the ocean economy.
6
Een, Gillis, and Karen Thingsgaard. "Mosses from the Mascarenes - 7. A small collection from Rodrigues." Bryophyte Diversity and Evolution 16, no. 1 (December 1, 1999): 3–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/bde.16.1.4.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Fifteen taxa of mosses are reported from the island of Rodrigues. The second African report of Luisierella barbula (Schwaegr.) Steere bridges the Asian and New World disjunctions of this taxon. Three other species are reported new to the Mascarenes, i.e., Calymperes tenerum C.Müller var. tenerum, Fissidens ramulosus Mitten and Weissia edentula Mitten. Three are new to Rodrigues, i.e., Bryum truncorum Bridel, Fissidens sciophyllus Mitten and Vesicularia ayresii (Schimper ex Besch.) Broth.
7
Kadhim, Dr Ammar Shareef. "Microstates in the African Continent: A Vision in Political Geography." Thi Qar Arts Journal 1, no. 42 (June 29, 2023): 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.32792/tqartj.v1i42.448.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This study will address the issue of small states that have gained significant international importance, especially in the latter half of the past century and up to the present time. This importance is due to various political events that have had repercussions on the division of states, leading to the emergence of small states, known as "Microstates," under the guardianship of international law and organizations, primarily the United Nations. Microstates in the African continent can be classified based on their geographical location as landlocked, coastal, or island nations. This unique geographical diversity gives these small states distinct characteristics in terms of their size and resources. Small states in the world vary in terms of size and territory, and many geographers have studied the geographic aspects of small states, categorizing them into several classifications. One such classification, introduced by the researcher "Paunds," divides small states into three categories: small, very small, and microstates/dwarf states.
8
Henriques, Maria Helena, and Keynesménio Neto. "A Geo-Itinerary to Foster Sustainable Tourism in West African Islands: Storytelling the Evolution of the Ancient Cameroon Volcanic Line Coral Reefs." Sustainability 15, no. 24 (December 15, 2023): 16863. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su152416863.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This study characterizes the submerged geomorphology around Annobón, São Tomé, and Príncipe Islands, and the De Santarém–Escobar seamount in the Cameroon Volcanic Line or CVL (Gulf of Guinea, West Africa) through analyses of topographic relief and coastal bathymetry, and data from fieldwork and historical fossil collections. The clear relation between each submerged island and the seamount morphology of the CVL and the various stages of coral reef development according to Darwin’s subsidence hypothesis meets the concept of intangible geoheritage. This type of geoheritage is related to phenomena rather than to a thing, and it is usually highly evaluated by scientific communities. Academics tend to use science-based discourse to explain this theory, but it is rarely understood by non-specialist audiences. This work proposes a virtual geo-itinerary along the submerged geomorphology of the CVL islands and seamounts, which aims at telling the geohistory of the coral reefs’ origin and evolution according to Darwin’s theory, and disclosing its geoheritage contents for further sustainable uses. The resulting narrative can be used to support geotourism initiatives and to support the United Nations’ objectives for Small Island Developing States.
9
Ferreira, José C., Renato Monteiro, Lia Vasconcelos, Cláudio M. Duarte, Filipa Ferreira, and Euclides Santos. "Perception of Citizens Regarding Marine Litter Impacts: Collaborative Methodologies in Island Fishing Communities of Cape Verde." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 9, no. 3 (March 10, 2021): 306. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse9030306.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Marine litter has been considered one of the most serious global challenges, requiring urgent action by governmental bodies, especially in African Small Island Developing States (SIDS), where resources and research are limited. In addition to this, waste management and environmental education and ocean literacy programs in schools are scarce, with islands suffering more seriously from these problems. Despite the amount of literature regarding causes and impacts of marine litter, there is still not enough research conducted concerning the public perceptions on both the problem and the potential solutions. This is even more noticeable in African developing countries, where resources and research are scarce. Perception plays a key role for ecosystem management and conservation policies. This study intends to explore the perceptions of local island fishing communities in Cape Verde regarding marine litter, in order to contribute for an improvement of marine ecosystem management and development of conservation policies. To achieve that, two participatory sessions were conducted in two communities in the island of Santiago—Porto Mosquito and Porto Gouveia—where brainstorming and active listening were used to create shared and authentic spaces for dialogue between the members of the community. Results show that the population of both communities were very aware of the marine litter problem. They were able to identify the lack of a proper waste management system in the island and the inappropriate behaviours of the population as the main causes of this problem. Equipment damages and the presence of plastic inside the fish were the most relevant impacts identified by the participants. These findings reinforce previous research on the importance of public engagement and environmental education to contribute to the conservation of marine ecosystems and to build a strong collaborative ocean governance.
10
Altman, Ida. "The Revolt of Enriquillo and the Historiography of Early Spanish America." Americas 63, no. 4 (April 2007): 587–614. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/tam.2007.0052.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In 1519 Enrique, one of the few remaining caciques, or indigenous chiefs, of the island of Hispaniola, removed himself and some of his people from the reach of Spanish authority. For nearly a decade and a half he and his followers lived in the remote and barely accessible south-central mountains of his native island, occasionally raiding Spanish settlements for arms and tools and clashing with militia units but for the most part avoiding contact with Spanish society. Enrique eluded the numerous patrols that were sent to eradicate what became a stubbornly persistent locus of defiance of Spanish authority that attracted other discontented residents of the island, including both African and indigenous slaves and servants as well as small numbers of nominally ‘free’ Indians.
11
Machava-António, Vilma, Alberto Fernando, Mariana Cravo, Mágda Massingue, Hamilton Lima, Célia Macamo, Salomão Bandeira, and José Paula. "A Comparison of Mangrove Forest Structure and Ecosystem Services in Maputo Bay (Eastern Africa) and Príncipe Island (Western Africa)." Forests 13, no. 9 (September 12, 2022): 1466. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f13091466.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Mangroves are critical to maintaining human well-being and global biodiversity. Eastern and western African shores present major environmental contrasts that reflect on mangrove forests’ structure and the ecosystem services they provide to human communities. This study compares the mangrove forest structure and condition, ecosystem services, and uses of resources in Maputo Bay (Mozambique in eastern Africa) and Príncipe Island (São Tomé and Príncipe in western Africa). Five mangrove species were identified in Maputo Bay, Avicennia marina, Bruguiera gymnorhiza, Ceriops tagal, Rhizophora mucronata, and Xylocarpus granatum, and the importance value index was higher for A. marina. Mangroves in Príncipe were exclusively dominated by Rhizophora harrisonii. In Maputo Bay, a weak regeneration characterized by a low quantity of seedlings was observed, although in Príncipe the sites were characterized by a low regeneration rate but well-established forests. The comparison of the mangrove structure between Maputo Bay and Príncipe Island presented statistically significant differences for mean DBH and height, whereas the trees in Príncipe presented higher values for both parameters. Strong human disturbance (through cutting) was identified in almost all sites in Maputo Bay but was rarely observed on Príncipe Island. In Maputo Bay, more than 90% of the coastal human community is involved in activities related to the surrounding mangroves, with a diversified exploitation of forest resources. On Príncipe Island, the exploitation of mangroves targets only tannin from the mangrove bark to dye fishing nets and small boats. The economic value of mangroves in Maputo Bay has subsistence and commercial importance, in contrast to Príncipe, which revealed no major economic value to the community.
12
Spaulding, Jay. "The Birth of an African Private Epistolography, Echo Island 1862–1901." Journal of African History 34, no. 1 (March 1993): 115–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853700033028.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This study examines the surviving private correspondence from Echo Island (Jazīrat Abū Ranāt, formerly Abranarti), a small nineteenth-century agricultural community in the Shāīquiyya country of the northern Sudan. The central question addressed is a discordance between the preoccupations of the letters and the concerns manifested in the considerably larger literature of contemporary legal records surviving from the same community, a clash that finds resonance in the familiar historiographical rivalry between advocates of culturally autonomous consciousness and partisans of material or socioeconomic determinisms. It is suggested that the private correspondence from Echo Island may best be interpreted as a new technique of bond management in the microsociological sense that arose and flourished in an age when the community found itself compelled to respond to a colonial setting vastly larger in scale than what had previously prevailed. The world of subjective ideas evidenced in the correspondence ignored, probably deliberately, most of the pressing immediate concerns of the community revealed in the contemporary legal documents; however, it opened a new ‘mode of communication,’ a conceptual terrain across which members of the elite exercised their virtuosity in mutual manipulations of status.
13
Kleiman, Yulia A. "Island of Totalitarinism: Macbeth by Orson Welles." Literature of the Americas, no. 14 (2023): 119–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.22455/2541-7894-2023-14-119-140.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
By the time of the eventual success of the premiere of Macbeth (1936) directed by Orson Welles as part of the Harlem Negro project by FTP, the African American theater already had its own small but remarkable history. However, this production received a tremendous response and is still the subject of controversy among scholars: evidence of this resonance is the appearance of the feature film Voodoo Macbeth (2021). All roles were performed by black actors, and the action was transferred to Haiti during the reign of Henry Christophe. Critics were disturbed by the disrespectful attitude to the Shakespearean text, modern researchers — by the exoticization of the African American cultural code. The reason for the discussion was (and still is) the director's radical interpretation, which shifted the semantic accents from Macbeth and Lady Macbeth to the witches. By increasing their role quantitatively and qualitatively, Orson Welles, a contemporary of the growing totalitarian regimes, created a piece about the all-pervading evil leveling the human personality. Having changed the chronotope of Shakespeare's tragedy and rethinking the principle of working with Shakespeare's heritage, Welles, for the first time in the history of American theatre, invited black actors to perform universal characters, to work with classical dramaturgy. Article is based on vast amount of archival materials, critical reviews and researches on Orson Welles and the Federal Theatre Project. Article examines the steps of the formation of the director's and set designer’s concepts, a reconstruction of the production is executed among other purposes.
14
Pérez-Vargas, Israel, Javier Tuero-Septién, Nereida M. Rancel-Rodríguez, José Antonio Pérez, and Miguel Blázquez. "Patterns of Endemism in Lichens: Another Paradigm-Shifting Example in the Lichen Genus Xanthoparmelia from Macaronesia." Journal of Fungi 10, no. 3 (February 21, 2024): 166. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof10030166.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
It has long been assumed that lichen-forming fungi have very large distribution ranges, and that endemic species are rare in this group of organisms. This is likely a consequence of the “everything small is everywhere” paradigm that has been traditionally applied to cryptogams. However, the description of numerous endemic species over the last decades, many of them in oceanic islands, is challenging this view. In this study, we provide another example, Xanthoparmelia ramosae, a species that is described here as new to science on the basis of morphological, chemical, and macroclimatic data, and three molecular markers (ITS rDNA, nuLSU rDNA, and mtSSU). The new species is endemic to the island of Gran Canaria but clusters into a clade composed exclusively of specimens collected in Eastern Africa, a disjunction that is here reported for the first time in lichen-forming fungi. Through the use of dating analysis, we have found that Xanthoparmelia ramosae diverged from its closely related African taxa in the Pliocene. This result, together with the reproductive strategy of the species, points to the Relict theory as a likely mechanism behind the disjunction, although the large gap in lichenological knowledge in Africa makes this possibility hard to explore any further.
15
de Graaf, Martin, Jessica Brown, and David Donovan. "TWOMEY EFFECT IN SUBTROPICAL STRATOCUMULUS CLOUDS FROM UV DEPOLARIZATION LIDAR." EPJ Web of Conferences 176 (2018): 05002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201817605002.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Marine stratocumulus clouds are important climate regulators, reflecting sunlight over a dark ocean background. A UV-depolarization lidar on Ascension, a small remote island in the south Atlantic, measured cloud droplet sizes and number concentration using an inversion method based on Monte Carlo (MC) modelling of multiple scattering in idealised semiadiabatic clouds. The droplet size and number concentration weremodulated due to smoke from the African continent, measured by the same instrument.
16
Pichegru, L., D. Grémillet, R. J. M. Crawford, and P. G. Ryan. "Marine no-take zone rapidly benefits endangered penguin." Biology Letters 6, no. 4 (February 10, 2010): 498–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2009.0913.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
No-take zones may protect populations of targeted marine species and restore the integrity of marine ecosystems, but it is unclear whether they benefit top predators that rely on mobile pelagic fishes. In South Africa, foraging effort of breeding African penguins decreased by 30 per cent within three months of closing a 20 km zone to the competing purse-seine fisheries around their largest colony. After the fishing ban, most of the penguins from this island had shifted their feeding effort inside the closed area. Birds breeding at another colony situated 50 km away, whose fishing grounds remained open to fishing, increased their foraging effort during the same period. This demonstrates the immediate benefit of a relatively small no-take zone for a marine top predator relying on pelagic prey. Selecting such small protected areas may be an important first conservation step, minimizing stakeholder conflicts and easing compliance, while ensuring benefit for the ecosystems within these habitats.
17
Naldi, Gino J. "Separatism in the Comoros: Some Legal Aspects." Leiden Journal of International Law 11, no. 2 (June 1998): 247–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0922156598000181.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Since its founding in 1963, the Organization of African Unity (OAU) has placed special emphasis on the preservation of the territorial integrity of African states. It has actively contributed to the development of relevant rules of international law, such as that of uti possidetis. Its opposition to the fragmentation of states has been absolute. However, the small island state of Comoros has challenged this state of affairs. The seemingly successful secession of ‘Anjouan’ has threatened the cherished principles of the OAU. This article critically analyzes the relationship between the principles at the heart of the dispute, those of self-determination and uti possidetis, and concludes that there is no legal proscription on the secession of ‘Anjouan’.
18
Frickel, Scott, and Jonathan Tollefson. "When Environmental Inequality Racialized: Historical Evidence from Providence, Rhode Island." Socius: Sociological Research for a Dynamic World 8 (January 2022): 237802312211275. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/23780231221127541.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The authors use multiple logistic regression techniques to investigate whether individuals’ occupation, nativity, race, and ethnicity predict residential proximity to large-scale energy infrastructure in Providence, Rhode Island, in 1880 and 1930. Results indicate that in 1880, environmental risks associated with urban energy infrastructure fell most heavily on working-class immigrants; by 1930, those risks disproportionately affected the city’s small population of African American and Latinx residents. Across this 50-year span, environmental inequality racialized such that Providence’s gas lines effectively came to describe the city’s sharpening color line. The article concludes with a discussion of how a historical perspective can help clarify the dynamic relationship between environmental risk and urbanization in the (re)production of racial, ethnic, and economic inequality.
19
Gaki - Papanastassiou, K., E. Karymbalis, H. Maroukian, and K. Tsanakas. "GEOMORPHIC EVOLUTION OF WESTERN (PALIKI) KEPHALONIA ISLAND (GREECE) DURING THE QUATERNARY." Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece 43, no. 1 (January 19, 2017): 418. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/bgsg.11193.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Kephalonia Island is located in the Ionian Sea (western Greece). The active subduction zone of the African lithosphere submerging beneath the Eurasian plate is placed just west of the island. The evolution of the island is depended mostly on the geodynamic processes derived from this vigorous margin. The geomorphic evolution of the western part of the island (Paliki peninsula) during the Quaternary was studied, by carrying out detailed field geomorphological mapping focusing on both coastal and fluvial landforms, utilizing aerial photos and satellite image interpretation with the use of GIS technology. The coastal morphology of Paliki includes beachrocks, aeolianites, notches and small fan deltas which were all studied and mapped in detail. The drainage systems of the peninsula comprise an older one on carbonate formations in the northwest and a younger Quaternary one in the south and southeast. Eight marine terraces found primarily on the Pliocene marine formations range in elevation from 2 m to 440 m are tilted to the south. In the Late Pleistocene some of the main drainage networks flowed towards the newly-formed gulf of Argostoli to the east.
20
Becker, Anne A. M. J., Sreekumari Rajeev, Mark A. Freeman, Amy Beierschmitt, Victoria Savinon, Judit M. Wulcan, and Pompei Bolfa. "Extraintestinal Acanthocephalan Oncicola venezuelensis (Oligacanthorhynchidae) in Small Indian Mongooses (Herpestes auropunctatus) and African Green Monkeys (Chlorocebus aethiops sabaeus)." Veterinary Pathology 56, no. 5 (June 6, 2019): 794–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0300985819848502.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
We identified multiple extraintestinal cystacanths during routine postmortem examination of 3 small Indian mongooses and 2 African green monkeys from the Caribbean island of St. Kitts. In mongooses, cystacanths were encysted or free in the subcutaneous tissue, skeletal muscle, or peritoneal or pericardial cavities, whereas in the monkeys, they were in the cavity and parietal layer of the, tunica vaginalis, skeletal muscle, and peritoneal cavity. Morphological, histological, and molecular characterization identified these cystacanths as Oncicola venezuelensis (Acanthocephala: Oligacanthorhynchidae). There was minimal to mild lymphoplasmacytic inflammation associated with the parasite in the mongooses and moderate inflammation, mineralization, hemorrhage, and fibrosis in the connective tissue between the testis and epididymis in 1 monkey. We identified a mature male O. venezuelensis attached in the aboral jejunum of a feral cat, confirming it as the definitive host. Termites serve as intermediate hosts and lizards as paratenic hosts. This report emphasizes the role of the small Indian mongoose and African green monkey as paratenic hosts for O. venezuelensis.
21
Sherley, Richard B., Henning Winker, Res Altwegg, Carl D. van der Lingen, Stephen C. Votier, and Robert J. M. Crawford. "Bottom-up effects of a no-take zone on endangered penguin demographics." Biology Letters 11, no. 7 (July 2015): 20150237. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2015.0237.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Marine no-take zones can have positive impacts for target species and are increasingly important management tools. However, whether they indirectly benefit higher order predators remains unclear. The endangered African penguin ( Spheniscus demersus ) depends on commercially exploited forage fish. We examined how chick survival responded to an experimental 3-year fishery closure around Robben Island, South Africa, controlling for variation in prey biomass and fishery catches. Chick survival increased by 18% when the closure was initiated, which alone led to a predicted 27% higher population compared with continued fishing. However, the modelled population continued to decline, probably because of high adult mortality linked to poor prey availability over larger spatial scales. Our results illustrate that small no-take zones can have bottom-up benefits for highly mobile marine predators, but are only one component of holistic, ecosystem-based management regimes.
22
Antunes, Luís Frederico Dias. "A Long-Distance Nexus in the Indian Ocean: Gujarati Banias, Brokers, and Middlemen in Eighteenth-Century Portuguese East Africa." Asian Review of World Histories 8, no. 2 (July 14, 2020): 234–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22879811-12340077.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Historiography has long recognized the strategic importance of Diu as a commercial hub in the Indian Ocean, despite the decline it experienced in the last quarter of the seventeenth century. A great deal of Diuese commerce, along with the island’s privileged connections with East Africa (especially Mozambique), was sustained by the activity of the Banias—Hindus and Jain—who had long used this small island as a platform for trade. This article analyzes the forms of organization, commercial and financial techniques, and main roles of the Banias of Gujarat, one of the largest and most important urban merchant communities in India and in other Asian and African markets along the Indian Ocean. In the case of Diu, we seek to understand the extent to which the financial capacity and commercial experience of the local Banias allowed them to dominate most commercial activity in Mozambique from the late seventeenth century onwards. We examine the internal structure of the Banias’ merchant communities, the hierarchical dependencies and trade links between the Banias of Diu and of Mozambique, and, lastly, the adaptation of their experience and commercial techniques to the East African coast.
23
Hair, P. E. H. "“Elephants for Want of Towns:” The Interethnic and International History of Bulama Island, 1456–1870." History in Africa 24 (January 1997): 177–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3172024.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Bulama (otherwise Bolama) Island is the furthest inshore member of the Bissagos Islands, off the West African coast, in the present-day state of Guiné-Bissau. On the east side of the wide estuary of Rio Jeba, it stands near the mouth of Rio Balola. Small, low-lying, partly surrounded by sandbanks and swamps, often uninhabited, and considered by whites scenically attractive but very unhealthy, Bulama has appeared in historical records with disproportionate frequency. It may have been noted during the earliest stages of Portuguese “Discovery;” two centuries on, it was investigated by the French. It was later the locality of a disastrous British settlement, the proposed home for a colony of African-Americans, and for sixty years the site of a colonial capital; and it was the subject of a well-meant arbitration by a President of the U.S.A. Finally, it was the center for an international conference on its own past, held in 1990. That past, of little importance in itself, nevertheless provides a keyhole glimpse of much of the history of the western Guinea coast over four centuries.Our knowledge of the earlier history of the island of Bulama is slight and depends on European sources. The region of the estuary of Rio Jeba—or “Rio Grande” as it was originally known—was first visited by Europeans in the 1450s. The earliest Portuguese ship to arrive was probably the one on which a certain Diogo Gomes traveled, the date probably 1456. The account of this voyage, as edited by a contemporary scholar in the 1490s from the oral narrative of Diogo Gomes in old age, indicates that the Portuguese landed at a point along Rio Jeba and saw wild animals: deer, elephants, and crocodiles.
24
Hicks, Mary E. "Financing the Luso-Atlantic Slave Trade, 1500–1840." Journal of Global Slavery 2, no. 3 (2017): 273–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2405836x-00203004.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Between 1500 and 1840, ships under Portuguese colors embarked more than 5 million enslaved men, women and children from the coasts of Africa. Despite its position as the preeminent slave trading empire in the Atlantic World, no studies have systematically traced the evolution in maritime investment practices in Portugal and its American colonies which propelled this massive forced transportation of captive Africans. Beginning with Portuguese merchants’ earliest forays into Atlantic trade, on the West African island of Cabo Verde in the fifteenth century, maritime cargoes were collectively owned through the distribution of small shares. Drawing on medieval Mediterranean precedents, these collective, legally constructed partnerships opened early transoceanic trading opportunities to a diverse group of traders, colonists, and mariners, creating a decentralized mercantile trade which diffused profits throughout slave trading communities. Slaving merchants in Salvador da Bahia adopted this collectivist model of investment by the early eighteenth century, converting commercial disadvantages into a prosperous and durable trade which wove together the economic interests of a heterogeneous cross-section of Salvador’s inhabitants—including merchants, their families and slaves, and mariners—within the business of slaving. This article traces the persistence of this financial strategy, and argues that it enabled the longevity of the transatlantic slave trade in Salvador.
25
Sydeman, William J., George L. Hunt, Ellen K. Pikitch, Julia K. Parrish, John F. Piatt, P. Dee Boersma, Les Kaufman, Daniel W. Anderson, Sarah Ann Thompson, and Richard B. Sherley. "South Africa's experimental fisheries closures and recovery of the endangered African penguin." ICES Journal of Marine Science 78, no. 10 (November 16, 2021): 3538–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsab231.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract In a scientifically-transformative project, South Africa implemented a decade-long field experiment to understand how fisheries may be affecting its most iconic seabird, the African penguin Spheniscus demersus. This unique effort prohibits the take of anchovy and sardine within relatively small areas around four African penguin breeding colonies, two in the Benguela upwelling ecosystem and two in the adjacent Agulhas region. For the Benguela, fisheries closures within the birds’ primary foraging range increased their breeding productivity and perhaps reduced parental foraging efforts, indicating that the fisheries are competing with the birds for food. Results were less clear for foraging behaviour in the Agulhas, but no data on breeding success were collected there. The African penguin is endangered, its population continues to decline, and fisheries closures have been demonstrated to improve demographic traits that contribute to population growth. Therefore, given the critical status of the species, fisheries closures should be maintained, at least at Dassen Island where the population has great capacity to expand and support other nearby colonies. Continuing or implementing corresponding fisheries closures in the Agulhas region is also warranted, as well as creating and testing the value of pelagic closed areas during the non-breeding season when the penguins disperse widely across these ecosystems. These management actions would increase penguin food supplies and may help to meet societal goals of halting the decline of the penguin population, as well as maintaining the economic and cultural services provided by fisheries and ecotourism.
26
Fiori, Mariangela Stefania, Daria Sanna, Fabio Scarpa, Matteo Floris, Antonello Di Nardo, Luca Ferretti, Federica Loi, et al. "A Deeper Insight into Evolutionary Patterns and Phylogenetic History of ASFV Epidemics in Sardinia (Italy) through Extensive Genomic Sequencing." Viruses 13, no. 10 (October 4, 2021): 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13101994.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
African swine fever virus (ASFV) is the etiological agent of the devastating disease African swine fever (ASF), for which there is currently no licensed vaccine or treatment available. ASF is defined as one of the most serious animal diseases identified to date, due to its global spread in regions of Africa, Europe and Asia, causing massive economic losses. On the Italian island of Sardinia, the disease has been endemic since 1978, although the last control measures put in place achieved a significant reduction in ASF, and the virus has been absent from circulation since April 2019. Like many large DNA viruses, ASFV mutates at a relatively slow rate. However, the limited availability of whole-genome sequences from spatial-localized outbreaks makes it difficult to explore the small-scale genetic structure of these ASFV outbreaks. It is also unclear if the genetic variability within outbreaks can be captured in a handful of sequences, or if larger sequencing efforts can improve phylogenetic reconstruction and evolutionary or epidemiological inference. The aim of this study was to investigate the phylogenetic patterns of ASFV outbreaks between 1978 and 2018 in Sardinia, in order to characterize the epidemiological dynamics of the viral strains circulating in this Mediterranean island. To reach this goal, 58 new whole genomes of ASFV isolates were obtained, which represents the largest ASFV whole-genome sequencing effort to date. We provided a complete description of the genomic diversity of ASFV in terms of nucleotide mutations and small and large indels among the isolates collected during the outbreaks. The new sequences capture more than twice the genomic and phylogenetic diversity of all the previously published Sardinian sequences. The extra genomic diversity increases the resolution of the phylogenetic reconstruction, enabling us to dissect, for the first time, the genetic substructure of the outbreak. We found multiple ASFV subclusters within the phylogeny of the Sardinian epidemic, some of which coexisted in space and time.
27
González, José A., Raül Triay-Portella, Aitor Escribano, and José A. Cuesta. "Northernmost record of the pantropical portunid crab Cronius ruber in the eastern Atlantic (Canary Islands): natural range extension or human-mediated introduction?" Scientia Marina 81, no. 1 (March 27, 2017): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/scimar.04551.17b.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The pantropical crab Cronius ruber (Lamarck, 1818) (Brachyura: Portunidae) is recorded for the first time from the Canary Islands. Previously known from off Cape Verde Islands and Senegal, this is the northernmost record of the species in the eastern Atlantic Ocean. Crabs have been caught by means of a collecting small trap for sampling in shallow waters, and then identified by both morphological characters and DNA barcoding (16S). Cytochrome c oxidase I partial sequence has been obtained for this species for the first time. This relatively large and very aggressive crab species seems to be rapidly occupying both hard substrates (sublittoral caves) and soft substrates (sand with seagrass meadow) adjacent to shallow rocky bottoms, at depths between 2 and 10 m, in the warm southern waters of Gran Canaria Island. The reasons for this species’ occurrence are discussed herein. Among them, natural range extension may be a consequence of tropicalization in the eastern Atlantic. Also, a human-mediated introduction could be based on the heavy traffic of ships (ballast waters or oil platforms) arriving at the Canary Islands from African countries and from Brazil in the last decade.
28
D. Dermitzakis, Michalis. "The evolution of the Aegeis during the Late Cenozoic." Geologica Balcanica 20, no. 3 (March 30, 1990): 3–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.52321/geolbalc.20.3.3.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The Aegeis Region is marked, from a geotectonic viewpoint, with the collision between the African Plate and the Eurasian Plate. The resulting tectogeneses formed the Hellenides and the Aegean arc. The stratigraphic data for the last 23 Ma (the Late Cenozoic) are shown, together with the paleogeographic events, in five sketches: i) Aquitanian; ii) Lljte Burdigalian - Serravalian; iii) Tortonian – Messinian; iv) Pliocene; v) Pleistocene. The·Pleistocene development is of particular interest. The paleogeographic picture at that time did not differ considerably from the present one. Peloponessus was separated from Cythera by a narrow channel which permitted the passage of different mammals. Creta was a part of the continent during the Late Miocene when the break up of the whole Aegeis began. During the Pliocene, Creta represented an assemblage of small islands, and took its present shape during the Pleistocene when about 12000 years ago a rich endemic fauna was formed. In the same time, Karpathos and Kasos formed a single island (separated from Creta and Rhodos), Rhodos, Kos, Kalymnos and Chios were joined to Asia Minor, and the Cycladic Islands were brought together into two or three big islands.
29
Lelei, Joyce J. "Analysis of Doctoral Supervision." International Journal of Advanced Research 5, no. 1 (February 23, 2022): 21–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.37284/ijar.5.1.562.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Sustainable development goal four is to ensure quality education by 2030. One target of achieving this is by 2020, substantially expand globally the number of scholarships available to developing countries, in particular least developed countries, small Island developing States and African countries, for enrolment in higher education. There has been an increased enrolment in doctoral studies at African Universities in the recent years. Government industry and business are interested in high quality graduates. The study aimed to contribute to the quality of doctoral graduates by assessing their perception of supervision. Perception of supervision was obtained using the Postgraduate Research Experience Questionnaire (PREQ). The study recommends (i) self-evaluation of supervisors. This will point out weak areas in supervision and when corrected will ensure quality of graduates, and (ii) conduct tracer studies of doctorate graduates.
30
Goldman, Helle V., and Martin T. Walsh. "First videos of endemic Zanzibar Servaline Genet Genetta servalina archeri, African Palm Civet Nandinia binotata (Mammalia: Carnivora: Viverridae) and other small carnivores on Unguja Island, Tanzania." Journal of Threatened Taxa 11, no. 10 (August 26, 2019): 14292–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.4729.11.10.14292-14300.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The faunal diversity of the densely populated island of Unguja, Zanzibar archipelago, Tanzania, includes several endemic mammals. Camera-trapping in Jozani-Chwaka Bay National Park and Kiwengwa–Pongwe Forest Reserve in September 2017 captured the first video footage of the Zanzibar Servaline Genet Genetta servalina archeri, an endemic subspecies first formally described in 1998. Other native small carnivores were also recorded on video for the first time during this survey, including the African Palm Civet Nandinia binotata, which was first documented in print as present in Unguja in 2004. Also camera-trapped in 2017 were the Zanzibar Slender Mongoose Herpestes sanguineus rufescens and the Zanzibar Bushy-tailed Mongoose Bdeogale crassicauda tenuis. Follow-up camera-trapping in Jozani-Chwaka Bay National Park in August 2018 captured additional video of the Zanzibar Servaline Genet and the African Palm Civet. No images were obtained of the African Civet Civettictis civetta, or of the two introduced species—the Banded Mongoose Mungos mungo and the Small Indian Civet Viverricula indica—in either year. As the remaining natural habitat in Zanzibar shrinks in size and becomes fragmented, it is increasingly urgent to document the archipelago’s carnivores and other fauna, so that sound conservation measures can be implemented.
31
Weiss, Holger. "Det svenska kolonialprojektets komplexa rum: om slaveri under svensk flagg i slutet av 1700-talets karibiska och atlantiska värld." 1700-tal: Nordic Journal for Eighteenth-Century Studies 9 (December 10, 2014): 59–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/4.3247.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The Complex Space of the Swedish Colonial Project: Slavery under the SwedishFlag in the Late Eighteenth-Century Caribbean and Atlantic WorldWhen Sweden took over Saint Barthélemy in the Caribbean in 1784, the island was inhabited by French colonists and their slaves. As the island was too small and barren for large-scale plantations, the Swedish authorities decided to declare it a free-port, outlined the site for a new town, and issued an invitation to traders and merchants of any nationality to settle on the island. Within the space of a few years, a Swedish cosmopolitan town, Gustavia, was in place beside La Campagne, the French-dominated countryside. This essay takes a critical look at the first twenty years of the Swedish era on the island. A special focus is placed on the question of slavery and the coloured division of space on the island. Similar to all other late eighteenth-century Caribbean slave societies, the Swedish island simultaneously contained a hegemonic white space and a dominated and controlled black space. It was a multiracial and multi-ethnic society inhabited by white naturalized citizens and burghers, visiting white foreign merchants and émigrées, second-class semi-citizens comprised of freed slaves and gens de couleur, and African and Creole slaves. While the first two groups enjoyed certain rights, the lives of the latter two groups were controlled and regulated by slave laws and other legal restrictions.
32
Fasano, Antonio, and Alessio De Martino. "Alien mantids in a tropical paradise: First record of the giant mantis Sphodromantis viridis (Insecta, Mantodea) for the Canary Islands (Spain)." Journal of Orthoptera Research 32, no. 2 (September 1, 2023): 143–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jor.32.96183.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The presence of adults, nymphs, and oothecae of the African giant mantis Sphodromantis viridis Forsskål is for the first time recorded on the island of Tenerife, the largest and most populated of the Canary archipelago, an autonomous Spanish community in the Atlantic Ocean. The discovery took place in a popular water park rich in non-native plants in the municipality of Costa Adeje. It is possible that anthropogenic movements, particularly the massive movement of tourists and goods that continually cross this small archipelago, aided the dispersal to the area of this mantis, which for some years has also been expanding in many areas of the Mediterranean basin. A hypothesis on the ecological impact and the possible invasiveness of this extremely adaptable species is discussed and supported by the large number of sightings of oothecae and specimens that are, fortunately, still confined within the west coast of the island.
33
Arnaiz-Villena, Antonio, Marcial Medina, Valentín Ruíz-del-Valle, Adrian López-Nares, Jose Antonio De Vera-Lima, Luis Mata, Luis Barrera-Gutiérrez, José Palacio-Grüber, and Fabio Suarez-Trujillo. "Lineal Megalithic Rock Scripts as precursors of Iberian and other lineal Mediterranean/Euro African ancient writings: the case of Fuerteventura (Canary Islands, Spain)." International Journal of Modern Anthropology 2, no. 16 (December 10, 2021): 629–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ijma.v2i16.6.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Lineal Megalithic/Paleolithic Lineal signs/lines may have a variety of purposes or representations. Some authors have proposed they represent sky, planets and stars and their movements, space/time representations or others, including letters/syllables or symbols/events. Some are painted, other incised; the latter are relatively more common in Megalithic scripts. Man is “writing” or creating handmade figures on stones /rocks and other supports, which sometimes have intentionally been polished since Paleolithic times: at least 70,000 years BP (Blombos Cave, South Africa). Megalithic script is named because it is associated to megalithic structures, although not exclusively. Von Petzinger 40,000 years old “symbols” and/or writing are extended worldwide in Paleolithic caves and other rocks. Man connection was worldwide in Paleolithic times. Canary Islands incise or picketed lineal writing exists with a transcribed and translated meaning collection of signs (Ibero-Guanche or Latin inscriptions and Lybic ones). Also, other African/European/Mediterranean lineal scripts there exist and examples are given in the present paper. Fuerteventura Island contains in addition many small or bigger stones and rocks with these Paleolithic/Megalithic incised lines all over its territory. About timing in which these stones that were incised by man, we are only referring to a kind of stone crafting. However, we do not discard that they were made by man several thousand years BP. Some Paleolithic/Megalithic scripts are mixed with clear Iberian semi-syllabary signs in Fuerteventura and other Canary Islands. They may reflect the evolution of more ancient Megalithic scripts to lineal writings like those detailed in the present paper and others. Finally, writing concept should be redefined whenever more precise data and dating be available.
34
Rosén, Mikael, and Anders Hedenström. "Soaring Flight in the Eleonora's Falcon (Falco eleonorae)." Auk 119, no. 3 (July 1, 2002): 835–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/auk/119.3.835.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Eleonora's Falcon (Falco eleonorae) breeds in the Mediterranean region and is highly adapted for catching small birds on passage migration between Eurasia and their African winter quarters, which they feed their young. We studied gliding flight behavior of Eleonora's Falcon at a breeding colony located on a small island southwest of Sardinia, Italy. Gliding and soaring flight performance was measured using an optical range finder and evaluated against flight mechanical theory. The male falcon does the majority of hunting and usually sets off from the colony to hunting areas located at high altitude over the open sea to catch prey. To lower the cost of transport and maximize the energy gain from hunting, we show that the birds use vertical winds for soaring when available. The occurrence of rising air changes with wind direction. At north-northwesterly winds (on-shore), slope lift is available outside the nesting cliffs, and at south-southeasterly winds thermals that form over the island drift out over the sea. Our observations demonstrated the flexibility of flight behavior in relation to the wind situation, and birds thereby make full use of available soaring conditions.
35
Tandrayen-Ragoobur, Verena, and Rajeev Pydayya. "Glass ceiling and sticky floors: hurdles for Mauritian working women." Equality, Diversity and Inclusion: An International Journal 34, no. 5 (June 15, 2015): 452–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/edi-08-2014-0064.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to analyse the gender wage differential at different points of the wage distribution. It investigates the existence of glass ceilings and sticky floors in the Mauritian labour market. There is no previous empirical work studying gender inequality in the labour market for the small island economy of Mauritius. Design/methodology/approach – To investigate whether wage differentials are higher at the top or bottom ends of the wage distribution, the authors examine the wage disparities across different quantiles of the wage distribution. The gender wage disparities are assessed using quantile regression and decomposition techniques at the 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th and 90th quantiles. Survey data from the Continuous Multi-Purpose Household Survey from 2006 to 2013 is used. Findings – The results reveal that sticky floors are more pronounced than glass ceilings over the years. Further, for the years 2008, 2010 and 2012, it is noted that at the 75th quantiles, the gender wage differentials started to rise showing glass ceiling effects. The combination of both sticky floors and glass ceilings are characterised by the unexplained factors providing evidence for gender discrimination in the Mauritian labour market. Originality/value – This is the first study analysing the glass ceilings or sticky floors in the Mauritian labour market. Though the research is limited to Mauritius, the latter being a small island economy can serve as a case study for other island economies and also for the African continent.
36
Tarr, RJQ. "Growth and movement of the South African abalone Haliotis midae: A reassessment." Marine and Freshwater Research 46, no. 3 (1995): 583. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf9950583.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Growth rates of a number of Haliotis midae populations around the South African coast were studied by means of tagging. These populations ranged from the cool waters of the western coast to the more temperate environment of the eastern Cape. Standard von Bertalanffy growth curves were fitted and growth parameters derived. These ranged from 0.19 to 0.25 for K, the average rate at which L∞ is approached, and from 156 to 173 for L∞, the average theoretical maximum length. These indicate far higher growth rates than were previously published for this commercially fished species, and the reasons for this difference are discussed. The expectation that growth rates would be fastest in the warmer eastern Cape waters was not realized, there being no significant difference in growth between the Bird Island population on the eastern coast and the Robben Island population on the western coast. These new growth parameters indicate that H. midae in the commercial fishery grounds is attaining sexual maturity some four years earlier, and the minimum legal size some five years earlier, than previously considered. This has considerable significance for modelling studies presently underway. Movement of a small population of adult H. midae was studied over a three-year period, after which 47% of the original abalone were still present on the study site. Of these, 81.5% still occupied exactly the same position on the rocks. This indicates that H. midae that have located an optimum habitat, and that are not disturbed, tend not to move.
37
van der Marel, Annemarie, Jane M. Waterman, and Marta López-Darias. "Social organization in a North African ground squirrel." Journal of Mammalogy 101, no. 3 (March 31, 2020): 670–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jmammal/gyaa031.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Research on sociality in temperate ground-dwelling squirrels has focused on female philopatry and other life history trade-offs, which are influenced by constraints in the duration of the active growing season. Temperate ground-dwelling squirrels that experience high predation pressure, are large in body size, and have a short active season, show a more complex social organization. In contrast, African ground squirrels are active year-round, suggesting that instead of a short active season, distinct selective pressures influence their social organization. We examined the social organization of Barbary ground squirrels, Atlantoxerus getulus, and compared the social organization of temperate and African ground-dwelling sciurids. Anecdotal accounts on Barbary ground squirrels’ social organization suggested that they were either solitary or gregarious, or live in small family groups. We recorded the group size, composition, cohesion, and genetic relatedness, of the population on the arid island of Fuerteventura, Spain. Our data indicate that females live in small (1–8) all-female kin groups separate from adult males, and that unrelated adult males share sleeping burrows with immature individuals of either sex. We observed sex-biased dispersal with males primarily the dispersing sex and females primarily philopatric. Females sleep solitarily during gestation and lactation and nest either communally or singly after juvenile emergence. During the day, males and females can be active in the same area. Barbary ground squirrels are social because the squirrels share sleeping burrows and show spatiotemporal overlap. Barbary ground squirrels’ social organization resembles that of the closely related Cape ground squirrel rather than that of the temperate ground-dwelling sciurids, although the former are more temperate, seasonal breeders. In addition to describing the social organization of a previously unstudied species, this paper sheds light on the ecological drivers of sociality, and the evolution of distinct social organizations in ground-dwelling sciurids.
38
Kamal, Thabiti Soudjay, Yunfeng Huang, Chulong Huang, Su Xu, Gao Bing, and Shenghui Cui. "Food Phosphorus Flows in a Low-Income, Food- and Phosphorus-Deficient Country." Agronomy 9, no. 5 (April 26, 2019): 212. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9050212.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
We present a quantitative analysis of phosphorus (P) flows that characterize the food production-consumption system metabolism in a low-income, food, and phosphorus deficient country, using Comoros, a small African island state, as an example from the year 2000 to 2011. The data were interpreted in terms of the connections between crop production, livestock breeding, human consumption, and soil stock, using the substance flow analysis (SFA) model. We found that the total P input into Comoros totaled 132.37 t in 2000 and 270.60 t in 2011, whereas the total P output totaled 567.40 t in 2000 and 702.29 t in 2011. Farmers in Comoros are cropping with little or no P input, resulting in a soil P deficiency; it varied from 435.03 t in 2000 to 431.69 t in 2011. In addition, the Phosphorus Use Efficiencies (PUEs) of plant and animal production in Comoros were 131.80% and 14%, respectively, in 2011. This is the first SFA of a small island state, and the lack of a closed P loop is a major issue for the country in terms of P security and this has not changed between 2000 and 2011. This study proposes crucial solutions for improving the PUE through recycling and reusing animal manure, human excreta, and household solid organic waste.
39
Di Maio, Alessandra. "Framing Migrant Memories: Lampedusa's Fragmented Archives." Altre Modernità, no. 27 (May 30, 2022): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.54103/2035-7680/17872.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The small island of Lampedusa, a key destination of the Central Mediterranean Route connecting Africa to Italy, offers a special observatory on the contemporary trans-Mediterranean odyssey of migrants, although often transformed into a “border spectacle.” Upon landing, migrants are stripped of their belongings, as these are impounded by the authorities. Such an act of dispossession is intended to deprive them of their histories, family ties and cultural identity. Photographer Mario Badagliacca has portrayed a selection of these lost and retrieved items in his work Fragments (2013). Each object reveals expectations, fears, desires, endurance, but cannot tell a full story. They are fragments of an open-ended narrative that requires to be framed and told, if we wish to gain a better understanding of the Black Mediterranean, its history, and consequences. What remains untold can only be imagined. Writer Maaza Mengiste imagines what lies behind two smudged photographs portrayed by Badagliacca. As always, the force of imagination provides signification, solidarity, and survival in the fractured history of the African Diaspora.
40
Robinson, William M. L., Douglas S. Butterworth, and Éva E. Plagányi. "Quantifying the projected impact of the South African sardine fishery on the Robben Island penguin colony." ICES Journal of Marine Science 72, no. 6 (March 10, 2015): 1822–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsv035.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Quantitative methods are needed to evaluate the ecological effects of fishing forage species upon which predators depend. African penguin Spheniscus demersus numbers at the Robben Island colony rose during the 1990s co-incidental with a marked increase in sardine Sardinops sagax and anchovy Engraulis encrasicolus abundances, but decreased appreciably during the 2000s as sardine suffered a series of poor recruitments. A population dynamics model is developed which relates penguin adult annual mortality to local sardine biomass, and is fit to penguin moult counts and re-sightings of tagged penguins. The predator–prey interaction is best explained by a sardine–penguin mortality relationship with average penguin survival decreasing only when the local sardine biomass is less than approximately one-quarter of the maximum observed. Results suggest that the rapid growth of the colony during the 1990s was driven primarily by immigration. Penguin projections are generated by linking to future sardine abundances predicted under the operational management procedure used to set catch limits for these sardine and anchovy fisheries, and compared with equivalent scenarios without fishing. Results indicate that fishing is likely to have a relatively small impact on penguins, especially when compared with uncertainties that arise from the variable spatial distribution of the sardine population.
41
Agius, Dionisius A. "The Rashayda: Ethnic Identity and Dhow Activity in Suakin on the Red Sea Coast." Northeast African Studies 12, no. 1 (April 1, 2012): 169–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/41960562.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Suakin (Ar. Sawākin) is the second important town of Sudan and a port for Muslim pilgrims bound for Jeddah Its economy is primarily based on fishing. Long before the estabhshment of the present, new town, Suakin was an island town to which cargo ships from the Red Sea ports came and goods from India were transhipped via Jeddah In its heyday, the island town was populated by merchants and traders who came to settle there from African and Arab countnes, mainly Egypt and Sudan, and India and Europe. The majonty of the inhabitants who lived around the island town belonged to the Beja (Ar. Buja or Bujā) groupings, whose ancestry goes back centwies; they were, as they are mainly today, pastorahsts and cultivators. Around the late nineteenth century, members of a distinct Western Arabian ethnic group, the Rashayda (Ar. Rashāʾida; s. Rashīdī), came to Sudan to look for work and live in the hinterland and on the coast. Though the majonty were nomads and herders, several were involved in dhow trading, and a small number settled in Suakin. By the 1930s, however, many buildings in the island town started to crumble into rubble as its inhabitants abandoned the island for better economic prospects in other Red Sea port towns. Subsequently, a new town developed south of the island, including communities from the neighboring region, mainly Cushitic-speaking Beja groupings and other minorities such as the Rashayda, and in recent decades, they were joined by West African pilgrims who chose to settle there on their return from hajj (pilgrimage). Some members of the Beja groups follow occupations related to the sea; many come from the mountains to seek work as fishermen, or divers during the shell-collecting season, or laborers during the hajj season. Fishing activity is centered on the craftsmanship of the dhow builders: the dhows must not only be seaworthy but also specifically designed for fishing and shell collecting. This article will examine maritime activity on the Sudanese coast with particular reference to Suakin, past and present. It will discuss the level of involvement of the Beja and the importance of the role of the Rashayda in this multiethnic community from their arrival in the nineteenth century to the present time; further, it will show how they adapted their knowledge and skills and also show that the maritime terminology used is predominantly Western Arabian and not, as would be expected, Cushitic, as spoken by the Beja groups or linguistic registers of other ethnic groupings. The methodology applied in this research is based on ethnographic fieldwork conducted in 2004, together with consultation of primary and secondary sources.
42
Bradshaw, Corey J. A., Sarah P. Otto, Alicia A. Annamalay, Sam Heft-Neal, Zachary Wagner, and Peter N. Le Souëf. "Testing the socioeconomic and environmental determinants of better child-health outcomes in Africa: a cross-sectional study among nations." BMJ Open 9, no. 9 (September 2019): e029968. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-029968.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
ObjectiveWe sought to test hypotheses regarding the principal correlates of child-health performance among African nations based on previous evidence collected at finer spatial scales.DesignRetrospective, cross-sectional study.SettingAll countries in Africa, excluding small-island nations.Primary and secondary outcome measuresWe defined a composite child-health indicator for each country comprising the incidence of stunting, deaths from respiratory disease, deaths from diarrhoeal disease, deaths from other infectious disease and deaths from injuries for children aged under 5 years. We also compiled national-level data for Africa to test the effects of country-level water quality, air pollution, food supply, breast feeding, environmental performance, per capita wealth, healthcare investment, population density and governance quality on the child-health indicator.ResultsAcross nations, child health was lowest when water quality, improved sanitation, air quality and environmental performance were lowest. There was also an important decline in child health as household size (a proxy for population density) increased. The remaining variables had only weak effects, but in the directions we hypothesised.ConclusionsThese results emphasise the importance of continued investment in clean water and sanitation services, measures to improve air quality and efforts to restrict further environmental degradation, to promote the UN’s Sustainable Development Goal 3 target to ‘… end preventable deaths of newborns and children under 5’ and Goal 6 to ‘… ensure access to water and sanitation for all’ by 2030.
43
Jaynes, Kyle E. "New evidence for distinctiveness of the island-endemic Príncipe giant tree frog (Arthroleptidae: Leptopelis palmatus)." Herpetological Journal, Volume 31, Number 3 (July 1, 2021): 162–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.33256/31.3.162169.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The Príncipe giant tree frog Leptopelis palmatus is endemic to the small oceanic island of Príncipe in the Gulf of Guinea. For several decades, this charismatic but poorly known species was confused with another large tree frog species from continental Africa, L. rufus. Phylogenetic relationships within the African genus Leptopelis are poorly understood and consequently the evolutionary history of L. palmatus and its affinity to L. rufus remain unclear. In this study, we combined mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), morphological, and acoustic data for L. palmatus and L. rufus to assess different axes of divergence between the species. Our mtDNA gene tree for the genus Leptopelis indicated that L. palmatus is not closely related to L. rufus or other large species of Leptopelis. Additionally, we found low mtDNA diversity in L. palmatus across its range on Príncipe. We found significant morphological differences between females of L. rufus and L. palmatus, but not between males. We characterised the advertisement call of L. palmatus for the first time, which is markedly distinct from L. rufus. Finally, we summarised our observations of L. palmatus habitats and additional notes on phenotypic variation and behaviour. Our study reinforces the distinctiveness of L. palmatus and provides information important for the conservation of this endangered species. A rã gigante de Príncipe, Leptopelis palmatus, é endêmica da pequena ilha oceânica de Príncipe no Golfo da Guiné. Por várias décadas, esta espécie carismática mas pouco conhecida foi confundida com outra espécie grande de rã da África continental, L. rufus. As relações filogenéticas dentro do gênero africano Leptopelis são mal compreendidas e, conseqüentemente, a história evolutiva de L. palmatus e sua afinidade com L. rufus permanecem obscuras. Neste estudo, combinamos dados de DNA mitocondrial (mtDNA), morfológicos e acústicos de L. palmatus e L. rufus para avaliar diferentes eixos de divergência entre as espécies. Nossa árvore de genes de mtDNA para o gênero Leptopelis indicou que L. palmatus não está proximamente relacionada a L. rufus ou outras espécies grandes de Leptopelis, e encontramos baixa diversidade de mtDNA em L. palmatus em toda a sua distribuição em Príncipe. Encontramos diferenças morfológicas significativas entre as fêmeas de L. rufus e L. palmatus, mas não entre os machos. Caracterizamos o canto reprodutor de L. palmatus pela primeira vez, que é marcadamente distinto do de L. rufus. Finalmente, resumimos nossas observações dos habitats de L. palmatus e notas adicionais sobre variação fenotípica e comportamento. Nosso estudo fornece informações importantes para a conservação dessa espécie ameaçada de extinção
44
Sendra, Alberto, Heriberto López, Jesús Selfa, and Pedro Oromí. "Two new dipluran species unearthed from subterranean habitats of the Canary Islands (Arthropoda, Hexapoda, Entognatha)." Subterranean Biology 34 (March 18, 2020): 39–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.34.50231.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Two new dipluran species of the family Campodeidae have been unearthed in the Canary Islands. Remycampa herbanicasp. nov. was found in a highly threatened lava tube on Fuerteventura island. It is related to the soil-dwelling northwest African Remycampa launeyi that also inhabits four of the Canary Islands. The two known Remycampa species are characterized by a torsion of the labial palps. They differ chiefly in the distribution of macrosetae and in the features of cave adaptation of R. herbanica, i.e. elongation of body and appendages, and a higher number of olfactory chemoreceptors with a coniform shape unique within campodeids. Spaniocampa relictasp. nov. was collected in the mesovoid shallow substratum (MSS) and has been assigned to a formerly monotypic genus that includes the soil-dwelling Spaniocampa prima from the Republic of Guinea. The two species differ in the number of abdominal macrosetae. Females of S. relictasp. nov. have small setae arranged in groups along the posterior border of the first urosternite. These structures of unknown function have never been described in other campodeid species. Sequencing the COI barcode region of R. herbanica has been produced but it proved insufficient to identify closest relatives. The two new hexapods from subterranean habitats raise the Canarian campodeid fauna to six species. Five of them are living in soil and/or MSS, whereas the cave-adapted R. herbanica is known only from a single, particularly endangered lava tube distant from other caves.
45
Havaš Auguštin, Dubravka, Jelena Šarac, Maere Reidla, Erika Tamm, Blaženka Grahovac, Miljenko Kapović, Natalija Novokmet, et al. "Refining the Global Phylogeny of Mitochondrial N1a, X, and HV2 Haplogroups Based on Rare Mitogenomes from Croatian Isolates." Genes 14, no. 8 (August 12, 2023): 1614. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes14081614.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) has been used for decades as a predominant tool in population genetics and as a valuable addition to forensic genetic research, owing to its unique maternal inheritance pattern that enables the tracing of individuals along the maternal lineage across numerous generations. The dynamic interplay between evolutionary forces, primarily genetic drift, bottlenecks, and the founder effect, can exert significant influence on genetic profiles. Consequently, the Adriatic islands have accumulated a subset of lineages that exhibits remarkable absence or rarity within other European populations. This distinctive genetic composition underscores the islands’ potential as a significant resource in phylogenetic research, with implications reaching beyond regional boundaries to contribute to a global understanding. In the initial attempt to expand the mitochondrial forensic database of the Croatian population with haplotypes from small isolated communities, we sequenced mitogenomes of rare haplogroups from different Croatian island and mainland populations using next-generation sequencing (NGS). In the next step and based on the obtained results, we refined the global phylogeny of haplogroup N1a, HV2, and X by analyzing rare haplotypes, which are absent from the current phylogenetic tree. The trees were based on 16 novel and 52 previously published samples, revealing completely novel branches in the X and HV2 haplogroups and a new European cluster in the ancestral N1a variant, previously believed to be an exclusively African–Asian haplogroup. The research emphasizes the importance of investigating geographically isolated populations and their unique characteristics within a global context.
46
Loui, William S., Bonnie Auerbach, Jeanette Bince, Sandra Brazzel, and William Thomas. "Assessing quality in a rural oncology program using the Quality Oncology Practice Initiative (QOPI)." Journal of Clinical Oncology 30, no. 34_suppl (December 1, 2012): 275. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2012.30.34_suppl.275.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
275 Background: Molokai General Hospital (MGH) is a critical access hospital for 7,400 people on the isolated island of Molokai. It is a small 14 bed medical center that started an outpatient oncology program six years ago. Over this period, 213 patients received care through an innovative telemedicine program partnership with the Queens Medical Center in Honolulu, Hawaii. Methods: Study design was a retrospective chart review. Results: The most common types of cancers seen were breast cancer 57 (26.7%), lung cancer 29 (13.6%), colon cancer 26 (12.2%), prostate cancer 29 (13.6%), lymphoma 8 (3.7%), and liver cancer 3 (1.4%). Cancer patients were almost 80 % minorities; over 55% were native Hawaiians or part Hawaiian. The percentage of Caucasians, Hispanic, and African American were lower than the national averages. Hawaiian 118 (55.3%), Caucasian 43 (20.8%), Filipino 30 (14%), Japanese 17 (7.9%), African American 2 (0.9%), Other Pacific Islanders 2 (0.9%), Hispanic 1 (0.4%) Using national and local benchmarks from QOPI, areas of excellence and deficiency were identified. In 29% of the core measures, MGH did a better job than the urban comparison in Honolulu, Hawaii. For breast and colon cancer, the quality was better than the national QOPI aggregate. Similarly, the symptom care was better than national average. A survivorship program was initiated 2 years ago and treatment summaries were beginning to be sent. Since its start, 45 of the total 213 (21.1%) patients have been enrolled in the Survivorship program. Conclusions: The QOPI program helped review a small rural program which lacks staff and resources for a full time Quality Improvement program. This may be a model for other small programs to check for quality of care.
47
Tandrayen-Ragoobur, Verena, and Harshana Kasseeah. "Is gender an impediment to firm performance? Evidence from small firms in Mauritius." International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research 23, no. 6 (October 2, 2017): 952–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijebr-11-2016-0385.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to test the female entrepreneurship underperformance hypothesis using a sample of small firms. The paper also attempts to explain why gender matters in entrepreneurship. The paper specifically investigates the differences in turnover of female and male entrepreneurs and also examines the reasons behind this differential performance by accounting for the gender factor. Design/methodology/approach This study uses survey data on 256 male and female entrepreneurs from the Island of Mauritius. The survey allows for the examination of the performance differential across male- and female-owned small businesses. The paper uses ordinary least squares and logistic estimation techniques to investigate the underperformance of female entrepreneurs. Sensitivity analyses are also undertaken to ensure robustness of the results. Findings The study finds evidence that gender matters when comparing the performance of male- and female-owned businesses. The results reveal that access to finance is an important hindrance to the performance of these small firms. Furthermore, the study also reveals that ethnicity plays a major role in influencing firm performance. Originality/value This paper is among the few studies, which investigates the female entrepreneurship underperformance hypothesis in a small developing state context and also attempts to explain the reasons why gender matters. The paper is an important empirical contribution to the literature in an African context.
48
Diagne, Dimitri. "“Among the French People”: The Departmentalization of Mayotte and the Colonial Politics of Inclusion." French Colonial History 21-22 (December 31, 2023): 169–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.14321/frencolohist.21.22.2023.0169.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract With its 2011 change in administrative status, Mayotte, a small island colony in the Mozambique Channel, became the only contemporary French department with an indigenous African Muslim population. Mayotte's departmentalization required restructuring a colonial local legal system influenced by Islamic, Swahili, and Malagasy legal practices. By putting legislation and public discourse concerning Mayotte's status into conversation with earlier political movements within the French Empire and scholarship on French colonial governance, I show how Mahoran politicians, writers, and activists advocating for departmentalization invoked claims to racialized notions of belonging “among the French People.” These claims were joined by demands that France fulfill its Republican promise by granting juridicopolitical inclusion to a colonial population. These distinct but related political discourses illuminate central features of the mutually constitutive relationship between law, race, and citizenship in the French Republic.
49
Leandro, Francisco B. S. José, and Anthony Lobo. "São Tomé and Príncipe: More than the Land of Cocoa and Coffee." China and the World 03, no. 03 (September 2020): 2050006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2591729320500066.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The Democratic Republic of São Tomé and Príncipe, a small and remote island state, located in the Gulf of Guinea, has long offered little geopolitical and geo-economic interest. This situation is however gradually changing. In fact, since 2016, interest in the country has begun to grow, after the country resumed diplomatic relations with People’s Republic of China (hereafter China) and recognized the “one-China policy”. While the island state and Cabo Verde have followed different development paths in the post-colonial era, both share common features and both have the potential to perform important geopolitical regional roles in the context of the Belt and Road initiative (BRI). This paper discusses São Tomé and Príncipe’s regional engagement in the Gulf of Guinea (GG), the Economic Community of Central African States (ECCAS), the Community of Portuguese-Speaking Countries (CPLP), and in multi-level cooperation in light of the Forum for Economic and Trade Cooperation between China and Portuguese-Speaking Countries (FM) as well as bilateral cooperation. We argue that São Tomé and Príncipe is of geopolitical value to China and that the island state will serve Chinese interests in extending the BRI in the Gulf of Guinea. The microstate of São Tomé and Príncipe has the potential to transform itself to function as the “Qatar of the Gulf of Guinea”, and contribute to regional stability by providing regional services for shipping, banking, finance, high-quality education, tourism and as an engaged partner. This paper presents a methodological theoretical-inductive and constructivist perspective, combining qualitative, quantitative and non-participant observation.
50
Jansen, Eric, Giovanni Coppini, and Nadia Pinardi. "Drift simulation of MH370 debris using superensemble techniques." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 16, no. 7 (July 27, 2016): 1623–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-16-1623-2016.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract. On 7 March 2014 (UTC), Malaysia Airlines flight 370 vanished without a trace. The aircraft is believed to have crashed in the southern Indian Ocean, but despite extensive search operations the location of the wreckage is still unknown. The first tangible evidence of the accident was discovered almost 17 months after the disappearance. On 29 July 2015, a small piece of the right wing of the aircraft was found washed up on the island of Réunion, approximately 4000 km from the assumed crash site. Since then a number of other parts have been found in Mozambique, South Africa and on Rodrigues Island. This paper presents a numerical simulation using high-resolution oceanographic and meteorological data to predict the movement of floating debris from the accident. Multiple model realisations are used with different starting locations and wind drag parameters. The model realisations are combined into a superensemble, adjusting the model weights to best represent the discovered debris. The superensemble is then used to predict the distribution of marine debris at various moments in time. This approach can be easily generalised to other drift simulations where observations are available to constrain unknown input parameters. The distribution at the time of the accident shows that the discovered debris most likely originated from the wide search area between 28 and 35° S. This partially overlaps with the current underwater search area, but extends further towards the north. Results at later times show that the most probable locations to discover washed-up debris are along the African east coast, especially in the area around Madagascar. The debris remaining at sea in 2016 is spread out over a wide area and its distribution changes only slowly.