Готові списки джерел за темами / SM-DoE

Добірка наукової літератури з теми "SM-DoE"

Автор: Grafiati
Опубліковано: 14 березня 2023

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Статті в журналах з теми "SM-DoE"

1

Wivanius, Nadhrah, Nur Sakinah Asaad, Heru Wijanarko, and Ira Zamzami. "DESIGN OF EXPERIMENT (DOE) LIQUID PHOTOIMAGEABLE SOLDER MASKS PCB PADA TEACHING FACTORY MANUFACTURING OF ELECTRONICS (TFME) POLITEKNIK NEGERI BATAM." JURNAL INTEGRASI 12, no. 1 (April 22, 2020): 55–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.30871/ji.v12i1.1987.

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Makalah ini mengkaji beberapa variabel untuk mencari paramater yang paling baik dalam proses pembuatan PCB. Kajian ini mengimplementasikan PCB dengan proses screen printing yang menggunakan aplikasi LPISM (Liquid Photoimageable Solder Masks). Dimana dalam prosesnya pelapisan PCB dilakukan dengan mengendalikan jumlah cairan solder masks dalam sekali pelapisan menggunakan parameter yang tepat menggunakan metode Design of Experiment (DoE). Metode DoE ini bertujuan untuk memperbaiki kualitas PCB dengan biaya seminimal mungkin. DoE pada LPISM diterapkan di Teaching Factory Manufaktur Elektronika Politeknik Negeri Batam dengan tujuan untuk melindungi jalur PCB agar tidak terhubung satu dan yang lainnya, memberikan takaran yang tepat, serta mengurangi penggunaan solder masks lamination. Sehingga, laboran di Teaching Factory, Politeknik Negeri Batam dapat memproduksi PCB yang menggunakan metode LPISM dengan kualitas sesuai standar. Dari hasil analisis, didapatkan sudut yang tepat untuk melakukan screen printing adalah antara 150 - 200 agar menghasilkan screen yang tidak rusak. Selain itu, proses oven dapat menipiskan solder masks hingga 70 – 80%. Sehingga dari hasil keseluruhan rangkaian percobaan, didapatkan data ke-24 yang dapat dijadikan rekomendasi karena telah sesuai dengan standar IPC-SM-840C, dengan hasil ketebalan solder masks yaitu 2,5 µm.
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2

Meza-Herrera, César, Guadalupe Calderón-Leyva, Maria Soto-Sanchez, José Abad-Zavaleta, Juan Serradilla, Antón García-Martinez, Rafael Rodriguez-Martinez, Francisco Veliz, Ulises Macias-Cruz, and Homero Salinas-Gonzalez. "The Expression of Birth Weight is Modulated by the Breeding Season in a Goat Model." Annals of Animal Science 12, no. 2 (March 1, 2012): 237–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10220-012-0020-8.

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The Expression of Birth Weight is Modulated by the Breeding Season in a Goat ModelBirth weight (BW) is frequently considered as an indicator to detect possible restrictions of intrauterine development. This study evaluated the effect of breeding season (BS) across year: spring (SP), summer (SM), fall (FL) and winter (WT) upon the expression of BW. This meta-analysis considered records (n = 1,084) collected from a commercial herd kept under intensive conditions (22° NL, 1,835 m). The definitive statistical model for BW analysis considered the independent variables kidding year, (KY), genetic group (GT), litter size (LS), gender (GN), breeding season (BS), kidding season (KS) plus the interactions (KY*GT) and (GN*BS). BW expression was affected (P<0.05) by KY, GN, LS, KS, and KY*GT. Interestingly, while BW expression was not affected (P>0.05) by kidding season, it was affected (P<0.05) by breeding season. The highest and lowest BW values were observed in SP and WN (3.34 vs. 3.10 kg; P<0.05), respectively. This physiological scenario could be the result of embryonic-fetal adaptive responses representing homeostatic adaptations due to alterations including doe nutritional status, available quantity and quality of food to both the embryo and the fetus as well as to a changing external environment.
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3

Akhmetzhanov, Timur F., Galina V. Pashkova, Victor M. Chubarov, Timur A. Labutin, and Andrey M. Popov. "Three calibration techniques combined with sample-effective design of experiment based on Latin hypercube sampling for direct detection of lanthanides in REE-rich ores using TXRF and WDXRF." Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ja00264j.

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We compared multivariate and univariate models for simultaneous detection of Ce, La, Nd, Pr, Sm in ores and nodules using TXRF and WDXRF. DoE based on Latin hypercube sampling provided a low correlation between the content of REEs in calibration set.
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4

Ma, Jinfeng, Hua Zheng, Ruonan Li, Kaifeng Rao, Yanzheng Yang, and Weifeng Li. "A Hadoop cloud-based surrogate modelling framework for approximating complex hydrological models." Journal of Hydroinformatics, March 10, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/hydro.2023.184.

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Abstract Hydrological simulation has long been a challenge because of the computationally intensive and expensive nature of complex hydrological models. In this paper, a surrogate modelling (SM) framework is presented based on the Hadoop cloud for approximating complex hydrological models. The substantial model runs required by the design of the experiment (DOE) of SM were solved using the Hadoop cloud. Polynomial chaos expansion (PCE) was fitted and verified using the high-fidelity model DOE and was then used as a case study to investigate the approximation capability in a Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) surrogate model with regard to the accuracy, fidelity, and efficiency. In experiments, the Hadoop cloud reduced the computation time by approximately 86% when used in a global sensitivity analysis. PCE achieved results equivalent to those of the standard Monte Carlo approach, with a flow variance coefficient of determination of 0.92. Moreover, PCE proved to be as reliable as the Monte Carlo approach but significantly more efficient. The proposed framework greatly decreases the computational costs through cloud computing and surrogate modelling, making it ideal for complex hydrological model simulation and optimization.
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5

Louie, David L. Y., San Le, and Lindsay N. Gilkey. "Numerical Simulation of Container Breach and Airborne Release of Solids Due to Mechanical Insults." Journal of Nuclear Engineering and Radiation Science 7, no. 3 (April 16, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.4050212.

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Abstract Throughout U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) complexes, safety engineers employ the five-factor formula to calculate the source term (ST) that includes parameters of airborne release fraction (ARF), respirable fraction (RF) and damage ratio (DR). Limited experimental data on fragmentation of solids, such as ceramic pellets (i.e., PuO2), and container breach due to mechanical insults (i.e., drop and forklift impact), can be supplemented by modeling and simulation using high fidelity computational tools to estimate these parameters. This paper presents the use of Sandia National Laboratories' SIERRA solid mechanics (SM) finite element code to investigate the behavior of the widely utilized waste container (such as 7A Drum) subject to a range of free fall impact and puncture scenarios. The resulting behavior of the container is assessed, and the estimates are presented for bounding DRs from calculated breach areas for the various accident conditions considered. This paper also describes a novel multiscale constitutive model recently implemented in SIERRA/SM that simulates the fracture of brittle materials such as PuO2 and determines ARF during the fracture process. Comparisons are made between model predictions and simple bench-top experiments.
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6

Qin, Ning, Greg Carnie, Yibin Wang, and Shahrokh Shahpar. "Design Optimization of Casing Grooves Using Zipper Layer Meshing." Journal of Turbomachinery 136, no. 3 (September 26, 2013). http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.4024650.

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Анотація:
A new algorithm, named the zipper layer method, has been developed to link multiblock meshes for groove-casing optimization applications. Numerical results for a turbomachinery rotor flow case are included to demonstrate the solution behavior across the zipper layer mesh. By using this new meshing methodology, the optimization of the casing groove geometries in relation to stall margin and efficiency of a transonic rotor is conducted. Six grooves are parameterized by their independent depths and a width to gap ratio. An advanced response surface method based on the Sobol design of experiment (DoE) and the Kriging response surface model (RSM) are used for the optimization. A leave-one-out cross-validation (LOOCV) method is used to calculate the quality of the response surface metric. The final optimized groove configuration is obtained through an optimization cycle using the Rolls-Royce SOPHY (SOFT-PADRAM-HYDRA) software (Shahpar, S., 2005, “SOPHY: An Integrated CFD Based Automatic Design Optimisation System,” Report No. ISABE-2005-1086), which not only improves the stall margin (SM) of the rotor but also maintains its peak efficiency.
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7

"Effect of methanolic extract of Spondias mombin on oestrous cycle, conception rate and gestation in rabbits." Journal of Sustainable Veterinary and Allied Sciences, September 30, 2022, 43–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.54328/covm.josvas.2022.090.

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Effect of Spondias mombin (SM) on oestrous cycle, conception and pregnancy was evaluated in 25 sexually mature Chinchilla rabbit does (Mean weight: 1.94 ± 1.06kg). In phase one, fifteen rabbits were synchronized with FSH (2 mg/kg i.m.) 12 hourly for three days. They were randomly assigned into three groups of five rabbits each. Group 1 and 2 received 1ml saline solution and 800mg/kg of methanolic extract of SM (meSM) orally for thirty days respectively. Group 3 received a single treatment of melengesterol acetate (MGA; 50mg/kg i.m.). Blood was obtained from the jugular vein at ten days interval for thirty days to determine plasma concentration of LH, FSH, estrogen and progesterone. Thereafter, the does were mated and laparotomised was carried out one week after to determine the number of embryonal sacs. In phase two, ten does were mated and ultrasonographically confirmed to be pregnant seven days post-mating. They were treated with 800mg/kg meSM orally at ten and twenty days post-mating. The does were observed daily until they kidded or aborted. Data obtained were analysed using student’s T-test and ANOVA, with significance set at P ≤ 0.05. Mean values of LH and Progesterone significantly decreased in Group 3 and 2 compared to control group while FSH was lower significantly in Group 3 compared to other groups. The effect of meSM on oestrous cycle was not so obvious in this study. Administration of meSM 10 days post-mating caused abortion in only one doe and caused no abortion at 20 days post-mating. It was concluded that meSM did not adversely affect reproductive cyclicity and pregnancy but has potential to cause abortion during early pregnancy in Chinchilla rabbits. Further studies where hormonal assays are done more frequently than this study to be able to determine the effect of meSM on oestrous cycle are suggested.
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8

Libasin, Zuraira, Wan Suhailah Wan Mohamed Fauzi, Ahmad Zia ul-Saufie, Nur Azimah Idris, and Noor Azizah Mazeni. "Evaluation of Single Missing Value Imputation Techniques for Incomplete Air Particulates Matter (PM10) Data in Malaysia." Pertanika Journal of Science and Technology 29, no. 4 (October 29, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.47836/pjst.29.4.46.

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Анотація:
The missing value in the dataset has always been the critical issue of accurate prediction. It may lead to a misleading understanding of the scenario of air pollution. There might only be a small number of missing (5% to 10%) answers to each problem, but the missing details may vary. This research is focused mainly on solving long gap missing data. Single missing value imputation means replacing blank space in the monitoring dataset from chosen Department of Environment (DoE) monitoring station with the calculated value from the best technique for long gap hours. The variable that is mainly being a monitor is PM10. The technique focused on this research is the single imputation technique. Furthermore, this technique was tested on the Tanjung Malim monitoring station dataset by fitting with five performance indicators. The result was compared with the previous study, whether it is the best used for long gap hour data. Four stages need to be followed to complete this research. The steps are data acquisitions, characteristic analysis of missing value, single imputation approach, verification of approach and suggestion of the best technique. This research used four existing imputation techniques: series mean (SM), mean of nearby points (MNP), linear trend (LT), and linear interpolation (LIN). This research shows that the interpolation technique is the best technique to apply particulate matter missing data replacement with the least mean absolute error and better performance accuracy.
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9

Meyer, Thomas, Sybrand J. van der Spuy, Christiaan J. Meyer, and Alessandro Corsini. "OPTIMIZATION OF A TIP APPENDAGE FOR THE CONTROL OF TIP LEAKAGE VORTICES IN AXIAL FLOW FANS." Journal of Turbomachinery, March 14, 2022, 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.4054069.

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Анотація:
Abstract This paper presents the numerical optimization of a tip appendage design for the passive control of tip leakage vortices in subsonic axial flow cooling fans. The objective of this investigation is the improvement of the aerodynamic performance characteristics of the datum fan through consideration of the blade tip geometry. Based on previous studies involving fan performance enhancement using various tip end-plate configurations, the most promising end-plate geometry which is found to best improve the fan's performance characteristics is selected for further development through optimization. The Design of Experiments (DoE) method is used in a multi-objective multi-point optimization workflow which considers the fan's various performance metrics. Considering the optimization process, the Design and Analysis of Computer aided Experiments (DACE) method is used in the development of the Kriging based surrogate model's (SM) database. The resulting database is coupled with an Efficient Global Optimization (EGO) algorithm which completes the workflow of the optimization routine. The Pareto-front of non-dominated solutions is used to guide the optimal design selection, on which the experimental evaluations are based. The experimental results of the optimized design indicate improved fan performance characteristics at greater than peak efficiency flow rates. This design is found to increase the datum fan's design point performance characteristics by a value of 32.90 percent in total-to-static pressure rise and a 7.66 percentage point increase in total-to-static efficiency at the fan's design speed of 722 rpm.
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10

Akhmetzhanov, Timur F., and Andrey M. Popov. "Direct determination of lanthanides by LIBS in REE-rich ores: comparison between univariate and DoE based multivariate calibrations with respect to spectral resolution." Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d2ja00188h.

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Дисертації з теми "SM-DoE"

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KARIMSHOUSHTARI, MILAD. "Design of Experiments for Nonlinear System Identification." Doctoral thesis, Politecnico di Torino, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11583/2751496.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "SM-DoE"

1

Azarbadegan, A., C. A. Cortes-Quiroz, E. Moeendarbary, and Ian Eames. "Optimization of Diffuser/Nozzle Elements for Rectification Valveless Micropumps." In ASME 2010 8th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels collocated with 3rd Joint US-European Fluids Engineering Summer Meeting. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm-icnmm2010-30856.

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Анотація:
There has been a growing interest in understanding the flow behaviour inside diffuser/nozzle elements in order to identify performance characteristics of these elements for micropump applications. Flat-walled diffuser/nozzle element is the most commonly used type for valveless micropump applications due to its ease of fabrication and compact design. In this paper, we study generic flat-walled diffuser/nozzle elements and apply optimization techniques to explore how the pumping efficiency can be improved by changing geometry to provide higher rectification efficiency and lower pressure drop in rectification valveless micropumps. The primary motivation for this study is to evaluate the performance of flat-walled diffuser/nozzle elements based on geometry variations under several Reynolds numbers (Re). In this study we employ a design methodology for diffuser/nozzle elements that incorporates computational fluid dynamics (CFD) within an optimization methodology. To start the process a series of geometric parameters are selected including element neck width, depth, divergence angle, and entrance fillet radius. Then, the pressure drop and rectification property of an element are calculated as performance parameters, i.e., by varying the geometry it is desirable to maximise pressure rise and the rectification property of the element. Design of experiments (DOE) is employed to generate the experimental table which corresponds to different geometries representing the design space. These limited numbers of geometries generated by DOE are evaluated by using CFD to obtain corresponding performance parameters. By preparing all the design and performance parameters, Surrogate model (SM) technique is applied to obtain the relationship (approximation function) between design and performance parameters. Eventually, based on the developed approximation functions or response surfaces, a multi-objective genetic algorithm (MOGA) is employed to maximise pressure rise and rectification property of diffuser/nozzle element. This design methodology is a very powerful tool to design and optimise flat-walled diffuser/nozzle elements for micropump applications and can speed up the micropump design process significantly.
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2

Carnie, Greg, Yibin Wang, Ning Qin, and Shahrokh Shahpar. "Design Optimisation of Casing Grooves Using the Zipper Layer Meshing Method." In ASME 2011 Turbo Expo: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2011-45483.

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Анотація:
In an earlier paper by the authors [1], a buffer layer method for linking two non-matching structured meshes was introduced for computational simulation of multi-component geometries, each requiring high quality structured meshes. Based on the work, a new algorithm, named the zipper layer method [2], has been developed to link multi-block meshes for gas turbine applications. Numerical results for a turbomachinery rotor flow case are included to demonstrate the solution behaviour across the zipper layer. In the present paper, we will report our work on the optimisation of the casing groove geometries in relation to stall margin and efficiency of a transonic rotor using this new meshing methodology. Six grooves are parameterised by their independent depths and a width to gap ratio. An advanced response surface method based on Sobol Design of Experiment (DoE) and Krigging Response Surface Model (RSM) are used for the optimisation. A leave-one-out cross-validation (LOOCV) method is used to calculate the quality of the response surface metric. The final optimized groove configuration was obtained through an optimisation cycle using the Rolls-Royce SOPHY (SOFT-PADRAM-HYDRA) software [3], which not only improves the Stall Margin (SM) of the rotor but also maintains its peak efficiency. The optimized grooves on the casing side show large variations in their depth from upstream to downstream of the rotor.
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3

Cortes-Quiroz, Cesar A., Alireza Azarbadegan, and Mehrdad Zangeneh. "Characterization and Optimization of a Three-Dimensional T-Type Micromixer for Convective Mixing Enhancement With Reduced Pressure Loss." In ASME 2010 8th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels collocated with 3rd Joint US-European Fluids Engineering Summer Meeting. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm-icnmm2010-31257.

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Numerical simulations and experiments are used to evaluate the flow and mixing characteristics of a proposed convective 3-D T-type micromixer. The study presents a parametric study and performance optimization of this micromixer based on the variation of its geometry. To investigate the effect of design and operation parameters on the device performance, a systematic design and optimization methodology is applied; it combines Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) with an optimization strategy that integrates Design of Experiments (DOE), Surrogate modeling (SM) and Multi-Objective Genetic Algorithm (MOGA) techniques. The degree of mixing and the pressure loss in the mixing channel are the performance criteria to identify optimum designs at different Reynolds numbers (Re). The convective flow generated in the 3-D T-type micromixer drastically enhances mixing at Re > 100 by making the two fluids to roll up along the mixing channel. The resulting optimum designs are fabricated on polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) by CNC micromachining. Experiments are carried out to visualize the streams of de-ionized water and aqueous fluorescein solution, by which the extent of mixing is determined, based on the standard deviation of fluorescein intensities on cross-section images. This study applies a systematic procedure for evaluation and optimization of a proposed 3-D T-mixer which has a configuration of channels that promote convective mixing since the two fluids come into contact. The methodology applied can also be used to efficiently modify and customize current micromixers.
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4

Cortes-Quiroz, Cesar A., Alireza Azarbadegan, Emadaldin Moeendarbary, and Mehrdad Zangeneh. "Analysis and Optimization of a Passive Micromixer With Curved-Shaped Baffles for Efficient Mixing With Low Pressure Loss in Continuous Flow." In ASME 2010 8th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels collocated with 3rd Joint US-European Fluids Engineering Summer Meeting. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm-icnmm2010-31245.

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Numerical simulations and an optimization method are used to study the design of a planar T-micromixer with curved-shaped baffles in the mixing channel. The mixing efficiency and the pressure loss in the mixing channel have been evaluated for Reynolds number (Re) in the mixing channel in the range 1 to 250. A Mixing index (Mi) has been defined to quantify the mixing efficiency. Three geometric dimensions: radius of baffle, baffles pitch and height of the channel, are taken as design parameters, whereas the mixing index at the outlet section and the pressure loss in the mixing channel are the performance parameters used to optimize the micromixer geometry. To investigate the effect of design and operation parameters on the device performance, a systematic design and optimization methodology is applied, which combines Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) with an optimization strategy that integrates Design of Experiments (DOE), Surrogate modeling (SM) and Multi-Objective Genetic Algorithm (MOGA) techniques. The Pareto front of designs with the optimum trade-offs of mixing index and pressure loss is obtained for different values of Re. The micromixer can enhance mixing using the mechanisms of diffusion (lower Re) and convection (higher Re) to achieve values over 90%, in particular for Re in the order of 100 that has been found the cost-effective level for volume flow. This study applies a systematic procedure for evaluation and optimization of a planar T-mixer with baffles in the channel that promote transversal 3-D flow as well as recirculation secondary flows that enhance mixing.
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5

Miller, A. Keith, John R. Bode, Robert Sachs, and Kirt Jensen. "Innovative Devices That Enable Variable Flow Systems for Energy Savings." In ASME 2011 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2011-65013.

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Анотація:
Over the past decade numerous studies both conducted by and authorized by the US Department of Energy Office of Industrial Technology have identified significant energy savings potential by adjusting flow rates to meet process demands. As much as 40% energy savings have been achieved when variable flow pumping systems were implemented in some DOE demonstration projects. To date, only a small fraction of the identified companies in various industries which can benefit in energy savings resulting from adjustable pumping flow rates have installed the requisite capabilities. One reason for the slow rate of adoption of variable pumping is that there are few commercially available methods for adjusting pump rates. Electronic Variable Frequency Drives (VFDs) are the most commonly implemented method of varying pump speeds, usually resulting in reduced operating life of the electric drive motors and sometimes in significant costs of plant modifications. Veritran Inc. with the support of Team Technologies, Inc. is developing low-cost mechanical devices for varying electric motor speeds without the large initial investment associated with VFDs nor the other detracting features of the need to install larger electric motors and reduced motor life expectancy. Veritran’s Infinitely Variable Transmissions (IVTs), such as SM-15IVT (www.veritraninc.com) are installed between the motor and the load, which allows for soft starts, and precise output set speeds, all under programmable microprocessor control. The amount of power demanded from the motor varies as the output speed of the transmission is changed or the load torque is changed. This paper will describe the engineering development that Veritran has been pursuing over the past decade of their novel IVTs, and will present some of the test data collected to date. Results will also be presented of systems analyses where IVTs are inserted into various industrial operations and significant energy savings result.
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6

Meyer, Thomas O., Sybrand J. van der Spuy, Christiaan J. Meyer, and Alessandro Corsini. "Optimization of a Tip Appendage for the Control of Tip Leakage Vortices in Axial Flow Fans." In ASME Turbo Expo 2021: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2021-59465.

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Анотація:
Abstract This paper presents the numerical optimization of a tip appendage design for the passive control of tip leakage vortices in subsonic axial flow cooling fans. The studied class of fan was designed in the conventional manner without the consideration of tip clearance effects. As such, the objective of this investigation is the improvement of the aerodynamic performance characteristics of the datum fan through consideration of the blade tip geometry. Based on previous studies involving fan performance enhancement using various tip end-plate configurations, the most promising end-plate geometry which is found to best improve the fan’s performance characteristics is selected for further development through optimization. Before the optimization process can begin, initialization of the chosen end-plate’s design space using the Design of Experiments (DoE) technique is performed. Formulation of the response surface is based on a multi-objective multi-point objective function which considers the fan’s various performance metrics. Considering the optimization process, the Design and Analysis of Computer aided Experiments (DACE) method is used in the development of the Kriging based surrogate model’s (SM) database. The resulting database is coupled with an Efficient Global Optimization (EGO) algorithm which completes the workflow of the optimization routine. The Pareto-front of non-dominated solutions is used to guide the optimal design selection, on which the experimental evaluations are based. The experimental results of the optimized design indicate improved fan performance characteristics at greater than peak efficiency flow rates. This design is found to increase the datum fan’s design point performance characteristics by a value of 32.90 percent in total-to-static pressure rise and a 7.66 percentage point increase in total-to-static efficiency at the fan’s design speed of 722 rpm.
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Звіти організацій з теми "SM-DoE"

1

MERCURY REMOVAL FROM DOE SOLID MIXED WASTE USING THE GEMEP(sm) TECHNOLOGY. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/13997.

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