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Reynolds, Anderson. "Analyzing Fresh Vegetable Consumption From Household Survey Data." Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 22, no. 2 (December 1990): 31–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1074070800001772.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract To analyze fresh vegetable consumption using household survey data, the tobit model and a more flexible parameterization to the tobit model—the “double hurdle” model—were considered. Based on the likelihood ratio test, the tobit model was rejected against the “double hurdle” specification. Moreover, the results suggest that the tobit model underestimated the impact of the explanatory variables on fresh vegetable expenditures. Other results indicate that total food expenditures (proxy for income), age, household composition, sex, race, marital status, urbanization, region, and seasonality are all important determinants of fresh vegetable expenditures.
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JERYANA, I. PUTU, I. PUTU EKA NILA KENCANA, and G. K. GANDHIADI. "MODEL REGRESI TOBIT KONSUMSI SUSU CAIR PABRIK (Studi Kasus Rumah Tangga di Provinsi Bali)." E-Jurnal Matematika 3, no. 2 (May 31, 2014): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/mtk.2014.v03.i02.p068.
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Regression analysis is used to study the relationship between dependent (response) variable with one or more independent (causal) variables. While response data were censored, then Tobit regression model could be applied. According to Greene (2003), censored data were data with incomplete observation or the dependent variable has a value of zero, while for the other observations have particular value. This research aimed to model dairy milk’s consumption from households at Bali Province. By using data from Survey SosialEkonomiNasional (SUSENAS) or Social Economy’s National Survey (SENS) for year 2012, 615 households were selected as sampling unit using simple random sampling technique, and found 123 households who consumed dairy milk. The independent variables in our model were last education level completed by head of household’s (X1), head of household’s work (X2), age of head of household’s (X3), amount of expenditure for food consumption’s (X4), number of household members (X5), and household income (X6), the response variable was budget for buying dairy milk (Y). From six independent variables, is found only last education level by head household and amount of expenditure for food consumption had siginficant effect on Y’s. The final Tobit regression model were obtained using AIC (Akaike Information Criterion) method is Y = -3314724 + 565429,7 X1 + 0,014278 X4 with pseudo R2 as much as 16.79 per cent.
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Pino, José Francisco Baños, and Beatriz Tovar. "Explaining cruisers’ shore expenditure through a latent class tobit model: Evidence from the Canary Islands." Tourism Economics 25, no. 7 (January 18, 2019): 1105–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1354816618823599.
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This study analyzes the expenditure patterns of cruise ship passengers during stopovers in the Canary Islands, which is a key variable for evaluating the economic impact of this type of tourism from the point of view of local key stakeholders and residents. Information on cruisers’ expenditure was collected in each port of call by survey responses for six cruise seasons, during the period 2001–2015. Through a latent class model in a framework of censured regression, three distinct groups of passengers were identified. This approach fills a gap in the empirical tourism literature in order to achieve more accurate results to deal with cruise travelers’ heterogeneity. Moreover, the identification of these homogeneous groups is important so as to better design policies that allow for higher tourism economic impact onshore. Our findings suggest that it would be ideal to attract more class 1 cruise passengers.
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Chen, Yi-Tui, and Chung-Chiang Chen. "An analysis of domestic water management performance across regions in Taiwan." Water Policy 16, no. 4 (April 11, 2014): 704–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2014.052.
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This study presents an indicator to measure the performance of domestic water management that focuses on raw water consumption and sewage treatment by using the data envelopment analysis (DEA) technique. The data are extracted from twenty-two counties/cities in Taiwan covering the period of 2009–2011, and eventually sixty-six observations are obtained. We compare the management performance between urban and rural regions and examine the factor that affects the performance variation by using the Tobit regression. The results find that a spatial inequality exists across urban regions and rural regions. The analysis results derived from the Tobit model find that the extent rate of sewerage systems, the volunteer participation rate and the education level play significant roles in affecting management performance. An increase in each per cent of the extent rate of sewerage systems, public participation and high-level educated citizens may lead to an increase of management performance by 0.37339%, 0.9543% and 0.9756%, respectively.
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Jiang, Guohua, Anding Zhu, and Jun Li. "Measurement and Impactors of Tourism Carbon Dioxide Emission Efficiency in China." Journal of Environmental and Public Health 2022 (July 14, 2022): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/9161845.
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With tourism carbon dioxide emission efficiency (TCDEE) as an undesired output, this study establishes an index system based on the inputs and outputs of TCDEE and measures the provincial TCDEE of China in 2010–2018, using the epsilon-based measure (EBM). In addition, the impactors of TCDEE were tested by the Tobit model. The main results are as follows: China’s TCDEEs had obvious provincial differences. Only six provinces reached the efficient frontier of TCDEE, namely, Beijing, Tianjin, Inner Mongolia, Shanghai, Jiangsu, and Guangdong. The other provinces failed to reach this state, leaving a room for improvement. Most eastern provinces had relatively high TCDEEs, while the central and western provinces had relatively low TCDEEs. In the sample period, the TCDEEs in eastern, central, and western parts all changed in the shape of letter N. The TCDEEs of the eastern part were much higher than those of the central and western parts. According to the results of the Tobit model, TCDEE is clearly enhanced by the urbanization level, strongly inhibited by industrial structure, technical progress, opening-up, and environmental regulation, and not significantly affected by the tourism level.
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Wei, Ming, Shaopeng Zhang, and Bo Sun. "Comprehensive operating efficiency measurement of 28 Chinese airports using a two-stage DEA-Tobit method." Electronic Research Archive 31, no. 3 (2023): 1543–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/era.2023078.
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<abstract> <p>This paper presents a two-stage method combining data envelopment analysis (DEA) and a Tobit model to analyze the comprehensive operating efficiency of 28 airports in China in 2016. At the first stage, the DEA-BCC (Banker-Charnes-Cooper) model was employed to obtain the comprehensive operating efficiency of the combination of flight departure punctuality, non-cancellations, landing bridge rates from the perspective of airport infrastructure, surrounding airspace, route layouts, flight volume and weather. At the second stage, a Tobit model was used to analyze the influence of nine input variables from four aspects on obtained comprehensive operating efficiency, ultimately providing a clear and straightforward basis for formulating and testing policies. The comprehensive operating efficiency with this combination was further compared with each of the three efficiencies respectively. The important findings included the following: (1) The comprehensive operation efficiencies of most airports were greater than the individual efficiency; (2) These four types of operation efficiencies for most airports did not achieved DEA validity (100% efficiency), except for six airports (i.e., Haikou, Dalian, Jinan, Fuzhou, Nanning and Lanzhou); (3) These factors affecting each of the four types of operation efficiencies were different in that the number of terminals, duration of impact and average daily inbound and outbound flights had a negative impact on airport operational efficiency, while the average number of overnight aircraft per day and peak hour sorties had positive effects.</p> </abstract>
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Lin, Chung-Shun, Cheng-Ming Chiu, Yi-Chia Huang, Hui-Chu Lang, and Ming-Shu Chen. "Evaluating the Operational Efficiency and Quality of Tertiary Hospitals in Taiwan: The Application of the EBITDA Indicator to the DEA Method and TOBIT Regression." Healthcare 10, no. 1 (December 29, 2021): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10010058.
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This study estimates the efficiency of 19 tertiary hospitals in Taiwan using a two-stage analysis of Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) and TOBIT regression. It is a retrospective panel-data study and includes all the tertiary hospitals in Taiwan. The data were sourced from open information hospitals legally required to disclose to the National Health Insurance (NHI) Administration, Ministry of Health and Welfare. The variables, including five inputs (total hospital beds, total physicians, gross equipment, fixed assets net value, the rate of emergency transfer in-patient stay over 48 h) and six outputs (surplus or deficit of appropriation, length of stay, the total relative value units [RVUs] for outpatient services, total RVUs for inpatient services, self-pay income, modified EBITDA) were adopted into the Charnes, Cooper and Rhodes (CCR) and Banker, Charnes and Cooper (BCC) model. In the CCR model, the technical efficiency (TE) from 2015–2018 increases annually, and the average efficiency of all tertiary hospitals is 96.0%. In the BCC model, the highest pure technical efficiency (PTE) was in 2018 and the average efficiency of all medical centers is 99.1%. The average scale efficiency of all medical centers was 96.8% in the BBC model, meaning investment can be reduced by 3.2% and the current production level can be maintained with a fixed return to scale. Correlation coefficient analysis shows that all variables are correlated positively; the highest was the number of beds and the number of days in hospital (r = 0.988). The results show that TE in the CCR model was similar to PTE in the BCC model in four years. The difference analysis shows that more hospitals must improve regarding surplus or deficit of appropriation, modified EBITDA, and self-pay income. TOBIT regression reveals that the higher the bed-occupancy rate and turnover rate of fixed assets, the higher the TE; and the higher number of hospital beds per 100,000 people and turnover rate of fixed assets, the higher the PTE. DEA and TOBIT regression are used to analyze the other factors that affect medical center efficiency, and different categories of hospitals are chosen to assess whether different years or different types of medical centers affect operational performance. This study provides reference values for the improvable directions of relevant large hospitals’ inefficiency decision-making units through reference group analysis and slack variable analysis.
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You, Heyuan, and Xiaoling Zhang. "Ecoefficiency of Intensive Agricultural Production and Its Influencing Factors in China: An Application of DEA-Tobit Analysis." Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society 2016 (2016): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/4786090.
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The excessive use of inputs per unit of agricultural land poses a great threat to ecological sustainability. Using an input-oriented data envelopment analysis (DEA) model, this study analyzes ecoefficiency of intensive agricultural production in 31 provinces in China. The results show that the total efficiency of only six provinces can be considered fully efficient and that scale efficiencies are generally lower than technical efficiencies. Then, the spatial distribution of ecoefficiency is analyzed. The findings demonstrate that the provinces whose ecoefficiencies are maximal are primarily located in western China. The technical efficiencies in the western region are better than those in the eastern and middle regions. Imperfect scale efficiencies are distributed across all three regions. Furthermore, using the Tobit model, an analysis of the factors that influence ecoefficiency shows that the variables of farmland area per capita (FA), income per capita (IC), population per household (PH), and population burden coefficient (PB) have statistically significant impacts on total efficiency. The distinct effects of the variables on total efficiency are caused by their differential effects on technical efficiency and scale efficiency. Finally, suitable policies designed to improve ecoefficiency are proposed according to the local circumstances of each of the three regions.
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Albore, A., D. Anshiso, and D. Abraham. "Adoption and intensity of adoption of beekeeping technology by farmers: The case of Sheko Woreda of Bench-Maji Zone, South West Ethiopia." Ukrainian Journal of Ecology 9, no. 3 (September 28, 2019): 103–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/2019_716.
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Beekeeping delivers the rural people with sources of income, dietary use, pollination service and social benefit. In spite of the benefits obtained from beekeeping, farmer’s resistivity to adopt the recommended modern beekeeping technological components (packages) is among the major problem. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to examine the intensity of adoption of beekeeping technology package, and identify factors influencing adoption and intensity of adoption of beekeeping technology package in Sheko district. Stratified sampling procedure was used to select sample households. A total of 200 household heads were selected randomly from adopters and non-adopters categories of four potential beekeeping localities. Date was collected by using household survey and key informant interview and analyzed by using censured Tobit model. From sampled households 68% of respondents who have bee hive; the majority of them fall under medium adopters’ category. Variations in intensity of adoption of bee hive components were observed among adopter category. The output of censured Tobit model was indicate that six variables such as total livestock unit, apiary site visit by farmer, perceived cost of technology by farmer, distance of market center from home, knowledge of farmers for bee management and availability of bee hive technology were found to have significant influence on adoption and intensity of adoption of bee hive technological package. Therefore, agricultural policy and development interventions should give emphasis to the improvement of institutional support system so as to achieve wider adoption and intensity of adoption for small scale farmers.
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Yusuf, Muhammad-Bashir Owolabi, Nasim Shah Shirazi, and Gairuzazmi Mat Ghani. "An empirical analysis of factors that determine poverty among the beneficiaries of Pakistan Poverty Alleviation Fund." Journal of Enterprising Communities: People and Places in the Global Economy 10, no. 3 (August 8, 2016): 306–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jec-10-2014-0023.
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Purpose This study aims to examine the determinants of poverty among microcredit beneficiaries in Pakistan Poverty Alleviation Fund. Design/methodology/approach The study is based on a nationwide survey of microcredit beneficiaries of Pakistan Poverty Alleviation Fund. Using the national poverty line, this study classified borrowers into the poor and the non-poor. A Tobit model was estimated to examine the determinants of poverty among the borrowers. Findings The model was found to fit the data well and six out of the ten specified independent variables are found to be statistically significant. Practical implications The results of the study can be helpful in fully characterizing poverty dynamics and in policy formulation in using microcredit to reduce poverty. Originality/value The paper is the first to examine the determinants of poverty among Pakistan Poverty Alleviation Fund recipients.
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Mourad, Nahia, Ahmed Mohamed Habib, and Assem Tharwat. "Appraising healthcare systems’ efficiency in facing COVID-19 through data envelopment analysis." Decision Science Letters 10, no. 3 (2021): 301–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.5267/j.dsl.2021.2.007.
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The healthcare system is a vital element for any community, as it extremely affects the socio-economic development of any country. The current study aims to assess the performance of the healthcare systems of the countries above fifty million citizens in facing the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic since late December 2019. For this purpose, seven scenarios were adopted via the DEA methodology with six variables, which are the number of medical practitioners (doctors and nurses), hospital beds, Conducted Covid-19 tests, affected cases, recovered cases, and death cases. To shed light on the relative efficiency of drivers, the Tobit analysis was used. Besides, the study carried out various statistical tests for the DEA models' findings to validate the choice of the variables and the obtained scores. The DEA results reveal that less than half of the considered countries are relatively efficient. Moreover, the Tobit regression analysis showed that the main impact on the efficiency scores was due to the number of affected and recovered cases. Finally, the results of the tests of Spearman, Mann-Whitney U, and Kruskal-Wallis H indicate the internal validity and robustness of the chosen DEA models. The current study findings raise important implications, which can be helpful for decision makers regarding continuous improvement of performance, in which the findings assert the importance of achieving the best practices regarding relative efficiency through the linkage between the healthcare systems’ resources, and the needed outputs.
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Adeyonu, Abigail G., Samuel O. Adams, Mojisola O. Kehinde, Dare Akerele, and Olutosin A. Otekunrin. "Spatial Profiles and Determinants of Multidimensional Energy Poverty in Rural Nigeria." International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy 12, no. 3 (May 18, 2022): 373–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.32479/ijeep.13163.
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This study aims at examining the multidimensional energy poverty (MEP) and its determinants in six geo-political zones of rural Nigeria. We utilized the 2018/2019 Nigeria Living Standard Survey (NLSS) data collected by the National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) in collaboration with World Bank. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Multidimensional Energy Poverty Index (MEPI), Analysis Of Variance (ANOVA), Tobit model, and Pearson correlation. The analysis showed that over 90% of the respondents live below the MEP line with the North East (NE) and South West (SW) having the highest (98.7%) and lowest (82%) respectively. The intensity of MEP at the national level was 0.330. The results of the multidimensional energy poverty index (MEPI) which stood at 0.31 in the country, was highest in the NE (0.345) and lowest in the SW (0.279). Although with varying strength of relationships across the zones, cooking, lighting, and kitchen appliances are notable dimensions that have a significant positive correlation with aggregate MEP. Education, sex, and occupation of the household head as well as household size and monthly expenditure are determinants of the MEP in the country. There are implications for zone-specific and women-focused interventions relating to clean energy and access to kitchen appliances.
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Cao, Ning, Zhihui Hao, Liwei Niu, Nan Zhang, Hao Zhu, Han Bao, Tao Yan, et al. "The Impact of Risk Factor Control on Health-Related Quality of Life in Individuals with High Cardiovascular Disease Risk: A Cross-sectional Study Based on EQ-5D Utility Scores in Inner Mongolia, China." Journal of Epidemiology and Global Health 12, no. 1 (January 3, 2022): 133–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s44197-021-00028-y.
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Abstract Objectives To assess the impact of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factor control on health-related quality of life (HRQoL), as well as the other influencing factors of HRQoL among high CVD risk individuals. Methods From 2015 to 2017, residents of six villages or communities in Inner Mongolia, selected using a multi-stage stratified cluster random sampling method, were invited to complete a questionnaire and undergo physical examination and laboratory testing. We selected participants whose predicted 10-year risk for CVD exceeded 10% as those with high CVD risk. HRQoL in individuals with high CVD risk was investigated based on the EuroQol-5 Dimension (EQ-5D) scale. The Chinese utility value integral system was used to calculate EQ-5D utility scores, and the Tobit regression model was used to analyze the influencing factors of HRQoL among individuals with high CVD risk. Results Of 13,359 participants with high CVD risk, 65.63% reported no problems in any of the five dimensions; the most frequently reported difficulty was pain/discomfort. The median utility score was 1.000 (0.869, 1.000). Participants with hypertension, and uncontrolled glycemic and blood lipids had lower HRQoL. In addition, sex, age, living environment, education level, household income, and medical insurance were influencing factors of HRQoL. Conclusion Sex, age, living environment, education level, household income, medical insurance, hypertension, and whether glycemic and blood lipids control or not are related to HRQoL of high CVD risk individuals.
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Yang, Fan, Kenneth R. Katumba, Bram Roudijk, Zhihao Yang, Paul Revill, Susan Griffin, Perez N. Ochanda, et al. "Developing the EQ-5D-5L Value Set for Uganda Using the ‘Lite’ Protocol." PharmacoEconomics 40, no. 3 (November 29, 2021): 309–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40273-021-01101-x.
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Abstract Objective A ‘lite’ version of the EQ-5D-5L valuation protocol, which requires a smaller sample by collecting more data from each participant, was proposed and used to develop an EQ-5D-5L value set for Uganda. Methods Adult respondents from the general Ugandan population were quota sampled based on age and sex. Eligible participants were asked to complete 20 composite time trade-off tasks in the tablet-assisted personal interviews using the offline EuroQol Portable Valuation Technology software under routine quality control. No discrete choice experiment task was administered. The composite time trade-off data were modelled using four additive and two multiplicative regression models. Model performance was evaluated based on face validity, prediction accuracy in cross-validation and in predicting mild health states. The final value set was generated using the best-performing model. Results A representative sample (N = 545) participated in this study. Responses to composite time trade-off tasks from 492 participants were included in the primary analysis. All models showed face validity and generated comparable prediction accuracy. The Tobit model with constrained intercepts and corrected for heteroscedasticity was considered the preferred model for the value set on the basis of better performance. The value set ranges from − 1.116 (state 55555) to 1 (state 11111) with ‘pain/discomfort’ as the most important dimension. Conclusions This is the first EQ-5D-5L valuation study using a ‘lite’ protocol involving composite time trade-off data only. Our results suggest its feasibility in resource-constrained settings. The established EQ-5D-5L value set for Uganda is expected to be used for economic evaluations and decision making in Uganda and the East Africa region.
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Zhu, Xincheng, Yan Zhang, Yunzhi Hou, and Minda Jiang. "Evaluation and Analysis of Land Input-Output Comprehensive Benefit Based on Fuzzy Mathematics and Analytic Hierarchy Process." Advances in Mathematical Physics 2022 (September 5, 2022): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/1113693.
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Land use and comprehensive land evaluation are essential. Based on fuzzy mathematics theory and biological heuristic algorithm, the land input-output benefits are evaluated comprehensively. This paper firstly selects six indicators from six aspects of land resource input, capital input, and economic output, and so on. Based on land input and output, this paper constructs the evaluation indicator system of comprehensive benefit for land use. Then, based on the theory of fuzzy mathematics, the improved particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm is used to identify the fuzzy density value of the evaluation index. Combined with the analytic hierarchy process (AHP), comprehensive evaluation method, through the combination of subjective and objective methods, is comprehensively evaluating land benefits. Finally, the Tobit model is constructed to further analyze the influencing factors of total factor productivity of urban land use and explore the influencing mechanism of government regulation, land opening, and other factors and land development. The research results of this paper can provide reference for future urban planning, land structure adjustment, land resource utilization and protection, food security, ecological security, economic security, and so on.
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Buja, Alessandra, Giulia Pasello, Giuseppe De Luca, Alberto Bortolami, Manuel Zorzi, Federico Rea, Carlo Pinato, et al. "Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer: Real-World Cost Consequence Analysis." JCO Oncology Practice 17, no. 8 (August 2021): e1085-e1093. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/op.20.00863.
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PURPOSE: The present work aimed at conducting a real-world data analysis on the management costs and survival analysis comparing data from non–small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cases diagnosed in the Veneto region before (2015) and after (2017) the implementation of a regional diagnostic and therapeutic pathway including all new diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. METHOD: This study considered 254 incidental cases of NSCLC in 2015 and 228 in 2017 within the territory of the Padua province (Italy), as recorded by the Veneto Cancer Registry. Tobit regression analysis was performed to verify if total and each item costs (2 years after NSCLC diagnosis) are associated with index year, adjusting by year of diagnosis, sex, age, and stage at diagnosis. Logistic regression models were run to study overall mortality at 2 years, adjusting by the same covariates. RESULTS: The 2017 cohort had a lower mortality odd (odds ratio, 0.93; P = .02) and a significant increase in the average overall costs ( P = .009) than the 2015 cohort. The Tobit regression analysis by cost item showed a very significant increase in the average cost of drugs (coefficient = 5,953, P = .008) for the 2017 cohort, as well as a decrease in the average cost of hospice care (coefficient = –1,822.6, P = .022). CONCLUSION: Our study showed a survival improvement for patients with NSCLC as well as an economic burden growth. Physicians should therefore be encouraged to follow new clinical care pathways, while the steadily rising related costs underscore the need for policymakers and health professionals to pursue.
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O. Idiaye, Chuks, Adebusola F. Adebayo, and Isaac B. Oluwatayo. "Brooding Technology Use and Technical Efficiency among Egg Producers in Oyo State, Nigeria." Indonesian Journal of Agricultural Research 5, no. 01 (July 15, 2022): 29–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.32734/injar.v5i01.5889.
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This paper investigated the types of brooding technology used by egg producers in Oyo State, Nigeria and its effect on technical efficiencies of the producers. The study was carried out in two Local Government Areas (LGAs) of Oyo State with data obtained from a total of 139 egg producers (farmers). Descriptive statistics was used to profile the farmers, probit model was employed to analyse the determinants of choice of brooding management technology, Cobb-Douglas stochastic frontier function was used to estimate technical efficiency among the farmers and Tobit regression model was also employed to ascertain technical efficiency determinants. The results show that only 9.4% of the farmers used modern brooding technology and over 50% of them employed unskilled labour. Sex of the farmer (p<0.10), household size (p<0.05) and having a secondary income (p<0.05) were the significant factors influencing adoption of modern brooding technology. Farmers who adopted the traditional brooding technology were found to be 4.3% more efficient than those using modern technology. Age (p<0.00), sex (p<0.05) and production experience (p<0.05) significantly affected their technical efficiencies. It was therefore recommended that technology subsidies, adequate extension training and skill acquisition be injected into the poultry industry to improve production efficiency.
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Awunyo-Vitor, Dadson, Shaibu Ishak, and Godfred Seidu Jasaw. "Urban Households' Willingness to Pay for Improved Solid Waste Disposal Services in Kumasi Metropolis, Ghana." Urban Studies Research 2013 (April 28, 2013): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/659425.
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Solid waste management within Kumasi Metropolitan Assembly area continues to be a major challenge for the municipal assembly and one of the key issues is its financial constraints. This study was undertaken to examine households' willingness to pay for improved solid waste management services. A multistage sampling technique was employed to select six hundred respondents for the study. Logistic regression model was used to establish the determinants of willingness to pay for solid waste management whilst the Tobit model was used to evaluate the factors influencing the amount of money the households are willing to pay for improved solid waste management. The logistic model shows that income, age, number of children, quantity of waste generated, and education have significant effects on the willingness to pay, while the amount of money the households are willing to pay was influenced by their income, quantity of waste generated, education, house ownership, and number of children. Thus, the assembly can increase waste collection fees between GHC 3 and GHC 5.00. This would lead to improvement in the waste management within the metropolis. However, the additional charge should take into consideration location and income levels.
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Williams, Colin C., and Ardiana Gashi. "Formal Institutional Failings and Informal Employment: Evidence from the Western Balkans." South East European Journal of Economics and Business 17, no. 2 (December 1, 2022): 83–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jeb-2022-0016.
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Abstract Institutional theory has explained informal employment to result from formal institutional failings. The aim of this paper is to identify the formal institutional failings associated with informal employment so that action can be taken by governments. Using the Tobit model for econometric analysis and reporting conditional and unconditional marginal effects of the 2021 Balkans Business Barometer survey conducted in six Western Balkan economies (Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, North Macedonia, Montenegro and Serbia), the contribution of this paper is to reveal that the perceived incidence and share of informal employment is significantly associated with businesses perceiving governance, public integrity and corruption as very negative or negative, the perception that the government does not consider business concerns and business dissatisfaction with public services. However, the perceived incidence and share of informal employment is not significantly associated with the views of business on tax rates and tax administration, or the perceived instability and lack of predictability of government. The theoretical and policy implications are then discussed.
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Abebe, Hiwot Teshome, and Ayalneh Bogale. "Willingness to pay for Rainfall based Insurance by Smallholder Farmers in Central Rift Valley of Ethiopia: The Case of Dugda and Mieso Woredas." Asia Pacific Journal of Energy and Environment 1, no. 2 (December 31, 2014): 117–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.18034/apjee.v1i2.216.
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Current climate variability is already imposing significant challenge to Ethiopia. Therefore, farmers have faced income variability in almost every production season. Problems associated with dependence on rain fed agriculture are common in Ethiopia. Smallholder farmers’ vulnerability from such income variability is also common. Over the years, a range of risk management strategies have been used to reduce, or to assist farmers to absorb, some of these risks. Since insurance is potentially an important instrument to transfer part of the risk, this study try to describe the nature of weather related risks faced by smallholder farmers, assess small holder farmers willingness to pay for the rainfall risk insurance and examine factors that affect the maximum farmers are willing to pay for the rainfall risk insurance. The data was collected from 161 sample households from the two woredas of the study area using closed ended value elicitation format followed by open ended follow up questions. The study uses Logit model to estimate the mean willingness to pay in the close ended format in addition with Tobit model to examine factors that affecting small holder farmer willingness to pay as well as intensity of payment. The mean willingness to pay values are found to be 129.98 and 183.41 birr per hectare for the open and close ended formats respectively. The total willingness to pay for the study area was found to be birr 5,740,244 per year. The tobit model shows six potential explanatory variables affect the willingness to pay value. Income of household and ownership of radio have positive and significant effect on the value of willingness to pay, whereas off-farm income, age of household head, number of livestock owning and availability of public and private gifts have negative and significant effect on willingness to pay value. If the rainfall risk insurance premium is affordable and households have enough information about the service they are willing to pay for the service. Eventually policy makers need to be aware that socio-economic and institutional characteristics of households influence the willingness to pay for rainfall risk insurance services.
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Chen, Ding, Wang, and Yu. "Research on Total Factor Productivity and Influential Factors of the Regional Water–Energy–Food Nexus: A Case Study on Inner Mongolia, China." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 17 (August 22, 2019): 3051. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16173051.
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With the supply of water, energy and food facing severe challenges, there has been an increased recognition of the importance of studying the regional water–energy–food nexus. In this paper, Inner Mongolia, including 12 cities in China, was selected as a research case. A super-efficiency slack based measure (SBM) model that considered the undesirable outputs was adopted to calculate the regional total factor productivity (TFP) and the Malmquist–Luenberger index was used to investigate the change trend of the TFP from 2007 to 2016 based on understanding the water–energy–food nexus. Finally, influential factors of the TFP were explored by Tobit regression. The results show that the 12 Inner Mongolia cities are divided into higher, moderate and lower efficiency zones. The higher efficiency zone includes Ordos, Hohhot, Xing’an, and Tongliao, and the lower efficiency zone includes Chifeng, Xilin Gol, Baynnur, Wuhai and Alxa. There is a serious difference in TFP between Inner Mongolia cities. During the study period, the TFP of the water–energy–food nexus in Inner Mongolia cities shows a rising trend, which is mainly driven by the growth of technical progress change. However, the average ML values of the lower and moderate efficiency zones were inferior to the higher efficiency zone in six of the ten years, so the difference between Inner Mongolia cities is growing. According to the Tobit regression, the mechanization level and degree of opening up have positive effects on the TFP, while enterprise scale and the output of the third industry have negative effects on the TFP. Government support does not have any significant impact on the TFP. Finally, suggestions were put forward to improve the TFP of the water–energy–food nexus in Inner Mongolia cities.
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Gebremariam, Luchia Tekle, and Hadush Hagos. "Determinants of intensity of bread wheat packages adoption in Tigary, Northern Ethiopia." Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 6, no. 9 (September 9, 2018): 1101. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v6i9.1101-1107.1757.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The aim of this study was to identify factors influencing the intensity of use of improved bread wheat package adoption in the study area. Two kebeles was selected randomly among the potentially wheat producing kebeles in each selected districts and a total of 120 randomly selected households were interviewed for this study. Tobit model was used to elucidate factors affecting adoption of technology packages. Result of the econometric model indicated, male headship (sex), TLU and multiple production objective orientation were important variables which had positively and significantly influenced adoption and intensity of adoption of improved bread wheat production package. Whereas, age of the household, increased annual off-non farm income, increased areas of own farm land, being far apart from the farmer training center and residences had shown negative relationship with adoption and intensity of adoption. The overall finding of the study underlined the high importance of institutional support such as extension; credit and market to enhance adoption of improved wheat production package. Therefore, policy and development interventions should give emphasis to improvement of such institutional support system so as to achieve wider adoption, increased productivity and income to small scale farmers.
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Nakata, Yoshinori, Yuichi Watanabe, and Hiroshi Otake. "Association Between Surgeons’ Technical Efficiency and Hospital Revenue." INQUIRY: The Journal of Health Care Organization, Provision, and Financing 56 (January 2019): 004695801988944. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0046958019889443.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
To evaluate surgeons’ performance, health care managers often use the revenues that surgeons make for the hospital. The purpose of this study is to determine the relationship between surgeons’ technical efficiency and their revenues by using multiple regression analysis on surgical data. The authors collected data from all the surgical procedures performed at University Hospital from April 1 through September 30 in 2013-2018. Output-oriented Charnes-Cooper-Rhodes model of data envelopment analysis was employed to calculate each surgeon’s technical efficiency. Seven independent variables were selected; revenue, experience, medical school, surgical volume, sex, academic rank, and surgical specialty. Multiple regression analysis using Tobit model was used for our data. The data from a total of 17 227 surgical cases were obtained in the 36-month study period. The authors performed multiple regression on 222 surgeons. Revenue had significantly positive association with mean efficiency score ( P = .000). Surgical volume had significantly negative association with mean efficiency score ( P = .000). The other coefficients were statistically insignificant. An increase in revenue by 1% was associated with 0.46% to 0.52% increases in efficiency score. We demonstrated that surgeons’ revenue can serve as a proxy variable for their technical efficiency.
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Sossou, Comlan Hervé, Freddy Noma, and Jacob A. Yabi. "Rural Credit and Farms Efficiency: Modelling Farmers Credit Allocation Decisions, Evidences from Benin." Economics Research International 2014 (August 28, 2014): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/309352.
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This paper analyses farmers’ credit allocation behaviors and their effects on technical efficiency. Data were collected from 476 farmers using the multistage sampling procedure. The stochastic frontier truncated-normal with conditional mean model is used to assess allocation schemes effects on technical efficiency. Tobit model reveals the impact of farmers’ sociodemographic characteristics on efficiency scores. Results reveal that farm revenue (about 2,262,566 Fcfa on average) is positively correlated with land acreage, quantity of labour, and costs of fertilizers and insecticides. Farmers’ behaviors respond to six schemes which are categorized in two allocations contexts: out-farm and in-farm allocations. The model shows that only scheme (e) positively impacts technical efficiency. This scheme refers to the decision to invest credit to purchase better quality of pesticides, herbicides, fertilizers, and so forth. The positive effect of the scheme (c) may be significant under conditions of farmers’ education level improvement. Then, scheme (e) is a better investment for all farmers, but effect of credit allocation to buy agricultural materials is positive only for educated farmers. Efficiency scores are reduced by household size and gender of the household head. Therefore a household with more than 10 members and a woman as head is likely to not be technically efficient.
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Babatunde, Raphael Olanrewaju, Adeyemi Esther Omoniwa, and Adebanke Elizabeth Adeniyi. "Orange fleshed sweet potatoes (OFSP) and productivity: the case of smallholders in Kwara State, Nigeria." Agricultura Tropica et Subtropica 52, no. 3-4 (December 1, 2019): 105–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ats-2019-0012.
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AbstractIn rural Nigeria, most households cannot afford food products rich in vitamin A which gave rise to the introduction of bio-fortified agricultural produces. One of these is the Orange Fleshed Sweet Potatoes (OFSP). Although introduced about six years ago, empirical evidence as regards the actual level of adoption as well as its effect on their productivity remains relatively scarce. The analysis was built on a field survey of 183 smallholders in Kwara State, Nigeria conducted in the year 2016. Tobit model and the Heckman’s two stage models were used to model the determinants the intensity of cultivation and the effect of OFSP’s cultivation on the income of the smallholders. Results indicate that almost 87% of the smallholders sampled were into the cultivation of OFSP with 56% of them cultivating it solely for family consumption and its nutritional value. Also, 44% of them put less than half a hectare of their farmland to the cultivation of OFSP. The result showed that aged smallholders, members of cooperative groups and those who cultivate OFSP solely have a smaller proportion of their farmland cultivated to OFSP. Similarly, the age of the smallholders, household size, years of schooling, cost of production were the factors that significantly influence the cultivation OFSP on the income of the smallholders. The policy implication of this is that the potentials of OFSP have to be promoted particularly among the rural smallholders most especially through the existing cooperative groups. This can either be through organized seminars or specifically through demonstration plots.
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Ndiaye, Malick. "Analyse De L'efficacité Technique Des Exploitations Agricoles Familiales À Maurice." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 14, no. 9 (March 31, 2018): 143. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2018.v14n9p143.
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This study was undertaken to determine the technical efficiency of family farms and to identify the factors which determine their productivity. All in all, 200 farmers were randomly selected and interviewed using a structured questionnaire to obtain data on agricultural production and input use during 2014. The Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) technique was used to determine the levels of technical efficiency of such enterprises. Besides, a Tobit regression model was applied to identify the factors influencing the technical efficiency of farmers in agricultural production. The average technical efficiency under the variable scale yield is 0.726. This implies that it is possible to increase agricultural production by 27.4% compared to the current level of inputs. The results show that 46.5% of the sample is technically efficient under variable scale yield. The results showed that productivity is significantly influenced by the sex of the farmer, the area of cultivated land and the wage of labor. It is therefore recommended to undertake a policy to improve the formal education of producers, to build capacity of their organizations and facilitate to them access to land and inputs.
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Hailu, Atakelty, and Terrence S. Veeman. "Comparative analysis of efficiency and productivity growth in Canadian regional boreal logging industries." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 33, no. 9 (September 1, 2003): 1653–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x03-078.
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The Canadian boreal logging industry has attracted little or no attention from economic researchers in spite of its importance for the competitiveness and long-term survival of other forest-based industries. This article uses a panel data set covering the period from 1977 to 1995 to analyze technical efficiency, technical change, and total factor productivity growth in the logging industries for six boreal provinces. The production technology is represented using a data envelopment analysis model. A transitive measure of productivity change that combines technical progress and changes in the degree of productive efficiency is computed. The empirical investigation reveals that logging activities in the boreal region are characterized by substantial efficiency differentials among the regions. Results from a Tobit analysis of efficiency differentials indicate that forest resource characteristics such as forest density and proportion of hardwood production were found to have positive effects. There was also evidence of significant positive scale effects. Engineering construction per area seems to be negatively related to efficiency. Total factor productivity in the boreal logging industry progressed at an average annual rate of 1.56%.
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Kajela, Mabiratu Dangia, and D. Prem Kumar Dara. "LINKAGE BETWEEN INCOME DIVERSIFICATION AND ASSET OWNERSHIP IN RURAL HOUSEHOLDS OF YAYU WOREDA AND HURUMU WOREDA, OROMIA REGIONAL STATE, ETHIOPIA." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 7, no. 1 (January 31, 2019): 56–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v7.i1.2019.1035.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Rural households are engage in a variety of farm and non-farm activities based on initial assets endowments to diversify their income and cope with the risk of agricultural loss. This study was designed to assess linkage between income diversification and asset ownership among rural households in study area. Mult-stage sampling techniques were used to collect primary data from 237 farm households using semi-structured questionnaire. Descriptive statistics and econometric models were used to analyze the data. Tobit model was used to pinpoint factors that affect intensity of household income diversification and principal component analysis was used to index asset owned by households. The study shows that farm activities are the most important source of income for rural households in the study area contributing 90.92% of total households income with the remaining 9.08% originating from non-farm activities. A mean of income diversification index is 0.414(41.4%). Factors that affect intensity of household income diversification were: aggregate index of human capital, aggregate financial capital index and extension contact positively and membership in agricultural cooperative, sex of household heads and access to training negatively. In the study area generally, household asset ownership positively and significantly affected intensity of households income diversification and it has served as means for income diversification. Asset endowment needs to be considered by policy makers in the planning of agricultural and non-agricultural initiatives in the study area.
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Spitsin, V. V., L. Yu Spitsina, and E. B. Gribanova. "Modeling the influence of age on the technical efficiency by sector and time periods." Vestnik Universiteta, no. 10 (December 1, 2021): 59–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.26425/1816-4277-2021-10-59-68.
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In today’s competitive economy, technological leadership and technical efficiency are key to the successful development of enterprises, countries and territories. This paper investigates the influence of factors on the technical efficiency of a business. Situations where technical efficiency is calculated by the DEA method, and its determinants are defined in regression models, including tobit regression models, have been considered. The determinants of technical efficiency identified by foreign researchers have been systematised. Modeling of the influence of the “Age” factor on the technical efficiency of enterprises in six leading sectors of Russia’s economy over the period 2015–2019 has been performed. It has been found that the “Age” factor has different effects on technical efficiency in different industry sectors. Particularly, in the food industry younger companies are more technically efficient, while mature companies are more technically efficient in the information technology sector. Accordingly, the directions and priorities for incentives should differ across sectors of the economy. In particular, the technological development of the food industry requires support for the generation processes of young enterprises and start-ups. In the information technology sector, the priority should be to support mature enterprises and the growth processes of young enterprises to maturity.
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Molina-Cando, María José, Samuel Escandón, Delfien Van Dyck, Greet Cardon, Deborah Salvo, Florian Fiebelkorn, Susana Andrade, et al. "Nature relatedness as a potential factor to promote physical activity and reduce sedentary behavior in Ecuadorian children." PLOS ONE 16, no. 5 (May 20, 2021): e0251972. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0251972.
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Background Nature relatedness can be associated with health-related outcomes. This study aims to evaluate the associations of nature relatedness with physical activity and sedentary behavior. Methods A cross-sectional study involving 9–12 year old children living in Cuenca, Ecuador, was conducted between October 2018 and March 2019. Questionnaires were used to evaluate physical activity (PAQ-C), out-of-school sedentary behavior, nature relatedness and wellbeing. Associations of nature relatedness with physical activity, and sedentary behavior were evaluated using linear regression models or tobit regressions adjusted by age, sex, school type, wellbeing, and body mass index z-score. Results A total of 1028 children were surveyed (average age:10.4±1.22 years, 52% female.). Nature relatedness was positively associated with physical activity (β = 0.07; CI 95%: 0.05–0.09; p < 0.001) and non-screen-related sedentary leisure (β = 3.77 minutes; CI 95%: 0.76–6.68; p < 0.05); it was negatively associated with screen time (β = -5.59 minutes; CI 95%: -10.53–0.65; p < 0.05). Conclusions Findings suggest that nature relatedness is associated with physical activity and some sedentary behaviors among Ecuadorian school-age children. The promotion of nature relatedness has the potential to improve health.
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Frigerio, Gianfranco, Chiara Favero, Diego Savino, Rosa Mercadante, Benedetta Albetti, Laura Dioni, Luisella Vigna, Valentina Bollati, Angela Cecilia Pesatori, and Silvia Fustinoni. "Plasma Metabolomic Profiling in 1391 Subjects with Overweight and Obesity from the SPHERE Study." Metabolites 11, no. 4 (March 24, 2021): 194. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/metabo11040194.
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Overweight and obesity have high prevalence worldwide and assessing the metabolomic profile is a useful approach to study their related metabolic processes. In this study, we assessed the metabolomic profile of 1391 subjects affected by overweight and obesity, enrolled in the frame of the SPHERE study, using a validated LC–MS/MS targeted metabolomic approach determining a total of 188 endogenous metabolites. Multivariable censored linear regression Tobit models, correcting for age, sex, and smoking habits, showed that 83 metabolites were significantly influenced by body mass index (BMI). Among compounds with the highest association, aromatic and branched chain amino acids (in particular tyrosine, valine, isoleucine, and phenylalanine) increased with the increment of BMI, while some glycerophospholipids decreased, in particular some lysophosphatidylcholines (as lysoPC a C18:2) and several acylalkylphosphatidylcholines (as PC ae C36:2, PC ae C34:3, PC ae C34:2, and PC ae C40:6). The results of this investigation show that several endogenous metabolites are influenced by BMI, confirming the evidence with the strength of a large number of subjects, highlighting differences among subjects with different classes of obesity and showing unreported associations between BMI and different phosphatidylcholines.
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Gono, Jr., Exequiel Reposposa. "Estimating Technical Efficiency of Academic Departments of a Philippine Higher Education Institution." International Journal of Management Excellence 11, no. 3 (October 31, 2018): 1665–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.17722/ijme.v11i3.1034.
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The main thrust of this research is to measure the relative technical efficiency of the six (6) colleges of San Pedro College from school year 2004-2014. The technical efficiency of the academic units can be derived based on its ability to produce the optimum number of output (number of research outputs, number of graduates, and number of community extension conducted) based on a given set of inputs (budget allocation and ratio of the full-time and part-time faculty) using data envelopment analysis. The Nursing/Respiratory Therapy Department is consistent as the highest for the ratio of full-time to part-time faculty while the lowest ratio was observed by Medical Laboratory Sciences Department in 2016, Arts and Sciences in 2015 and Accounting and Business in 2014. In terms of technical efficiency, all departments are technically-efficient during 2014. The Nursing/Respiratory Therapy Department, Physical Therapy Department and Medical Laboratory Sciences Department did not obtain 100% efficiency. In 2016, only the Accounting and Business Management Department did not obtain full technical efficiency score. Further, using the Tobit model, the age of the department, number of baccalaureate teachers, proportion of faculty members with doctorate degree with those who are masters’ degree holders, and the dean’s qualification were found to be insignificant as sources of inefficiency.
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Meyer, Holloway, Christiansen, Miller, D’Odorico, and Okin. "An Assessment of Multiple Drivers Determining Woody Species Composition and Structure: A Case Study from the Kalahari, Botswana." Land 8, no. 8 (August 5, 2019): 122. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land8080122.
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Savannas are extremely important socio-economic landscapes, with pastoralist societies relying on these ecosystems to sustain their livelihoods and economy. Globally, there is an increase of woody vegetation in these ecosystems, degrading the potential of these multi-functional landscapes to sustain societies and wildlife. Several mechanisms have been invoked to explain the processes responsible for woody vegetation composition; however, these are often investigated separately at scales not best suited to land-managers, thereby impeding the evaluation of their relative importance. We ran six transects at 15 sites along the Kalahari transect, collecting data on species identity, diversity, and abundance. We used Poisson and Tobit regression models to investigate the relationship among woody vegetation, precipitation, grazing, borehole density, and fire. We identified 44 species across 78 transects, with the highest species richness and abundance occurring at Kuke (middle of the rainfall gradient). Precipitation was the most important environmental variable across all species and various morphological groups, while increased borehole density and livestock resulted in lower bipinnate species abundance, contradicting the consensus that these managed features increase the presence of such species. Rotating cattle between boreholes subsequently reduces the impact of trampling and grazing on the soil and maintains and/or reduces woody vegetation abundance.
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Balogun, O. L., C. F. Abasilim, and K. Ayantoye. "Market participation behaviour among urban okra producers in Ojo Local Government Area, Lagos State, Nigeria." Agrosearch 21, no. 1-2 (June 14, 2022): 46–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/agrosh.v21i1-2.4.
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The study examined market participation behaviour among urban okra producers in Ojo Local Government Area, Lagos State, Nigeria. A two-stage sampling procedure was adopted in selecting 120 vegetable farmers during the dry season extending from November to March 2018/2019. Data on socioeconomic and demographic characteristics, farm-specific factors, and marketing and production output activities were collected using a well-structured questionnaire. Data collected were analysed using descriptive statistics (such as mean, standard deviation and percentage) and a Tobit regression model. Most of the urban farmers were young and educated and in their economic active age. The mean market share of okra marketed by the respondents was 7,662.17kg (representing 89.8% of okra produced). Sex, primary occupation, per capita land size, cost of seed, price of okra per unit, distance to nearest market and cost of labour significantly determined market participation (p<0.05). The study recommends policies that facilitate access to production resources like land, seed or planting material and farm labour at lower costs. The land policy that makes access to marginal land in an urban area available for agriculture should be as a form of empowerment to the vulnerable in society. Also, upgrading farm-to-market roads to reduce transportation costs to distant urban markets which offer better prices and encourage farmers to produce more marketable produce.
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Akhtar, Sajjad, and Sajid Manzoor. "The Demand for Financial Assets in Pakistan." Pakistan Development Review 33, no. 2 (June 1, 1994): 135–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v33i2pp.135-146.
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In recent years Pakistan has moved to liberalise its financial and capital markets. Consequently the reforms will place heavy demand on the instruments of monetary policy to regulate the working of financial markets. Interest rate policy as a component of monetary policy not only determines the allocation of resources between assets but also within each class of assets. Given the scant research on intra-asset response to intertemporal interest rate movements, the present paper fills the gap by studying the determinants of financial assets and quantifies intra-asset substitutability within a system-wide portfolio framework. Using a simplified version of Brainard and Tobin (1968) model, we explain the asset holdings in terms of wealth and interest rates. We test the model on quarterly holdings of five assets, i.e., saving and fixed deposits, khas deposits, national deposit certificates and defence saving certificates. Asset substitutability is ascertained by single equation OLS, FIML (Iterative 3SLS) and restricted FIML estimation techniques. The system-wide restricted model performs according to a priori expectations. Own interest rate effect is positive and significant in three of the four equations. Five of the six off-diagonals are negative, and three are statistically significant. Saving and fixed deposits exhibit weak complementarity. Khas deposit and national deposit certificates are strong substitutes. The model is also used to decompose the change in portfolio share due to wealth, interest rate and residual components.
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Pohjola, Anni, Elias Oulasvirta, Risto P. Roine, Harri P. Sintonen, Ahmad Hafez, Päivi Koroknay-Pál, Hanna Lehto, Mika Niemelä, and Aki Laakso. "Long-term health-related quality of life in 262 patients with brain arteriovenous malformation." Neurology 93, no. 14 (September 11, 2019): e1374-e1384. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/wnl.0000000000008196.
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ObjectiveTo discover the health-related quality of life (HRQOL) of patients with treated arteriovenous malformation (AVM), we used the self-applicable HRQOL instrument, the 15D, and analyzed the scores in both in the whole study population and specified cohorts.MethodsThe 15D questionnaires were mailed to adult patients with AVM alive in 2016 (n = 432) in our database. Patients with completely eradicated AVM (n = 262) were included in a subsequent analysis. The results were compared with those of the general population standardized for age and sex. Subgroup analyses were conducted for epilepsy, number of bleeding episodes, location of the lesion, modified Rankin Scale score, and Spetzler-Ponce classification (SPC) using independent-samples t test or analysis of covariance. Tobit regression was used to explain the variance in the 15D score.ResultsPatients had impaired HRQOL compared to the reference population (p < 0.0001). Deep location, multiple bleeding episodes, and refractory epilepsy were associated with impaired HRQOL. Patients in SPC A and B had similar posttreatment 15D scores, whereas those in class C had an impaired HRQOL. Significant explanatory variables in the regression model were age, sex, number of bleeding episodes, refractory epilepsy, and SPC.ConclusionsWith careful patient selection, patients in SPC B can reach as favorable HRQOL as those in SPC A provided the operation is successful. Multiple bleeding episodes should be prevented with effective treatment aiming at complete AVM obliteration. The postoperative treatment of patients with AVM should focus on preventing depressive symptoms, anxiety, and epileptic seizures. We encourage other research groups to use HRQOL instruments to fully understand the consequences of neurologic and neurosurgical diseases on patients' HRQOL.
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Homaie Rad, Enayatollah, Mohammad Hajizadeh, Satar Rezaei, and Anita Reihanian. "Cigarette Smoking and Its Financial Burden among Iranian Households: Evidence from Household Income and Expenditures Survey." Journal of Research in Health Sciences 20, no. 4 (October 13, 2020): e00494-e00494. http://dx.doi.org/10.34172/jrhs.2020.28.
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Background: The financial burden of cigarette smoking on households’ budget is not well documented in Iran. We aimed to identify the determinants of cigarette consumption and its financial burden among households in Iran. Study design: A cross-sectional study. Methods: A total of 39,864 Iranian’s households from 31 provinces were included in the analysis. Data on sociodemographic and socioeconomic characteristics (age, sex, household size, education level, employment status, income and wealth index), living area, number of cigarettes smoked and cigarette expenditures for households were extracted from the 2016 Household Income and Expenditures Survey (HIES). Tobit model was used to identify the determinants of cigarette smoking frequency and expenditures among Iranian households. Results: The average number of cigarettes smoked and cigarettes expenditures by all household members was 85.25 cigarettes and US$ 2.64 per month. Living in urban areas, wealth index of households, household income, household size and low educational attainment of household members were positively associated with frequency and expenditures of cigarette smoking. Results also indicated increasing patterns in the number of cigarettes smoked and cigarettes expenditures from east to west of the country. East Azerbaijan, Hamadan, Markazi and Chaharmahal va Bakhtiari provinces had higher cigarette smoking frequency and expenditures in Iran. Conclusions: Tobacco control interventions in Iran should focus more on households living in urban areas and low-educated households. As the frequency of cigarette smoking was higher in the western region of Iran, comprehensive tobacco control policies should be adopted in western provinces.
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Cherono, Collins K., Justus M. Ombati, and Owen N. Ngumi. "Determinants of conservation agriculture adoption among small-holder farmers in Gilgil sub-county, Kenya." International Journal of Agricultural Extension 9, no. 3 (September 1, 2021): 363–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.33687/ijae.009.03.3599.
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Conservation Agriculture is a practice that enhances sustainable and intensified agricultural production. Conservation Agriculture involves; crop rotation, minimum tillage, mulching, zero tillage, maize-legume intercrop, and residue retention. Conservation Agriculture practices are crucial in providing solutions to food and nutrition insecurity, loss of biodiversity and declining soil quality in Kenya. This study documented the current status of Conservation Agriculture use in Gilgil Sub-County of Nakuru County, Kenya, reasons for adoption, and influence of socio-economic, institutional, and agro-ecological factors on adoption of Conservation Agriculture and patterns of use. The study was conducted in July 2020 in Gilgil Sub- County of Nakuru County, Kenya. The study targeted 71,268 farmers and an accessible population of 10,914 farm families respectively. Purposive and systematic sampling techniques were used to select 150 small-holder farmers based on Nassiuma formulae. Data were collected using a semi-structured questionnaire. Both descriptive (mean, frequencies, and percentages) and inferential (Multivariate probit and Tobit models and Factorial Analysis of Variance) statistics were used to analyse the data. The results revealed incomplete use of Conservation Agriculture practices: about 87% used less than five of the six recommended Conservation Agriculture practices while only 13% used five to six practices promoted in the area. This result indicates that farm-level benefits of using all Conservation Agriculture practices simultaneously were not fully realized. Second, the study established that farmers used Conservation Agriculture practices for agronomic, environmental conservation, and economic reasons. Furthermore, the differences in patterns of use of Conservation Agriculture practices were significantly determined by extension contacts, main occupation, education, access to credit, external institutional support, group membership, and land size.
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Alawode, Olubunmi O. "Rural Land Market, Livelihood and Welfare among Households in Oyo State, Southwest Nigeria." Business and Management Studies 7, no. 1 (January 22, 2021): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.11114/bms.v7i1.5137.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
With rapid population growth and resulting increased land fragmentation, landholding becomes smaller, negatively impacting on the living standard of rural households. Thus, the need to understand the potentials of land markets to improve rural households’ access to land through the adjustment of households’ landholding for livelihood activities, and its consequent effect on their welfare. This paper examined the relationship between rural land market, livelihood and welfare among households in Oyo state, Southwest Nigeria. Using a structured questionnaire, a survey was conducted on a sample of 200 respondents, who were selected through multistage sampling procedure. Descriptive statistics, Land Market Index (LMI), Tobit model and multiple regression analysis were used to analyse the primary data. Results show that majority (74.0%) of households were involved in crop farming with mean income of ₦53 833.33 (±26 784.560), which was relatively higher than livestock ₦31 567.08 (±20 897.47). The mean total monthly expenditure was ₦26 548.50 (±8945.5692). Identified land transaction methods include purchase (76.3%), lease (19.8%), and rent (3.9%). On the average, 97.0% of land held by households were acquired through market (LMI=0.97). Sex and household status had significant positive effects on the extent of households’ participation in land market at p<0.01. Also, LMI, crop farming and livestock farming had significant positive effect on households’ welfare. Obtaining land through market for livelihood activities promotes households’ welfare. Rural land market and livelihood activities have significant positive effects on the welfare of farmers. There is need for Government to facilitate formal land markets in rural areas.
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Luo, Lijuan, Siqi Duan, Shanshan Shang, and Yu Pan. "What makes a helpful online review? Empirical evidence on the effects of review and reviewer characteristics." Online Information Review 45, no. 3 (January 25, 2021): 614–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/oir-05-2020-0186.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
PurposeThe reviews submitted by users are the foundation of user-generated content (UGC) platforms. However, the rapid growth of users brings the problems of information overload and spotty content, which makes it necessary for UGC platforms to screen out reviews that are really helpful to users. The authors put forward in this paper the factors influencing review helpfulness voting from the perspective of review characteristics and reviewer characteristics.Design/methodology/approachThis study uses 8,953 reviews from 20 movies listed on Douban.com with variables focusing on review characteristics and reviewer characteristics that affect review helpfulness. To verify the six hypotheses proposed in the study, Stata 14 was used to perform tobit regression.FindingsFindings show that review helpfulness is significantly influenced by the length, valence, timeliness and deviation rating of the reviews. The results also underlie that a review submitted by a reviewer who has more followers and experience is more affected by review characteristics.Originality/valuePrevious literature has discussed the factors that affect the helpfulness of reviews; however, the authors have established a new model that explores more comprehensive review characteristics and the moderating effect reviewer characteristics have on helpfulness. In this empirical research, the authors selected a UGC community in China as the research object. The UGC community may encourage users to write more helpful reviews by highlighting the characteristics of users. Users in return can use this to establish his/her image in the community. Future research can explore more variables related to users.Peer reviewThe peer review history for this article is available at: https://publons.com/publon/10.1108/OIR-05-2020-0186.
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Thibaut, Erik, John Eakins, Annick Willem, and Jeroen Scheerder. "Financial barriers for sports consumption: the dynamics of the income–expenditure relation." Sport, Business and Management: An International Journal 10, no. 3 (May 10, 2020): 245–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sbm-04-2019-0026.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
PurposeFirst, the income elasticities are calculated for different levels of income, for both the decision to spend money on sports and the amount of money that is spent. Second, the study researches whether different operationalisations of income (i.e. family versus personal) result in different elasticity values. Third, the effect of sports-specific and non-sports leisure variables on sports participation is investigated.Design/methodology/approachA representative dataset of 3,775 adults is used containing a wide variety of leisure characteristics, gathered by means of a face-to-face survey. By means of a Tobit regression model both the determining factors of sports expenditure and the income elasticities are analysed.FindingsFor lower income individuals, a rise in income has a relatively bigger influence on the probability to spend money on sports participation, than is the case for higher income individuals. A positive relationship is found with sex (male), education, number of minutes and disciplines of sports and membership of a socio-cultural organisation, while age, watching TV and attending cultural events have a negative effect.Social implicationsThe study provides evidence that income-based segmentation of sports participants could turn out to be an efficient policy tool. By lowering the monetary-burden for lower incomes, it can be expected that participation rates can be raised efficiently.Originality/valueFor the first time the relationship between income and expenditure is explored for different levels of income and for two operationalisations of income. Moreover, the inclusion of non-sports leisure variables allows investigating relationships between sports consumption and other leisure activities.
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MEKONNEN, ALEMU. "Valuation of community forestry in Ethiopia: a contingent valuation study of rural households." Environment and Development Economics 5, no. 3 (July 2000): 289–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355770x00000188.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Community forestry projects in Ethiopia have been implemented using the top–down approach, which may have contributed to the failure of most of these projects. The so-called community plantations practically belonged to the government and the labour contribution of the local communities in the establishment of the plantations was mainly in exchange for wages. In this paper, we use the contingent valuation method to examine the determinants of the value of community forestry in rural Ethiopia and its feasibility, when the plantations are established, managed, and used by the communities themselves. The value elicitation format used is discrete question with open-ended follow-up which is closer to the market scenario our respondents are familiar with compared, for example, with the single discrete choice format. Unlike most other studies, we use a tobit model with sample selection in the empirical analysis of the bid function to correct for the effect of excluding invalid responses (protest zeros, outliers and missing bids) from the analysis. The analysis of the bid function shows that household size, household income, distance of homestead to proposed place of plantation, number of trees owned and sex of household head are significant variables that explain willingness to pay. We also find that there are significant differences in willingness-to-pay across sites. It is hoped that this study contributes to the limited empirical literature on community forestry in developing countries by indicating some of the conditions under which community plantations will be acceptable and feasible.
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Yusuf, H. A., O. A. Folorunso, and H. A. Yusuf. "Determinants of Yam Farmers’ Choice of Coping Strategies to Economic Recession in Oye Local Government Area, Ekiti State, Nigeria." JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS, ENVIRONMENT AND SOCIAL SCIENCES 7, no. 2 (November 28, 2021): 52–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.56160/jaeess202172006.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The study assessed the determinants of yam farmers’ choice of coping strategies to economic recession in Oye Local Government Area of Ekiti State. Specifically, this study identified measures adopted by the yam farmers to cope with economic recession in the study area. Data for the study were collected through structured questionnaire which was administered to 122 yam farmers. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze the data for the study. The result of the study indicated that over 70% of the farmers were engaged in petty business and Intensify on on-farm activities to cope with economic recession. Estimates of Tobit regression model showed that sex of the farmer, level of education, occupation, extension visit, and association membership were significant at 1% level of probability, while farming experience and household size were significant at 5% level of probability. The result implies that yam farmers’ choice of coping strategies to economic recession is determined by these variables. Based on these findings, it is recommended that adult education programmes should be organized by the local government in order to increase the literacy levels of the respondents, likewise extension visit should be strengthened through provision of necessary logistics so that farmers will be sensitized on the different strategies to cope with economic recession. Farmer’s associations should be encouraged by the extension agent, as it is an avenue for sharing information and knowledge among themselves which could help in making better choice of coping strategies. The involvement of farmers in other occupation could serve as an avenue to earn additional income which could help in the choice of coping strategies to economic recession.
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Grashuis, Jasper. "The agency cost of ownership and governance adaptations in farm producer organizations." Agricultural Finance Review 80, no. 2 (November 23, 2019): 200–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/afr-07-2019-0079.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Purpose Many farm producer organizations pursue growth and complexity in response to price volatility, industry consolidation and other external developments. Consequently, as ownership is dispersed and control is delegated, members may face increasing agency cost. In spite of the potential to impact performance and even survival, empirical attention to agency problems in farm producer organizations is limited. The purpose of this paper is to address the gap in the literature with an empirical study. Design/methodology/approach With survey responses from 365 farm producer organizations in the USA, the author uses a two-limit tobit model to estimate the relationships of six ownership and governance characteristics (i.e. board size, management size, director independence, manager independence, CEO independence and non-member ownership) to agency cost, which is proxied by the operating expense ratio. Findings While controlling for heterogeneity in scale and technology, the author finds positive relationships of board size, management size and CEO independence to agency cost. The novel result illustrates there is a significant cost to the adoption of non-traditional ownership and governance characteristics by farm producer organizations. Practical implications The presence of agency cost serves as motivation to farm producer organizations to implement new or adapt old agency mechanisms. One recommendation is to reconsider the payment structure of non-member CEOs. There may not be enough incentive to inspire an upstream bias, which is perhaps possible by linking CEO performance to price, patronage and member-oriented performance measurements. Originality/value Agency cost is rarely studied in relation to farm producer organizations. Recent contributions in the empirical literature lacked an explicit connection of ownership and governance characteristics to agency cost.
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Hu, Yue, Qihui Chen, and Bo Zhang. "Effects of chronic disease diagnoses on alcohol consumption among elderly individuals: longitudinal evidence from China." BMJ Open 12, no. 10 (October 2022): e062920. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2022-062920.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
ObjectivesThis study estimates the effect of chronic disease diagnoses (CDDs) on elderly Chinese individuals’ alcohol consumption behaviour.Subjects and participantsOur analysis was applied to a publicly available dataset that covers 5724 individuals aged 50 or above and spans 15 years (2000–2015: six waves) from the China Health and Nutrition Survey.DesignThe outcome variables are elderly individuals’ weekly consumption of alcoholic beverages: beer, red wine, Chinese spirits and total alcohol intake. The explanatory variable of primary interest is the number of chronic diseases diagnosed (including hypertension, diabetes, stroke and myocardial infarction). Other covariates concern sample individuals’ sociodemographic and health-related characteristics. A Chamberlain-Mundlak correlated random-effect Tobit model is adopted to simultaneously account for the clustering of ‘zeros’ in the outcome variable and endogeneity issues such as omitted variables and reverse causality.ResultsOur estimation suggests that, on average, an additional chronic disease diagnosed by medical doctors reduced an elderly Chinese individual’s weekly consumption of beer, red wine and Chinese spirits, respectively, by 1.49 (95% CI −2.85 to –0.13), 0.93 (95% CI −1.63 to –0.23) and 0.89 (95% CI −1.23 to –0.54) ounces. These effects translate into a reduction of 0.95 (95% CI −1.29 to –0.60) ounces in total weekly alcohol consumption and a reduction of 24% (95% CI −0.35 to –0.14) in the incidence of excessive drinking. Further explorations suggest that elderly Chinese individuals’ alcohol consumption is most responsive to diabetes and stroke diagnoses, but the effects vary across different beverages. Moreover, males, rural residents, smokers and those living with non-drinkers respond to CDDs more strongly than their respective counterparts.ConclusionWhile CDDs reduced alcohol consumption among elderly Chinese individuals, they failed to stop all heavy drinkers from excessive drinking. Relevant policies and measures are thus needed to urge heavy drinking patients to quit excessive drinking.
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John, Afodu Osagie, Akinboye Olufunso Emmanuel, Akintunde Adeyinka Oye, Ndubuisi-Ogbonna Lois Chidinma, Shobo Bolatito Adenike, and Oyewumi Samson Oyewole. "Determinants of Technology Adoption and Intensity of Adoption among Rice Farming Households in Ogun State, Nigeria." European Journal of Technology 6, no. 3 (September 12, 2022): 26–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.47672/ejt.1187.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Purpose: Production and productivity of the agricultural sector in SSA is low due to low technological adoption and techniques among others. One of the major goals of Nigerian agriculture development programs and policies is transition from low productivity subsistence agriculture to a high productivity agro-industrial economy through improved technology adoption.
Methodology: A multi-stage sampling technique was used in this study to select 158 rice farming households The first stage involved the purposive selection of two Agricultural Development programme zones (Ikenne and Abeokuta zones) in the state. The second stage was purposive selection of two blocks per zone based on the concentration of rice farmers. Six farming cells were randomly selected from each block making a total of twenty-four (24) farming community, seven rice farmers were randomly selected from each farming cell giving a sample size of 168 rice farmers. A set of structured questionnaires were used to collect data. Out of the 168-questionnaire administered 158 of it were gotten and used for the study. The data were analysed using descriptive statistics, adoption index, tobit regression model.
Findings: Technologies adoption was high among the young farmers than the older farmers. The household size was also a determinant factor of technology adoption. As the household increases in size, there is high probability that all the production technologies will be adopted. Access to credit facility was found to be positive and significant in all the production technologies available to the rice farmers.
Recommendations: It was recommended that the young people should be encouraged to modern technologies available for rice production, the farmers should be educated on modern technologies in the production of rice. Credit facilities should be made available for the farm household.
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Ncayiyana, Jabulani, Leonardo Martinez, Elizabeth Goddard, Landon Myer, and Heather Zar. "Prevalence and Correlates of Vitamin D Deficiency among Young South African Infants: A Birth Cohort Study." Nutrients 13, no. 5 (April 29, 2021): 1500. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13051500.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Early-life vitamin D deficiency is associated with adverse child health outcomes, but the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and its correlates in infants remains underexplored, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. We aimed to investigate the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and its correlates among young infants in South Africa. This study included 744 infants, aged 6–10 weeks from the Drakenstein Child Health Study, a population-based birth cohort. Infants were categorized into distinct categories based on serum 25(OH)D concentration level including deficient (<50 nmol/L), insufficient (50–74 nmol/L), and sufficient (≥75 nmol/L). Using multivariable Tobit and logistic regression models, we examined the correlates of serum 25(OH)D3 levels. The overall prevalence of vitamin D deficiency was 81% (95% confidence intervals (CI]) 78–83). Multivariable regression analysis showed that serum 25(OH)D3 concentration was independently associated with study site, socioeconomic status, and sex. Birth in winter and breastfeeding were the strongest predictors of lower serum 25(OH)D3 concentration levels. Compared to non-breastfed children, children breastfed were at higher risk of vitamin D deficiency (AOR, 1.96; 95% CI, 1.04–3.67) and breastfeeding for more than one month was associated with greater likelihood of vitamin D deficiency (AOR, 5.40; 95% CI, 2.37–12.32) and lower vitamin D concentrations (−16.22 nmol/L; 95% CI, −21.06, −11.39). Vitamin D deficiency in infants is ubiquitous, under-recognised, and strongly associated with season of birth and breastfeeding in this setting. Nutritional interventions with vitamin D supplementation in national health programs in low- and middle-income countries are urgently needed to improve early-life vitamin D status in infants.
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Malina, Robert M., Audrey C. Choh, Stefan A. Czerwinski, and Wm Cameron Chumlea. "Validation of Maturity Offset in the Fels Longitudinal Study." Pediatric Exercise Science 28, no. 3 (August 2016): 439–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/pes.2015-0090.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Sex-specific equations for predicting maturity offset, time before or after peak height velocity (PHV), were evaluated in 63 girls and 74 boys from the Fels Longitudinal Study. Serially measured heights (0.1 cm), sitting heights (0.1 cm), weights (0.1 kg), and estimated leg lengths (0.1 cm) from 8 to 18 years were used. Predicted age at PHV (years) was calculated as the difference between chronological age (CA) and maturity offset. Actual age at PHV for each child was derived with a triple logistic model (Bock-Thissen-du Toit). Mean predicted maturity offset was negative and lowest at 8 years and increased linearly with increasing CA. Predicted ages at PHV increased linearly with CA from 8 to 18 years in girls and from 8 to 13 years in boys; predictions varied within relatively narrow limits from 12 to 15 years and then increased to 18 years in boys. Differences between predicted and actual ages at PHV among youth of contrasting maturity status were significant across the age range in both sexes. Dependence of predicted age at PHV upon CA at prediction and on actual age at PHV limits its utility as an indicator of maturity timing and in sport talent programs.
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Gebeyehu, Zelalem, and A. Kathiresan. "THE SOCIO ECONOMIC FACTORS AFFECTING GIRLS’ ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT AND GENDER BASED VIOLENCE IN HIGHER INSTITUTION: CASE STUDY IN UNIVERSITIES IN AMHARA REGIONAL STATE." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 4, no. 12SE (December 31, 2016): 36–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v4.i12se.2016.2477.
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At the beginning of human history, the environment favored and promoted equality of males and females. However, as the exposure of males to the natural environment differed, various activities and dangers increased, both sexes started to differ in the nature and depth of experience. Since then, the gender disparity that began in this way was widened by religious, political, economic, cultural and other factors. Currently, gender differentiations are reflected in the accesses to the three precious things of the world, political power, economic privileges and social or cultural prestige. In the 21st century, knowledge plays the leading role and education is the central element that nations can use to maintain equality among society specially to insure gender equality. Thus this paper would attempt to identify the socio-economic factors affecting girl's academic achievement and gender based violence in higher institutions in case of Amhara regional state by selecting two university from first, one from second and two from third generation universities including Wollo five universities will be included out of the total seven universities found in the region. The respondents are selected randomly from each university. The respondents included in this study are female students, gender office, instructors, student deans and registrar workers. The data would be collected using Focus group discussion, interview and questionnaires. To analyze the data logistic regression and two limit Tobit model would be used. Even if there is some progressive trend, the girl’s academic achievement is low and their attrition rate is high. That is their mean achievement below the national average. From econometrics result it has been found that entrance exam result, parents income, personal related factors, peer pressure the major factors that substantially determines level of girl’s academic achievement. Similarly, though there are positive changes regarding gender based violence still significant portion of girls were vulnerable. That is 20 percent out of the total surveyed girls were violated and 22.59 percent still exploited by the transaction sex in the nearby cities. Besides, the logistic regression analysis showed that gender based violence highly depend on the personality those girls with strong personality and self-esteemed girls have less chance of being harassed or abused verbally, physically and psychologically.
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Niklitschek, Edwin J., and Audrey M. Darnaude. "Performance of maximum likelihood mixture models to estimate nursery habitat contributions to fish stocks: a case study on sea breamSparus aurata." PeerJ 4 (October 4, 2016): e2415. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.2415.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
BackgroundMixture models (MM) can be used to describe mixed stocks considering three sets of parameters: the total number of contributing sources, their chemical baseline signatures and their mixing proportions. When all nursery sources have been previously identified and sampled for juvenile fish to produce baseline nursery-signatures, mixing proportions are the only unknown set of parameters to be estimated from the mixed-stock data. Otherwise, the number of sources, as well as some/all nursery-signatures may need to be also estimated from the mixed-stock data. Our goal was to assess bias and uncertainty in these MM parameters when estimated using unconditional maximum likelihood approaches (ML-MM), under several incomplete sampling and nursery-signature separation scenarios.MethodsWe used a comprehensive dataset containing otolith elemental signatures of 301 juvenileSparus aurata, sampled in three contrasting years (2008, 2010, 2011), from four distinct nursery habitats. (Mediterranean lagoons) Artificial nursery-source and mixed-stock datasets were produced considering: five different sampling scenarios where 0–4 lagoons were excluded from the nursery-source dataset and six nursery-signature separation scenarios that simulated data separated 0.5, 1.5, 2.5, 3.5, 4.5 and 5.5 standard deviations among nursery-signature centroids. Bias (BI) and uncertainty (SE) were computed to assess reliability for each of the three sets of MM parameters.ResultsBoth bias and uncertainty in mixing proportion estimates were low (BI≤ 0.14,SE≤ 0.06) when all nursery-sources were sampled but exhibited large variability among cohorts and increased with the number of non-sampled sources up toBI= 0.24 andSE= 0.11. Bias and variability in baseline signature estimates also increased with the number of non-sampled sources, but tended to be less biased, and more uncertain than mixing proportion ones, across all sampling scenarios (BI< 0.13,SE< 0.29). Increasing separation among nursery signatures improved reliability of mixing proportion estimates, but lead to non-linear responses in baseline signature parameters. Low uncertainty, but a consistent underestimation bias affected the estimated number of nursery sources, across all incomplete sampling scenarios.DiscussionML-MM produced reliable estimates of mixing proportions and nursery-signatures under an important range of incomplete sampling and nursery-signature separation scenarios. This method failed, however, in estimating the true number of nursery sources, reflecting a pervasive issue affecting mixture models, within and beyond the ML framework. Large differences in bias and uncertainty found among cohorts were linked to differences in separation of chemical signatures among nursery habitats. Simulation approaches, such as those presented here, could be useful to evaluate sensitivity of MM results to separation and variability in nursery-signatures for other species, habitats or cohorts.