Дисертації: "Skin diagnostics"

1

Yuan, Ye. "Investigation of Skin and Skin Components Using Polarized Fluorescence and Polarized Reflectance Towards the Detection of Cutaneous Melanoma." University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1147284058.

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2

Petruck, V. G., S. M. Kvaternyuk, A. P. Ivanov, V. V. Barun, B. A. Bolyukh, D. B. Bolyukh, В. Г. Петрук, et al. "Non-Invasive Optical Diagnostics of Pigment Formations of Human Skin." Thesis, Technical University of Moldova, 2014. http://ir.lib.vntu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/942.

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Measurement results of spectral reflection characteristics under multiple light scattering by healthy skin and by skin regions with melanoma or nevus are given. Experimental setup that operates on the base of the Taylor method is described. It is shown that the diffuse reflectance R of melanoma skin is lower at all the studied wavelengths from the range about 450 to 1000 nm as compared with that of healthy and benign nevus skin. This conclusion is confirmed by a large number of measurements of big groups of different persons. The gathered data demonstrated an opportunity to differ malignant and healthy or benign formations, while operating in the visible to near IR range. Examples of such a differentiation at several wavelengths are given

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3

Sandberg, Carin. "Aspects of fluorescence diagnostics and photodynamic therapy in non-melanoma skin cancer /." Göteborg : Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy University, University of Gothenburg, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2077/21192.

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4

Isaieva, O. A., and О. Г. Аврунін. "Video dermoscopy study of the skin." Thesis, Liverpool, United Kingdom, 2019. http://openarchive.nure.ua/handle/document/10265.

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The work is devoted to the study of the main pathologies of the skin, the possibility of diagnosing them using video dermatoscopy. Determining the differences between digital dermoscopy and video dermoscopy. The difference between the diagnosis of common skin diseases from malignant and tumors is considered. The science of fluorescent technology is being studied. The diagnostic capabilities of digital dermatoscopy are discussed.

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5

Terstappen, Karin. "Aspects on in vivo imaging techniques for diagnostics of pigmented skin lesions /." Göteborg : Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Institute of Clinical Science, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2077/17794.

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6

Xue, Wei Kai. "Multimodal Line-Field Confocal Optical Coherence Tomography (LC-OCT) for skin cancer diagnostics." Thesis, KTH, Tillämpad fysik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-239616.

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7

Ushenko, Yu A., A. P. Peresunko та Adel Bako Bouzan. "А new method of mueller-matrix diagnostics and differentiation of early oncological changes of the skin derma". Thesis, Hindawi Publishing Corporation, 2010. http://dspace.bsmu.edu.ua:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/3144.

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The paper deals with investigation of the processes of laser radiation transformation by biological crystals networks using the singular optics techniques. The results obtained showed a distinct correlation between the points of “characteristic” values of coordinate distributions of Mueller matrix (Mik = 0, ± 1) elements and polarization singularities (L- and C-points) of laser transformation of biological crystals networks with the following possibility of Mueller-matrix selection of polarization singularity. The technique of Mueller-matrix diagnostics of pathological changes of skin derma is proposed.

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8

Chopra, Nishtha. "Characterisation of skin-based THz communication channel for nano-scale body-centric wireless networks." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2017. http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/25812.

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In pursuit of enhancing the capabilities of healthcare diagnostics and monitoring, the electromagnetic spectrum has been utilized efficiently from the MHz up to THz and beyond. The era of smart phones, wearable devices and on-body networks have unfolded plethora of health applications with efficient channel communication mechanisms, faster data transfer rates and multi-user functionalities. With the advancement in material fabrication and spectroscopic techniques, a new realm of healthcare nanodevices have emerged with immense potential to garner in-depth information of the human body, real-time of tissue morphology, molecular features, hydration level and atmospheric water vapour on channel parameters. In addition to this, engineered skin substitute models: 2D collagen and 3D organotypics, are investigated to address the importance of individual biological features comprising of water dynamics and cell culture, affecting the channel parameters. The experimental results of various tissue samples, skin substitutes and numerical evalua-tion of channel parameters can be used to further improve the communication capabilities of in-body nanonetworks. The original contributions on characterization of skin substitutes can be applied to study various health conditions, effects of drugs and skin ageing on a molecular level. The results presented in this thesis, foresee an increasing demand in skin substitute models due to their biological flexibility and control according to desired medical applications. monitoring and tackle medical emergencies. A collection of these devices with sensing capabilities together form a nanonetwork performing computing tasks such as storage, actuation, data transfer and communication. The thesis brings forth the analysis and optimization of channel parameters; such as pathloss and molecular noise temperature, when the proposed in-body nanodevices communicate amongst each other in the terahertz (THz) range. The novel contribution of the work is mapping the optical properties of human skin by bringing together the measurement of various skin tissues and its influence on channel parameters. In the later part of the thesis, emphasis is given on the individual biological entities of the tissue contributing to channel parameters, such as collagen as an abundant protein, variation in fibrous extra-cellular matrix due to fibroblast cells and amalgamation of different layers; namely, epidermis and dermis of the skin. Recently proposed graphene-based antennas resolve the cumbersomeness of existing medical devices by drastically reducing its size to a few hundreds of nanometres. These biocompatible nanodevices focus on exchanging the intricate details of the human body via nanoscale electromagnetic communication in the terahertz domain of the spectrum. The thesis aims to investigate the material properties of skin tissues with terahertz time do-main spectroscopy and numerically evaluate the channel parameters for in-body nanoscale networks that potentially would form an essential part of a hierarchical body-centric communication network extending from inside the human body to a wider community network. The results are presented in regards to the complexity of human tissue as a channel medium. The measured refractive index and absorption coefficient data is applied to numerically calculate channel pathloss and molecular noise temperature. The results provide a real-time analysis of tissue morphology, molecular features, hydration level and atmospheric water vapour on channel parameters. In addition to this, engineered skin substitute models: 2D collagen and 3D organotypics, are investigated to address the importance of individual biological features comprising of water dynamics and cell culture, affecting the channel parameters. The experimental results of various tissue samples, skin substitutes and numerical evaluation of channel parameters can be used to further improve the communication capabilities of in-body nanonetworks. The original contributions on characterization of skin substitutes can be applied to study various health conditions, effects of drugs and skin ageing on a molecular level. The results presented in this thesis, foresee an increasing demand in skin substitute models due to their biological flexibility and control according to desired medical applications.

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9

Tantcheva-Poor, Iliana [Verfasser]. "Correlations of clinical, histomorphologic and molecular findings in the diagnostics and management of patients with selected genetic skin disorders / Iliana Tantcheva-Poor." Köln : Deutsche Zentralbibliothek für Medizin, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1144184347/34.

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10

Askeland, Winje Brita. "Comparison of QuantiFERON®TB Gold with tuberculin skin test to improve diagnostics and routine screening for tuberculosis infection among newly arrived asylum seekers to Norway." Thesis, Nordic School of Public Health NHV, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:norden:org:diva-3182.

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Introduksjon: QuantiFERON®TB Gold (QFT) er en ny blodtest for påvisning av tuberkulosesmitte, men med få data så langt fra undersøkelse av immigranter. Målet med studien var å sammenligne resultat av QFT og tuberkulin hudtest blant nyankomne asylsøkere i Norge og å vurdere hvilken rolle QFT bør ha i screening for latent tuberkulose. Metode: Alle asylsøkere, 18 år eller eldre, som ankom Tanum asylmottak fra september 2005 ble invitert til å delta og ble inkludert etter informert samtykke. Inkludering pågikk inntil et forhåndsbestemt antall på 1000 inkluderte ble nådd. Siste deltager ble inkludert i juni 2006. Deltagelse innebar en QFT test og standardiserte spørsmål, i tillegg til den lovpålagte tuberkulintesten og lungerøntgen. Resultat: Totalt 2813 asylsøkere ankom Tanum asylmottak i inkluderingsperioden (sept 05-juni 06). Blant de 1000 deltagerne hadde 912 gyldige testresultater og ble inkludert i analysen, 29 % (264) hadde positiv QFT, mens 50 % (460) hadde positiv tuberkulintest (indurasjon > 6mm). Det indikerer en høy andel smittede personer i denne gruppen. Blant deltagere med positiv tuberkulintest hadde 50 % negativ QFT, mens 7 % av dem med negativ tuberkulintest hadde positiv QFT. Det var en signifikant sammenheng mellom økning i tuberkulinutslag og sannsynligheten for å ha positiv QFT. Samsvar mellom testene var 71-79%, avhengig av grenseverdi for tuberkulin. Det var bedre samsvar mellom testene for ikke-vaksinerte personer. Konklusjon: Ved å implementere QFT som rutine kan videre oppfølging avsluttes for 42% av dem som ville ha blitt henvist basert kun på tuberkulinresultat (> 6mm). Andelen som henvises vil være den samme enten QFT implementeres som erstatning for eller som supplement for å bekrefte en positiv tuberkulinreaksjon, men antallet som testes vil variere mye. Ulike tilnærminger vil identifisere samme andel (88-89%) av asylsøkere med positiv QFT og/eller sterkt positiv tuberkulinutslag (>15mm), men ulike grupper vil mistes.
Introduction: QuantiFERON®TB Gold (QFT), a new blood test that detects tuberculosis infection, currently provides few data from immigrant screening. This study aimed to compare results of QFT and tuberculin skin tests (TST) among newly arrived asylum seekers in Norway and also assess the role of QFT in screening for latent tuberculosis. Methods: All asylum seekers, 18 years or older, who arrived at Tanum reception center from September 2005 were invited to participate and included after informed consent. Enrollment was continued until a fixed sample size of 1000 participants was reached. The last participant was included in June 2006. In addition to mandatory TST and chest X-ray, study participants underwent a QFT test and answered standardized questions. Results: A total of 2813 asylum seekers arrived at Tanum reception center during the inclusion period. Among the 1000 study participants, 912 showed valid test results and were included in analysis; 29% (264) had a positive QFT test and 50% (460) tested positive with TST (indurations >6 mm), indicating a high proportion of latent infection within this population. Among the TST-positive participants, 50% were QFT-negative, whereas 7% of the TST-negative participants were QFT-positive. A significant association occurred between increase in size of TST induration and positive QFT result. Test agreement (71%–79%) depended on the chosen TST cut-off and was higher for nonvaccinated individuals. Conclusions: By implementing QFT as a routine screening test further follow up can be avoided for 42% of asylum seekers who would have been referred based only on a positive TST (>6 mm). The proportion of individuals referred remained the same whether QFT replaced TST or confirmed a positive TST; however, the number of individuals tested varied greatly. Different approaches would identify the same proportion (88%-89%) of asylum seekers with either a positive QFT or a strongly positive TST (>15 mm), but different groups will be missed.

ISBN 978-91-85721-53-5

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11

Kulyk, Olena. "Light-tissue interactions for developing portable and wearable optoelectronic devices for sensing of tissue condition, diagnostics and treatment in photodynamic therapy (PDT)." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/13199.

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This thesis presents the development and in-vivo applications of wearable and portable devices for the investigation of light interaction with tissue involved in Photodynamic therapy (PDT) and during contraction of muscles. A hand-held device and a clinical method were developed for time course in-vivo imaging of the fluorescence of the photosensitizer Protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) in healthy and diseased skin with the aim to guide improvement of PDT protocols. The device was used in a small clinical study on 11 healthy volunteers and 13 patients diagnosed with non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC). Two types of PpIX precursors were administered: Ameluz gel and Metvix® cream. The fluorescence was imaged with a 10 minute time step over three hours which was the recommended metabolism time before commencing PDT treatment at Ninewells Hospital, Dundee. The fluorescence time course was calculated by integrating the areas with the highest intensity. The fluorescence continued to grow in all subjects during the three hours. The time course varied between individuals. There was no statistical significance between either healthy volunteers or patients in Ameluz vs Metvix® groups; nor was there statistical difference between the three lesions groups (Actinic keratosis (AK) Ameluz vs AK Metvix® vs Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) Metvix®). The p-value was larger than 0.05 in a two sample t-test with unequal variances for all the groups. However, there was strong body site dependence between the head & neck compared to the lower leg & feet, or the trunk & hands body site groups (p-value < 0.01). One of the possible explanations for this was temperature and vasculature variation in skin at different body sites: the temperature is higher and the vasculature structure is denser at the head and the neck compared to the lower leg or the trunk. The temperature was not measured during the study. So in order to support this hypothesis, typical skin temperatures at the lesion sites were taken from the IR thermal images of healthy skin available in literature. PpIX fluorescence had a positive correlation to temperature. If this hypothesis is true, it will be highly important to PDT treatment. Increasing the temperature could speed up the metabolism and reduce the waiting time before starting the treatment; ambient temperature should be taken into account for daylight PDT; cooling air as pain management should be administered with caution. Potential improvements for wearable PDT light sources were investigated by modelling light transport in skin for the current LED-based Ambulight PDT device, a commercial OLED for future devices and a directional OLED developed in the group. The optical models were implemented in commercial optical software (with intrinsic Monte Carlo ray tracing and Henyey-Greenstein scattering approximation) which was validated on diffuse reflectance and transmittance measurements using in-house made tissue phantoms. The modelling was applied to investigate the benefits from diffusive and forward scattering properties of skin on light transmission in treatment light sources. 1 mm thick skin can only compensate approximately 10% of non-uniform irradiance. It means that uniform illumination is crucial for the treatment light sources. Forward scattering in skin showed a 10% improved light transmission from a collimated emission compared to a wide angle Lambertian emission. However, depth-dependent transmission measurements of directional vs Lambertian emission from organic light emitting films (a nano-imprinted grating was fabricated to provide directional emission in one of the films), collimated vs diffused HeNe laser light through fresh porcine skin did not show the expected improvement. This could be explained by skin roughness which was previously found to change the optical properties and may also affect light coupling. The modelling was applied to guide an optical design of another wearable device – a muscle contraction sensor. Muscle is fibrous and because of that scatters light differently in different directions. The sensor detects the change in backscattered light in parallel and perpendicular directions with respect to muscle fibres. The sensor was implemented on a wearable bandage on fully flexible substrate with flexible OLED and organic photodiodes. The major advantages of organic optoelectronic sensing compared to conventional electromyography (EMG) sensors are the ability to distinguish two types of contractions (isotonic and isometric), insensitivity to electromagnetic interference and the absence of an immune response due to non-invasive electrode-free sensing. Optical modelling was performed to understand the operation of the sensor. A 3D anisotropic optical model of scattering in muscle was created by geometrical manipulations with the standard Henyey-Greenstein scattering volumes. The penetration depth from the Super Yellow OLED was found to be 20-25 mm; the optimal separation between the source and the detector was found to be 20 mm. This distance provided a still detectable signal along with the best discrimination between the two backscatterings. When a 2 mm thick layer of skin and a 2 mm thick layer of adipose tissue were added to the model, the signal was hugely diffused. The discrimination between the two backscatterings decreased by three orders of magnitude, the penetration depth in muscle was reduced, and the intensity of the signal dropped down but was still detectable. With 5 mm thick adipose tissue and 2 mm thick skin the signal was too diffused and interacted with very shallow layers of muscle which approached the limits of the optical sensing of muscle activity.

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12

Bodén, Ida. "Near infrared and skin impedance spectroscopic in vivo measurements on human skin : development of a diagnostic tool for skin cancer." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Kirurgi, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-50605.

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Every year approximately 2800 Swedes are diagnosed with malignant melanoma, the form of cancer that is most rapidly increasing in incidence in the Western world. The earlier we can identify and diagnose a malignant melanoma, the better is the prognosis. In Sweden, 155 000 benign naevi, harmless skin tumours or moles, are surgically excised each year, many of them because melanoma cannot be dismissed by non-invasive methods. The excisions result in substantial medical costs and cause unrest and suffering of the individual patient. For untrained physicians, it is often difficult to make an accurate diagnosis of melanoma, thus a tool that could help to strengthen the diagnosis of suspected melanomas would be highly valuable. This thesis describes the development and assessment of a non-invasive method for early skin cancer detection. Using near infrared (NIR) and skin impedance spectroscopy, healthy and diseased skin of various subjects was examined to develop a new instrument for detecting malignant melanoma. Due to the complex nature of skin and the numerous variables involved, the spectroscopic data were analysed multivariately using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and partial leas square discriminant analysis (PLS-DA). The reproducibility of the measurements was determined by calculating Scatter Values (SVs), and the significance of separations between overlapping groups in score plots was determined by calculating intra-model distances. The studies indicate that combining skin impedance and NIR spectroscopy measurements adds value, therefore a new probe-head for simultaneous NIR and skin impedance measurements was introduced. Using both spectroscopic techniques it was possible to separate healthy skin at one body location from healthy skin at another location due to the differences in skin characteristics at various body locations. In addition, statistically significant differences between overlapping groups of both age and gender in score plots were detected. However, the differences in skin characteristics at different body locations had stronger effects on the measurements than both age and gender. Intake of coffee and alcohol prior to measurement did not significantly influence the outcome data. Measurements on dysplastic naevi were significantly separated in a score plot and the influence of diseased skin was stronger than that of body location. This was confirmed in a study where measurements were performed on 12 malignant melanomas, 19 dysplastic naevi and 19 benign naevi. The malignant melanomas were significantly separated from both dysplastic naevi and benign naevi. Overall, the presented findings show that the instrument we have developed provides fast, reproducible measurements, capable of distinguishing malignant melanoma from dysplastic naevi and benign naevi non-invasively with 83% sensitivity and 95% specificity. Thus, the results are highly promising and the instrument appears to have high potential diagnostic utility.

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13

Wallace, Vincent Patrick. "Spectrophotometry for the assessment of pigmented skin lesions." Thesis, Institute of Cancer Research (University Of London), 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.266622.

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14

Aldridge, Roger Benjamin Lochore. "Dermato-informatic approaches to understanding and improving lesional diagnostic expertise in cutaneous oncology." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/31068.

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Cutaneous malignancies represent a quarter of all new cancer diagnoses in the UK. The key to reducing the tumours’ associated mortality and morbidity is early diagnosis and treatment. Prompt diagnosis remains predominately a clinical skill, but relatively little investigation of the cognitive psychology underpinning expertise in this domain has been undertaken. This thesis aims to improve understanding of these processes and investigate how lesional diagnostic expertise might be enhanced. A large database of diagnostically tagged images was captured specifically for this project. A series of separate studies were undertaken to give insight into how lesional diagnosis occurs and how it can be improved. The studies highlighted that non-analytical pattern recognition (NAPR) is likely to predominate in distinguishing malignant and non-malignant skin lesions and that the widely-promoted rules advocating analytical pattern recognition (APR) are not effective for discriminating melanoma from benign pigmented lesions. The keystone to promoting the development of NAPR and thus diagnostic expertise would seem to be increasing a novice’s personal library of examples with relevant feedback. Studies demonstrated that current undergraduate exposure was variable but universally sparse, so simulation by way of diagnostically tagged images was developed which showed accuracy could be improved by increased exposure. This improvement occurred in both a content specific and dose responsive manner. These studies also highlighted that the learning curves for skin lesions are not uniform. Further studies demonstrated that the choice of images had implications on the development of diagnostic expertise; suggesting it was important that these images represent clinical practice rather than “classic” examples traditionally advocated for teaching purposes. In addition, studies highlighted the potential benefit of the 3D models developed during this project. Building on the idea that a personal catalogue of relevant referent images was crucial to enhanced diagnostic accuracy, prototype software was developed to exteriorise the experts’ library of examples; in the tests described novices utilising the software delivered superior accuracy than medical students on the completion of their undergraduate teaching. In summation, the work described shows that by utilising dermato-informatic approaches lesional diagnostic competence can be improved significantly.

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15

Huang, Ranxi. "Semi-automated techniques for the retrieval of dermatological condition in color skin images /." Online version of thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1850/11355.

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16

Wilcox, Stephany Vanessa. "Molecular diagnostic approach to determine the degree of photoaging of the skin." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/96779.

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Thesis (MScMedSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2015.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Context: Excessive exposure to ultraviolet radiation (UV) results in the risk of acquiring long-term harmful effects such as photoaging, which is characterised by deep wrinkles, roughness, dyspigmentation and an increased loss in elasticity. As a result, the detection of photoaging at an early stage is crucial to improving morbidity, whilst preventing the advancement of skin cancer. Aim: The aim of the study was to develop and to validate a diagnostic real-time PCR method in order to establish the gene expression profiles of potential biomarkers in the skin so as to quantify the degree of photoaging: this was conducted by retrieving total RNA from cells adherent to tape strips from sun exposed and non-exposed skin areas. Materials and methods: Twenty healthy volunteers consisting of seven males and thirteen females aged 25 to 67 years were included in this study. Tape stripping was performed using pre-cut D-Squame® 22 mm adhesive discs. Samples were collected on the right medial thigh area 20 cm above the patella and 2 cm below the lateral canthus of the right eye. Total RNA was extracted and relative standard curve method of gene expression was performed. TGF-β, MMP 9, TNF-α and IL-6 mRNA transcripts were selected as representative cytokines to determine the relative fold-change in sun exposed and non-exposed areas of the skin so as to determine extent of photoaging. Results: Repeatability and reproducibility was determined by the coefficient of variation (CV) was within an acceptable range. Thirty five percent (n=7) samples displayed down-regulatory effects for TGF-β. Down regulation of MMP 9 was observed within 30% (n=6) of samples, while 15% (n=3) showed marked up regulation. Only two samples showed measurable levels of TNF-α in the assay, of which one showed significant up regulation. Furthermore, we were unable to detect any IL-6 expression in any of the samples prepared. Conclusion: we have shown that epidermal cytokines can be retrieved from tape stripped samples and can be quantified via real-time PCR. However, the choices of cytokine biomarkers reveal that they are as important as the concentration of starting material. In this study cytokines such as IL-6 is not as informative in determining the extent of photoaging without high doses of ultraviolet radiation before sample collection as opposed to the other explored cytokines.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Konteks: Oormatige blootstelling aan ultraviolet (UV) bestraling kan tot ‘n risiko van skadelike en lantermynse nagevolge lei wat gekenmerk word deur foto-veroudering. Dit sluit in diep plooie, growwe vel en ‘n toenemende verlies in elastisiteit. Die ontdekking van foto-veroudering op ‘n vroeë stadium is van kardinale belang vir die verbetering van morbiditeit en die voorkoming van velkanker bevordering. Doelstelling: Die doel van hierdie studie was om ‘n diagnostiese polimerase kettings reaksie (PKR) metode te ontwikkel om geen uitdrukkings profiele van potensiële bio-merkers te vestig in die vel, om so die graad van foto-veroudering in areas van vel wat blootgestel word aan die son en beskermde van die son te bepaal deur totale RNS te versamel van kleeflintskyfies. Materiale en metodes: Twintig gesonde vrywilligers (sewe mans en dertien vroue), tussen die ouderdom van 25 en 67 jaar, was ingesluit in hiedie studie. Vel monsters was versamel deur gebruik te maak van Dsquame® 22 mm kleeflintskyfies 20 cm bokant die patella van die regterkanste mediale heup en 2 cm onder die regter oog. Totale RNS was geisoleer en die relatiewe vlak van geen uitdrukking was bepaal deur gebruik te maak van die kurwe model. Die boodskapper ribonukleiosier transkripsies van die sitokiene TGF- β, MMP 9, TNF-α en IL-6 was gekies as verteenwoordigers van foto-veroudering om die relatiewe verandering van foto-veroudering in die vel te bepaal. Resultate: Validering metodes was aanvaarbaar. ‘n Afwaarts reguleringseffek in TGF-β en MMP 9 merker uitdrukking is gevind in vyf en dertig persent (n=7) en dertig persent (n=6) van monsters, onderskuidelik. In vyftien persent (n=3) van monsters is ‘n opwaarts reguleringseffek in die laasgenoemde gevind. Slegs twee monsters het meetbare vlakke van TNF-α getoon in die eksperiment, waarvan slegs een ‘n noemenswaardige opwaartse regulering getoon het. IL-6 uitdrukking is nie gevind in enige van die monsters. Gevolgtrekkings: Hierdie studie het bepaal dat sitokiene van die vel geisoleer van kleeflint monsters en gekwantifiseer deer relatiewe PKR uitdrukking bepaal kan word. Die keuse van bio-merkers is egter net so belangrik as konsentrasie bepaling van die monsters. Die IL-6 sitokien, in vergelyking met ander, is slegs informaliet tydens hoë ultraviolet bestraling aan die vel blootgestel is.

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17

Bagla, Victor P. "The demonstration of lumpy skin disease virus in semen of experimentally infected bulls using different diagnostic techniques." Electronic thesis, 2006. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-05272008-120446/.

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18

Steiner, Markus F. C. "Workplace health surveillance for occupational skin diseases : diagnostic accuracy and reliability of a teledermatology tool." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2011. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=186732.

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Occupational skin diseases is one of the most commonest occupational disease groups accounting for about a fifth of all occupational diseases in the UK. Current guidance from the HSE for skin health surveillance is the skin inspection by a responsible person in the workplace. The use of teledermatology can be attractive to reliably conduct skin surveillance in the workplace, and a tool box to take reproducible standardised photographs from the hands of workers in the workplace was developed. Aim of this thesis was to assess diagnostic accuracy and validity of this toolkit with visual inspection as criterion standard for the presence of minor or major hand dermatitis and by scoring the hands and photographs with the validated Hand Eczema Severity Index. Workers from four different occupations were recruited over a 7 month period and 332 workers were assessed on a repeatedly basis producing 1212 assessments. Skin hydration and transepidermal water loss was measured and a symptoms questionnaire was completed by every participant. A high prevalence of skin problems was found in our study: 70% of the participants presented at least once over the study period with minor or major skin symptoms. A high intrarater reliability compared to the visual assessment was shown for the teledermatologic assessment with an agreement of 88%, kappa of 0.79, and a positive likelihood ratio of 7.4 and negative likelihood ratio of 0.07; about 5% of participants with normal skin were over-diagnosed compared to the visual inspection. The interrater reliability was low. The biophysical parameter did not distinguish between normal and affected skin. The tool kit has shown to produce reliable and standardised high quality photographs, the assessment of the photographs showed a very good intrarater agreement to the criterion standard. The toolkit would allow regular skin surveillance with minimal interruption in the workplace and with reliable results from the assessment.

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19

Wong, David Michael. "The Intradermal Skin Test in the Horse: Value as a Diagnostic Modality in Equine Allergies." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/9916.

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Recent studies have provided conflicting results in regards to equine intradermal skin testing and its use in defining causative antigens in IgE mediated diseases such as equine recurrent airway obstruction (RAO). This study was divided into two experiments. In the first experiment of this study, the hypothesis tested was normal horses would have minimal variability in the wheals formed by intradermal injection of positive control stimulants. This was evaluated by examining the repeatability of skin test wheals created by 5 concentrations of histamine, compound 48/80, and phaseolus vulgaris (PHA) within a normal horse and between 12 normal horses at 0.5 hours, 4 hours, and 24 hours post injection. Minimal variability was detected within individual horses and between 12 horses for histamine and compound 48/80 at 0.5 hours and for PHA at 4 hours. This information suggests that the intradermal injection of positive control substances is a repeatable test in normal horses. In the second experiment of this study, the hypothesis tested was normal horses react differently to intradermal injection of positive control stimulants (histamine, compound 48/80, PHA) and/or an environmental antigen (Aspergillus) in comparison to horses affected with RAO. This was evaluated by identifying differences in wheal responses between normal horses and RAO affected horses. Concentration response curves were created in normal and RAO affected horses to the aforementioned stimulants at 0.5 hours, 4 hours, and 24 hours post injection. No statistically significant differences were noted in concentration response between normal and ROA affected horses when compound 48/80 and PHA were evaluated. RAO affected horses demonstrated a greater slope at the 0.5 hour time when compared to normal horses suggesting that RAO affected horses are hypersensitive to intradermal injection of histamine. Injection of Aspergillus mix at 4000 protein nitrogen units/ml caused an intradermal wheal reaction at the 24-hour time in 4/5 RAO horses. This reaction was not noted in normal horses. This information suggests that there may be a positive relationship between causative antigens (i.e. Aspergillus) that may induce clinical RAO and positive intradermal skin test results. An additional aspect that was evaluated in both experiments involved histologic examination of skin biopsies taken from wheals created by intadermal injection of histamine, compound 48/80, PHA, and Aspergillus at various times post injection. In the first experiment, intradermal injection of histamine caused severe dermal edema and margination of neutrophils and eosinophils at 0.5 hours. Compound 48/80 demonstrated mild to modest dermal edema at 0.5 hours while PHA demonstrated severe dermal edema, hemorrhage, and lymphactic ectasia at 4 and 24 hours. PHA also demonstrated a neutophilic inflammation at 4 hours that progressed to a mixed lymphohistiocytic and neutrophilic inflammation at 24 hours. In the second experiment, no edema and modest to moderate neutrophilic inflammation was noted in normal horses after intradermal injection of Aspergillus at 24 hours. In contrast, RAO affected horses demonstrated mild to modest edema and a mild to moderate mixed inflammatory response (lympho-histocytic, neutrophilic, eosinophilic) after intradermal injection of Aspergillus at 24 hours suggesting a delayed type response.
Master of Science

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20

Isaeva, O., and О. Г. Аврунін. "Development of an automated system for video dermatoscopy." Thesis, KNURE, 2019. http://openarchive.nure.ua/handle/document/10198.

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21

Adjed, Faouzi. "Skin cancer segmentation and detection using total variation and multiresolution analysis." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLE042/document.

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Les décès du cancer de la peau sont majoritairement des mélanomes malins. Il est considéré comme l’un des plus dangereux cancer. A ses débuts, les mélanomes malins sont traités avec des simples biopsies et sont complètement curable. Pour cela, une détection précoce est la meilleure solution pour réduire ses conséquences désastreuses. Imagerie médicale telle que la dermoscopie et les caméras à images standard sont les outils disponibles les plus adaptées pour diagnostiquer précocement les mélanomes. Le diagnostic assisté par ordinateur (CAD) est développé dans le but d’accompagner les radiologistes dans la détection et le diagnostic. Cependant, il y a un besoin d’améliorer la précision de la segmentation et de détection des lésions. Dans ce travail, le modèle de Chan et Vese a été adapté pour segmenter davantage les variations à l’intérieur des lésions avec un résultats très encouragent. La deuxième tâche consiste à extraire des caractéristiques afin de discriminer les mélanomes. Deux méthodes ont été développée, une se basant sur l’irrégularité des bords des lésions et l’autre par la fusion des caractéristiques texturales et structurelles. Les résultats ont montrés de bonnes performances avec une précision de 86.54% et de 86.07%, respectivement
The vast majority of skin cancer deaths are due to malignant melanoma. It is considered as one of the most dangerous cancers. In its early stages, malignant melanoma is completely curable with a simple biopsy. Therefore, an early detection is the best solution to improve skin cancer prognostic. Medical imaging such as dermoscopy and standard camera images are the most suitable tools available to diagnose melanoma at early stages. To help radiologists in the diagnosis of melanoma cases, there is a strong need to develop computer aided diagnosis (CAD) systems. The accurate segmentation and classification of pigment skin lesions still remains a challenging task due to the various colors and structures developed randomly inside the lesions. The current work focused on two main tasks. Inthe first task, a new approach of the segmentation of skin lesions based on Chan and Vese model is developed. The model is adapted to segment the variations of the pigment inside the lesion and not only the main border. The subjective evaluation, applied on a database of standard camera images, obtained a very encouraging results with 97.62% of true detection rate. In the second main task, two feature extraction methods were developed for the analysis of standard camera and dermoscopy images. The method developed for the standard camera skin cancer images is based on border irregularities, introducing two new concepts, which are valleys and crevasses as first and second level of the border irregularity. The method has been implemented on DermIs and DermQues, two databases of standard camera images, and achieved an accuracy of 86.54% with a sensitivity of 80% and a specificity of 95.45%. The second method consisted of a fusion of structural and textural features. The structural features were extracted from wavelet and curvelet coefficients, while the textural features were obtained from the local binary pattern operator. The method has been implemented on the PH2 database for dermoscopy images with 1000-random sampling cross validation. The obtained results achieved an accuracy, a sensitivity and a specificity of 86:07%, 78.93% and 93.25%. Compared to the existing methods, the proposed methods in this work show very good performances

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22

Tuppurainen, Eeva S. M. "The detection of lumpy skin disease virus in samples of experimentally infected cattle using different diagnostic techniques." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2004. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-03082005-101059/.

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23

Bagla, Victor Patrick. "The demonstration of lumpy skin disease virus in semen of experimentally infected bulls using different diagnostic techniques." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/25041.

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Lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV), a poxvirus that belongs to the genus Capripoxvirus is an important pathogen that can be shed in the semen of infected bulls. The screening of semen for infectious virus prior to artificial insemination requires a sensitive diagnostic method. The isolation of the virus on cell cultures and/or the use of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) are sensitive diagnostic tests which can be used to screen semen for LSD viral DNA prior to artificial insemination. Although cell culture is a sensitive method and detects infectious virus, its use has major limitations due to the toxic effect of semen on the cells. This study was therefore aimed at finding a method that decreases the toxic effect of semen on cell culture and enhances LSDV isolation. Secondly, the efficiency of this method in enhancing the isolation of LSDV in field samples was tested. In order to eliminate the toxic effect of semen on cell culture, a pilot study was conducted in which semen samples from LSDV sero-negative bulls were collected and infected with a field isolate of LSDV, strain 248/93 with a titre of 6.5 log TCID50. The semen samples were subjected to one of four different methods, viz centrifugation, serial dilution, filtration and chemical treatment with kaolin. The centrifugation, serial dilution, and filtration methods were supplemented with additional amounts of gentamycin. The toxic effects of semen on cell culture were completely eliminated when supernatants of semen samples, centrifuged at 2000 rpm for 1, 3 and 5 mins and serial diluted was used to inoculate confluent monolayers of bovine dermis cells. Semen diluted in MEM with or without additional antibiotics was the most sensitive method of demonstrating virus at higher dilutions, followed by pellets of samples centrifuged for 1 and 3 minutes. The toxicity recorded when the pellet fraction of semen samples were centrifuged for 5 mins at 2000 rpm was comparable to results obtained from serially diluted samples supplemented with gentamycin. The use of filtration and kaolin treatment of semen samples could not remove the toxic effect of semen on cells. To evaluate the presence of LSDV in semen of experimentally infected bulls, six seronegative post-pubertal bulls housed in an insect proof facility were infected with LSDV via the intravenous route. The experimentally infected bulls were monitored for clinical sign of the disease. Two bulls showed severe, two a mild and two an inapparent infection. Blood samples were collected for virus isolation and semen samples for virus isolation and PCR. Vesicular fluid and preputial washes were also investigated for the presence of LSD viral nucleic acid using PCR. The infectious titre of the virus shed in semen of these bulls was also calculated. The incubation period in infected bulls varied from 7 to 14 days. The length of viraemia varied between groups and did not correlate with the severity of clinical disease. The virus was isolated from blood samples of bulls in the severely infected group on several occasions. Bulls in the mildly infected group had the lowest rate of isolated virus when compared to those with inapparent infection. The use of supernatants of centrifuged serial diluted semen samples, as shown in the pilot study, have considerably reduced the toxic effect of semen on cell culture. This method was used to test field samples for its sensitivity to isolated LSDV in semen of experimentally infected bulls with PCR as a gold standard. In all the semen samples tested using supernatants of semen samples LSDV was isolated in 53.1% of the samples on cell culture while in the serial diluted samples, only 28.1% of samples were positive with a median time of detection on cell culture of 4 and 8 days, respectively. The use of the supernatant fraction was able to detect infectious LSDV in semen samples for prolonged periods with reduced time of development of cytopathic effect, than previously reported. In order to compare the sensitivity of PCR and virus isolation, PCR positive and a few negative samples were subjected to virus isolation using the centrifugation method developed in the pilot study. The PCR was able to detect LSD viral nucleic acids in some semen samples even when virus could not be isolated on cell culture. The PCR was also able to detect viral nucleic acid in vesicular fluid and preputial washes of infected bulls. The titre of the virus shed in the semen at a certain stage of the infection was calculated to be 3 log TCID50. In conclusion, this study provides evidence of a complete reduction of the toxic effect of semen on cell culture and increase chances of LSDV isolation with reduced detection time when semen samples are processed using the centrifugation method as described in the pilot study. Furthermore, it showed PCR was more sensitive than virus isolation in the detection of LSD viral nucleic acid in semen samples and can be used for routine diagnosis. However, virus isolation must be used when the infective nature of virus shed in semen is desirable. This study provides the first evidence of the shedding of LSDV nucleic acid in vesicular fluid and preputial washes of experimentally infected bulls. It also represents the first report that a considerable amount of LSDV is shed in semen of experimentally infected bulls, which may be infective at certain stages of clinical disease. Lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV), a poxvirus that belongs to the genus Capripoxvirus is an important pathogen that can be shed in the semen of infected bulls. The screening of semen for infectious virus prior to artificial insemination requires a sensitive diagnostic method. The isolation of the virus on cell cultures and/or the use of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) are sensitive diagnostic tests which can be used to screen semen for LSD viral DNA prior to artificial insemination. Although cell culture is a sensitive method and detects infectious virus, its use has major limitations due to the toxic effect of semen on the cells. This study was therefore aimed at finding a method that decreases the toxic effect of semen on cell culture and enhances LSDV isolation. Secondly, the efficiency of this method in enhancing the isolation of LSDV in field samples was tested. In order to eliminate the toxic effect of semen on cell culture, a pilot study was conducted in which semen samples from LSDV sero-negative bulls were collected and infected with a field isolate of LSDV, strain 248/93 with a titre of 6.5 log TCID50. The semen samples were subjected to one of four different methods, viz centrifugation, serial dilution, filtration and chemical treatment with kaolin. The centrifugation, serial dilution, and filtration methods were supplemented with additional amounts of gentamycin. The toxic effects of semen on cell culture were completely eliminated when supernatants of semen samples, centrifuged at 2000 rpm for 1, 3 and 5 mins and serial diluted was used to inoculate confluent monolayers of bovine dermis cells. Semen diluted in MEM with or without additional antibiotics was the most sensitive method of demonstrating virus at higher dilutions, followed by pellets of samples centrifuged for 1 and 3 minutes. The toxicity recorded when the pellet fraction of semen samples were centrifuged for 5 mins at 2000 rpm was comparable to results obtained from serially diluted samples supplemented with gentamycin. The use of filtration and kaolin treatment of semen samples could not remove the toxic effect of semen on cells. To evaluate the presence of LSDV in semen of experimentally infected bulls, six seronegative post-pubertal bulls housed in an insect proof facility were infected with LSDV via the intravenous route. The experimentally infected bulls were monitored for clinical sign of the disease. Two bulls showed severe, two a mild and two an inapparent infection. Blood samples were collected for virus isolation and semen samples for virus isolation and PCR. Vesicular fluid and preputial washes were also investigated for the presence of LSD viral nucleic acid using PCR. The infectious titre of the virus shed in semen of these bulls was also calculated. The incubation period in infected bulls varied from 7 to 14 days. The length of viraemia varied between groups and did not correlate with the severity of clinical disease. The virus was isolated from blood samples of bulls in the severely infected group on several occasions. Bulls in the mildly infected group had the lowest rate of isolated virus when compared to those with inapparent infection. The use of supernatants of centrifuged serial diluted semen samples, as shown in the pilot study, have considerably reduced the toxic effect of semen on cell culture. This method was used to test field samples for its sensitivity to isolated LSDV in semen of experimentally infected bulls with PCR as a gold standard. In all the semen samples tested using supernatants of semen samples LSDV was isolated in 53.1% of the samples on cell culture while in the serial diluted samples, only 28.1% of samples were positive with a median time of detection on cell culture of 4 and 8 days, respectively. The use of the supernatant fraction was able to detect infectious LSDV in semen samples for prolonged periods with reduced time of development of cytopathic effect, than previously reported. In order to compare the sensitivity of PCR and virus isolation, PCR positive and a few negative samples were subjected to virus isolation using the centrifugation method developed in the pilot study. The PCR was able to detect LSD viral nucleic acids in some semen samples even when virus could not be isolated on cell culture. The PCR was also able to detect viral nucleic acid in vesicular fluid and preputial washes of infected bulls. The titre of the virus shed in the semen at a certain stage of the infection was calculated to be 3 log TCID50. In conclusion, this study provides evidence of a complete reduction of the toxic effect of semen on cell culture and increase chances of LSDV isolation with reduced detection time when semen samples are processed using the centrifugation method as described in the pilot study. Furthermore, it showed PCR was more sensitive than virus isolation in the detection of LSD viral nucleic acid in semen samples and can be used for routine diagnosis. However, virus isolation must be used when the infective nature of virus shed in semen is desirable. This study provides the first evidence of the shedding of LSDV nucleic acid in vesicular fluid and preputial washes of experimentally infected bulls. It also represents the first report that a considerable amount of LSDV is shed in semen of experimentally infected bulls, which may be infective at certain stages of clinical disease.
Dissertation (MSc (Veterinary Science))--University of Pretoria, 2006.
Veterinary Tropical Diseases
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Peters, Nazlea Behardien. "Determination of effective dose and entrance skin dose from dose area product values for barium studies in adult patients at a large tertiary hospital in the Western Cape." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/2627.

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Thesis (MSc (Radiography))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2018.
Background and objectives The issue of patient doses received during fluoroscopy procedures, raised concerns for the researcher, as there may have been probable past skin injuries or deterministic injuries that may not have been documented. Amongst the radiology staff, there was very little understanding of what the actual dose area product (DAP) value means in real terms of effective dose and entrance skin dose. The aims of the study were to: i) Measure the radiation doses received by the patient and determine a simple means of defining the DAP value to the radiographer in terms of the dose received by the patient. ii) Determine the effective dose, entrance skin dose and the relationship with the DAP value to assist with developing a conversion co-efficient for dose indicators. Method Direct radiation dose measurements can be obtained through DAP meters attached to the diagnostic equipment, but the DAP value is not an direct indication of the effective dose received by the patient. The DAP values captured from the DICOM header information for barium fluoroscopic procedures at a large tertiary was analysed and Diagnostic Reference levels (DRL) were determined for barium swallow, meal and enema procedures. The effective and skin doses were calculated by means of the Monte Carlo program. The results were compared to published values. The relationship between the entrance skin dose and the DAP value was determined and conversion factors were calculated. Results Correlation between the DAP and entrance skin dose and comparative 75th percentile threshold values were determined for barium swallow (BaS), barium meal (BaM) and barium enema (BaE) procedures. Effective to DAP conversation factors for BaS, BaM and BaE are 0.19, 0.26 and 0.60 respectively and 0.15, 0.11 and 0.14 for entrance skin to DAP. Conclusion The the research showed the relationship between the effective dose, entrance skin dose and DAP value and a simple, practical and applicable explanation of the DAP value by means of conversion factors.

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Garzorz-Stark, Natalie [Verfasser], Kilian G. [Akademischer Betreuer] Eyerich, Carsten [Gutachter] Schmidt-Weber, and Johannes [Gutachter] Ring. "Novel diagnostic tools and markers for inflammatory skin diseases / Natalie Verena Garzorz-Stark. Betreuer: Kilian G. Eyerich. Gutachter: Carsten Schmidt-Weber ; Johannes Ring." München : Universitätsbibliothek der TU München, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1101695153/34.

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26

Garzorz-Stark, Natalie [Verfasser], Kilian G. Akademischer Betreuer] Eyerich, Carsten [Gutachter] Schmidt-Weber, and Johannes [Gutachter] [Ring. "Novel diagnostic tools and markers for inflammatory skin diseases / Natalie Verena Garzorz-Stark. Betreuer: Kilian G. Eyerich. Gutachter: Carsten Schmidt-Weber ; Johannes Ring." München : Universitätsbibliothek der TU München, 2016. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:91-diss-20160512-1293741-1-6.

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27

Carvalho, Odile. "Exploitation de la statistique du champ de speckle pour l'aide au diagnostic du syndrome cutané d'irradiation aigüe : confrontation des résultats biophysiques et biologiques." Thesis, Paris Est, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PEST0087.

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La surexposition aux rayonnements ionisants est actuellement une préoccupation croissante des cliniciens. Lors d'une exposition externe, la peau est le premier tissu lésé. Or, il n'existe pas d'outil fiable qui permette de diagnostiquer l'atteinte tissulaire. L'objectif de ce travail est donc de montrer la possibilité d'utiliser une méthode non invasive pour l'aide in vivo au diagnostic et au pronostic du syndrome cutané d'irradiation aigüe. La première partie de ce travail concerne le choix de la méthode d'investigation. L'interaction entre une lumière cohérente et un milieu diffusant engendre un phénomène d'interférence appelé speckle. Une analyse fréquentielle classique sur le champ de speckle est complétée par une approche stochastique pour en extraire des paramètres caractérisant les figures de speckle. Dans la deuxième partie le protocole expérimental a été testé afin de mieux comprendre le comportement des paramètres en fonciton de quelques propriétés physiques de milieux diffusants synthétiques. Cette étude a révélé que certains des paramètres du speckle étaient plus influencés par les gros diffuseurs (Mie) alors que d'autres l'étaient par les plus petits (Rayleigh). La troisième partie concerne l'application de cette méthode in vivo au syndrome cutané d'irradiation aigüe chez le porc. L'analyse des résultats acquis lors du suivi de plusieurs animaux montre la possibilité de discriminer les zones irradiées des zones saines plusieurs semaines avant l'apparition des premiers signes cliniques. Enfin, pour comprendre les résultats obtenus sur la brûlure radiologique, nous avons confronté l'ensemble des résultats physiques et ceux obtenus par les analyses histologiques
Overexposure to ionizing radiation is now a growing concern of clinicians. In case of external exposure, the skin is the first tissue exposed. However, there are no tools that can diagnose pathological tissue. The objective of this work is to demonstrate the possibility of using a non-invasive method for in vivo diagnosis and prognosis of acute cutaneous radiation syndrome. The first part of this work concerns the choice of the investigation method. Interaction of coherent light and scattering medium creates a phenomenon called speckle. A classical frequential analysis on the spekle field is supplemented by a stochastic approach to extract parameters characterizing speckle patterns. In the second part, the experimental setup has been tested in order to understand the parameters behavior in function of some physical properties of synthetic scattering media. The study revealed that some of the speckle parameters were more influenced by big scatterers (Mie) while others were by the smallest (Rayleigh). The third part concerns the in vivo application of this method on acute cutaneous radiation syndrome in pigs. Analysis of the results gained during the monitoring of several animals showeb the ability to discriminate between irradiated and healthy zones several weeks before apparition of firsts clinical signs. Finally, in order to understand the results on the radiological burn, we have confronted all physical results and those obtained by histological analyses

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Lancaster, Gemma. "Oscillations in microvascular flow : their relationship to tissue oxygenation, cellular metabolic function and their diagnostic potential for detecting skin melanoma : clinical, experimental and theoretical investigations." Thesis, Lancaster University, 2016. http://eprints.lancs.ac.uk/78134/.

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Tumour vasculature is known to be inefficient and abnormal due to poorly regulated angiogenesis during tumour growth. This leads to irregular patterns of blood flow which are spatially and temporally heterogeneous. Many investigations into the characteristics of tumours are invasive and performed on animal models. However, continuous technological and theoretical advancement is leading to the use of non-invasive imaging techniques, providing in vivo information on humans. Here, data recorded using laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF) in malignant melanoma and control lesions are analysed using techniques designed for application to non-stationary, time-varying data. Many studies utilising LDF have previously revealed increased blood flow in malignant lesions, but very little attention has been paid to the dynamics of this blood flow, or how it changes over time. As it has been demonstrated previously that the oscillations observed within blood flow data are physiologically significant, failure to extract these characteristics loses information about the underlying dynamical system from which the blood flow data were recorded. Significant differences in blood flow dynamics are revealed and used in the development of a diagnostic test for melanoma. In addition to the characterization of the blood flow dynamics in melanoma, possible causes for the observed changes are investigated and related to two widely observed characteristics of cancer, intermittent hypoxia and altered cellular energy metabolism. The former is explored through the analysis of blood flow and oxygenation data recorded during dry static apnoea, whilst the latter is modelled using coupled phase oscillators.

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Gavanescu, Irina Catrinel. "Autoantibodies to Centrosomes are Diagnostic for Human Scleroderma and Can Be Induced by Experimental Mycoplasma Infection in Mice: A Dissertation." eScholarship@UMMS, 2002. https://escholarship.umassmed.edu/gsbs_diss/76.

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The overall objective of this thesis work was to develop new insights into the etiology of scleroderma, a human systemic autoimmune disease, by analyzing the autoantibodies to centrosome antigens that develop during the disease. Centrosomes are perinuclear organelles that form microtubule arrays, including mitotic spindles that ensure the faithful segregation of chromosomes during mitosis. These studies used a novel methodology to determine the prevalence of anti-centrosome autoantibodies in patients with scleroderma. Recombinant centrosome antigens were used to determine the antigenic specificity of anti-centrosome antibody subsets by immunoblotting. Centrosome marker antibodies were used in indirect immunofluorescence assays to distinguish centrosomes within the polymorphic staining pattern frequently given by scleroderma sera. We found that 43% of patients are autoreactive to centrosomes, a prevalence higher than has been reported for any other scleroderma autoantigen. Half of the centrosome-positive patients also had autoantibodies against other antigens used in scleroderma diagnosis. However, in the remaining half of these patients, anti-centrosome antibodies represented the sole class of autoantibodies that was detectable. Anti-centrosome antibodies were detected in only a small percentage of normal individuals and patients with other connective tissue diseases. These data suggest that anti-centrosome autoantibodies may represent a new diagnostic tool in scleroderma. Upon examination of anti-centrosome autoantibody development in an animal model, it appeared that this autoantibody specificity may develop in mice as a consequence of an infection. An infectious agent was isolated by plaque-formation from carrier mice. Further characterization of the infectious agent was undertaken to obtain information on its physical, morphological and cytopathological properties. The infectious agent was identified by sequence and unique antigenic properties to be homologous to the pig pathogen Mycoplasma hyorhinis. When reintroduced into naive mice, the murine mycoplasma triggered anti-centrosome autoantibody development. While anti-centrosome autoantibodies of IgM isotype are part of the repertoire of naive unimmunized mice, mycoplasma infection specifically triggered the development of anti-centrosome IgG. Moreover, centrosome autoreactivity was prevented by antibiotic treatment. The autoantibody response evolved to recruit additional specificities, having IgM isotypes, reactive to endoplasmic reticulum-associated autoantigens.

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Malaman, Maria Fernanda. "Avaliação diagnóstica do exantema máculo-papular e urticária tardia induzidos por antibióticos beta-lactâmicos." Universidade de São Paulo, 2006. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5146/tde-17102014-123017/.

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Os antibióticos beta-lactâmicos, principalmente as aminopenicilinas (ampicilina e amoxicilina) são causa freqüente de exantema maculo papular e urticária tardia em pacientes tratados com estes medicamentos. Entretanto, a falta de métodos para diagnóstico destas reações constitui uma lacuna na abordagem destes indivíduos. Objetivos: Os objetivos deste estudo foram determinara a freqüência e significância de testes cutâneos positivos em pacientes com história de exantema maculo-papular e urticária tardias induzidos por antibióticos beta-lactâmicos e determinar a sensibilidade e especificade dos testes diagnósticos in vitro para o diagnóstico de alergia a drogas: proliferação linfocitária e dosagem de citocinas no sobrenadante da cultura linfocitária.. Métodos: Os pacientes foram submetidos à dosagem de IgE específica para os seguintes determinantes: benzilpeniciloil, amoxiciloil e ampiciloil. Testes cutâneos de puntura e intradérmico com benzilpeniciloil polilisina, mistura de determinantes menores da penicilina, benzilpenicilina (10.000 UI/ml), amoxicilina (2 mg/ml) e ampicilina (2mg/ml) foram realizados em todos os pacientes com leituras após 20 minutos, 48 horas e 72 horas. Foi realizado teste de contato com os mesmos medicamentos (amoxicilina 5%, ampicilina 5% e penicilina G 5000UI/g de vaselina sólida). Todos os testes foram feitos em duplicata com controles positivo e negativo. Amostras de sangue foram coletadas para a proliferação linfocitária (incorporação de timidina triciada) e dosagem de citocinas no sobrenadante da cultura (IL-5, IFN-gama e TNF- 17 alfa) através de ELISA. Resultados: Foram estudados 20 pacientes e 15 controles. Nenhum dos pacientes ou controles apresentou teste cutâneo de leitura imediata positivo. Três pacientes reagiram positivamente aos testes cutâneos de leitura tardia nas leituras de 48 e 72 horas. Não houve nenhum resultado positivo dos testes cutâneos no grupo controle. A proliferação linfocitária mostrou-se positiva em somente 2 controles (13%) e 10 pacientes (50%). A sensibilidade dos experimentos de proliferações linfocitária variou entre 25% com penicilina na concentração de 250 ?g/ml até 55% com ampicilina 1000 ?g/ml. Sua especificidade foi de 80% a 100%. Conclusão: os testes cutâneos de leitura tardia não constituíram métodos diagnósticos eficazes para as reações tardias aos antibióticos beta-lactâmicos. A proliferação linfocitária apresentou baixa sensibilidade, porém, alta especificidade para o diagnóstico das mesmas reações. A detecção de IFN-gama e IL-5 evidenciaram alta especificidade e baixa sensibilidade, enquanto a dosagem de TNF-alfa mostrou-se altamente sensível (95%), porém, pouco específica (40%)
The beta-lactam antibiotic, mainly aminopenicillins: ampicillin (AMP) and amoxicillin (AMX), are frequently cited as causes of morbiliforme eruptions and late onset urticaria. A major problem with existing data on beta-lactam reactions of the delayed type includes a lack of standardized testing methods. Objectives: The goal of this study is to establish the frequency and significance of positive skin testing in patients with history of beta-lactam induced maculo-papular exanthema and late onset urticaria and the sensibility/specificity of in vitro tests for drug allergy investigation: lymphocyte proliferation assay and cytokine detection. Methods: Patients were submitted to complete penicillin (PEN) allergy test: specific detection for serum IgE antibody to benzyl penicilloyl polylysine, amoxicilloyl polylysine and ampicilloyl polylysine; puncture and intradermal skin test with benzyl penicilloyl polylysine and minor determinants mixture, benzylpenicillin (10.000 UI/ml), amoxicillin (2mg/ml), ampicillin (2mg/ml) were performed and read at 20 minutes, 48hours and 72 hours. All patients had epicutaneous patch testing done with the same drugs (5% amoxicillin, 5% ampicillin and 5000 IU/g penicillin G all in petrolatum). All tests were performed in duplicate with positive and negative controls. All subjects had blood collected for lymphocyte proliferation assay (H3-thymidine incorporation assay) and IL-5, TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma profile were analyzed in culture supernatant by ELISA. Results: None of the patients or controls had positive immediated skin test. Only three patients reacted positively to the 48 and 72 hours 15 reading of intradermal skin test and patch test with the same reagents. There was no positive skin test result among the control group. The lymphocyte proliferation test (LTT) was positive in only two control subjects, while in the study group, 10 patients had positive proliferation tests (50%). The LTT sensitivity varied from 25% to 55% depending on the drug and concentration tested. The specificity ranged from 80% to 100%. IFN-gamma and IL-5 detection had a high specificity, but low sensitivity, while TNF-alpha showed high sensitivity (95%) and low specificity (40%)

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31

Santos, Gilvan Sampaio. "Desenvolvimento de ferramenta computacional para o pré-diagnóstico de câncer de pele." Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 2008. http://www.bdtd.uerj.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=833.

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Um dos mais freqüentes tumores existentes é o câncer de pele. Quando identificado precocemente este tipo de câncer apresenta altos percentuais de cura. Para isso é necessário o reconhecimento de suas características. As características analisadas fundamentam-se em identificadores como: Assimetria da lesão (A); Irregularidade das Bordas (B); Cor (C) e Diâmetro (D). Neste trabalho utiliza-se como ferramenta o Processamento de Imagens digitais para o pré-diagnóstico do câncer de pele.
Skin cancer is one of the most frequent tumors . When early diagnosticated this kind of cancer reachs high percentage of cure. But the identification of its characteristics is necessary. The characteristics to be analised are: Asymmetry (A); Irregularity border (B); Color (C) and diameter (D). The present work uses as tool for first diagnostic of skin cancer the digital images processing.

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32

Happillon, Teddy. "Aide au diagnostic de cancers cutanés et de la leucémie lymphoïde chronique par microspectroscopies vibrationnelles couplées à des analyses numériques multivariées." Thesis, Reims, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013REIMP204/document.

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La spectroscopie vibrationnelle est une technologie permettant de générer une grande quantité de données très informatives quant à la composition moléculaire des échantillons analysés. Lorsqu'elle est couplée à des méthodes chimiométriques de traitement et de classification de données, elle devient un outil très performant pour l'identification de structures et sous-structures des échantillons. Appliqué dans le domaine du biomédical, cet outil présente alors un fort potentiel pour le diagnostic de maladie. C'est dans ce cadre qu'ont été réalisés les travaux de ce manuscrit. Dans une première étude relevant du développement algorithmique, un algorithme automatique de classification non supervisée (basé sur les Fuzzy C-Means) et récemment implémenté au sein du laboratoire pour apporter une aide au diagnostic de cancers cutanés par imagerie infrarouge, a été amélioré afin de i) considérablement réduire le temps nécessaire à son exécution ii) augmenter la qualité des résultats obtenus sur les données infrarouge et iii) étendre son champs d'application à des données réelles et simulées, habituellement employées dans la littérature. Cet outil a été testé sur des données infrarouge acquises sur 16 échantillons de cancers cutanés (BCC, SCC, maladie de Bowen et mélanomes), et sur 49 jeux de données réels et simulés. Les résultats obtenus ont montré la capacité de ce nouvel algorithme à estimer des partitions proches de la réalité quelque soit le type de données étudié. La seconde étude de ce manuscrit avait pour but de mettre au point un outil chimiométrique autonome d'aide au diagnostic de la leucémie lymphoïde chronique par spectroscopie Raman. Dans ce travail, des traitements numériques et l'algorithme de classification supervisée Support Vector Machines, ont été appliqués à des données acquises sur des cellules sanguine de 27 témoins et 49 patients présentant une leucémie lymphoïde chronique. Les résultats de classification obtenus ont montré une sensibilité de 80% et une spécificité de 100% dans la détection de la maladie
Vibrational spectroscopy is a technology able to record a large amount of molecular information from studied samples. Coupled with chemometrics and classification methods, vibrational spectroscopy is an efficient tool to identify sample structures and substructures. When applied to the biomedical field, this tool shows a high potential for disease diagnosis. It is in this context that the works presented in this thesis have been realized. In a first study, dealing with algorithmic development, an automatic and unsupervised classification algorithm (based on the Fuzzy C-Means) and developed by our laboratory in order to help for skin cancer diagnosis using IR spectroscopy, was improved in order to i) reduce the computational time needed to realize clustering, ii) increase results quality obtained on infrared data, iii) and extend its application fields to simulated and real datasets, commonly used in the literature. This tool has been tested on 16 infrared spectral images of skin cancers (BCC, SCC, Bowen's disease and melanoma), and 49 real and simulated datasets. The obtained results showed the ability of this new algorithm to estimate realistic data partitions regardless the considered dataset. The second study of this work aimed at developing an independent chemometric tool to assist for chronic lymphocytic leukemia diagnosis by Raman spectroscopy. In this second work, different numerical preprocessing steps and a supervised classification algorithm, Support Vector Machines, have been applied on data recorded on blood cells coming from 27 healthy persons and 49 patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. The classification results showed a sensitivity of 80% and a specificity of 100% in the disease diagnosis

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33

Ghandour, Raymond. "Diagnostic et évaluation anticipée des risques de rupture d'itinéraires basés sur l'estimation de la dynamique du véhicule." Compiègne, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011COMP1966.

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L’objectif de ce travail de thèse, est le développement d’une méthodologie innovante pour répondre à la question de l’augmentation de la sécurité routière, par le diagnostic et la surveillance de l’évolution des paramètres de la dynamique de véhicule en interaction avec l’environnement proche. Dans ce contexte, l’évaluation des indicateurs de risque liés aux paramètres de la dynamique de véhicule nous a paru nécessaire. Pour cela, nous avons développé deux méthodologies pour estimer et prévoir les situations de risque, pour alerter le conducteur (ou le système de contrôle automatique) sur ces situations afin qu’il puisse agir et les éviter. La première phase de ce travail, consiste à développer une méthode d’estimation du coefficient d’adhérence maximal en se basant, sur le modèle d’interaction pneumatique-chaussée de Dugoff et sur la méthode d’optimisation itérative non-linéaire de Levenberg-Marquardt. Cette méthode d’estimation a été testée et validée en utilisant, des données de simulation issues du simulateur de véhicule CALLAS® et des données expérimentales du véhicule expérimental de l’IFSTTARMA. Ayant ce coefficient estimé, nous avons conçu un indicateur de dérapage LSI qui compare l’adhérence maximale à l’adhérence utilisée et génère une indication (ou une alerte) de danger quand cet indicateur atteint un certain seuil. La deuxième phase de ce travail, consiste à développer une méthodologie pour évaluer les indicateurs de risque dans un instant futur. Cette méthodologie est basée sur des méthodes simples et sur des hypothèses sur la trajectoire parcourue, pour estimer dans un instant futur les différents paramètres de la dynamique du véhicule ; tel que, l’angle de braquage, l’angle de dérive, les forces d’interaction, … Ayant ces paramètres (estimés dans un instant futur), nous avons évalué les indicateurs de risque. Ces indicateurs sont le LSI (Lateral Skid Indicator) et le LTR (Lateral Load Transfer). Le LSI est basé sur l’estimation du coefficient d’adhérence maximal et le calcul du coefficient d’adhérence utilisé, alors que le LTR est basé sur l’estimation des forces normales. La validation de cette méthodologie est assurée par des données de simulation et des données expérimentales. Les résultats obtenus de la validation de ces méthodologies ont montré l’applicabilité de ces méthodes
The aim of this thesis is the development on an innovative methodology to address the issue of increasing road safety, by the diagnosis and the monitoring of the evolution of the parameters of the dynamic interaction of the vehicle with its surrounding environment. For that, the development and the evaluation of risk indicators seems necessary to warn the driver in order to avoid the risk situations. The research work of this thesis is divided in two methodologies. The first one, consists on the development of an estimator for the maximum friction coefficient estimation based on the Dugoff tyre-road interaction model and the iterative non-linear optimization method of Levenberg-Marquardt. This estimation is the base behind the development of the lateral skid indicator LSI, that compares the value of the used friction coefficient to the maximum one. An alert is generated, when the value of the LSI exceeds a threshold, to warn the driver on the risk situations. This methodology is validated in simulation using data from the vehicle dynamics simulator CALLAS® and in experimentation using the data from the laboratory vehicle of the IFSTTARMA. The simulation dat correspond to different road states (dry, wet, snowy and icy) and the experimental data correspond to a dry road state. The second methodology consists on the development of an algorithm for the anticipation of the risk situations by the evaluation of the risk indicators in future instant. This method is based on assumptions on the trajectory and longitudinal velocity and acceleration, to anticipate the vehicle dynamics parameters such as, the steering angle, the wheel rotational speed, the yaw rate, the side-slip angle, the normal forces, the lateral forces and the maximum friction coefficient. By knowing these parameters, we can calculate the risk indicators and evaluate them in future instant. The risk indicators evaluated in this method are the lateral load transfer LTR, based on the normal forces and the lateral skid indicator LSI based on the maximum friction coefficient. As well as for the estimation method, this method is validated using simulation data and experimental data. The results obtained in both methods have shown their applicability

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34

Lullin, Justine. "Design, simulation and fabrication of a vertical microscanner for phase modulation interferometry - Application to optical coherence tomography system for skin imaging." Thesis, Besançon, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BESA2010/document.

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Cette thèse décrit le design, la simulation et la fabrication d’une matrice 4x4 de micro-miroirs actionnée verticalement et munie d’un capteur de position. Le micro-scanneur vertical a pour vocation à être intégré au sein d’un micro-interféromètre de Mirau de type matriciel, réalisé àbase de composants micro-optiques fabriqués grâce à des méthodes collectives. Le mouvement du micro-scanneur, développé dans cette thèse, génère un signal de référence utilisé pour l’implémentation de l’interférométrie à modulation de phase dans un système de tomographie par cohérence optique (OCT). Dans un premier temps, la thèse introduit le besoin d’un système d’imagerie adapté pour la détection précoce des cancers de la peau et établit les spécifications optiques requises par cette application. A partir de ces spécifications, le design du système OCT basé sur le micro-interféromètre de Mirau est présenté. En parallèle, l’état de l’art des technologies de micro-actionnement est décrit et un actionnement électrostatique à base de peignes interdigités est choisi pour actionner et lire la position de la matrice de micro-miroirs. En effet ce type d’actionnement bénéficie d’une bonne compatibilité avec le design du micro-interféromètre de Mirau. Dans un second temps, le cœur de la thèse expose le développement du micro-scanneur vertical, c.à.d le design et les simulations ainsi que la fabrication et la caractérisation
This thesis describes the design, simulation and fabrication of a vertically actuated 4x4 array ofmicromirrors with embedded position sensing function. The vertical microscanner is meant to beintegrated within an array-type Mirau microinterferometer realized with optical microcomponentsfabricated using collective techniques. The microscanner, developed in this thesis, provides areference signal that is used for the implementation of phase modulation interferometery in an opticalcoherence tomography (OCT) system. This thesis first introduces the need for adapted imagingsystems for the early diagnosis of skin cancer and establishes the optical specifications requiredby this specific application. Based on these specifications, the design of the OCT system based onthe Mirau microinterferometer is presented. In parallel, the state of the art of the microactuationtechnologies is discussed and comb drive electrostatic actuation is chosen, for its compatibilitywith the design of the Mirau microinterferometer, to actuate and sense the position of the array ofmicromirrors. Then, the core of the thesis deals with the development of the vertical microscanner,i.e. its design and simulations, its fabrication and its characterization

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Djeldjellani, Mohamed. "Étude d'un applicateur destiné à la mesure des propriétés diélectriques de la peau par réflectométrie temporelle." Besançon, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989BESA2019.

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Appareil de mesure de la permittivite de la peau "in vivo" en haute frequence (0,1 a 10 ghz). Variations de la dispersion dielectrique dues a l'hydratation, la vascularisation, a l'epaisseur du tissu sous-cutane

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36

Coelho, Talita Salles. "Implementação de algoritmos computacionais para interpretação de imagens dermatoscópicas para diagnóstico de tumores de pele." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/85/85133/tde-28012019-084648/.

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O câncer de pele é a neoplasia maligna mais incidente, no Brasil correspondendo a aproximadamente 29% de todos os tumores diagnosticados. O melanoma maligno é sua apresentação menos frequente, com cerca de 1% de todos os diagnósticos, porém com maior índice de mortalidade, comparado com outros tumores não melanomas. O fato de o melanoma ser considerado um tipo de câncer muito agressivo e não ser radiossensível, um diagnóstico precoce garante um alto índice de sobrevida ao paciente. O método mais utilizado para a análise de melanomas é a regra do ABCD, que consiste em extrair características de: assimetria, borda, coloração e diâmetro das lesões, a fim de diferenciá-las das demais lesões de pele. A dermatoscopia é uma técnica não invasiva, que permite fazer o reconhecimento das estruturas superficiais da pele com uma ampliação de até 400x, o que facilita a análise das lesões. A contribuição deste presente trabalho consiste na análise de lesões associada à técnica de processamento de imagem digital, com o objetivo de fornecer uma ferramenta de auxílio ao médico, dando um amparo no momento de se fornecer um diagnóstico ao paciente. O software desenvolvido neste trabalho utiliza imagens dermatoscópicas de lesões de pele associado à regra do ABCD, fornecendo por meio da análise destas características, um diagnóstico, se a lesão é melanoma ou não melanoma.
Skin cancer is the most frequent malignant tumor in Brazil representing approximately 29% of all diagnosed tumors. Malignant melanoma is the least common presentation, with about 1% of all diagnoses, but with higher mortality rate compared to other non-melanoma tumors. Early diagnosis ensures a high patient survival rate. The most used method for the analysis of these lesions is the ABCD rule, where features such as asymmetry, border, color and diameter of lesions are extracted. Dermatoscopy is a noninvasive technique that allows the recognition of skin structure with a magnification of up 400x. A good diagnosis is associated with the degree of subjectivity of the operator doctor. The contribution of this present work consists in the analysis of lesions associated with digital image processing technique, with the goal of provide a support tool to doctor, giving one support in time to give a diagnosis to the patient. The software developed here with dermatoscopic images of skin lesions associated with ABCD rule, giving a diagnosis, by the analysis of the lesion characteristics, indicating if the lesion is melanoma or no melanoma.

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37

Stevens, Mathilde. "La peau comme fenêtre du système nerveux : physiopathologie et biomarqueurs." Thesis, Limoges, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LIMO0029.

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Les neuropathies des petites fibres (NPF), ou neuropathies douloureuses, se caractérisent par des douleurs neuropathiques et une dysautonomie, symptômes particulièrement invalidant et dont la prise en charge thérapeutique actuelle n’est pas satisfaisante. La biopsie cutanée, actuel examen « gold standard » dans le diagnostic des NPF, est un outil intéressant du fait de sa simplicité de réalisation sans séquelle, et de son accessibilité. Cependant, son interprétation actuelle est limitée, n’apportant qu’une information quantitative sur l’existence ou non d’une perte en fibres intra-épidermiques, résultante des NPF plus qu’une explication de la symptomatologie. Dans une première étude nous avons comparé la quantification des fibres de la biopsie cutanée à leur analyse fonctionnelle explorée par le SUDOSCAN®, ne retrouvant qu’une faible corrélation entre les deux outils et confirmant le mauvais reflet de la fonctionnalité des fibres dans la biopsie cutanée. De plus, dans une deuxième étude sur les patients Charcot-Marie-Tooth 1A, nous n’avons pas mis en évidence de corrélation entre la biopsie cutanée et les symptômes (sauf la sensibilité à la piqûre), soulignant une nouvelle faiblesse de cet examen. Concernant les biomarqueurs cutanées, l’analyse des cellules de Langherans dans différentes neuropathies a retrouvé une augmentation de celles-ci chez les patients diabétiques et une densité plus faible chez les sujets sains, mais également une diminution chez le patient CMT1A, sans jamais aucune corrélation avec la densité des petites fibres. Enfin, dans une troisième partie étudiant le syndrome POEMS, nous avons mise en évidence que la vascularisation cutanée, significativement plus élevée dans le POEMS, serait un biomarqueur candidat intéressant à visée diagnostique étiologique. La recherche de biomarqueurs cutanés, afin d’augmenter la puissance diagnostique, de mieux comprendre la physiopathologie de la perte en fibres pour de trouver des cibles thérapeutiques et améliorer la prise en charge de ces patients, parait essentielle. Des études supplémentaires sont nécessaires, et certaines sont en cours dans la continuité de ce travail
Small-fiber neuropathies (SFN), or painful neuropathies, are characterized by neuropathic pain and autonomic dysfunction, which are particularly disabling symptoms and whose current therapeutic management is not satisfactory. The skin biopsy, which is the "gold standard" in the SFN diagnosis, is an interesting easy to do and accessible. However, its current interpretation is limited, bringing only a quantitative information: there is a loss of intraepidermic nerve fibers, resulting from SFN more than an explanation of the symptomatology. In a first study, we compared the quantification of skin biopsy fibers with their functional analysis explored by SUDOSCAN®. We found a weak correlation between the two tools, confirming that skin biopsy is not a good reflet of fibers function. Nevertheless, in a second study on Charcot-Marie-Tooth 1A patients, we found a correlation between cutaneous biopsy and sensitivity to sting, sensitivity transmitted by small fibers. Regarding cutaneous biomarkers, analysis of Langherans cells in different neuropathies found an increase in these in diabetic patients and a lower density in healthy subjects, but also a decrease in patients affected with CMT1A, without ever having any correlation with small nerve fibers density. Finally, in a third part studying the POEMS syndrome, we found that the dermal vascularization, which is significantly higher in POEMS, would be an interesting candidate biomarker for etiological diagnostic purposes. The search for skin biomarkers to improve the diagnosis and to better understand the pathophysiology of fiber loss in order to find therapeutic targets to improve the management of these patients seems essential. Additional studies are needed, and some are ongoing as a continuation of this work

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Pereira, Talita de Azevedo Coelho Furquim. "Feridas complexas classificação de tecidos, segmentação e mensuração com o classificador Optimun-Path Forest /." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/153761.

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Introdução: As feridas complexas apresentam difícil resolução e associam-se a perda cutânea extensa, infecções importantes, comprometimento da viabilidade dos tecidos e/ou associação com doenças sistêmicas que prejudicam os processos normais de cicatrização, cursam com elevada morbimortalidade e têm sido apontadas como grave problema de saúde pública. Na prática clínica, é importante avaliar as feridas e documentar a avaliação. O registro incompleto sobre o paciente e o tratamento em uso é apontado como um desafio no acompanhamento das feridas e também prejudica ações de gestão, pesquisa e educação. A incorporação de fotografias de feridas à pratica profissional, mostra-se como uma estratégia para auxiliar profissionais na observação, evolução e registro claro e preciso. O Optimum-Path Forest (OPF) é um framework para o desenvolvimento de técnicas de reconhecimento de padrões baseado em partições de caminhos ótimos e particularmente eficiente para a classificação de imagens. O classificador OPF gera resultados a partir do cruzamento das classes e características selecionadas. Objetivo: Descrever as etapas do desenvolvimento de um aplicativo para dispositivos móveis capaz de segmentar e classificar tecidos de feridas complexas baseado no Optimum-Path Forest (OPF) supervisionado. Método: Foi aplicada uma nova metodologia inteligente para análise e classificação de imagens de feridas complexas por meio de técnicas de processamento digital de imagens e aprendizado de máquina com o classificador de padrões Optimum-Path Forest (OPF) supervisionado. Criou-se o banco de imagens de 27 feridas complexas, que foram rotuladas por quatro especialistas conforme a classificação dos tecidos em quatro classes: granulação (vermelho), tecido fibrinóide (amarelo), necrose (preto) e hematoma (roxo), gerando 108 imagens rotuladas. Acrescentou-se duas classes: branco (o que está na foto, exceto o leito da ferida) e dúvida (divergência na classificação pelos profissionais). O classificador OPF foi treinado a partir dessas 108 imagens. Aplicou-se o OPF às imagens de feridas e verificou-se a acurácia. Em seguida, iniciou-se a construção do aplicativo. Resultados e Discussão: O presente estudo desenvolveu um esquema de classificação de tecido de feridas assistido por computador para avaliação e gerenciamento de feridas complexas, a partir de fotos de feridas da câmera digital de um smartphone. A aplicação do OPF a feridas complexas trouxe como resultado uma acurácia de 77,52% ± 6,14. Com esta ferramenta, foi desenvolvido como produto desta pesquisa um aplicativo para segmentação, classificação de tecidos e mensuração de feridas complexas. O aplicativo gera um relatório no formato Portable Document Format (PDF) que pode ser enviado por e-mail, impresso ou anexado a prontuário eletrônico compatível. Conclusão: Foi construído um banco com 27 imagens de feridas complexas, que quatro profissionais rotularam para treinamento do classificador OPF, aplicou-se o OPF às imagens de feridas complexas, avaliou-se a acurácia deste processo e desenvolveu-se um aplicativo para dispositivos móveis com as funções de segmentação da ferida, classificação de tecidos e mensuração da ferida. Os resultados mostraram que o valor da acurácia obtido na análise computacional teve valor significativo, equiparando-se a avaliação de especialistas em feridas. Comparando com estudos similares, a análise computacional de feridas mostrou-se com menor variabilidade em relação a avaliação de profissionais, sugerindo que a incorporação desta tecnologia na prática clínica favoreça o cuidado em saúde do paciente com feridas complexas, além de fornecer dados para a gestão, ensino e pesquisa.
Introduction: Complex wounds are difficult to resolve and are associated with extensive cutaneous loss, major infections, compromised tissue viability and / or are related to systemic diseases that impair normal healing processes, have high morbidity and mortality and have been identified as severe public health problem. In clinical practice, it is important to evaluate the wounds and document the evaluation. The incomplete record on the patient and the treatment in use is pointed out as a challenge in the follow up of the wounds and also impairs management, research and education actions. The incorporation of wounds’ photos in the professional practice, stands out as a strategy to assist professionals in the observation, evolution and clear and precise recording. Optimum-Path Forest (OPF) is a framework for the development of pattern recognition techniques based on optimal path partitions and is particularly efficient for image classification. The OPF classifier generates results from the intersection of the selected classes and characteristics. Objective: Describe the steps in developing a mobile application capable of segmenting and sorting complex wound tissue based on the supervised Optimum-Path Forest (OPF). Method: A new intelligent methodology was applied for the analysis and classification of complex wound images using digital image processing and machine learning techniques with the supervised Optimum-Path Forest (OPF) standards classifier. The image bank of 27 complex wounds was created, which were labeled by four specialists according to the classification of the tissues into four classes: granulation (red), fibrinoid (yellow) tissue, necrosis (black) and hematoma (purple), generating 108 images. Two classes were added: white (what is in the photo, except the wound bed) and doubt (divergence in classification by professionals). The OPF classifier was trained from these 108 images. The OPF was applied to the wound images and the accuracy was verified. Then, the application developing process was started. Results and Discussion: The present study developed a computer-aided wound tissue classification scheme for evaluation and management of complex wounds from photos of a smartphone. The OPF application to complex wounds resulted in an accuracy of 77.52 ± 6.14. With this 4 tool, it was developed the product of this research: an application for segmentation, tissue classification and measurement of complex wounds. The application generates a Portable Document Format (PDF) report that can be emailed, printed or attached to a compatible electronic medical record. Conclusion: A bank was made with 27 images of complex wounds, which four professionals labeled for training the OPF classifier, applied the OPF to complex wound images, assessed the accuracy of this process and developed a mobile application with the functions of wound segmentation, tissue classification and wound measurement. The results showed that the value of the accuracy obtained in the computational analysis had a significant value, being equal to the evaluation of specialists in wounds. Comparing to similar studies, the computational analysis of wounds showed less variability than professionals´ evaluation, suggesting that the incorporation of this technology in clinical practice favors the health care of patients with complex wounds, besides providing data for the management, teaching and research.

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Bisaccioni, Carla. "Reatividade clínica em pacientes com asma sensibilizados aos ácaros Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus e Blomia tropicalis." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5146/tde-09102013-152451/.

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A asma é uma doença crônica inflamatória das vias aéreas, de importância mundial pela sua elevada prevalência, com considerável impacto na qualidade de vida dos pacientes. Dentre os diferentes fenótipos de asma, a asma alérgica constitui a maioria dos casos. Dentre os diferentes desencadeantes de exacerbações na asma, os aeroalérgenos têm papel de destaque, sendo os ácaros o grupo mais importante e prevalente. Entre os ácaros, os mais relevantes para estudo são o Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Der p) e a Blomia tropicalis (Blo t), com importância significativa nos países tropicais. Pacientes podem ser sensibilizados a esses dois ácaros ou a um deles somente, mas a positividade do teste in vivo ou in vitro não significa reatividade clínica e que haja concordância com o alérgeno relevante para o desencadeamento dos sintomas. A reatividade cruzada entre esses dois ácaros vem sendo estudada. In vivo, há poucos trabalhos demonstrando a reatividade cruzada entre Der p e Blo t e analisando a correlação entre os testes cutâneos e os de provocação brônquica. O objetivo desse estudo é avaliar a reatividade clínica em pacientes com asma sensibilizados a ambos os ácaros, Der p e Blo t. Para isso, pacientes com asma do Ambulatório do Serviço de Imunologia Clínica e Alergia do HC-FMUSP foram selecionados. Broncoprovocações específicas foram realizadas com os dois ácaros, em diferentes momentos. Dezoito pacientes com asma foram selecionados, e trinta e seis provocações foram realizadas. Todas as provocações com o ácaro Der p foram positivas. Em relação à Blo t, o resultado foi positivo em 93% dos testes. No presente estudo, houve concordância na maioria dos casos entre a presença de sensibilização aos ácaros estudados e a positividade na boncoprovocação. Portanto, as sensibilizações aos ácaros identificados no teste cutâneo são relevantes para o desencadeamento dos sintomas de asma nesses pacientes
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways of global importance due to its high prevalence, with considerable impact on quality of life of patients. Among the different phenotypes of asthma, allergic asthma constitutes the majority of cases. Among the different triggers of asthma exacerbations, aeroallergens have the leading role, being mites group more important and prevalent. Among the mites, the most relevant to the study are Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Der p) and Blomia tropicalis (Blo t), with significant importance in tropical countries. Patients can be sensitive to these two mites or only one of them, but the positivity of test in vivo or in vitro clinical reactivity and does not mean that there is agreement with the relevant allergen for the triggering of symptoms. The cross-reactivity between these two mites has been studied. In vivo, there are few studies demonstrating the cross-reactivity between Der p and Blo t analyzing the correlation between skin tests and bronchial provocation. The aim of this study is to evaluate the clinical reactivity in patients with asthma sensitized to both house dust mites, Der p and Blo t. For this reason, patients with asthma, Ambulatory Service of Clinical Immunology and Allergy HCFMUSP were selected. Specific bronchial provocation tests were performed with both mites at different times. Eighteen patients with asthma were selected, and thirty-six provocations were performed. All provocations with the mite Der p were positive. Regarding Blo t, the result was positive in 93% of tests. In the present study, there was agreement in most cases between the presence of sensitization to mites and positivity in bronchial provocation test. Therefore, sensitization to mites in skin test identified is relevant to the triggering of asthma symptoms in these patients

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Grillon, Antoine. "Borréliose de Lyme : rôle de l’interface cutanée et du microbiome dans la physiopathologie de la maladie." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017STRAJ097/document.

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La maladie de Lyme est la maladie à transmission vectorielle la plus répandue de l’hémisphère Nord. La peau est un organe clef dans cette maladie, car c’est à cet endroit qu’interagissent les cellules de l’hôte, le pathogène, le microbiote cutané et le vecteur. Nous avons développé un modèle murin d’infection disséminée de borréliose de Lyme, qui nous a permis de développer une méthode spécifique de détection de protéines de Borreliella dans le tissu cutané murin par SRM-MS, pouvant aboutir à une méthode de diagnostic chez l’homme. Dans un deuxième temps, nous nous sommes intéressés aux relations entre le microbiote cutané, les cellules résidentes de la peau, kératinocytes et fibroblastes, avec Borreliella. Les sécrétomes de trois bactéries commensales, S. epidermidis, P. acnes et C. striatum possèdent un effet synergique sur l’expression de gènes inflammatoires par les kératinocytes et les fibroblastes. Les sécrétomes de P. acnes et de C. striatum se sont également montrés capables d’inhiber une partie de la réponse inflammatoire des kératinocytes, pouvant aider le pathogène lors de la transmission/dissémination précoce
Lyme disease is the most common vector-borne disease in the Northern Hemisphere. Skin is a key organ in the disease, since it is the key interface where host cells, pathogen, skin microbiota and vector interact early during pathogen transmission. We developed a late lyme borreliosis model on mice. This model allowed us to develop a specific detection method of Borreliella proteins in the mouse skin by SRM-MS that might be used to develop a human diagnosis of disseminated Lyme disease. In a second part, we analysed the relationship between skin microbiota, resident skin cells (keratinocytes and fibroblasts), in the presence or absence of Borreliella. The secretome of three commensals bacteria, S. epidermidis, P. acnes and C. striatum was shown to have a synergistic activity with Borreliella in pro-inflammatory gene expressions by keratinocytes and fibroblasts. P. acnes and C. striatum secretomes were also able to inhibit partially the inflammatory response of keratinocytes that might help the transmission/dissemination of the pathogen

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Cortial, Angèle. "Nouvelles applications des nanoparticules organiques : de la vectorisation d'un mélange d'actifs à travers la peau jusqu'au développement d'un test diagnostique in vitro de l'allergie aux parfums." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LYO10018/document.

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Les nanoparticules (NPs) organiques représentent un outil majeur d'innovation en dermatologie. L'objectif de cette thèse a été de développer et d'optimiser des procédés d'encapsulation d'un mélange de molécules odorantes appelé fragrance mix I (FMI) dans des nanoparticules (NPs) de différentes natures: NPs polymères (poly-ε-caprolactone, PCL), ou NPs lipidiques solides (SLNs) (à base de vaseline, beurre de karité, cire de candelilla, triglycérides C10-18, ou palmitate de cétyle). Ces nouveaux systèmes ont alors été évalués pour la vectorisation de ce mélange à travers un explant de peau de porc, afin de modéliser la distribution des molécules composant le FMI dans les différentes assises cutanées. En parallèle, elles ont également été appliquées en tant que promoteurs de solubilisation du FMI pour le développement d'un nouveau test de diagnostic in vitro de l'allergie aux parfums. Nos résultats montrent que: (i) les NPs polymères, principalement anioniques, sont les plus adaptées pour promouvoir la pénétration transépidermique du FMI. Au contraire, les SLNs s'agglomèrent dans le stratum corneum, conduisant à une accumulation du FMI dans cette assise ; (ii) qu'au-delà du type de vecteur utilisé, la pénétration des molécules du FMI dans les couches les plus profondes de la peau dépend de leur coefficient de partage intrinsèque ; (iii) que les nanoparticules de PCL augmentent significativement la solubilisation du FMI dans les milieux de culture conventionnels et permettent ainsi une réactivation robuste des lymphocytes T spécifiques circulant chez des patients présentant une allergie au parfums. L'ensemble de ces résultats confirme donc tout le potentiel des NPs organiques pour le développement de futures stratégies de délivrance ciblée de plusieurs actifs dans les différents compartiments cutanés. Ces nouveaux vecteurs offrent en outre une alternative prometteuse pour améliorer le diagnostic de l'eczéma de contact induit par les parfums et plus généralement par des allergènes hydrophobes
The aim of this work was to develop and optimize methods for fragrance mix I (FMI) encapsulation into nanoparticles (NPs) of two types of nanoparticles (NPs) : polymeric NPs (poly-ε-caprolactone, PCL) and solid lipid NPs (SLNs) (prepared with petrolatum, shea butter, candelilla wax, C10-18 triglycerides, or cetyl palmitate). Then, these new NPss were evaluated as vectors through a pig skin to analyze the distribution of the FMI molecules in the different skin layers. In parallel, NPs have also been applied as solubilizers for the development of a new in vitro test for the diagnosis of fragrance allergy. Our results show that (i) NPs polymers, mainly anionic NPs, are the most suitable vectors to promote trans-epidermal penetration of fragrance. On the contrary, SLNs were found in the stratum corneum, leading to an accumulation of fragrance in this layer; (ii) whatever the type of NPs, the penetration of the FMI molecules in the deeper layers of the skin depends on their intrinsic partition coefficient; (iii) PCL-NPs significantly increase the FMI solubilization in conventional culture media and, allowing a robust reactivation of circulating specific T cells in patients with allergy to fragrances. All of these results confirm the potential of organic NPs for the development of future strategies (for the skin delivery of several actives in the different skin layers). These new vectors further offer a promising alternative to improve the diagnosis of contact dermatitis induced by fragrances and more generally by hydrophobic allergens

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Ropog, József. "Konstrukce snímačů typu umělá kůže." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-230804.

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This master’s thesis deals with the diagnosis of thermal environment using synthetic skin type sensors. The synthetic skin type sensor is a compact sensor ideal for simulating human skin. The aim is to design and implement such a sensor and test its properties. On the market there are no compact sensors with that kind of abilities and our goal is to design the cheapest, but still viable sensor. Measurement and data processing is implemented using measurement cards and LabVIEW software. The work also contains a design of signal conditioning without the use of measurement cards.

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Héraud, Sandrine. "Adaptation de méthodes biophysiques et biomécaniques pour l'exploration des peaux reconstruites in vitro." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LYO10307.

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On entend par substitut dermo-épidermique un épiderme reconstruit à la surface d'un derme équivalent composé de fibroblastes cultivés classiquement dans un biomatériau support, souvent à base de collagène poreux ou sous forme de gel. Ce support possède ses propres propriétés biomécaniques, influant sur la réponse biomécanique globale des peaux reconstruites, nous nous sommes donc intéressés à un modèle de peau reconstruite sans support, dans lequel le derme équivalent est « auto-assemblé » par les fibroblastes néosynthétisant leur propre matrice extracellulaire (MEC). Notre premier objectif a été d'optimiser et de caractériser ce modèle auto-assemblé en termes de structure, de reproductibilité et de fonctionnalité. Notre second objectif a été d'adapter aux peaux reconstruites in vitro (PR) des outils traditionnellement utilisés pour des études in vivo, pour explorer leurs propriétés biophysiques et biomécaniques. Ces outils permettent une exploration morphologique à des résolutions différentes avec l'échographie, la tomographie à cohérence optique (OCT) et la microscopie confocale à balayage et une exploration fonctionnelle des propriétés biomécaniques des PR par cutométrie. Ces données biophysiques ont ensuite été analysées par rapport aux résultats en histologie, immunohistologie et microscopie électronique à transmission. La cinétique de culture du modèle auto-assemblé sur un temps prolongé a montré la grande stabilité de l'épiderme et le remodelage continuel de la MEC avec notamment l'augmentation des fibres de collagène et d'élastine. Au temps de culture de référence sélectionné, correspondant à l'obtention de la différenciation terminale de l'épiderme, nous avons démontré la reproductibilité des épaisseurs de l'épiderme et du derme en histologie et en OCT, de la maturité de l'épiderme et de la jonction dermo-épidermique et de l'expression dermique de l'élastine colocalisée avec la fibrilline. Sur le plan fonctionnel, nous avons démontré la fonction barrière de l'épiderme via l'imperméabilité du stratum corneum et des jonctions serrées
A skin equivalent consist of a epidermis reconstructed on the top of a dermis equivalent classically composed of fibroblasts cultured into a biomaterial scaffold which is often a collagen gel or sponge. This scaffold hold its own mechanical properties, influencing the global skin equivalent biomechanical response, so we choose to develop a scaffold-free skin equivalent (SFSE), based on the ability of fibroblasts to synthezise their own extracellular matrix. Our first objective was to optimize and characterize the structure, the reproducibility and functionality of this scaffold-free model. Our second goal was to adapt biophysical and biomechanical tools classically used for in vivo evaluation to in vitro skin equivalents. Their morphology was explored with different resolutions using echography, optical coherence tomography (OCT) and laser scanning microscopy whereas biomechanical functionality was evaluate by a suction test, the cutometry. This biophysical data were compared to more classical histological, immununohistological and transmission electronic microscopy results. The long-term culture of the scaffold-free model showed the good stability of epidermis and the continuous remodelling of MEC with notably an increase of collagen and elastin fibers. We selected a reference culture time, corresponding to the complete terminal differentiation of epidermis. At this culture time, we showed the epidermis and dermis thickness reproducibity in histology and OCT, the constant epidermis and dermo-epidermal junction maturity and the dermal expression of elastin, colocalized with fibrillin. The barrier function of epidermis was also demonstrated via stratum corneum and tight junctions impermeability

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Melotti, Cláudia Zavaloni. "Pesquisa do rearranjo dos genes das cadeias leve e pesada de imunoglobulina nos processos linfoproliferativos cutâneos de células B." Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5133/tde-12022008-134944/.

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INTRODUÇÃO: O diagnóstico diferencial dos processos linfoproliferativos cutâneos de célula B permanece um desafio para patologistas, dermatologistas, hematologistas e oncologistas, apesar dos recentes avanços imunoistoquímicos e moleculares. OBJETIVO: Este trabalho avaliou o auxílio diagnóstico e as limitações da pesquisa da clonalidade utilizando a biologia molecular nos linfomas primários cutâneos de célula B e pseudolinfomas de células B, assim como a relevância da análise dos dados em conjunto com informações clínicas, histológicas e imunoistoquímicas. MÉTODOS: O estudo incluiu 31 casos de processos linfoproliferativos cutâneos de célula B classificados à histologia e imunoistoquímica como 14 linfomas, 6 pseudolinfomas e 11 casos inconclusivos. A pesquisa da clonalidade foi realizada em todos os casos por meio da pesquisa do rearranjo dos genes da cadeia leve kappa e pesada utilizando o método de PCR. RESULTADOS: Os resultados confirmaram monoclonalidade em 61,5% dos linfomas. Em adição, o método evidenciou monoclonalidade em 20% dos casos inconclusivos à avaliação histológica e imunoistoquímica. A pesquisa do rearranjo dos genes de cadeia leve kappa resultou mais contributiva em relação à pesquisa do rearranjo dos genes da cadeia pesada. CONCLUSÕES: Estes resultados demonstraram a utilidade do método no auxilio diagnóstico dos linfomas cutâneos. A maior contribuição no estudo da clonalidade dos processos linfoproliferativos cutâneos de células B, através da pesquisa do rearranjo dos genes de cadeia leve kappa em associação com a pesquisa do rearranjo dos genes de cadeia pesada, sugeriu a necessidade da utilização conjunta das duas técnicas para maior acurácia diagnóstica nestes casos.
INTRODUCTION: The differential diagnosis of the lymphoproliferative B-cell infiltrates remains an important challenge for pathologists, dermatologists, hematologists and oncologists, despite the recent advances in immunohistochemical and molecular techniques. OBJECTIVES: This study has evaluated the diagnostic aid and the limitations of the clonality analysis using molecular biology in cutaneous B-cell lymphomas and pseudolymphomas, as well as the relevance of this analysis when combined with clinical, histological and immunohistochemical data. METHODS: The study covered 31 cases of cutaneous lymphoproliferative B-cell infiltrates classified by histological and immunohistochemical characteristics as 14 lymphomas, 6 pseudolymphomas and 11 non-conclusive cases. The clonality analysis was performed in all cases using PCR to detect the pattern of immunoglobulin light kappa and heavy chains gene rearrangements. RESULTS: The results have confirmed monoclonality in 61,5% of lymphomas. In addition, the method showed monoclonality in 20% of the cases previously classified as a non-conclusive through histological and immunohistochemical evaluation. CONCLUSION: These results highlight the importance of the PCR clonality analysis as an ancillary diagnostic tool in cutaneous lymphoma. The research of the immunoglobulin light kappa gene rearrangement was more efficient resulting in a higher rate of monoclonality detection when compared to the heavy chain analysis. Nevertheless, the use of both protocols improves the sensitivity of the method.

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Van, der Walt Jacobus Gert. "Radiation field shaping through low temperature thermal-spray in radiotheraphy." Thesis, Bloemfontein : Central University of Technology, Free State, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11462/116.

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Thesis (D. Tech.) -- Central University of Technology, Free State, 2009
Superficial cancerous lesions are commonly treated through low energy X-ray or electron radiation in radiotherapy. The treatment units that produce the radiation are equipped with square, rectangular and round applicators of different sizes. These applicators attach to the treatment units and define the radiation field size applied during treatment. An applicator is chosen to fit the shape of the cancerous lesion on the patient as closely as possible. Since cancerous lesions are irregular in shape, there will always be an area of healthy tissue between the edge of the lesion and the edge of the standard field shape. This healthy tissue will be irradiated along with the lesion during treatment which is undesirable since the cancer wound heals through reparative growth of the surrounding healthy tissue after treatment. Traditional techniques that were developed to shield this healthy tissue and thus shape the radiation field to the shape of the lesion present various shortcomings. This study introduces a new thermal-spray process for producing radiation field shaping shields which overcomes most of the shortcomings encountered with the traditional field shaping techniques. Since none of the commercially available thermal-spray equipment could be used to produce field shaping shields, new thermal-spray equipment was designed and fabricated tailor made to the application. Different techniques to determine the contours of the treatment area on the patient were investigated. These included a patient contact technique using a plaster bandage impression and a non-contact technique using 3D laser scanning. From the plaster bandage impression a plaster model can be produced onto which a high density low melt material such as Wood’ s alloy can be thermally sprayed to produce a field shaping mask. A model can also be produced from the 3D laser scanning data through laser sintering (LS) in nylon polyamide powder or through computer numerical controlled (CNC) milling in a block of low density polyurethane. The thermal-spray technique was evaluated by comparing the field shaping ability of radiation shields produced through the technique to the field shaping ability of shields produced through the traditional techniques. Radiographic film was used for this purpose and the results are presented in the form of isodensity charts. The required thicknesses of thermal-sprayed field shaping masks to shield radiation of various energies were also determined. The thicknesses were determined through radiation transmission measurements of known thicknesses of sprayed sheets of Wood’ s alloy. X-ray imaging showed that there were no defects present within thermal-sprayed layers of Wood’ s alloy that may negatively affect the shielding ability of masks produced through the technique.

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Oselame, Gleidson Brandão. "Desenvolvimento de software e hardware para diagnóstico e acompanhamento de lesões dermatológicas suspeitas para câncer de pele." Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, 2014. http://repositorio.utfpr.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/973.

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O câncer é responsável por cerca de 7 milhões de óbitos anuais em todo o mundo. Estima-se que 25% de todos os cânceres são de pele, sendo no Brasil o tipo mais incidente em todas as regiões geográficas. Entre eles, o tipo melanoma, responsável por 4% dos cânceres de pele, cuja incidência dobrou mundialmente nos últimos dez anos. Entre os métodos diagnósticos empregados, cita-se a regra ABCD, que leva em consideração assimetria (A), bordas (B), cor (C) e diâmetro (D) de manchas ou nevos. O processamento digital de imagens tem mostrado um bom potencial para auxiliar no diagnóstico precoce de melanomas. Neste sentido, o objetivo do presente estudo foi desenvolver um software, na plataforma MATLAB®, associado a um hardware para padronizar a aquisição de imagens, visando realizar o diagnóstico e acompanhamento de lesões cutâneas suspeitas de malignidade (melanoma). Utilizou-se como norteador a regra ABCD para o desenvolvimento de métodos de análise computacional. Empregou-se o MATLAB como ambiente de programação para o desenvolvimento de um software para o processamento digital de imagens. As imagens utilizadas foram adquiridas de dois bancos de imagens de acesso livre. Foram inclusas imagens de melanomas (n=15) e imagens nevos (não câncer) (n=15). Utilizaram-se imagens no canal de cor RGB, as quais foram convertidas para escala de cinza, aplicação de filtro de mediana 8x8 e técnica de aproximação por vizinhança 3x3. Após, procedeu-se a binarização e inversão de preto e branco para posterior extração das características do contorno da lesão. Para a aquisição padronizada de imagens foi desenvolvido um protótipo de hardware, o qual não foi empregado neste estudo (que utilizou imagens com diagnóstico fechado, de bancos de imagem), mas foi validado para a avaliação do diâmetro das lesões (D). Utilizou-se a estatística descritiva onde os grupos foram submetidos ao teste não paramétrico para duas amostras independentes de Mann-Whitney U. Ainda, para avaliar a sensibilidade (SE) e especificidade (SP) de cada variável, empregou-se a curva ROC. O classificador utilizado foi uma rede neural artificial de base radial, obtendo acerto diagnóstico para as imagens melanomas de 100% e para imagens não câncer de 90,9%. Desta forma, o acerto global para predição diagnóstica foi de 95,5%. Em relação a SE e SP do método proposto, obteve uma área sob a curva ROC de 0,967, o que sugere uma excelente capacidade de predição diagnóstica, sobretudo, com baixo custo de utilização, visto que o software pode ser executado na grande maioria dos sistemas operacionais hoje utilizados.
Cancer is responsible for about 7 million deaths annually worldwide. It is estimated that 25% of all cancers are skin, and in Brazil the most frequent in all geographic regions type. Among them, the melanoma type, accounting for 4% of skin cancers, whose incidence has doubled worldwide in the past decade. Among the diagnostic methods employed, it is cited ABCD rule which considers asymmetry (A), edges (B), color (C) and diameter (D) stains or nevi. The digital image processing has shown good potential to aid in early diagnosis of melanoma. In this sense, the objective of this study was to develop software in MATLAB® platform, associated with hardware to standardize image acquisition aiming at performing the diagnosis and monitoring of suspected malignancy (melanoma) skin lesions. Was used as the ABCD rule for guiding the development of methods of computational analysis. We used MATLAB as a programming environment for the development of software for digital image processing. The images used were acquired two banks pictures free access. Images of melanomas (n = 15) and pictures nevi (not cancer) (n = 15) were included. We used the image in RGB color channel, which were converted to grayscale, application of 8x8 median filter and approximation technique for 3x3 neighborhood. After we preceded binarization and reversing black and white for subsequent feature extraction contours of the lesion. For the standardized image acquisition was developed a prototype hardware, which was not used in this study (that used with enclosed diagnostic images of image banks), but has been validated for evaluation of lesion diameter (D). We used descriptive statistics where the groups were subjected to non-parametric test for two independent samples Mann-Whitney U test yet, to evaluate the sensitivity (SE) and specificity (SP) of each variable, we used the ROC curve. The classifier used was an artificial neural network with radial basis function, obtaining diagnostic accuracy for melanoma images and 100% for images not cancer of 90.9%. Thus, the overall diagnostic accuracy for prediction was 95.5%. Regarding the SE and SP of the proposed method, obtained an area under the ROC curve of 0.967, which suggests an excellent diagnostic ability to predict, especially with low costs, since the software can be run in most systems operational use today.

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47

Szopinski, Jan Zbigniew. "Estimation of the diagnostic accuracy of organ electrodermal diagnostics." Thesis, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10539/1989.

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Student Number : 9402348T - MSc(Med) dissertation - School of Medicine - Faculty of Health Sciences
My previous investigations have indicated that a connection exists between the state of health of specific internal organs and the electrical characteristics of related, although sometimes remote, skin areas. These skin areas are referred to as organ projection areas (OPA) and include acupuncture points. Pathology of a particular organ causes a related OPA to rectify electrical currents, once the resistance ‘breakthrough effect’ has been induced in the skin. The ‘breakthrough effect’ is a rapid reversible decrease in skin resistance which takes place under certain electrical stimulatory conditions. Only after it occurs, the skin resistance measured by means of a positively polarised point electrode is significantly higher for diseased organs’ projection areas, when compared to the resistance for the same but negatively polarised measuring electrode (rectification / diode phenomenon). For healthy organs’ projection areas, this phenomenon is not observed. The pathology of an internal organ also increases the impedance of the corresponding OPA. The location of the skin zone, where a high degree of rectification and increased impedance is observed, indicates which particular organ is diseased. The degree of rectification or difference in impedance indicates the extent of the pathological process within the organ. These findings created the basis for a new non-invasive diagnostic method – organ electrodermal diagnostics (OED). Although the electrical phenomena of the skin described above have been confirmed clinically, the resistance and impedance values involved have not been characterized statistically. Therefore, in order to determine the accuracy of OED, optimization of OED parameters was undertaken. Evaluation of electrical characteristics revealed that for AC measurements, low frequency and high amplitude were most suitable. Therefore 250Hz was selected as the measurement frequency, since lower frequencies produced uncomfortable sensations under the measuring electrode. Measuring current amplitude was chosen to be 25uA (peak) since it was observed to be below the perception threshold. For DC measurements, the highest amplitude of the measurement stimulus that does not cause uncomfortable sensations was the most suitable. Since the skin resistance is very low after the ‘breakthrough effect’, 25uA was chosen as optimal. According to these parameters the OED device ‘Diagnotronics’ was built. The device specifies the actual condition of the organ related to the investigated skin area as 'HEALTHY', 'WITHIN NORMAL LIMITS', ‘SUBACUTE’ and ‘ACUTE’. A special display graded according to percentage of the disease intensity, makes it possible to specify accurately the activity of organ pathology. The locations of skin areas corresponding to the examined organs and final results are displayed on a screen. A double-blind comparative study of OED results and clinical diagnoses, as a criterion standard, was performed on a group of 200 inpatients at Helen Joseph Hospital's surgical department. The study was restricted to the following organs: oesophagus, stomach, gall bladder, pancreas, colon, kidneys, urinary bladder and prostate. These organs are relatively easy to access clinically, and their pathologies represent a variety of aetiological and pathogenetic factors e.g. infections, inflammation, neoplasms, immunological and metabolic disorders. In total 630 true OED results were obtained from the 714 subjects considered: detection rate 88.2% (85,6-90,5%). Established OED sensitivity was 89.5% (85,2-92,8%) and OED specificity equaled 87.5% (84,0-90,4%). The predictive value for positive OED results was 81.7% (76,9-85,9%) and for negative OED results 93.0% (90,1-95,2%). There were no significant differences in the results obtained from various internal organs. Healthy organs usually display the OED result 'HEALTHY' or 'WITHIN NORMAL LIMITS’, while subacute pathology displays 'SUBACUTE' and acute pathology as an 'ACUTE'. The OED results were affected neither by the type nor the aetiology of disease i.e. OED estimates the actual extent of the pathological process activity within a particular organ but does not explain the direct cause of the pathology. The OED results were not influenced by a patient's muscle tension, emotional state, skin humidity, environmental temperature or by procedure duration. The pressure of the measuring electrode had a limited influence (up to 5%) on the OED results and did not affect the final diagnoses. No side-effects of the OED examinations were observed. The study confirmed the existence of OPA on the skin surface and proved that OED is a reliable bioelectronic method of non-invasive medical diagnostic testing, with high rates of sensitivity, specificity and predictive values. OED may detect diseased organs and estimate the activity of the pathological process.

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48

Volz, Dietmar [Verfasser]. "Modeling of light propagation in skin, and an application to noninvasive diagnostics / vorgelegt von Dietmar Volz." 2001. http://d-nb.info/963766341/34.

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49

Geadas, Carolina Dinis Godinho. "Latent tuberculosis infection : a diagnostic challenge : tuberculin skin testing versus interferon-γ release assays". Master's thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10451/23918.

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Trabalho Final do Curso de Mestrado Integrado em Medicina, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 2014
The high incidence of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) is recognized as one of the barriers to eradication of tuberculosis (TB) worldwide. Latent cases of the disease account for a hidden pool of potentially infectious subjects within a community who are desirable targets for early screening. While the impact of contact transmission on the general burden of TB within a population is unknown, a recent meta-analysis estimated the overall prevalence of LTBI among high-income countries to be as high as 28%1, making this an important subgroup of patients at risk for infection and disease. To date there is no gold-standard method for diagnosing LTBI, and it is impossible to distinguish between remote and recent infection. Definition of LTBI is itself controversial. Tuberculin skin testing (TST) and Interferongamma release assays (IGRA) are the tools widely accepted for LTBI screening. Though IGRAs have been suggested to more accurately detect LTBI compared to TST, several questions have been raised about the agreement, specificity and sensitivity of both tests, as well as their predictive values and window periods for conversion. Because we acknowledge the need for a better means of differentiating between recent and remote infection in order to appropriately screen highrisk individuals, we conducted a literature review on this subject that included original papers, systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and opinion and perspective articles. The aim of this communication is to give a comprehensive, evidence-based perspective on the currently preferable approach to these patients.
A elevada incidência da infecção latente por tuberculose (LTBI) é reconhecida como um dos grandes obstáculos à erradicação da tuberculose (TB) no mundo. Casos latentes constituem um reservatório oculto de indivíduos potencialmente infecciosos numa comunidade que são, por isso, alvos desejáveis para detecção precoce. Apesar de o verdadeiro impacto da transmissão entre contactos na epidemiologia global da TB não ser conhecido, uma meta-análise recentemente concluiu que a prevalência da LTBI nos países desenvolvidos pode chegar aos 28%1, tornando este um importante subgrupo de doentes em risco de doença e transmissão. Até à data, não existe um método gold standard para o diagnóstico de LTBI e é impossível distinguir entre infecção remota e recente. A definição de LTBI é, em si mesma, controversa. O teste cutâneo da tuberculina (TST) e os testes de doseamento da libertação de interferão-gama (IGRA) são largamente utilizados para o controlo da LTBI. Apesar de o IGRA ser considerado superior ao TST na sua eficácia em detectar LTBI, várias dúvidas se levantam em relação à concordância entre os testes, à sua especificidade, sensibilidade, valores preditivos e períodos de conversão. Reconhecendo as limitações actuais e a necessidade de novos e melhores métodos para a detecção precoce da infecção latente por tuberculose nos contactos com exposição recente, desenvolvemos uma revisão de literatura que incluiu artigos originais, revisões sistemáticas, meta-análises, e artigos de opinião e perspectiva. O objectivo deste trabalho é a compilação e análise da evidência actualmente disponível sobre a mais eficaz abordagem a estes doentes.

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Chang, Yua-Che, and 張淵哲. "Numerical study on the diagnostic method of active dynamic thermography for skin burn wounds of irregular shape." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/91847441258552392128.

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