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1
Filipović, Jovan, Zoran Milosavljević, and Jelena Ruso. "The impact of social and monetary diaspora remittances on society and economy of home countru: The case of Serbia." Socioloski pregled 56, no. 3 (2022): 873–903. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/socpreg56-39412.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The paper provides an overview of both social and monetary diaspora remittances and their societal and economic impacts. Since migration is never a sole "muscle drain" (labor power drain), but always to a certain extent a "brain drain", the study analyzes possible effects of high-skilled international migration (highly-skilled diaspora). In addition, the pros and cons of monetary remittances are summarized and analyzed. Being among the countries with the largest Diasporas relative to the total nation's population, Serbia represents a rich case study for societal and economic impacts of social and monetary diaspora remittances.
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Discua Cruz, Allan, and Ingrid Fromm. "Understanding the emergence of a social enterprise by highly skilled migrants." International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research 25, no. 5 (August 13, 2019): 801–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijebr-02-2018-0091.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine the emergence of a social enterprise by highly skilled members of a diaspora. While most literature has focused on government intervention for diaspora engagement and monetary remittance flows from migrants, less attention has been paid to the transfer of social remittances and social enterprises created by diasporas. Based on the concept of social remittances, social network theory and motivation perspectives, this study unpacks the emergence of a social enterprise by highly skilled migrants of a developing country.Design/methodology/approachThis study examines social enterprise emergence through an autoethnographic approach to describe and systematically analyze personal experience. This approach allows to understand cultural experience around the emergence of a social enterprise created by diverse members of a diaspora.FindingsFindings reveal that diaspora knowledge networks (DKNs) can emerge through the activation of a highly skilled diaspora network structure. Core diaspora members can activate a latent network of highly skilled migrants that wish to fulfill intrinsic motivations. Findings support the extend current understandings of social remittances by highly skilled migrants, who emerge as a transnational community that desires to stay connected to their country-of-origin and can support the emergence of a transnational network structure for development. The findings reveal that place attachment, sense of duty and well-being are key factors for highly skilled migrants to engage in DKNs.Originality/valueThe paper contributes to literature on networks and migrant-based organizational emergence by examining how and why highly skilled migrants from a developing country engage in the emergence of a DKN. Findings challenge previous views of government intervention and provides evidence on how the transmission of collective social remittances can flow trans-nationally, making highly skilled migrants effective agents of knowledge circulation and DKNs a vehicle for transmission. More specifically, the study provides evidence of the relevance of transnational features in the context of diaspora networks that lead to organizational emergence. It underscores the influence of interrelated motivations in diaspora engagement studies.
3
N. V. Varghese. "Education and Migration:." International Journal of African Higher Education 8, no. 2 (May 23, 2021): 103–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.6017/ijahe.v8i2.13481.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The Indian diaspora consists of low- and semi-skilled migrants mainly tothe Middle-East; migration of the highly-skilled to developed countries;and cross-border students who seek employment and remain in their hostcountries. India initially viewed the migration of the best educated fromits prestigious institutions as ‘brain drain’. However, with the reverse flowof these professionals, the diaspora came to be seen as ‘brain gain’. Thehighly-skilled Indian diaspora assumed positions of responsibility in thecorporate world, in academia (including Nobel laureates), and in the politicaland social spheres in some host countries, thereby enhancing India’simage abroad.
Key words: India, skilled migration, human aspirations, brain drain, braingain
4
Syrett, Stephen, and Janroj Yilmaz Keles. "A contextual understanding of diaspora entrepreneurship: identity, opportunity and resources in the Sri Lankan Tamil and Kurdish diasporas." International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research 28, no. 9 (October 18, 2022): 376–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijebr-08-2021-0658.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
PurposeWithin the growing study of transnational entrepreneurial practice, existing conceptualisation of diaspora entrepreneurship has often lacked engagement with the particularities of the diaspora condition. This paper seeks to advance theoretical understanding and empirical study of diaspora entrepreneurship through identifying the processes that generate diaspora entrepreneurship across economic, social and political spheres.Design/methodology/approachTo analyse the relationship between the development of venture activity and diaspora (re)production, in depth, qualitative biographical analysis was undertaken with UK-based diaspora entrepreneurs embedded within the particular contexts of the Sri Lankan Tamil and Kurdish diasporas. Skilled and active diaspora entrepreneurs were purposively selected from these extreme case contexts to explore their entrepreneurial agency within and across the business, social and political realms.FindingsResults identified key dimensions shaping the development of diaspora entrepreneurship. These comprised the role of diaspora context in shaping opportunity frameworks and the mobilisation of available resources, and how venture activity served to sustain collective diaspora identity and address diaspora interests. These findings are used to produce an analytical model of the generation of diaspora entrepreneurship to serve as a basis for discussing how heterogeneous and hybrid entrepreneurial strategies emerge from and shape the evolving diaspora context.Originality/valueBy placing the reproduction of social collectivity centre-stage, this paper identifies the particularities of diaspora entrepreneurship as a form of transnational entrepreneurship. This recognizes the significance of a contextualised understanding of entrepreneurial diversity within wider processes of diaspora development, which has important implications for policy and practice development in homeland and settlement areas.
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Fok, Kuk Fai, Ming Yu Cheng, and Hoi Piew Tan. "The Diaspora Network of ASEAN-5: Centrality Analysis and Implication on Diaspora Engagement." Migration Letters 18, no. 4 (July 20, 2021): 425–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/ml.v18i4.1035.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The highly skilled diasporas (HSDs) are increasingly recognised as the critical resources of the economic development of their home countries. Many countries have implemented diaspora engagement initiatives to outreach and connect with their HSDs. However, there is lack of understanding of the mechanism on how to tap the economic opportunities from the destinations of the HSDs. Using a novel approach based on the centrality metrics of social network analysis (SNA), this study quantitatively assessed the capabilities of Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore and Thailand (ASEAN-5) to engage their HSDs through the global diaspora network (GDN). It was found that Thailand and Philippines are relatively more capable to channel overseas economic opportunities from heterogeneous destinations due to stronger connectivity in the GDN. The difference in connectivity suggests that ASEAN-5 should complement each other by establishing a collaborative platform to pool together the expertise and transnational networks of their HSDs.
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Brinkerhoff, Jennifer M., Jasmine McGinnis Johnson, and Dangis Gudelis. "Are Our Assumptions About Diaspora and Immigrant Philanthropy Generalizable? Exploring the Relevance to High-Income Countries of Origin." Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly 48, no. 5 (March 29, 2019): 1094–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0899764019839783.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
We examine the relevance of suggestive findings and assumptions about immigrant philanthropy to a diaspora from a high-income country of origin, whose members are generally highly educated and professionally employed: the Lithuanian diaspora. We investigate whether this immigrant group’s voluntary sector participation, despite these differences, may evolve similar to that of other immigrant groups studied. The study casts doubt on the generalizability of the current claims from the literature—which is largely derived from cases of immigrants migrating from the South to the North—to immigrant and diaspora groups who are highly skilled and originating from relatively more industrialized countries (North–North migration). The findings highlight the need to examine the voluntary sector participation of a greater variety of diasporas and to recognize that not all groups will behave similarly. Some of the differentiated behavior may stem from demographic characteristics specific to North–North migration.
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Tigau, Camelia, Amba Pande, and Yan Yuan. "Diaspora policies and co-development: A Comparison between India, China and Mexico." Migration Letters 14, no. 2 (May 1, 2017): 189–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/ml.v14i2.326.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This paper discusses the concept of co-development as related to diaspora diplomacy and its implications for public policies for skilled migration in the countries of origin. We consider the cases of two Asian countries – India and China - that stimulate migration as a way to relieve the lack of jobs and skilled population surplus, but which also have strong policies of networking and return. The case of Mexico is different since it is a country with less tradition in diaspora programs and Mexican expats tend to be more politically and culturally active than economically involved. In the three cases studied we find different problems relating to diaspora programs in accordance with their historical progress, such as poor results due to the lack of financial resources, inadequate institutional background or weak diaspora organization.
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Mehrez, Dina, and Hadia Hamdy. "Skilled Egyptian diaspora contributions to Egypt." Education, Business and Society: Contemporary Middle Eastern Issues 3, no. 4 (November 9, 2010): 250–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/17537981011089550.
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Ketkar, Suhas L., and Dilip Ratha. "Diaspora bonds for funding education." MIGRATION LETTERS 8, no. 2 (January 28, 2014): 153–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/ml.v8i2.163.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Diaspora bonds represent a debt instrument issued by a country – or potentially a private corporation – to raise financing from its overseas diaspora. They offer governments a flexible mechanism for raising large scale funding to support national budgets and fill financing gaps in development programs, including provision of quality education. However, there is limited awareness about this financing vehicle. While India and Israel have been at the forefront in issuing diaspora bonds, many other nations also have large diaspora communities in the world and could benefit by issuing such bonds. Given the interest of the global education community in innovative approaches to financing, diaspora bonds could be an important source of funding. The paper proposes a pilot program for funding via diaspora bonds a medical school in a developing country with a large and skilled diaspora abroad.
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Sari, Betti Rosita. "RINGKASAN HASIL PENELITIAN PENGUATAN PERAN DIASPORA INDONESIA DALAM PENINGKATAN DAYA SAING BANGSA STUDI KASUS: DIASPORA AKADEMISI DAN PROFESIONAL INDONESIA DI MALAYSIA." Jurnal Kajian Wilayah 11, no. 2 (March 17, 2022): 213. http://dx.doi.org/10.14203/jkw.v11i2.839.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Pemerintah Indonesia dalam beberapa tahun terakhir ini semakin menyadari bahwa Indonesia memiliki potensi yang besar melalui diaspora Indonesia di luar negeri. Peran diaspora dalam pembangunan Indonesia tentu sangat diharapkan terlebih dengan adanya realitas bahwa Indonesia masih mengalami kesenjangan potensi sumber daya manusia, padahal tidak sedikit profesional dan akademisi Indonesia yang mumpuni dan berkiprah di luar negeri, terutama Malaysia. Jarak yang tidak terlalu jauh, kesamaan budaya dan agama, serta fasilitas yang ditawarkan oleh pemerintah Malaysia mengakibatkan banyak akademisi dan pekerja profesional yang bekerja di Malaysia. Perkembangan diaspora Indonesia perlu diteliti secara holistik dalam rangka meningkatkan nilai tambah ekonomi nasional agar dapat menunjang produktivitas bangsa. Tulisan ini berupaya untuk melihat potensi diaspora akademisi dan profesional Indonesia di Malaysia yang bisa dimanfaatkan untuk peningkatan daya saing dan diplomasi ekonomi Indonesia di masa datang. Keywords: diaspora, skilled diaspora, jaringan intelektual, transfer pengetahuan, Malaysia
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Isnarti, Rika. "Gerakan Silicon Valley Indian Professionals Association (SIPA) Dalam Membantu India Mengubah Brain Drain Menjadi Brain Circulation." Andalas Journal of International Studies (AJIS) 1, no. 1 (March 6, 2015): 88. http://dx.doi.org/10.25077/ajis.1.1.88-105.2012.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
India has a lot of skilled IT workers and most of them migrate to US. In migration studies, this situation is called brain drain. Migration of skilled workers from developing countries to developed countries. This research tries to analyze the movement of an Indian IT diaspora network in U.S, the Silicon Valley Indian Professionals Association (SIPA),which is trying to help India to reduce the impact of brain drain and to create brain circulation.This research is a library research and uses neogramscian framework.This research concluded that brain drain is one of commodification on skilled term. Today, commodification is not only for raw materials, but also skills. This situation faces by skilled labour when they migrate to developed countries and used to support the privillege of developed country. SIPA as Indian diaspora success to create brain circulation for India. SIPA seeks to transform the workers to work in India from early worked in the US, by increasing workers' technical knowledge, entrepreneurship, and understanding migrant contribution for home country or to India. Besides, SIPA also seeks to cooperate with Indian government created a comparative advantage for the IT industry in India.
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Egreteau, Renaud. "Burma in Diaspora: A Preliminary Research Note on the Politics of Burmese Diasporic Communities in Asia." Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs 31, no. 2 (June 2012): 115–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/186810341203100205.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This research note focuses on the far-flung Burmese overseas communities, situating them into the wider diaspora literature. Drawing on extant scholarship on refugees, migrants and exiled dissidents of Burmese origin, it presents an original cartography of Burmese diasporic groups dispersed throughout Asia. It explores their migration patterns and tentatively maps out their transnational networks. It seeks to comparatively examine the relationships these polymorphous exiled groups have developed with the homeland. Two research questions have been identified and need further exploration in the context of the post-junta opening that has been observed since 2011: First, what comprises the contribution of the Burmese diaspora to political change and homeland democratization? This has been widely debated over the years. Despite a dynamic transnational activism, there is still little evidence that overseas Burmese have influenced recent domestic political developments. Second and subsequently, how can the Burmese diaspora effectively generate social and economic change back home: by “remitting” or by “returning”? This note argues that Burmese migrant social and financial remittances might prove a more viable instrument to foster development and democratization inside Myanmar in the short term than a mere homecoming of exiles and skilled migrants. This is a preliminary analysis that hopes to encourage further research on Burmese diasporic politics and their potential leverage as “agents of change”.
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Dianti, Tiara, and Muhammad Yamin. "Digital Diaspora China dan Upaya Mempertahankan Eksistensi Identitas Dalam Politik Internasional [The Digital Diaspora of China and Attempts to Maintain the Existence of Identity in International Politics]." Verity: International Relations Journal 8, no. 16 (December 1, 2016): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.19166/verity.v8i16.725.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
<p>Discussions on digital diaspora are relatively new in international relations studies. The birth of digital diaspora was driven by globalization and the increasing use of information and communications technology. The importance of digital diaspora recently has been recognized by some countries; this paper will discuss the digital diaspora of China. The emergence of digital diaspora was started by the Beijing Strategy in the Deng Xiaoping era. It has developed since the third generation of Chinese diaspora are better educated and skilled, so it is not surprising that it is easier for them to access the virtual world.</p><p>Chinese Digital diaspora can be seen as a great opportunity for the country with the capacity to make use of it and include it as part of the country’s public diplomacy. The possible role of digital diaspora can be manifested through their actions in community development and political movement committed in cyberspace. Chinese Digital diaspora action is based on their strong sense of belonging to the country of origin (homeland) and a sense of nationalism.</p>
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Hornung, Erik. "Immigration and the Diffusion of Technology: The Huguenot Diaspora in Prussia." American Economic Review 104, no. 1 (January 1, 2014): 84–122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.104.1.84.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This paper analyzes long-term effects of skilled-worker immigration on productivity for the Huguenot migration to Prussia. In 1685, religiously persecuted French Huguenots settled in Brandenburg-Prussia and compensated for population losses due to plagues during the Thirty Years’ War. We combine Huguenot immigration lists from 1700 with Prussian firm-level data on the value of inputs and outputs in 1802 in a unique database to analyze the effects of skilled immigration to places with underused economic potential. Exploiting this settlement pattern in an instrumental-variable approach, we find substantial long-term effects of Huguenot settlement on the productivity of textile manufactories. (JEL J24, J61, L67, N33, N63, O33, O47)
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Ite, Uwem E. "Turning Brain Drain into Brain Gain: Personal Reflections on Using the Diaspora Option." African Issues 30, no. 1 (2002): 76–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1548450500006363.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Brain drain is a global phenomenon and has always been so. It is a problem confronting and threatening development in Africa and other developing world regions. A study by Carrington and Detragiache concluded that there is an overall tendency for migration rates to be higher for highly educated individuals. Brain drain can therefore be seen as one of the more detrimental implications of organizational decline and crisis. Skilled migration, taking the form of brain drain and movements of professionals and job transfers, has become an important component of contemporary migration.3 Typically, in a historical context highly skilled migration involved the forced movement of professionals as a result of political conflicts, followed by the emergence of the “brain drain” in the 1960s. In the current situation highly skilled migration represents an increasingly large component of global migration streams.Common wisdom suggests that the migration of people with a high level of human capital is detrimental for the country of emigration. In other words, the loss of skilled human resources will ultimately have a grave effect on the economy and jeopardize development programs of the country experiencing brain drain, as the brain drain is a negative externality on the population left in the source country. However, as Mountford has shown, when educational decisions are endogenous and if successful emigration is not a certainty, a brain drain may increase the productivity of a developing country. There is also sufficient evidence to show that the migration of talent from the South to the North does not always mean that developing countries lose out.
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Rapoport, Hillel. "Migration and globalization: what’s in it for developing countries?" International Journal of Manpower 37, no. 7 (October 3, 2016): 1209–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijm-08-2015-0116.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to document the role of diaspora networks in enhancing cross-border flows of goods, capital, and knowledge, eventually contributing to efficient specialization, investment, and productivity growth in the migrants’ home-countries. Particular attention is paid to the role of skilled migrants, and to information imperfections reduction as the main channel for the documented effects. Design/methodology/approach This paper reviews a growing literature on migration and globalization, focussing on its relevance for developing and emerging economies. Findings In reviewing the literature on the effects of migration on other dimensions of international economic interactions, this paper shows that migrants contribute to the integration of their country into the world market, which can be particularly important for economic growth in developing countries. Originality/value It documents the role of diaspora networks in enhancing cross-border flows of goods, capital, and knowledge, eventually contributing to efficient specialization, investment, and productivity growth in the migrants’ home-countries. Particular attention is paid to the role of skilled migrants, and to information imperfections reduction as the main channel for the documented effects.
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MULLINGS, BEVERLEY. "Diaspora strategies, skilled migrants and human capital enhancement in Jamaica." Global Networks 11, no. 1 (December 8, 2010): 24–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0374.2010.00305.x.
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Aziz, Hadia H. Abdel, and Dina W. Mehrez. "Skilled Egyptian diaspora as a source of entrepreneurship in Egypt." J. for International Business and Entrepreneurship Development 7, no. 2 (2013): 149. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/jibed.2013.058327.
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Balashov, Y. A., and S. E. Davtyan. "Relations between the Republic of Armenia and the Armenian Diaspora under the conditions of Armenian-Turkish rapprochement." Zbornik Matice srpske za drustvene nauke, no. 130 (2010): 89–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/zmsdn1030089b.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The Armenian Diaspora (Spyurq) is one of the oldest and skilled diasporas in the world. Armenian communities are present in practically all the corners of the globe and are distinguished both by uncommon abilities of adaptation and the preservation of their cultural specificity. Due to these features, Armenian diasporic communities possess solid development potential, ensuring their high status through an active penetration of Armenians into the elite of the accepting society and a stable character of their communal institutes. Recent Armenian-Turkish rapprochement to some extent brings into question the traditional unity of the Armenian Diaspora and its close relationship with the Republic of Armenia. Representatives of the Spyurq with a negative attitude towards rapprochement between Armenia and Turkey on existing terms can be conditionally divided into three categories: Romanticists (represented mainly by the Union of Armenians of Russia) believe in a certain 'mission' of the Armenian nation and the 'superiority' of Armenians over the Turkic nations. The Armenian people are, thus, viewed as an integral whole which is not divided into citizens of Armenia and representatives of the Diaspora. Therefore, the government in Yerevan has only a symbolic meaning and has no right to make any crucial decision on all-Armenian issues, in particular in the domain of relations between the Armenian and the Turkish people. Nationalists (mainly supporters of the Dashnaktsutyun party, from the USA and Lebanon, as well as natives of Nagorno-Karabakh and descendants of natives of Western Armenia, which is now Turkish territory) consider the rapprochement of the RA with Turkey as an actual rejection of the struggle for Turkish recognition of the Armenian Genocide, as well as a 'betrayal' of Nagorno-Karabakh's independence. Pragmatists understand international law, political science and history but, in their opinion, the signed Zurich protocols contain weakly reasoned formulations which are not in accordance with the interests of the RA and are, therefore, inefficient. These formulations 1. do not contain any guarantees of the protocols' observance on the part of Turkey, 2. recognize the existing configuration of the Armenian-Turkish borders, i.e. symbolize the refusal to return Western Armenia to the Armenian state, and 3. recognize the sovereignty and territorial integrity of the existing states, which translates into a withholding of support for Nagorno-Karabakh, which was a part of AzSSR during the period of the USSR. Besides, Armenian-Turkish rapprochement is interpreted by members of this category as a result of external pressure on Armenia on the part of Russia and the USA. In signing the Zurich protocols, the leadership of the RA was guided, first of all, by the state interests of the RA. The Diaspora factor was in this case secondary, although it was taken into consideration. The split in the Armenian Diaspora, in the authors' opinion, will be short-lived, because, in the end, pragmatism will prevail. .
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Giordano, Alfonso, and Giuseppe Terranova. "The Indian Policy of Skilled Migration: Brain Return Versus Diaspora Benefits." Journal of Global Policy and Governance 1, no. 1 (October 6, 2012): 17–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40320-012-0002-3.
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Pacoma, Marc Agon. "Mapping the ‘home’: A literature review on Filipino migration and diaspora." Jurnal Studi Komunikasi (Indonesian Journal of Communications Studies) 4, no. 2 (July 1, 2020): 259. http://dx.doi.org/10.25139/jsk.v4i2.2473.
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This article aimed to present a comprehensive literature review on Philippine migration and diaspora. Diaspora is not a new concept for Filipinos; they have been constantly connected to migration, one of the interconnected aspects of the global workforce. Diaspora and migration as common household terms can be traced back from the first overseas Filipino farmworkers in Hawaii in the middle of 1900s to the presently relocated skilled workers and domestic helpers in the Middle East countries and various Asian countries. The author intended to provide a better understanding of existing researches and debates on the topic and evaluate their relationship with the current research study. More so, the essay was intended to identify the research gaps arising from previous scholarly writings, which was beneficial to the author as he embarks in research on Filipino migration and diaspora. Research gaps serve several purposes for the possible direction of future research projects. Most of the literature focused on the reasons of migration; migration narratives and experiences; homeland media consumption; the role of digital technologies and social media in fostering transnational families’ relationships and reinforcing migrant workers’ national and cultural identities. In terms of the approaches, participant observation, interview and digital ethnography were the employed research methodologies.
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Kirk, Katherine, and Ellen Bal. "Stimulating Flexible Citizenship: The Impact of Dutch and Indian Migration Policies on the Lives of Highly Skilled Indian Migrants in the Netherlands." Journal of Citizenship and Globalisation Studies 3, no. 1 (October 23, 2020): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jcgs-2019-0008.
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AbstractThis paper explores the relationship between migration and integration policies in the Netherlands, diaspora policies in India, and the transnational practices of Indian highly skilled migrants to the Netherlands. We employ anthropological transnational migration theories (e.g., Ong 1999; Levitt and Jaworsky 2007) to frame the dynamic interaction between a sending and a receiving country on the lives of migrants. This paper makes a unique contribution to migration literature by exploring the policies of both sending and receiving country in relation to ethnographic data on migrants. The international battle for brains has motivated states like the Netherlands and India to design flexible migration and citizenship policies for socially and economically desirable migrants. Flexible citizenship policies in the Netherlands are primarily concerned with individual and corporate rights and privileges, whereas Indian diaspora policies have been established around the premise of national identity.
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Kirk, Katherine, and Ellen Bal. "Stimulating Flexible Citizenship." Journal of Citizenship and Globalisation Studies 3, no. 1 (March 30, 2021): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.21153/jcgs2019vol3no1art1049.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This paper explores the relationship between migration and integration policies in the Netherlands, diaspora policies in India, and the transnational practices of Indian highly skilled migrants to the Netherlands. We employ anthropological transnational migration theories (e.g., Ong 1999; Levitt and Jaworsky 2007) to frame the dynamic interaction between a sending and a receiving country on the lives of migrants. This paper makes a unique contribution to migration literature by exploring the policies of both sending and receiving country in relation to ethnographic data on migrants. The international battle for brains has motivated states like the Netherlands and India to design flexible migration and citizenship policies for socially and economically desirable migrants. Flexible citizenship policies in the Netherlands are primarily concerned with individual and corporate rights and privileges, whereas Indian diaspora policies have been established around the premise of national identity.
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Brown, Mercy. "Intellectual Diaspora Networks : their Viability as a Response to Highly Skilled Emigration." Autrepart 22, no. 2 (2002): 167. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/autr.022.0167.
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Nzima, Divane, and Philani Moyo. "The new ‘diaspora trap’ framework: Explaining return migration from South Africa to Zimbabwe beyond the ‘failure-success’ framework." Migration Letters 14, no. 3 (September 6, 2017): 355–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/ml.v14i3.349.
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This article explores how South Africa-based Zimbabwean skilled migrants are dissuaded from returning home permanently. The study was conceptualised against the background that return migration has often been explained based on migrant failure or success in the host country. This failure-success dichotomy stems from the neo-classical economics theory of migration, the new economics of labour migration and the structuralist approach to return migration. Using a qualitative methodological approach, this article challenges the failure-success theoretical position through an exploration of socio-economic factors in Zimbabwe and South Africa that deter permanent return migration. The article contributes to return migration theorising by introducing a new ‘diaspora trap’ framework which argues that permanent settlement is not always voluntary. Central to this involuntary permanent settlement is the social construction of migrants as successful in Zimbabwe. Zimbabwean skilled migrants are thus entrapped in South Africa because of failure to live up to the ‘success social construct,’ and their inability to mitigate adversities in the host country.
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Tseligka, Eleni D. "Greek Gastarbeiter in Germany and European Expatriates from Greece: Diaspora Interactions between Immigrants and Neo-Immigrants." ATHENS JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES 9, no. 1 (November 12, 2021): 55–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.30958/ajss.9-1-3.
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Between 1953 and 1973, emigration depleted the Modern Greek state by roughly one fifth of its total population. A significant number of those migrants relocated to Germany, which since 1960, has been home to a sizeable community of former Gastarbeiter (guest-workers) and their descendants. Following three decades of European Integration and relative prosperity, the 2009 Greek sovereign debt crisis initiated a new wave of Greek emigration, analogous, yet different to that of the post-war era. Germany remains an attractive destination for Greek expatriates, but in contrast to guest-workers from the 1960s, "neo-migrants" are typically skilled or highly-skilled persons who relocate individually. This paper examines the qualitative attributes of Greek expatriates and "neo-migrants" in Germany and compares them to those of former guest-workers; furthermore, this paper compares the narratives of Gastarbeiter to those of European expatriates. Finally, the perceptions of Greek expatriates for the established Greek community in Germany are looked into, as well as the individual and collective efforts of the Greek community and institutions to help and ease their socioeconomic integration. Keywords: Gastarbeiter, neo-migrants, expatriates, Germany, Greece
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Bobić, Mirjana, and Milica Vesković Anđelković. "Skilled Youth Outmigration from Serbia in a Developmental Perspective." Southeastern Europe 43, no. 3 (December 10, 2019): 255–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18763332-04303003.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This article conceptualizes contemporary mass emigration of skilled youth from post-transitional societies such as Serbia in the context of globalization and transnationalism. Today, developed and knowledge-based economies are searching for young, highly educated professionals (IT professionals, scientists, researchers, medical staff, etc). Massive mobility has been motivated by better work prospects and life choices, especially in nations undergoing large social changes, i.e. in the process of their insertion into the world’s capitalist system. However, new theoretical perspectives and corresponding policy responses might be helpful in addressing this phenomenon not only as a loss for sending countries but also as a potential gain. Skilled youth migration might be transformed into ‘brain gain’ and ‘brain circulation’ taking into account a wider migration–development nexus. This article discusses two possible options in the context of a network society: transnational entrepreneurship and diaspora. These might prove to be powerful incentives for modernizing local economies, alleviating poverty and reducing unemployment. Regrettably, policy makers in Serbia, as well others from the region, are neither fully aware, nor engaged in potential utilization of these resources.
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Singh, Ruchi, and Ibrahim Sirkeci. "Editorial: Focus on Indian migrations." Migration Letters 18, no. 3 (May 16, 2021): 229–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/ml.v18i3.1453.
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In this issue, we have brought together articles focusing on Indian and South Asian migration experiences and patterns. India has been a major player in international migration, including remittances flows, but also a major scene of internal migrations. This is to an extent perhaps expected as the second largest population in the world residing across a vast geography rich with ethnic, religious and linguistic diversity. The 2018 United Nations World Migration Report states that the Indian diaspora is the largest in the world, with over 15.6 million people living outside the Sub-continent. International migration from India can be traced back even before indentured labour flows initiated under the British colonialism. India is a leading country of origin and a major supplier of skilled, semi-skilled and unskilled work force. These migration flows from India has attracted significant interest among scholars of migration studies. In this editorial, we are offering some insights and an overview of Indian migrations since the British era.
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Foster, Samuel. "Burcu Akan Ellis, Catapulted: Youth Migration and the Making of a Skilled Albanian Diaspora." European History Quarterly 47, no. 4 (September 25, 2017): 734–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0265691417729639o.
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Siar, Sheila. "Diaspora Knowledge Transfer as a Development Strategy for Capturing the Gains of Skilled Migration." Asian and Pacific Migration Journal 23, no. 3 (September 2014): 299–323. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/011719681402300303.
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O'Connor, Henrietta, and John Goodwin. "Work and the Diaspora: Locating Irish Workers in the British Labour Market." Irish Journal of Sociology 11, no. 2 (November 2002): 27–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/079160350201100203.
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Irish migrant workers still make a significant contribution to the UK labour force, but this contribution is confined to particular occupation and industry groups. This paper begins with a brief review of the literature on Irish workers employment and an argument is developed that the work of Irish-born people in Britain is still both racialised and gendered. Then, using data from the UK Quarterly Labour Force Survey (QLFS), the work experiences of over one thousand Irish-born people in the UK are explored. The findings suggest that Irish-born men and women still work in the stereotyped occupations of the past. For example, most women work in public administration and health while twenty six per cent of men work in construction. The majority of Irish-born men work in manual skilled or unskilled jobs. The paper concludes that there has been no real qualitative change in the way that Irish-born workers experience employment in the UK.
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Welch, Anthony. "A New Epistemic Silk Road? The Chinese Knowledge Diaspora, and its Implications for the Europe of Knowledge." European Review 23, S1 (April 2, 2015): S95—S111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1062798714000805.
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The paper examines the implications of the extensive and increasingly significant Chinese knowledge diaspora for the Europe of Knowledge. Based on extensive fieldwork, the paper examines the size, significance and key issues surrounding the growth of the Chinese Knowledge Diaspora. A portrait is developed of a highly-skilled group (bi-lingual and bi-cultural) who have the capacity to contribute to teaching and research both in China and their host nations, and who are often willing and eager to act as a bridge between both sides. Reference is also made to China’s numerous Overseas Talent Recruitment Schemes, which often target such individuals, and to the significance of this group to China’s dramatic, and ongoing, scientific rise. Key issues are discussed, as well as some limitations and the prospects for the future. Based on available information, data on PRC students and academics in Europe are presented and an assessment made of both the potential, and of the relatively limited impact, compared with major English-language countries of migration, such as the US, Canada and Australia. The analysis concludes with an assessment of prospects for a new epistemic Silk Road, and some of the barriers to its development.
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Barbosa, Eliana Rosa de Queiroz. "‘Being the culture’ and ‘playing the culture’: Choro and the Brazilianness performed in Brussels." Crossings: Journal of Migration & Culture 12, no. 2 (October 1, 2021): 413–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/cjmc_00042_1.
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Choro is an instrumental Brazilian music genre that emerged in Rio de Janeiro in the nineteenth century. It can adopt various forms with a basis of guitar, flute and cavaquinho ‐ the latter, a small guitar of Portuguese origin. Musical arrangements are normally elaborate, although in Brazil the players gather in usually informal and open settings, in indoors or outdoors formations called rodas (‘circles’). Following the customs of many Brazilian genres, players sit in a circle facing each other, the audience stands around and, occasionally, skilled couples dance to it. A roda de choro is not a concert, yet it is not just a rehearsal, but also a musical experience based on spontaneity. This article, drawing upon an observation exercise in the Brussels (Belgium) Choro scene, intends to explore the multitude of meanings of Choro as a practice in which Brazilians in diaspora, other migrants and locals engage and share experiences with each other, focusing on the social geographies of Choro and the social networks derived from this musical practice. The observation of this music-making process in Brussels raises additional questions of Brazilian (musical) identity in diaspora and its relation to the notions of longing (saudades), authenticity, affinity, transcendence and joy.
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Riak PhD, Gabriel Alier, and Dut Bol Ayuel Bill. "THE ESSENTIAL OF CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT IN THE POST CONFLICT COUNTRIES." IJRDO - Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research 8, no. 11 (November 5, 2022): 35–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.53555/sshr.v8i11.5390.
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Capacity development is a concept which is broader than organizational development in that it includes an emphasis on the overall system, environment or context within which individuals, organizations and societies operate and interact (and not simply a single organization)(UNDP, 1998). It can also be the process of developing competencies and capabilities in individuals, groups, organizations, sectors or countries which will lead to sustained and self-generating performance improvement (Aus AID, 2004). Capacity building is badly needed in South Sudan. Much of the adult population spent its youth in war with a minority having access to education abroad; therefore, everything from education, technical training, business training, entrepreneurship and other capacity is required. Anyone doing business in South Sudan should definitely consider a strong CSR element in capacity building, which could take various forms: vocational training, mentoring, or supplementary training. Note that due to the length of the war, there is a general absence of skilled labor or a work ethic in South Sudan. Startup companies may need to consider importing some skilled labor, or trying to identify individuals returning from various Diaspora with the requisite skills (USAID, 2012). Capacity development has the following attributes; Knowledge, Skills, Competencies, Capabilities and innovations
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Naghavi, Alireza, and Chiara Strozzi. "Intellectual property rights and diaspora knowledge networks: Can patent protection generate brain gain from skilled migration?" Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue canadienne d'économique 50, no. 4 (November 2017): 995–1022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/caje.12284.
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Mielly, Michelle, Catherine Jones, Mark Smith, and Vikram Basistha. "A passage to France: skilled Indian SIEs in transition." critical perspectives on international business 13, no. 4 (October 2, 2017): 319–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/cpoib-01-2017-0003.
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Purpose This paper aims to explore the experience of self-initiated expatriates (SIEs) moving from the global South to the global North. It considers the relationship between country of origin and host country, the role of non-traditional destinations and the choices made by SIEs. Design/methodology/approach In-depth interviews were conducted with Indian SIEs and key experts to explore the motives, identities and life narratives of skilled expatriate Indians in France. Findings The results shed light on how individuals’ careers are fashioned through the intersection of identities; highlighting the interplay between country of origin and the host country as a catalyst in SIEs’ choice of destination. Furthermore, the authors demonstrate a strategic form of agency exercised through these SIEs’ choice of an unconventional destination. Research limitations/implications The intricate nature of SIE trajectories holds implications for migration theory, diaspora studies and career theory. SIEs from the Global South adopt varying strategies linked to specific host-country career offerings, often in sharp contrast with home-country opportunities. Practical implications The results inform managerial and policy-maker understandings of career motivations for mobile skilled workers moving for career and lifestyle. For countries seeking to attract talent, the findings demonstrate the roles of host-country immigration policy, country reputation and perceived career opportunities. Originality/value This study helps address research gaps in relation self-initiated expatriation from the Global South to the North. At the same time, it identifies the potential for transitional spaces and the relationship between countries, identity-formation factors and career agency. These findings on France as a transitional space – one of intermediacy and in-betweenness, where self-identity and future career projections can be re-imagined and reshaped – shed new light on how SIEs and their movements can be conceptualized.
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Thomas, Teresa Fava. "Italian Diaspora in a Massachusetts Mill Town: Migration between Palestrina (Lazio), Italy, and Southbridge, Massachusetts." Diasporic Italy: Journal of the Italian American Studies Association 1 (October 1, 2021): 24–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/27697738.1.1.024.
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Abstract This article offers a transnational examination of the Italian diaspora community from Palestrina, Lazio, in Southbridge, Massachusetts between 1900 and 1945 that addresses the impact of education on the economic empowerment of Italian immigrants. Due to the labor shortage in the area, the assimilation of Italians was more effective and second-generation Italians remained in the public school system longer. This combination of factors created more economic mobility for both foreign-born and second-generation Southbridge Italians. Factors that contributed to this unique circumstance included the intense competition for labor between two factories, American Optical Company (AO) and Hamilton Woolen Mill. Both firms were among the first in Massachusetts to invest in workplace English education and citizenship programs. This educational investment had the goal of retaining and advancing entry-level workers into skilled level positions. Furthermore, AO encouraged the town to establish a high school in 1917 and made substantial contributions to the establishment of a trade school in 1927. The Italian community in Southbridge developed their own institutions to promote cohesiveness and assimilation via their own social, community, and citizenship groups. There was also an increase in entrepreneurship within the Southbridge Italian community. Assimilation and upward economic mobility for Italians in Southbridge began in the workplace.
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SCHWEITZER, MARLIS. "‘The Canny Scot’: Harry Lauder and the Performance of Scottish Thrift in American Vaudeville." Theatre Research International 36, no. 3 (August 30, 2011): 254–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0307883311000484.
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Scottish vaudevillian Harry Lauder epitomized Scottishness in the Anglo-American cultural imaginary for much of the twentieth century. Yet Lauder's Scottishness was a carefully crafted performance, a collaborative effort between Lauder and his American agent, William Morris, centred on Lauder's embodiment of the ‘canny Scot’ stereotype. The article argues that this performance served two primary objectives within the context of early twentieth-century vaudeville. First, stories of Lauder's ‘characteristic’ Scottish thrift worked to deflect commentary about the star's status as a highly paid foreign commodity. By planting stories and arranging interviews that represented Lauder as a skilled and cunning Scot, Morris addressed growing anxieties that men, as well as women, were becoming mere cogs in the machine of corporate Broadway capital. Second, Morris's representation of Lauder as the epitome of all things Scottish guaranteed the loyal patronage of the Scottish diaspora and supported expressions of nationalist pride that were not antithetical to Scottish membership within the Union.
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Elnur, Ibrahim. "The Second Boat of Africa’s New Diaspora: Looking at the Other Side of the Global Divide with an Emphasis on Sudan." African Issues 30, no. 1 (2002): 37–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1548450500006284.
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“Even if you cannot relocate to Nigeria immediately, visit home to see in which way you can lend a hand in rebuilding the country,” said Nigeria’s first lady Stella Obasanjo, on a recent visit to Cape Town, South Africa.“My dad thought I was crazy for coming back,” said Osifo with a hearty laugh. “People are looking for ways to get out.”“Why are you coming back?” (Singer 2001).The processes of globalization have accelerated the exodus of the highly skilled from the collapsing modernization project. This article suggests that the flight of the educated elite is linked to the relative strength of the nation-state and both the length and intensity of internal conflicts. It is also suggested that the “skills exodus” may represent a major disruption in the political and social development of Africa, leading to further marginalization and affecting Africa’s capacity to revive development or envision an alternative development path. The emphasis is on Sudan’s unprecedented massive skills exodus during the past three decades, suggesting that this one case is extremely relevant to the rest of the continent, given the country’s favorable situation at the time of its independence in 1956.
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Vorotnkov, Vladislav V., and Andrzej Habarta. "Migration from Post-Soviet countries to Poland and the Baltic States: trends and features." Baltic Region 13, no. 4 (2021): 79–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5922/2079-8555-2021-4-5.
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This article aims to analyse migration from the post-Soviet space to the northeastern periphery of the EU (Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia) and examine the hypothesis about these states, once countries of origin, turning into destinations for migrants. A change in the socio-economic paradigm and accession to the EU sped up economic development in the Baltics and Poland. Despite growing welfare and income levels and a decline in the unemployment rate, further economic growth was hampered by the outflow of skilled workforce and resulting labour shortages. In response, the governments of the Baltics and Poland drew up programmes to attract international labour. Soon these countries transformed from exporters of labour into importers. Unlike Western European countries, Poland and, to a lesser extent, the Baltic States are trying to attract migrants from neighbouring nations with similar cultural and linguistic backgrounds. In the long run, this strategy will facilitate migrant integration into the recipient society. The Polish and Lithuanian governments are devising measures to encourage ethnic Poles and Lithuanians to repatriate from post-Soviet republics. To achieve the aim of the study, we investigate the features of migration flows, trends in migration, migration policies of recipient countries, and the evolution of diaspora policies.
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Asiegbu, Martin F., and J. Chidozie Chukwuokolo. "A critical examination of migration and globalization: Implication for development in Africa." OGIRISI: a New Journal of African Studies 16 (October 2, 2020): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/og.v16i1.1.
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This paper argues that there is a relationship between globalization and migration in the sense that increased reduction in global borders enhances migration. Migration on its own has raised some human right concerns. This is because as communities are growing closer, trade, politics, culture, technology e.t.c., raise some conflicts of ideology. This paper surmises that unless there is a way of humanizing the unevenness in the mercantile relationships that exists between Western nations and their Third world counterpart, the world will not benefit from these interactions as we have seen in the 21st Century slavery witnessed in Libya where humans were auctioned like goats. In the ideological pedestal, the challenges posed by Islamic migrants have become very mendacious. However, the aim of this paper is to examine globalization and migration and its implication for development in Africa. The movement of skilled and / or wealthy Africans is generally viewed negatively. For instance, there is long-standing concern on the African continent with the impact of the ‘brain drain’ of African professionals. Nevertheless, slowly and very few places, is understanding arising of the potentially positive role that migration itself can play in development or of the possibilities for ‘mobilization’ of the African Diaspora in the fight against poverty.
Keywords: Migration, globalization, development and ideology
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Kavenuke, Patrick, and Mjege Kinyota. "Does going abroad benefit my country? Views of highly skilled personnel from Sub Saharan Africa on brain drain-brain circulation." Mkwawa Journal of Education and Development 2, no. 1 (December 1, 2018): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.37759/mjed.2018.2.1.1.
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The debate on brain drain-brain circulation has been a long-lasting phenomenon of interest among educators in the field of education, in particular, international and comparative education. This long-lasting debate triggered us to rethink about the effects which the concept has on the source country as well as the destination country. The study explored the perceptions of Highly Skilled Personnel (HSPs) residing in Sub-Saharan Africa on HSPs mobility. Respondents for this study comprised of 43 Sub-Saharan African scholars. Data were collected into two phases. First, all the 43 respondents actively participated in a four-day Online Focused Group Discussion (OFGD) moderated by the researchers. The second phase involved online interviews with 12 members who also participated in the first phase. Findings indicated that the majority of respondents favoured brain circulation. This implies a significant shift from brain drain to brain circulation. The socio-economic and political contexts of countries where respondents came from influenced their responses. We suggest that in the current globalized world, instead of restricting HSPs mobility, Sub-Saharan African countries need to create attractive working environment as a means to retain the best talents and motivate those who left to come back. Furthermore, Sub-Saharan African countries must work with diaspora to improve knowledge and business networks that will enable these countries to improve their economies thereby compensating the cost incurred in educating mobile talents. Finally, brain drain-brain circulation agenda should not be viewed in isolation rather as multidimensional in nature due to its overarching countless influencing factors.
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Mustafi, Mahije, and Sulbije Memeti Karemani. "THE IMPACT OF THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC ON THE ECONOMIC ACTIVITY OF THE REPUBLIC OF NORTHERN MACEDONIA." Technium: Romanian Journal of Applied Sciences and Technology 2, no. 7 (November 12, 2020): 240–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.47577/technium.v2i7.2020.
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COVID-19 not only endangers human health but also hits hard on the economy. Isolation and paralysis of public life hits the economies of every country. Before analyzing the links between COVID-19 and the possible economic crisis, we can say that the crises in capitalism are inherent and the virus should be seen as a spark which accelerates the turbines that shake the system.
However, while insufficient to predict the extent of the damage that COVID-19 could do to the economy, this starting point is sufficient to anticipate the chain effects. The immediate effect of all these restrictions is the decline in economic activity, which results in declining production and rising prices. We can say that there is a direct cause-and-effect correlation between the virus and the crisis.
The economy of the Republic of Northern Macedonia has been hit hard by the Covid 19. pandemic. These six months have paralyzed almost all sectors of the economy in the country. Government aid packages were more social while those for business still remain unused.
Companies in northern Macedonia have already been severely affected. The closure of many businesses is accompanied by the dismissal of many workers, which is also associated with a social crisis.Growth in the country for 2020 is projected to be between -1.4 and -3.2 percent - which provides a baseline and unfavorable scenario due to the high uncertainty brought about by the pandemic.
In Northern Macedonia, improving governance and strengthening institutions are long-term policies that can address the main causes of continued emigration, in order to maintain a skilled workforce. This can be achieved by accelerating job creation, promoting the private sector, investing in higher education and increasing opportunities for women in the economy.
The capital of the diaspora influences the maintenance of social stability and the reduction of poverty in Macedonia and in the future the state should take it more seriously the investments of the diaspora.
Weak administrative capacity can cancel the implementation of reforms as well as large critical projects implemented with state guarantees. Political instability and insufficient reform progress could reduce investor confidence.
Northern Macedonia's accession to NATO and the official invitation of the EU Council to open negotiations for EU membership should help accelerate the recovery.
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Virkkunen, Joni, and Minna Piipponen. "African Immigrants in Russia." DEMIS. Demographic research 1, no. 1 (2021): 45–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/demis.2021.1.1.5.
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While the Russian migration literature captures well social and economic realities of Central Asian labour migrants, it takes only an infrequent notice of other less visible groups of immigrants. One of such groups, African immigrants, is estimated to consist of about 40,000 individuals, mainly from North and Sub-Saharan Africa. This paper looks at the African immigrants in Russia. After identifying the African immigrants, the article focuses on refugees and economic migrants in more detail. Who are the African immigrants in Russia? How do they see Russia and Finland as the countries of immigration? The study is based on scholarly literature of African immigration to Russia and asylum interview documents of the African asylum seekers in Finland. The most prominent group of Africans in Russia are immigrants distributing advertisements at metro stations in large cities such as Moscow. However, these immigrants struggling with their poor status are only part of the Africans in Russia. The highly educated African diaspora and businessmen trained in the Soviet Union, as well as the staff of the delegations, live well- off lives in Russia and there is little interaction between the above-mentioned “new” immigrant groups. In this article, we focus especially on the “new” immigrants who arrived in Russia after the break-up of the Soviet Union and their stories of everyday insecurity. International crime and human trafficking enable asylum seekers to move around in Europe today. At the same time, it puts several groups of people, such as women, children and the low-skilled, particularly vulnerable to various forms of exploitation during the journey.
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Zeng, Douglas Zhihua. "How Technology and Innovation Drive Two Emerging Giants: China and India?" International Studies Review 7, no. 1 (October 8, 2006): 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2667078x-00701001.
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Being the two most populous, and rapidly catching up developing countries, China and India's emergence is briskly changing the global growth dynamism and economic structure, and has been receiving great global attention all over the world. This paper is intended to examine these two countries' successes from a knowledge and innovation perspective, and to highlight some policy measures for ensuring long-term success. According to the author, the success of these two countries can be mainly attributed to: 1) successful economic reforms backed with clear visions and strategies from the top leadership in the face of crises; 2) tapping into the global knowledge and technologies through FDI foreign direct investment (mainly China) or Diaspora (especially India); 3) the creation of critical mass of innovation and human capital capabilities through a large pool of scientists and engineers and skilled labors; and 4) catching newly emerging knowledge-intensive industries such as information and communications technology (ICTs) and software. To maintain the current dynamisms and ensure continued success, both China and India need to take some effective measures to strengthen their long-term institutional, innovative, and human capacities. These mainly include improving the governance and the overall investment climate; spurring science and technology (S&T) and innovation activities, especially those of the private sector, and strengthening technology diffusion; enhancing R&D efficiency through better linkage with the production sector; further tapping into the global knowledge and technology stock; further leveraging the innovation clusters; improving the quality of education, especially that of the higher education, and establishing a lifelong learning system through a solid accreditation, certification, and qualification system, and extensive use of modern technologies.
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Otiono, Nduka. "Tracking Skilled Diasporas." Transfers 1, no. 3 (December 1, 2011): 5–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/trans.2011.010302.
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This essay examines the trajectories of skilled labor migrants within a global South-North migration matrix using an interdisciplinary framework. Focusing on Nigeria's huge brain drain phenomenon, the essay draws from the limited available data on the field, interpreting those data through theoretical perspectives from postcolonial studies, Marxism, cultural studies, and human geography. The study spotlights the example of the United States of America as a receptacle of skilled migrants and raises questions of social justice along the North-South divide. The research demonstrates that contrary to the dominant image promoted by some elements in the Western media of migrants as irritants or criminals who disturb well-cultivated, advanced World economies and social spaces, 1 those nations benefit highly from Africa's (and other migrant countries') labor diasporas, especially the highly skilled professionals.
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Utkin, Olexandr. "UKRAINIAN TECHNICAL AND ECONOMIC INSTITUTE IN 1932–1952." Kyiv Historical Studies, no. 1 (2019): 60–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.28925/2524-0757.2019.1.8.
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The article gives a detailed analysis of the main reasons which allowed to create the Ukrainian Technical and Economic Institute of Distance Learning. It was formed by scientists, public figures of emigrants. The Institute carried out the work in Czechoslovakia and Germany in the 1930s-50s. It was being formed in the difficult conditions of the international economic crisis. In this way the socio-economic and cultural sphere of European countries, the nature and content of the activities of the diaspora scientific and educational structures were influenced on.The newly created Institute formed a system of correspondence training for agricultural workers in comparison with the Ukrainian Academy of Economics. There were found non-state independent ways of financing the educational and research process to write and publish a methodological literature, the textbooks. The students and lectures got opportunity to participate in scientific forums. Overcoming the difficulties of the occupation of Czechoslovakia during the Second World War when the activity of the Institute was meticulously controlled by the police, the Gestapo, a censorship. It braked and suspended the educational work. In spite of this fact it could not deprive Ukrainian students of the desire to study. As a result the student’s emigrant community of the High School was saved and replenished. After the end of World War II the Institute moved to the territory of Germany. The Ukrainian Technical and Economic Institute of Distance Learning was expanded. There were five high school departments, a network of technical schools, secondary and lower secondary schools and courses, training skilled personnel for agricultural and industrial production. In 1952 the Institute was relocated to the United States of America. There it functioned as a research institution.
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Nji, Emmanuel, Daouda A. K. Traore, Mama Ndi, Carolyn A. Joko, and Declan A. Doyle. "BioStruct-Africa: empowering Africa-based scientists through structural biology knowledge transfer and mentoring – recent advances and future perspectives." Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 26, no. 5 (August 28, 2019): 1843–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600577519008981.
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Being able to visualize biology at the molecular level is essential for our understanding of the world. A structural biology approach reveals the molecular basis of disease processes and can guide the design of new drugs as well as aid in the optimization of existing medicines. However, due to the lack of a synchrotron light source, adequate infrastructure, skilled persons and incentives for scientists in addition to limited financial support, the majority of countries across the African continent do not conduct structural biology research. Nevertheless, with technological advances such as robotic protein crystallization and remote data collection capabilities offered by many synchrotron light sources, X-ray crystallography is now potentially accessible to Africa-based scientists. This leap in technology led to the establishment in 2017 of BioStruct-Africa, a non-profit organization (Swedish corporate ID: 802509-6689) whose core aim is capacity building for African students and researchers in the field of structural biology with a focus on prevalent diseases in the African continent. The team is mainly composed of, but not limited to, a group of structural biologists from the African diaspora. The members of BioStruct-Africa have taken up the mantle to serve as a catalyst in order to facilitate the information and technology transfer to those with the greatest desire and need within Africa. BioStruct-Africa achieves this by organizing workshops onsite at our partner universities and institutions based in Africa, followed by post-hoc online mentoring of participants to ensure sustainable capacity building. The workshops provide a theoretical background on protein crystallography, hands-on practical experience in protein crystallization, crystal harvesting and cryo-cooling, live remote data collection on a synchrotron beamline, but most importantly the links to drive further collaboration through research. Capacity building for Africa-based researchers in structural biology is crucial to win the fight against the neglected tropical diseases, e.g. ascariasis, hookworm, trichuriasis, lymphatic filariasis, active trachoma, loiasis, yellow fever, leprosy, rabies, sleeping sickness, onchocerciasis, schistosomiasis, etc., that constitute significant health, social and economic burdens to the continent. BioStruct-Africa aims to build local and national expertise that will have direct benefits for healthcare within the continent.
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Fai, Fok Kuk, Cheng Ming Yu, and Tan Hoi Piew. "Determinants of Spatial Distribution of Highly Skilled Diasporas of Five ASEAN Countries." Southeast Asian Economies 35, no. 2 (August 31, 2018): 275–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1355/ae35-2j.
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Nguyen-Akbar, Mytoan. "The Formation of Spatial and Symbolic Boundaries among Vietnamese Diasporic Skilled Return Migrants in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam." Sociological Perspectives 60, no. 6 (March 20, 2017): 1115–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0731121417700113.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
More than 40 years since the end of the Vietnam War, a younger generation of Vietnamese Americans is returning to their parents’ ancestral homeland with career opportunities tied to Vietnam’s economic growth in the past decade. These more permanent return migrations reveal strategies of local and global assertions of belonging and identity management among the “1.5” and second generation of Vietnamese Americans who work in high-skilled professions in their parents’ ancestral homeland. Known there as the Viet Kieu (Overseas Vietnamese), those who work in both corporate and nongovernmental organizations draw upon multiple forms of social and cultural capital to negotiate a third space between the local and global in Westernizing pockets of Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. I argue that Viet Kieu constructed symbolic boundaries to distinguish themselves from foreigners and ethno-national boundaries to distinguish themselves from locals, but they also crossed these boundaries to find spaces of belonging in Vietnam. The experiences of this niche subgroup of more skilled Viet Kieu constitute “transnational” instances of active ethnic and national identity renegotiation that reaffirmed the importance of place making and subjective claims to an imagined authentic return experience. This study focused on highly skilled returnees, aiming to analyze how transnational flows of capital such as language, education, and access played into the symbolic boundary making and identity politics of return.