Дисертації з теми "Sismique par ondes de surface"
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Ouattara, Yacouba. "Structure sismique de l'Afrique de l'Ouest par tomographie d'ondes de surface." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019STRAH006/document.
Повний текст джерелаThis thesis allowed us to produce group velocity maps of the fundamental mode of Rayleigh waves, using both earthquakes and seismic ambient noise correlation. In this study, in addition to the damped least squares method, we adapted for the very first time a new inversion method, called SOLA-Backus-Gilbert in regional context. At short periods, the group velocities maps exhibit fast velocities for the oceanic crust and slow velocities for the continental crust. For the intermediate periods, the Taoudeni Basin is characterized by low velocities compared to the rest of the west african craton due to the thickness of the sedimentary layer. Over long periods, the roots of the Man-Leo and Reguibat shields are characterized by fast velocities, showing a cold and thick lithosphere under the craton, while we found slow group velocities under the Pan-African orogenic belts zones indicating a thin lithosphere
Sieminski, Anne. "Tomographie du manteau supérieur antarctique par les ondes de surface multimodes : Etude en théorie des rais et apport d'une théorie de propagation à fréquence finie." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2005. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2005/SIEMINSKI_Anne_2005.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаSeismic tomography is a crucial tool to understand mantle dynamics particularly because it is a good way to image the convection motions. The first part of this work is a S-wave velocity tomography of Antarctica upper mantle by the analysis of multimode surface waves. Using these data insures a high vertical resolution down to at least the transition zone. The lateral resolution is also better than in previous studies. We have imaged deeply-rooted low-velocity anomalies beneath West Antarctica that are new and important elements to discuss the origin of the regional volcanism. This study is also part of the building of a global upper mantle model. However, these images are not accurate enough to detect narrow objects like mantle plumes. With the usual data set, the size of such structures is actually close to the theoretical limit of the lateral resolution in ray theory, commonly used in tomography. To improve the accuracy of the images, in the second part of this work, we therefore propose a tomography method including a finite frequency wave propagation deduced from first-order scattering theory, more precise than ray theory. Applied to synthetic data, this finite frequency tomography indeed succeeds in producing more precise images. When applied to the real antarctic data set, the results are not however convincing. An improvement of the imaging is even hardly observed. From these first results, improving the propagation theory as we have done here thus does not appear to be the conclusive solution to make tremendous progress in seismic imaging of the mantle from surface waves, at least with the quality of the present data sets. Other aspects of wave propagation should now be explored
Lehujeur, Maximilien. "Étude d'un réservoir géothermique profond par corrélation de bruit sismique ambiant." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015STRAH013/document.
Повний текст джерелаThis work focuses on the application of the ambient seismic noise correlation technique for the imaging and monitoring of deep geothermal reservoirs near Rittershoffen (ECOGI) and Soultz-sous-Forêts (GEIE-EMC). The strong spatial and temporal variability of the noise sources in the period range 0.2-7s limits the reconstruction of the Green’s functions. This results in significant errors in the velocity models. Two approaches are proposed to overcome the spatial non-uniformity of the noise and to improve the quality of the velocity models. Besides that, the temporal variability of the noise sources is a limiting factor for monitoring purposes. We estimate that the speed variations should be larger than 0.1% to 1% to be detected by the available networks. This threshold was not reached at Rittershoffen during the drillings or the stimulations. However, a probable change of the diffracting properties of the medium was observed following a hydraulic stimulation
Gosselet, Adam. "Inversion conjointe d'arrivées réfléchies de surface et d'arrivées directes au puits par tomographie de pente." Paris, ENMP, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004ENMP1266.
Повний текст джерелаSeismic tomography, which aims to determine propagation velocities of waves in the subsoil, is a key point in obtaining accurate geological images in petroleum exploration. The methodology proposed here consists in inverting both seismic waves traveltimes and slopes and jointly uses surface data and direct borehole arrivals. These latter allow better reliability of the velocity field because they can provide more accurate values and enhanced depth fitting. Using slopes, they can be retropropagated in the inverted model in order to assess its quality in terms of focusing capability. The method is applied on two data sets. First one provides borehole data only and is unable to correctly constrain model parameters, due to lack of coverage at surface. Second one demonstrates that joint use of surface and borehole data provides enhanced seismic images compared to use of surface data alone
Brossier, Romain. "Imagerie sismique à deux dimensions des milieux visco-élastiques par inversion des formes d'ondes : développements méthodologiques et applications." Phd thesis, Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00451138.
Повний текст джерелаForissier, Delphine. "Caractérisation de la compacité du ballast ferroviaire par méthodes sismiques." Thesis, Paris Est, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PESC1184/document.
Повний текст джерелаRailways, most of them built for over one hundred years, are old structures. They require increasing maintenance, a major technical and economic challenge for the coming years. Until the opening of markets to competition, the implementation of new railroads was empirically controlled by SNCF. Because of the application of the European directive 91/440/10, the historical operator turns from a goal of means to a goal of results. This calls for non-destructive highly efficient auscultation methods to check the right compaction of the ballast. However, existing methods for obtain ballast compaction assessment during implementation stage are surface-limited and difficult to apply; they do not respond to the issue of the doubling of track maintenance. Thus the study of the propagation waves in the ballast is an alternative to these methods and may allow to answer these requirements. The ballast is a discontinuous medium, complex for the understanding of waves, as they propagate in a force link. Modelling ballast is especially difficult because of the large size of its components and because it should be treated as a discrete environment, not following the elastic mechanics of continuous media. Given the difficulty to model this discrete layer, it is necessary to undertake the problem with experimentation. The aim of this thesis is to focus on the use of the propagation of vibration waves in the railroad structure. This work is organized as follows : the first chapter details the structure of the railroad and the ballast as a granular material, and the existing assessment methods for railroad. The second chapter describes the different types of vibration waves that propagate, first, in an elastic homogeneous medium, second in the ballast, and presents the answer of ballast through the answer of the sleeper. The two previous chapters, derived from the state of the art, allow to define in chapter three the experiments implemented as part of this work on a full scale railroad structure : realization, instrumentation, results. This chapter especially endeavours to describe the waves celerity, their damping in ballast and the measured dispersion curves. Finally, the propagation of a vibration wave in the ballast is studied in chapter four and a numerical simulation, compares with a disctete model and a continuous model with experimental results
Cotte, Nathalie. "Détermination des variations latérales de la lithosphère par l'analyse des ondes de surface enregistrées par des réseaux régionaux." Phd thesis, Grenoble 1, 2000. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00703264.
Повний текст джерелаBrives, Jacques. "Tomographie des Pyrénées par corrélation de bruit d'ordre supérieur. Application multi-échelle." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020GRALU030.
Повний текст джерелаImaging the structures in depth of the Pyrenees mountain range is a long-standing subject of study with the aim both of gaining a better understanding of the geodynamic processes responsible for its genesis, and also of enabling us to improve the prevention of seismic risks associated with the dynamics of these structures. The objective of this study is to use ambient seismic noise tomography to obtain 3D images of the Pyrenean region at two different scales. Firstly, at the crustal scale, in order to constrain the large structures in depth of the orogen and their continuities in space. Secondly, on the scale of a sedimentary basin characteristic of the complex geological history of the Pyrenees, the Mauléon-Arzacq basin located in the north-west of the chain.Here we will use the method of correlation of the ambient seismic noise (noted C1) which is an efficient way to retrieve the propagation times of surface waves between a pair of seismometers. This method is now widely used for seismic tomography and temporal monitoring of seismogenic structures. In this study, we further develop this noise correlation method and propose two innovative methodologies called high order correlations (C2 and C3), corresponding to iterations of noise correlations. These methods allow us to improve both the quality and the quantity of surface wave dispersion measurements between pairs of synchronous, but also asynchronous, i.e. not operating at the same time. By using these innovative methods, we have considerably improved the spatial coverage of the models in and around the Pyrenees.Subsequently, using a Bayesian probabilistic inversion scheme, we obtained two new high-resolution models of shear wave velocities, also including the probability densities of the layer boundaries (or seismic interfaces).At large scale, the Pyrenean crustal model shows a subduction of the Iberian plate under the Eurasian plate in the western part of the Pyrenees which disappears in the eastern part. The use of higher-order correlation has made it possible to extend it to the Bay of Biscay and has made it possible to image its structures for the first time in a Vs model of this scale. In particular, we have been able to image fast velocity anomalies that lie close to the surface at the levels of the Mauléon and Saint-Gaudens gravimetric anomalies. This result brings an additional element to answer one of the great latent questions of the Pyrenees, namely the source of these gravimetric anomalies. These results confirm the hypothesis that they are caused by the presence of scales of dense material close to the surface.On a smaller scale, the model of the Mauléon-Arzacq basin allowed to reveal in detail the deep structure of their substratum but also to image the clear limit formed by the North Pyrenean Frontal Overlap between these two basins
Burzawa, Audrey. "Diagnostic multi-échelle de la plateforme ferroviaire par ondes mécaniques guidées." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024SORUS483.
Повний текст джерелаCharacterizing the mechanical properties of railway trackbeds (RT) is essential to ensure the safety and durability of the rail network. Currently, the geotechnical investigation methods used provide access to the mechanical parameters of the RT and the shallow railway earthwork (RE), but they only offer a scattered overview of the state of the medium being investigated, and are therefore limited by their ad hoc nature and low efficiency. Geophysical methods capable of conducting a mechanical diagnosis of the RT are, as of now, poorly adapted to the railway context. However, recent developments and applications of the seismic surface-wave method to geotechnical problems and the railway context make it a promising non-destructive investigation technique. A proof of concept was thus conducted at a pilot site, demonstrating the feasibility and reproducibility of the surface-wave method for characterizing RE. The method proved capable of detecting variations in mechanical properties associated with RT issues. The Bayesian formulation of the inversion allowed for the assessment and quantification of uncertainties in the proposed results, thereby offering a valuable decision-making tool. The acquisition and processing stages were addressed in order to propose more efficient tools. Faster implementation techniques that reduce the time-consuming step of installing geophones in the ground were evaluated. The comparison of a towed setup, such as a landstreamer, with a conventional setup was used to validate its application in a railway context, both on the cess and the track. A tool based on artificial intelligence algorithms, specifically image segmentation algorithms, was developed to automate the task of surface-wave dispersion picking. The database used for training was created from wavefield modeling in a soil model characteristic of RT. The developed U-Net architecture enables precise identification of energy maxima and assignment of propagation modes. Lastly, to enhance the complementarity between geophysical and geotechnical methods when constructing and interpreting a priori, correlation tests between shear-wave velocity and cone resistance were conducted. The evaluation of laws from the literature facilitated the link between the seismic surface-wave method and conventional RE characterization tools
Collino, Francis. "Analyse numérique de modèles de propagation d’ondes : application à la migration et à l’inversion des données sismiques." Paris 9, 1987. https://portail.bu.dauphine.fr/fileviewer/index.php?doc=1987PA090076.
Повний текст джерелаMoueddene, Kada. "Analyse d'images en sismique : pretraitement et extraction d'informations par la morphologie mathematique." Toulouse 3, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987TOU30006.
Повний текст джерелаToqeer, Muhammad. "Caractérisation de réservoir carbonaté par sismique réflexion 3D haute résolution." Thesis, Pau, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PAUU3005/document.
Повний текст джерелаContinuous water extraction and intrusion of salt water in the coastal aquifer of the islandof Mallorca (Spain) is depleting the fresh water aquifers. In 2002 a project named ALIANCE,funded by European Union, was initiated for better reservoir characterization and to devisethe sustainable management plan of the water resources in coastal aquifers suffering from salt water intrusion. For this purpose an experimental site near the Campos town on the island of Mallorca (Spain) was developed. Several wells on the site were drilled and cored. Extensive studies are carried out to characterize the reservoir by studying the well cores. Different geophysical tomographic studies are also carried out for these drilled wells in the saturated zone. Laboratory study of cores, petrophysical studies and several tomographic studies were helpful to construct the reservoir porosity system and other reservoir properties. But these all studies are restricted to saturated zone and in the vicinity of the wells. High resolution 3D seismic survey is carried out on this site to locate the different characteristic reflectors, their spatial presence over the area and reservoir heterogeneity in the unsaturated zone. Seismic data acquisition and processing for the shallow surveys is a difficult task due to number of factors including logistic and technical. Nonetheless high resolution 3D seismic survey is acquired with optimized parameters to image the required zone. Different data processing strategies are applied to get a noise free high resolution image. A technique for static correction calculation based on the delay time inversion is developed.Energy penetration in the subsurface was hampered due to carbonate rock nature and forced generation of Rayleigh waves. The processing of the seismic data was difficult due to overwhelming high amplitude Rayleigh waves that are generated partly due to use of the surface source and partly due to the small scale heterogeneities. Rayleigh wave muting is performed to obtain the meaningful image. Due to heterogeneities, attenuation of high frequency content of the signals and impedance contrast of the underlying layers result in interference. Different seismic attributes are extracted and used for reservoir characterization. From the interpretation of data it is evident that even for this small area the shape of the main reflector varies considerably in the area. Seismic attributes reveal karsts and other structural heterogeneities in the area
Artru, Juliette. "Observations au sol ou par satellite et modélisation des signaux ionosphériques post-sismiques." Paris, Institut de physique du globe, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001GLOB0006.
Повний текст джерелаClément, François. "Une formulation en temps de parcours par migration pour la détermination des vitesses de propagation acoustique à partir de données sismiques bi-dimensionnelles." Paris 9, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA090033.
Повний текст джерелаThe aim of this thesis is the implantation of a method, wich consists in a migration-based traveltime formulation, allowing the automatic detremination of the velocities from 2D seismic data. This approach interprets itself as a duality method applied ti the usual minimisation problem of the least-square error between data and predicted measures. The three chapters of the first part deal with the construction of basic tools : finite differences numerical simulation of the acoustic wave equation, separation of the propagation and reflection effects by representation of the acoustic parameters on a multiscaled basis and quantitative migration through a preconditionning of the usual migration operator obtained via a gradient calculation. The four chapters of the second part deal with the time formulation itself : motivations and key ideas, description of the new forward model, computation and visualisation of the gradients of the new cost functionand results of the minimisation of this cost function. Numerical illustrations are obtained with synthetic data wich are computed from a model with a simple structure but with important lateral velocity variations. THe results of the inversion of these data are very satisfying as they are obtained by a local (Quasi-Newton-based) minimisation method from a very poor initial point (constant)
Billien, Magali. "Hétérogénéités de vitesse et d'atténuation du manteau supérieur à l'échelle globale par modélisation du mode fondamental des ondes de surface." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999STR13035.
Повний текст джерелаMeric, Ombeline. "Étude de mouvements de terrain par méthodes géophysiques." Phd thesis, Grenoble 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006GRE10267.
Повний текст джерелаUnderstanding and forecasting the evolution of landslides could be improved by more quantitative informations about their 3D geometry, their fracturation degree and on the preferential fluid flows. The aim ofthis Thesis is to performed a critical study of the advantages and limits of different geophysical techniques (electrical tomography, seismic tomography, seismic noise measurements and selfpotential) to caracterize landslides. We performed geophysical investigations on five case studies, on large rocky movements (Séchilienne, Isère, and La Clapière, Alpes Maritimes), on moderate size rocky movements (Ravinde l'Aiguille, Isère) and on Soft Rock flows (Supe Sauze, Alpes de Hautes Provence, and Léaz, Ain). We show that geophysical parameters such as electrical resistivity (electrical tomography), Vp (seismic refraction and tomography) and Vs (seismic refraction and surface waves analysis) could help to caracterize landslide's geometry. We show that for smooth geometry and weak lateral variations of V s, the HN method could help to obtaine quick quantitative informations on spatial variations of the substratum geometry. Finally, we deployed a network ofimpolarizable electrodes to monitor the selfpotential on the Sechilienne mass movement. This network allowed us to outline preferential fluid flows and their complexity
Meric, Ombeline. "Étude de mouvements de terrain par méthodes géophysiques." Phd thesis, Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00284215.
Повний текст джерелаNous avons mené des campagnes géophysiques sur cinq sites tests. Ces sites ont été choisis en milieu rocheux et de grande ampleur (Séchilienne, Isère, et La Clapière, Alpes Maritimes) ou de taille modérée (Ravin de l'Aiguille, Isère) et en contexte argileux (Super Sauze, Alpes de Hautes Provence, et Léaz, Ain). Nous montrons que, selon le degré de remaniement, l'étude des paramètres géophysiques tels que $\rho$ (tomographie électrique), $V_P$ (sismique réfraction et tomographie) et $V_S$ (sismique réfraction et analyse des ondes de surface) peut permettre de caractériser la géométrie du mouvement. Nous préconisons pour l'analyse des ondes de surface de contraindre la paramétrisation par $V_P$ si elle est connue en surface et par la fréquence du pic H/V. En outre, pour une géométrie régulière et des faibles gradients latéraux de $V_S$, nous montrons que la méthode H/V peut aider à obtenir rapidement des informations quantitatives sur la variation spatiale de la géométrie du substratum.
%Nous préconisons pour l'étude de la géométrie des mouvements rocheux, le déploiement de méthodes tomographiques (électrique et sismique) et l'analyse des ondes de surface enregistrées lors de prospection sismique et par des réseaux de bruit de fond, en tenant compte des informations sur $V_P$ en surface et de la fréquence de résonance du pic H/V. La caractérisation des écoulements au sein des mouvements est améliorée lorsque l'on associe l'interprétation des mesures de résistivité et de polarisation spontanée.
%Selon le degré de remaniement des argiles en mouvement, l'étude des paramètres géophy\-siques tels que $\rho$ (tomographie électrique), $V_P$ (sismique réfraction et tomographie) et $V_S$ (sismique réfraction et analyse des ondes de surface) peut permettre de caractériser la géométrie du mouvement. Pour une géométrie régulière et des faibles gradients latéraux de $V_S$, l'utilisation de la méthode H/V peut aider à obtenir rapidement des informations quantitatives sur la variation spatiale de la géométrie du substratum.
Enfin, nous avons déployé un réseau d'électrodes impolarisables pour le suivi temporel de la polarisation spontanée sur le mouvement de grande ampleur de Séchilienne. Ce réseau a permis de mettre en évidence les trajets préférentiels de circulation de fluide au sein du massif et de rendre compte de leur complexité.
El, khoury Christine. "Seismic ambient noise amplitude anomalies induced by an anticline structure : application to the context of gas reservoirs." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris sciences et lettres, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022UPSLM100.
Повний текст джерелаSpectral anomalies in the seismic ambient noise, defined as strong spectral amplification of the vertical component at frequencies of 1 to 5 Hertz, are commonly observed above gas reservoirs. If properly understood, these anomalies could have a potential for fluid reservoir exploration or monitoring. The nature of these anomalies was mainly explained by the geological structure more than the fluid reservoir itself, for purely elastic waves. Analysis on real datasets of ambient noise measurements shows that surface waves, mainly fundamental mode, are the main contributors to the anomaly. This work further explores how Rayleigh waves interact with an anticline structure, a typical geological trap for a hydrocarbon reservoir. Analysis of the spectral signature of an anticline structure is performed for different source configurations, to finally provide a relationship linking the anticline geometrical and elastic parameters to the induced anomaly for the case of the fundamental mode Rayleigh waves
Touma, Rita. "Approche matricielle de l’imagerie sismique passive par ondes de volume." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022GRALU011.
Повний текст джерелаRevealing the structure of fault zones provides insights required to assess seismic hazards. Reflection imaging methods, in particular migration, are commonly used to image the subsurface. An accurate velocity model is often needed to properly locate the reflectors in depth.Imaging fault zones is challenging due to the complex distribution of velocity. Also, most reflection techniques image fault zones indirectly from the discontinuity of geological layers. Wave diffraction by small-scale heterogeneities, such as cracks and fractures is generally neglected.In this thesis, we propose a matrix imaging approach for geophysical exploration that handles the velocity variation in the crust and allows to resolve heterogeneities of the order of the wavelength throughout the fault zone.The reflection matrix approach is inspired from previous studies in ultrasound and optical imaging of complex media. First, ambient noise cross-correlations are used to retrieve the reflection matrix associated with a dense array of geophones. The body wave components of this matrix contains all the information available on the medium. Second, the presented approach does not require a detailed velocity model of the subsurface. A set of matrix operation is applied to compensate for the mismatch between the actual wave velocity model and its approximate model.In a first application, we use ambient noise records in the frequency band [10 20] Hz from a dense array in order image the San Jacinto Fault, California, at small scale with an horizontal resolution of 80 m. ZZ cross-correlations are computed and arranged as 2D matrix. By applying time delays, the response matrix is projected to depth, using a homogeneous velocity model. A focused reflection matrix is obtained, that contains the impulse response between virtual sources and receivers at depth. From this matrix, the image of the medium is built and the resolution of the image can be quantified.Variations between the considered model and the reality result in phase distortions, i.e aberrations, that have detrimental effects on the image of the medium.We develop an aberration correction process that allows to compensate for these distortions by introducing a novel operator, the distortion matrix. 3D images of the first 4 km of the crust are retrieved. These images reveal the backscattered intensity generated by the heterogeneities in the medium. The location and reflectivity of scatterers are retrieved with a resolution 8 times better than the one in free space. Differences in the scattering between the Northwest and the Southeast of the fault were reported with an intense localized damage zone in the Southeast.In a second application, we image the large scale structure of North Anatolian Fault using [0.1 0.5] Hz horizontal cross-correlations computed between 73 pairs of stations. A multi-layered velocity model is considered. A local correction of the phase distortions is performed. The scattering structure of the crust and the upper mantle is revealed. Differences in the Moho depth are reported, with a step below the northern branch. Strong scattering is observed in the region lying along the northern strand of the fault, coinciding with the limit of the lithospheric blocks. The scattering in the North extends to 60 km depth, suggesting a shear zone that penetrates in the upper mantle beneath the northern strand. The scattering also reveals the deep structure of the main geological blocks.In the last part of this thesis, we propose an approach that paves the route towards a 3D passive tomography of the body wave velocity. Finally, all the presented applications confirm the efficiency of the reflection matrix approach in revealing the structure of the subsurface. It provides new insights into the scattering distribution in the Earth. It can be applied to any scale, scattering regime, and frequency bandwith, if the spatial sampling of the geophones' array satisfies the Nyquist criterion
Favretto-Cristini, Nathalie. "Interaction ondes/interfaces en contexte sismique." Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Université de la Méditerranée - Aix-Marseille II, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00598344.
Повний текст джерелаLagarde, Julien. "Utilisation des ondes de surface pour l'inspection des parois de galeries." Thesis, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007INPL067N/document.
Повний текст джерелаMulti-Channel Acquisition of Surface Waves (MASW) has become very popular in recent years for non destructive testing of both layered natural and artificial (concrete) media. This method, based on the dispersive behaviour of surface waves, consists of two major steps. A phase velocity dispersion curve is first extract from the seismogram using a wave field transform (p-? transform). Then the inversion of this latter produces a 1D interpretation of the medium in terms of transverse wave velocities versus depth. While these two major steps of the method are well-documented for plane stratified media, it’s not the case when the investigated structure has a complex geometry. This dissertation deals with the evaluation of the feasibility to use MASW for non destructive evaluation of underground structures. After a brief survey of the problems that could be encountered with tunnel non destructive evaluation, this study focuses to determine and then proceed to the modifications needed to adapt the method for a concave geometry structure use
Quintanar, Robles Luis. "Tomographie de la source sismique par inversion des ondes p telesismiques." Paris 7, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991PA077255.
Повний текст джерелаStehly, Laurent. "Tomographie à partir de corrélations de bruit de fond sismique." Grenoble 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007GRE10249.
Повний текст джерелаThe aim ofthis work is to see ifit is possible to use sei smic noise correlations for seismic imaging. Theoretically, the Green function between two stations can be retrieved by simply correlating ambient noise recorded at these 2 stations. However this is only possible if the noise is fully equipartitionned. This means that aIl the eigen modes of the medium have to be excited by the noise with the same level of energy. Once the Green functions between several pairs of statiom have been reconstructed they can be inversed to obtain an image of the medium. The first question ifto see if the real sei smic ambient noise respect the requirement of the theory or not. We studied the origin of the seimic noise at period ranging from 5 to 40s. We show that the noise is generated along the coastlines at periods between 5 and lOs. Between 10 and 20s, the noise is generated by the oceans of the northern hemisphere during the winter, and from the southern hemisphere during the summer. The next step is to assess the precision of the velocity measurements performed on noise correlations. Using 13 years of continuous records at 3 Californian stations, we show that group velocity measurements are accurate enough to detect anc correct stations clock errors of less than one tenth of seconds. Ln the last part we use seismic noise correlations to perform the tomography of the Alps and Western Europe. Using one year of continuous records at 150 stations, we were able to measure the velocity of the fundamental mode of Rayleigh and Love waves between more than 3000 stations pairs. These measurements make group velocity maps between 5 and 80s ofoeriod. Thevare inverted to determine the deoth of the Moho in the Aloin region
Romdhane, Mohamed Anouar. "Apport de l'inversion des formes d'onde sismique - approximation 2D élastique - à la caractérisation des milieux de la proche surface : cavités souterraines, glissements de terrain." Paris 6, 2010. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00653236.
Повний текст джерелаAdenis, Alice. "Imagerie tri-dimensionnelle de l'atténuation sismique du manteau terrestre." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSEN037/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe aim of this study is to build a 3-D attenuation model of Earth's upper-mantle using a unique datasetbuilt by Debayle & Ricard (2012). This dataset is among the largest in the world: more than 375,000seismograms were analyzed to extract Rayleigh-wave attenuation and velocity measurements for thefondamental mode and the five first harmonics between 40 and 240 s periods.First, attenuation measurements are processed to extract the effects of geometrical attenuation and offocusing and defocusing, in order to minimize the influence of errors on the seismic source, to avoidpotentially incorrect data, and to cluster redondant measurements. Then, measurements are regionalizedto obtain Rayleigh-wave maps for each mode and each period. The last step is the inversion of thesemaps to obtain the depth dependent attenuation. Eventually, we obtain QsADR17, a 3-D model of Swaveattenuation in the upper mantle.QsADR17 is correlated with surface tectonics down to 200 km depth, with low attenuation under thecontinents and high attenuation under the oceans. High-attenuation anomalies are found under oceanicridges down to 150~km depth, and under most of the hotspots at larger depth down to the transitionzone. A large high-attenuation anomaly at 150~km depth under the Pacific ocean suggest that thermalplumes pound into the asthenosphere. We also detect compositional heterogeneities at the base of thecratons and in active areas
Griot, Daphné-Anne. "Tomographie anisotrope de l'Asie centrale à partir d'ondes de surface." Paris 7, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA077035.
Повний текст джерелаHobiger, Manuel. "Polarisation des ondes de surface : caractérisation, inversion et application à l'étude de l'aléa sismique." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00577887.
Повний текст джерелаKäestle, Emanuel David. "High-resolution ambient-noise and earthquake surface-wave tomography of the Alps Apennines and Dinarides." Thesis, Paris 6, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA066307/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe plate collision in the Alps and adjacent orogens has created a complex picture of highly arcuate mountain belts and complicated interactions of subduction slabs. The subduction polarity is reversed from European to Adriatic subduction in the transition of the Alps to the Apennines and to the Dinarides. The subduction of Adria both to the west and east and the almost vertical dip of the slabs implies an important flexure of this plate. Even more so if one considers the proposed subduction of Adria also to the north under the eastern Alps, which is still a matter of discussion. Gaps in the Adriatic slab under the northern Dinarides, below 150~km depth and in the southern Apennines above 200~km may be signs of the stresses and the consequent tearing that the Adriatic plate is exposed to.Also the European plate has supposedly undergone one or several break-offs all along the Alpine arc. Especially in the eastern and western Alps it is still an open question whether the European slab is detached below the lithosphere. New tomographic models are thus needed.The herein presented tomographic model is based on surface-wave phase velocities and gives a picture of the shear-velocity structure from the surface to 200 km depth. It is the first high-resolution shear-velocity model of the entire Alpine crust and upper mantle. It is also unique in its good resolution in the lithospheric mantle, where previous body-wave models are subject to high uncertainties. In order to be able to image both crust and upper mantle, a combination of ambient-noise and earthquake-based phase-velocity measurements is used in the present thesis.The validity of this approach is tested by a detailed comparison of the phase-velocity measurements and the structures that are imaged from each method individually. A small bias between the methods results in slightly elevated velocities from earthquake measurements. By comparison with earlier works it appears that this bias is due to methodological differences. Several effects that may influence the ambient-noise records are tested with synthetic experiments, but no unique cause is found. The most likely explanation for the bias between the two methods is a combination of different structural sensitivities and the influence of higher modes. Nevertheless, the discrepancy is sufficiently small with respect to the structural variations that the bias can be neglected.A final shear-velocity model of the Alpine region is obtained which has a lateral resolution in the shallow crust of approximately 25 km. From synthetic tests, the average depth resolution is estimated to be 2~km close to the surface and 5 km for the Moho depth. In the upper mantle the resolution decreases significantly, but main slab structures are well imaged in the central Alps and the Apennines down to the bottom of the model at 200 km depth.Highlights of the crustal part of the model are size and depth of sedimentary basins, the Ivrea body and the Moho structure. Being the first shear-velocity model of this detail and extend it is proposed to serve as reference for the Alps
Xu, Sheng. "Migration / inversion en milieu complexe par des méthodes asymptotiques haute fréquence." Paris, ENMP, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001ENMP0987.
Повний текст джерелаDamaj, Jamil Homand Françoise. "Auscultation et surveillance des perturbations hydromécaniques d'ouvrages souterrains par méthodes ultrasonores." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy : INPL, 2006. http://www.scd.inpl-nancy.fr/theses/2006_DAMAJ_J.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаPérez, Solano Carlos Andrés. "Imagerie sismique de la proche sub-surface : modification de l'inversion des formes d'onde pour l'analyse des ondes de surface." Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris, 2013. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00932790.
Повний текст джерелаPérez, Solano Carlos Andrés. "Imagerie sismique de la proche sub-surface : modification de l'inversion des formes d'onde pour l'analyse des ondes de surface." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris, ENMP, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013ENMP0023.
Повний текст джерелаHigh-resolution seismic imaging is essential to improve results of hydrocarbon exploration.Elastic waves propagate in the Earth as body and surface waves, the latter being the mostenergetic ones. Body waves are preferred for exploration seismic imaging while surfacewaves are usually considered to be noise. However, it has been recognised that the nearsurface can be characterised by analysing surface waves and that such result may improvethe outcome of body-wave processing. Currently, surface waves analysis leads to retrievelocal 1D property profiles.We propose a waveform-based inversion procedure to derive 2D velocity models fromsurface waves. This method consists of a misfit functional modification of classical FullWaveform Inversion and we call it windowed-Amplitude Waveform Inversion (w-AWI). Weshow that w-AWI is robust regarding the choice of initial velocity model. We apply w-AWI tosynthetic and real data obtaining encouraging near-surface imaging results
JARDIN, ANNE. "Etude des sous-sols a structure complexe par interpretation sismique integree." Paris 6, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA066389.
Повний текст джерелаAlder, Chloé. "Etude de la déformation de la croûte et du manteau terrestres à partir de l'anisotropie sismique des modèles tomographiques." Thesis, Lyon, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LYSEN021.
Повний текст джерелаSeismic anisotropy is often used as a proxy for rock deformation. It arises from the preferred orientation of anisotropic minerals. For instance, olivine in mantellic peridotites align according to mantle flow. However, anisotropy in tomographic models can be the result of small scale heterogeneities unresolved by long period seismic waves. It is thus considered as artificial. Theories and methodological developments do not allow to distinguish the relative contributions of real and artificial anisotropy in seismic signals. In this thesis, we used simple models of the Earth’s mantle to analytically and numerically study the link between unresolved heterogeneities and the level of artificial radial anisotropy. We concluded that anisotropy is proportional to the square of heterogeneities and that 10% of velocity contrast can be responsible for 3% of anisotropy, which is non negligible compared to the observed anisotropy in tomography. A 3-D anisotropic model of Europe, focusing on the Alps and Apennines, was constructed from surface waves data. The dispersion measurements were made from noise correlation and allow to image the crust and uppermost mantle. The isotropic structure of the model shows particularly well the Adriatic plate subducting under the Apennines, as well as a slab break-off in the Southern part of the chain. The method used for the depth inversion takes into account the trade-off between layering and anisotropy. Our model is therefore the first 3-D model of radial anisotropy built at shallow depths in Europe. Our results suggest that the lower crust has a horizontal organization in the Apennines, probably related to the extensive regime observed in the area
Stopin, Alexandre. "Détermination de modèle de vitesse anisotrope par tomographie de réflexion des modes de compression et de cisaillement." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001STR13203.
Повний текст джерелаChammas, Rabih. "Caractérisation mécanique de sols hétérogènes par ondes de surface." Nantes, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002NANT2086.
Повний текст джерелаHeintz, Maggy. "Structure et déformation du manteau continental sud américain apport de la tomographie en ondes de surface et de l'anisotropie sismique /." Montpellier : Institut des sciences de la terre, de l'environnement et de l'espace de Montpellier, 2003. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb40062692b.
Повний текст джерелаKäestle, Emanuel David. "High-resolution ambient-noise and earthquake surface-wave tomography of the Alps Apennines and Dinarides." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 6, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA066307.
Повний текст джерелаThe plate collision in the Alps and adjacent orogens has created a complex picture of highly arcuate mountain belts and complicated interactions of subduction slabs. The subduction polarity is reversed from European to Adriatic subduction in the transition of the Alps to the Apennines and to the Dinarides. The subduction of Adria both to the west and east and the almost vertical dip of the slabs implies an important flexure of this plate. Even more so if one considers the proposed subduction of Adria also to the north under the eastern Alps, which is still a matter of discussion. Gaps in the Adriatic slab under the northern Dinarides, below 150~km depth and in the southern Apennines above 200~km may be signs of the stresses and the consequent tearing that the Adriatic plate is exposed to.Also the European plate has supposedly undergone one or several break-offs all along the Alpine arc. Especially in the eastern and western Alps it is still an open question whether the European slab is detached below the lithosphere. New tomographic models are thus needed.The herein presented tomographic model is based on surface-wave phase velocities and gives a picture of the shear-velocity structure from the surface to 200 km depth. It is the first high-resolution shear-velocity model of the entire Alpine crust and upper mantle. It is also unique in its good resolution in the lithospheric mantle, where previous body-wave models are subject to high uncertainties. In order to be able to image both crust and upper mantle, a combination of ambient-noise and earthquake-based phase-velocity measurements is used in the present thesis.The validity of this approach is tested by a detailed comparison of the phase-velocity measurements and the structures that are imaged from each method individually. A small bias between the methods results in slightly elevated velocities from earthquake measurements. By comparison with earlier works it appears that this bias is due to methodological differences. Several effects that may influence the ambient-noise records are tested with synthetic experiments, but no unique cause is found. The most likely explanation for the bias between the two methods is a combination of different structural sensitivities and the influence of higher modes. Nevertheless, the discrepancy is sufficiently small with respect to the structural variations that the bias can be neglected.A final shear-velocity model of the Alpine region is obtained which has a lateral resolution in the shallow crust of approximately 25 km. From synthetic tests, the average depth resolution is estimated to be 2~km close to the surface and 5 km for the Moho depth. In the upper mantle the resolution decreases significantly, but main slab structures are well imaged in the central Alps and the Apennines down to the bottom of the model at 200 km depth.Highlights of the crustal part of the model are size and depth of sedimentary basins, the Ivrea body and the Moho structure. Being the first shear-velocity model of this detail and extend it is proposed to serve as reference for the Alps
Zhou, Tianyou. "Analyse de vitesse par migration : choix des paramètres utilisateurs et introduction des ondes transmises." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris sciences et lettres, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPSLM046.
Повний текст джерелаSeismic imaging is the technique used to determine the structures of the subsurface from seismic signals. One of the most important parameters is the velocity model, that can be split into the macromodel controlling the kinematics of wave propagation and velocity perturbations. Migration builds the image of velocity perturbation for a given macromodel. Migration Velocity Analysis estimates the quality of the macromodel with an objective function measuring the focusing in the image domain. The gradient of this objective function with respect to the macromodel allows to find the optimal macromodel in an iterative way. The method has been improved recently by replacing the migration operator by the asymptotic inverse in the subsurface offset domain. In this thesis, we show that the quality of the gradient is sensitive to the user parameters. We provide practical guidelines to ensure proper gradient. These guidelines are applied to the synthetic Marmousi model. Recent developments propose to take into account the transmitted waves. We compare different strategies for combining the two different kinds of waves and recommend to apply a separate workflow. We apply the method to a marine real data set provided by Total. We propose a two-step workflow: after a first try of several iterations, we adjust the parameters and restart the iterations
Magnin, Olivier. "Utilisation des ondes sismiques pour le caractérisation d'objets enfouis : contribution à la mise au point d'une méthode d'imagerie sismique de très haute résolution : application à l'imagerie des fondations de pylônes du Réseau de Transport d'Electricité." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble ; 1971-2015), 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008GRE10056.
Повний текст джерелаRaguin, Laetitia. "Résonateurs phononiques couplés par la surface." Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019UBFCD047.
Повний текст джерелаIn the field of Phononics, most of the works reported up to now investigate the collective behaviour of periodic or aperiodic structures in order to control the propagation of elastic waves. In this thesis work, we propose to focus on the individual character of surface-coupled mechanical resonators with the aim to control and manipulate vibrations at the micron-scale. We investigate numerically and experimentally the coupling mechanisms involved between surface acoustic waves propagating on a substrate surface and mechanical modes of sub-wavelength phononic microresonators. Experimental investigations are conducted on isolated resonators and on pairs of neighboring resonators. The microresonator motion is measured using a laser scanning heterodyne interferometer which allows obtaining the frequency response and observing the vectorial behaviour of the elastic field both in the resonator and at the substrate surface.In the first part of this thesis work, we demonstrate the possibility to excite the first flexural natural mode of a resonator with surface acoustic waves. Then, the reported investigations reveal the existence of two coupling regimes in pairs of resonating pillars, depending on the separation distance between two resonators: an evanescent coupling regime, much reminiscent of what can be observed in a plasmonic dimer, and a classical mechanical coupling. Measurements performed at the substrate surface also highlight the interaction through the surface between the resonators.The obtained results prove that it is possible to control the elastic energy distribution at a deep sub-wavelength scale with isolated resonators, and reciprocally, that mechanical resonator systems can be manipulated by propagating surface acoustic waves, hence opening prospects for the dynamic and coherent control of mechanical vibrations at the micron-scale
Ker, Stéphan. "Développement de méthodes d'imagerie sismique par grand fond et d'analyse multiéchelle par ondelettes pour la caractérisation à haute résolution du sous-sol marin." Paris, Institut de physique du globe, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012GLOB0007.
Повний текст джерелаHigh Resolution marine seismic is a common tool to indirectly study the fine scale structures of the sub-seabed and its related geohazards. In water depths, ranging from the continental slope to deep oceanic basin, high resolution seismic imaging cannot be achieved with conventional near-surface system due to a number of shortcomings. Since the 90s, the acquisition strategy has therefore striven for lowering both seismic sources and receivers close to the seafloor. Ifremer has recently developed a deeptowed seismic system (SYSIF), based on piezoelectric transducer technology and dedicated to the study of superficial sediments up to 6000 m water depth. Our objective is to achieve seismic imaging and seismic characterization at small scales consistent with the accuracy of in situ geotechnical measurements. We aim at improving the seismic resolution of the deep-towed seismic data and proposing quantitative methods for the characterization of the sediments properties. The processing sequence of SYSIF data was first optimized by introducing the source signature deconvolution. We improve the vertical resolution by a factor 2 and reach 1 m and. 5 m resolution for the frequency ranges [220-1050 Hz] and [580-2200 Hz] respectively. In order to improve the lateral resolution, we assess the multioffset seismic imaging by setting up an experience based on the SYSIF source [220- 1050 Hz] and Ocean Bottom Hydrophones (OBHs). Such an acquisition requires precise positioning (which is achieved through acoustic relocation of sources and receivers) and the development of velocity analysis, processing and imaging methods suited to the acquisition geometry. We present a first application of this approach, performed during the ERIG3D cruise on a buried Mass transport Complex offshore Nigeria. The final seismic imaging has a 2. 5 m lateral resolution and demonstrates the feasibility of a high resolution depth imaging in deep-sea based on deep-towed seismic source. The former results allowed the development of a multichannel high resolution streamer to be started by Ifremer. To further improve the vertical resolution and to characterize the small scales structures of reflectors, we develop a multiscale analysis of deep-towed seismic data. This analysis relies on the wavelet response closely related to the continuous wavelet transform. The application of the wavelet response to broadband seismic data suffers from distortions generated by the bandpass filter effect of the seismic source. Two approaches have been proposed to account for these distortions. A first empirical approach is based on the wavelet transform of the seismic source. The second approach takes advantages of the properties of Lévy alpha-stable functions to obtain a family of effective dilated wavelets that enables the direct analysis of the medium’s Green functions. For the application on SYSIF data, gaussian derivatives are used which enable to merge information provided by both SYSIF sources (High and Very High Resolution) to obtain a wavelet response in the frequency range [220-2200 Hz]. We introduce new seismic attributes related to the wavelet response. These attributes are ridge functions of the wavelet response which constitute a sparse support of the multiscale information. Ridge function is an effective tool to characterize seismic reflector’s complexity and allow the determination of their characteristic size (in the range [24-115 cm] for SYSIF sources). Theoretical developments related to these new seismic attributes are applied on a case study associating seismic and ground truth data which enables to demonstrate the potential of the approach. Finally, we explore both the optimization of the source processing based on the fractional derivatives of the most adapted Lévy alpha-stable function and the acoustic impedance determination based on the inverse continuous wavelet transform. Thus, a first application of the inverse transform of the wavelet response related to SYSIF data provides an impedance profile with a vertical resolution of 25 cm
Elhabre, Bou Obeid Marie Louise. "Modélisation de l'intéraction sismique sol-fluide-parois moulées suivant une approche périodique." Châtenay-Malabry, Ecole centrale de Paris, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000ECAP0651.
Повний текст джерелаMocquet, Antoine. "Structure tri-dimensionnelle du manteau supérieur sous l'océan atlantique d'après l'étude des ondes de Rayleigh longue période." Rennes 1, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988REN10136.
Повний текст джерелаChmiel, Malgorzata. "Traitement de données géophysiques en réseaux denses en configuration sismique passive et active." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017GREAU009/document.
Повний текст джерелаIn geophysics, spatially dense arrays enhance the spatial and frequential characterization of the various waves propagating in the medium. Of course, surface array is subject to strong surface waves. Surface waves highly impact the processing of geophysical data acquired at ground level. They can be considered as noise and subject to suppression as they mask sub-surface information.However, they can be useful for near-surface imaging if they are well retrieved. In any case, their characterization is crucial in active and passive exploration geophysics. In passive microseismic monitoring, ambient surface noise consists of surface waves. The main goal of passive monitoring is to minimize the impact of surface waves on the actual microseismic data. The strong ambient surface noise lowers the sensitivity and the efficiency ofdetection and location methods. Moreover, current location and detection methods usually require strong a priori information (e.g., a velocity model or a template).Active sources generate strong surface waves. In active seismic, current processing strategies often consist in manually picking surface wave arrivals in order to use or remove them. This is often a complex, time consuming, and an ambiguous task. However, it is needed for near- and sub-surface imaging. Surface waves can be particularly difficult to retrieve in sparse arrays. We propose to apply the techniques of interferometry and beamforming (Matched Field Processing in particular) in the context of dense arrays. High trace density opens new possibilities in geophysical processing in both passive and active surveys. We show that the ambient noise can be explored in the case of microseismic monitoring to extract important information about the medium properties. Moreover, we develop a denoising approach to remove the noise sources at the surface and detect the microseismic event. Furthermore, we propose an automatic detection and location method with a minimum a priori information to retrieve the distribution of heterogeneities in the reservoir, in the well vicinity.In active survey, we propose an interferometric, automatic approach to characterize the surface waves. We retrieve phase-sensitivity kernels of surface waves between any two points of the acquisition. These kernels are consequently used to obtain multi-mode dispersion curves. These dispersion curves make it possible to separate different modes of surface waves and provide near-surface information if inverted.The above presented methodologies benefit from spatially dense arrays.Dense arrays of sources or receivers enable alternative, innovative applications in geophysical processing
Nouguier, Frédéric. "Diffraction électromagnétique par la surface océanique : influence des nonlinéarités et de l’écume." Aix-Marseille 3, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009AIX30020.
Повний текст джерелаThe first part of this document introduces a simple model based on the resolution of the Lagrangian equations of motion termed “Choppy Wave Model”. It takes into account the hydrodynamic nonlinearities of the surface and makes possible to establish its complete statistical properties. The obtained results emphasize the nongaussian aspect of the ocean surface and the importance of the undressed spectrum. Some samples of nonlinear seas illustrate the hydrodynamic modulation of short waves by the long ones. In the second part, the impact of sea surface nonlinearities on the scattering process is quantified. The obtained results correct the bias due to the Gaussian assumption in meteooceanic parameters estimation. A new calculation method for the Kirchhoff integral based on fast radial convolutions is also introduced. Finally, the foam impact on the scattering process in micro-waves is estimated and is shown to become significant at strong winds and mainly in HH polarization
Jeudy, Betegard. "Microzonage sismique de la ville des cayes (haïti)." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2014. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/393.
Повний текст джерелаMoreaux, David. "Localisation de cavités souterraines par réflexion sismique haute résolution : étude numérique, étude de terrain." Lille 1, 1997. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/1997/50376-1997-35.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаBroto, Karine. "Accès à l'information cinématique pour la détermination du modèle de vitesse par tomographie de réflexion 3D." Pau, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PAUU3015.
Повний текст джерелаOlive, François. "Caractérisation des couches minces par l'analyse des ondes acoustiques de surface." Grenoble 1, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991GRE10107.
Повний текст джерела