Статті в журналах: "Sirex noctilio"

1

van Nouhuys, Saskya, David C. Harris, and Ann E. Hajek. "Population level interactions between an invasive woodwasp, an invasive nematode and a community of native parasitoids." NeoBiota 82 (February 9, 2023): 67–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.82.96599.

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Parasitic nematodes and hymenopteran parasitoids have been introduced and used extensively to control invasive Eurasian Sirex noctilio woodwasps in pine plantations in the Southern Hemisphere where no members of this community are native. Sirex noctilio has more recently invaded North America where Sirex-associated communities are native. Sirex noctilio and its parasitic nematode, Deladenus siricidicola, plus six native hymenopteran woodwasp parasitoids in New York and Pennsylvania, were sampled from 204 pines in 2011–2019. Sirex noctilio had become the most common woodwasp in this region and the native parasitoids associated with the native woodwasps had expanded their host ranges to use this invader. We investigated the distributions of these species among occupied trees and the interactions between S. noctilio and natural enemies as well as among the natural enemies. Sirex noctilio were strongly aggregated, with a few of the occupied trees hosting hundreds of woodwasps. Nematode parasitism was positively associated with S. noctilio density, and negatively associated with the density of rhyssine parasitoids. Parasitism by the parasitoid Ibalia leucospoides was positively associated with host (S. noctilio) density, while parasitism by the rhyssine parasitoids was negatively associated with density of S. noctilio. Thus, most S. noctilio come from a few attacked trees in a forest, and S. noctilio from those high-density trees experienced high parasitism by both the invasive nematode and the most abundant native parasitoid, I. l. ensiger. There is little evidence for direct competition between the nematodes and parasitoids. The negative association occurring between rhyssine parasitoids and I. l. ensiger suggests rhyssines may suffer from competition with I. l. ensiger which parasitize the host at an earlier life stage. In addition to direct competition with the native woodwasp Sirex nigricornis for suitable larval habitat within weakened trees, the large S. noctilio population increases the parasitoid and nematode populations, which may increase parasitism of S. nigricornis.

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Burnip, G. M., I. C. Harvey, D. Voice, and M. Braithwaite. "New host association for Sirex noctilio and Amylostereum areolatum on Cedrus atlantica." New Zealand Plant Protection 61 (August 1, 2008): 391. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2008.61.6866.

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Wood boring larvae considered to be Sirex wood wasp were found together with its symbiot the pathogenic Amylostereum fungi associated with ca 20 dead and dying cedar trees at a Christchurch golf club MAF Biosecurity New Zealand was contacted because it was thought that the Sirex was possibly a species not present in New Zealand such as Sirex juvencus or Urocerus gigas (both high impact forest pests) since the single Sirex species present here (Sirex noctilio) had not previously been recorded attacking Cedrus sp (cedar) in New Zealand or elsewhere Furthermore if the Sirex was a recent incursion of a new to New Zealand species the Amylostereum fungi might also have been an exotic species Further examinations revealed a single adult Sirex (live preemergence) within a larval tunnel This allowed definitive morphological identification as Sirex noctilio the species already present in New Zealand Molecular diagnostics (direct sequencing) determined the fungi to be Amylostereum areolatum; the Amylostereum fungi commonly found in association with Sirex noctilio in New Zealand Pinus spp Investigations suggest tree stress (probably nontarget herbicide impacts) resulted in the cedar becoming susceptible to Sirex noctilio attack This represents a new record of association between Sirex noctilio and Amylostereum areolatum on Cedrus atlantica host

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Gomez, Demian, Andrea Lucky, and Jiri Hulcr. "Sirex Woodwasp Sirex noctilio Fabricius (Hymenoptera: Siricidae)." EDIS 2017, no. 1 (September 2, 2020): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.32473/edis-in1154-2017.

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Contents: Introduction - Distribution - Description - Biology - Hosts - Damage - Management - Selected References Also available on the Featured Creatures website at http://entnemdept.ufl.edu/creatures/misc/wasps/Sirex_noctilio.htm

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Olatinwo, Rabiu O., Timothy D. Schowalter, Daniel Doucet, Susan Bowman, Wood C. Johnson, and Jeremy D. Allison. "Intergenic Spacer Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms for Genotyping Amylostereum areolatum (Russulales: Amylostereacea) Symbionts of Native and Non-native Sirex Species." Annals of the Entomological Society of America 113, no. 4 (March 16, 2020): 280–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aesa/saz058.

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Abstract In North America Amylostereum areolatum (Chaillet ex Fr.) Boidin is a fungal symbiont associated with both the non-native Sirex noctilio Fabricius (Hymenoptera: Siricidae) and less commonly the native Sirex nigricornis Fabricius (Hymenoptera: Siricidae) woodwasps. The relationship between S. noctilio and A. areolatum constitutes a serious threat to pine plantation in the southern hemisphere. Studies have shown evidence of exchange of symbionts between non-native and native Sirex species. Our objectives were 1) to identify and assemble a panel of rDNA intergenic spacer–single nucleotide polymorphisms (IGS-SNPs) for genotyping strains of A. areolatum symbionts associated with Sirex species in North America, and 2) to develop genetic markers for monitoring the spread of specific A. areolatum haplotypes associated with S. noctilio across regions. The IGS-SNPs panel analyzed included haplotypes B1, B2, D1, D2 (from known IGS type B and D), E, and F. Genetic markers and haplotype-specific primers were designed to detect the IGS haplotypes D and E of A. areolatum. We found that haplotype D was absent in A. areolatum from S. nigricornis in Louisiana, while haplotype E was detected in all A. areolatum from S. nigricornis in Canada and Louisiana. Both haplotype D and E were co-detected in approximately 5% of samples from Canada. The IGS-SNP markers detected specific haplotypes accurately. Observing haplotype D in any A. areolatum from the native S. nigricornis likely indicates the presence of the potentially harmful S. noctilo-A. areolatum complex. The work highlights how IGS-SNPs can help in early detection without direct occurrence/observations of the non-native species of concern.

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5

Ipinza Carmona, Roberto, and María Paz Molina Brand. "Control integrado de Sirex noctilio." Ciencia & Investigación Forestal 5, no. 1 (July 6, 1991): 96–150. http://dx.doi.org/10.52904/0718-4646.1991.149.

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El desarrollo actual y futuro de la actividad forestal exhibe una marcada dependencia de la especie pino insigne, esto obliga a extremar las medidas de seguridad en torno a la sanidad de esta especie forestal. Todo programa de protección sanitaria debe estar basado en un profundo conocimiento tanto de los agentes bióticos como abióticos causantes de daños, y particularmente de aquellos agentes bióticos exóticos que no poseen enemigos naturales. El insecto Sirex noctilio F. o avispa de la madera se incluye dentro de este grupo, pudiendo transformarse en una plaga de extraordinaria gravedad, como lo demuestran los niveles de ataque alcanzado en países donde se ha introducido. Uno de ellos es Australia, en el que debido a la similitud de características climáticas y de crecimiento del pino insigne con respecto a Chile, merece una especial atención. A pesar de que las características climáticas y de crecimiento del pino en Chile son similares a las de Australia, es difícil predecir el impacto económico que causaría el comportamiento epidémico de Sirex noctilio. En virtud de lo anterior se ha creído conveniente realizar una revisión de los antecedentes bibliográficos relacionados con Sirex noctilio, de modo que estos puedan contribuir al conocimiento de esta plaga, y así estar en condiciones de enfrentar adecuadamente su accionar epidémico.

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Long, Stefan J., David W. Williams, and Anne E. Hajek. "Sirex species (Hymenoptera: Siricidae) and their parasitoids in Pinus sylvestris in eastern North America." Canadian Entomologist 141, no. 2 (April 2009): 153–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/n08-068.

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AbstractSiricids and their parasitoids were reared from Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L. (Pinaceae)) trees infested by Sirex noctilio F. in central New York State. Sirex noctilio accounted for 94.3% of the siricid specimens emerging, totaling 1313 specimens from six trees, with a maximum of 495 from one tree. Of the individuals emerging per tree, 20.6 ± 5.2% were female. Two native siricids, Sirex nigricornis F. and S. edwardsii Brullè, also emerged from trees but in low numbers. Three hymenopteran parasitoid species that attack siricids emerged, totaling 21.8 ± 6.4% parasitism per tree. Ibalia leucospoides ensiger Norton (Ibaliidae) was by far the most abundant parasitoid, at 20.5 ± 6.3% parasitism per tree. The percentage of female S. noctilio emerging was positively correlated with wood diameter, whereas percent parasitism by I. l. ensiger was negatively correlated with wood diameter.

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Krivak-Tetley, Flora E., Jenna Sullivan-Stack, Jeff R. Garnas, Kelley E. Zylstra, Lars-Olaf Höger, María J. Lombardero, Andrew M. Liebhold, and Matthew P. Ayres. "Demography of an invading forest insect reunited with hosts and parasitoids from its native range." NeoBiota 72 (March 25, 2022): 81–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.72.75392.

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The Sirex woodwasp Sirex noctilio Fabricius (Hymenoptera: Siricidae), a widespread invasive pest of pines in the Southern Hemisphere, was first detected in North America in 2004. This study assessed the impacts of life history traits, host resistance and species interactions on the demography of S. noctilio in New York, Pennsylvania and Vermont, then compared key metrics to those found in the native range in Galicia, Spain. Many trees naturally attacked by S. noctilio in North America produced no adult woodwasps, with 5 of 38 infested trees (13%) sampled across six sites yielding 64% of emerging insects. Reproductive success was highest in the introduced host scots pine, Pinus sylvestris, but native red pine, Pinus resinosa, produced larger insects. Sirex noctilio required one or sometimes two years to develop and sex ratios were male biased, 1:2.98 ♀:♂. Body size and fecundity were highly variable, but generally lower than observed in non-native populations in the Southern Hemisphere. Hymenopteran parasitoids killed approximately 20% of S. noctilio larvae and 63% of emerging adults were colonized by the parasitic nematode Deladenus siricidicola, although no nematodes entered eggs. Demographic models suggested that S. noctilio in the northeastern USA have a higher potential for population growth than populations in the native range: estimated finite factor of increase, λ, was 4.17–4.52 (depending on tree species colonized), compared to λ = 1.57 in Spain.

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Sun, Xueting, Qiang Xu, and Youqing Luo. "A Maximum Entropy Model Predicts the Potential Geographic Distribution of Sirex noctilio." Forests 11, no. 2 (February 5, 2020): 175. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11020175.

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Sirex noctilio, the Sirex woodwasp, is an invasive pest that causes significant economic damage to native and commercial conifer stands through the introduction of a fungal wood decay pathogen. We combined the latitudes and longitudes of S. noctilio distribution points with historical climate data to predict its potential global distribution using a maximum entropy model implemented in the Maxent software. The annual mean temperature, the mean temperature of the warmest quarter, and the precipitation of the wettest month were important meteorological factors that affected the predictions, probably because they have a strong effect on the development of S. noctilio. Our predictions cover the most recent occurrence sites of S. noctilio in China. We predict that suitable habitats for S. noctilio are currently concentrated between 30° N to 60° N and 25° S to 55° S on the world map. All continents except for Antarctica contain suitable areas for S. noctilio, and such areas account for approximately 26% of the total area of these six continents. Predictions for 2050 and 2070 show that global climate change will affect the distribution of S. noctilio. With a decrease in carbon dioxide emissions, areas of moderate to high habitat suitability for S. noctilio will increase; with an increase in emissions, these areas will decrease.

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Wooding, Amy L., Michael J. Wingfield, Brett P. Hurley, Jeffrey R. Garnas, Peter de Groot, and Bernard Slippers. "Lack of fidelity revealed in an insect–fungal mutualism after invasion." Biology Letters 9, no. 4 (August 23, 2013): 20130342. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2013.0342.

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Symbiont fidelity is an important mechanism in the evolution and stability of mutualisms. Strict fidelity has been assumed for the obligate mutualism between Sirex woodwasps and their mutualistic Amylostereum fungi. This assumption has been challenged in North America where the European woodwasp, Sirex noctilio , and its fungal mutualist, Amylostereum areolatum , have recently been introduced. We investigate the specificity of the mutualism between Sirex and Amylostereum species in Canada, where S. noctilio co-infests Pinus with native Sirex nigricornis and its mutualist, Amylostereum chailletii . Using phylogenetic and culture methods, we show that extensive, reciprocal exchange of fungal species and strains is occurring, with 75.3 per cent of S. nigricornis carrying A. areolatum and 3.5 per cent of S. noctilio carrying A. chailletii . These findings show that the apparent specificity of the mutualism between Sirex spp. and their associated Amylostereum spp. is not the result of specific biological mechanisms that maintain symbiont fidelity. Rather, partner switching may be common when shifting geographical distributions driven by ecological or anthropogenic forces bring host and mutualist pairs into sympatry. Such novel associations have potentially profound consequences for fitness and virulence. Symbiont sharing, if it occurs commonly, may represent an important but overlooked mechanism of community change linked to biological invasions.

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Dodds, Kevin J., Peter de Groot, and David A. Orwig. "The impact of Sirex noctilio in Pinus resinosa and Pinus sylvestris stands in New York and Ontario." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 40, no. 2 (February 2010): 212–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x09-181.

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Sirex noctilio Fabricius has a long history as an invasive insect species in pine plantations throughout the Southern Hemisphere and has been recently discovered in North America, where it is uncertain how this insect will behave in pine ecosystems. To assess the impact and attack behavior of S. noctilio, forest surveys and measurements from attacked and unattacked trees were taken in nine Pinus resinosa Ait. and Pinus sylvestris L. plantations in New York, USA, and Ontario, Canada. There was a trend of S. noctilio attacking suppressed trees with smaller live crowns and reduced growth. Some S. noctilio attacks were also found in dominant crown classes but at a lower rate than overtopped or intermediate classes. Sirex noctilio appeared to have more of an impact in P. sylvestris forests, as they attacked more stems (9%–18%) and higher basal area (1.6–5.5 m2/ha) than P. resinosa stands (3%–8% of stems and 0.4–2.4 m2/ha). Dead trees with signs of Siricidae and dead from other causes were also quantified, and in some P. resinosa stands, levels were greater in magnitude than S. noctilio losses. Data from this study suggest that silvicultural treatments should be a key component of integrated pest management plans for S. noctilio.

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Wu, Weiwei, Enhua Hao, Bing Guo, Huan Yang, Jingjiang Zhou, Mei Ma, Pengfei Lu, and Haili Qiao. "Comparison of Chemosensory Receptor Genes in the Antennae Transcriptomes of Sirex noctilio and Sirex nitobei (Hymenoptera: Siricidae)." Forests 13, no. 9 (September 15, 2022): 1495. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f13091495.

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The woodwasp Sirex noctilio Fabricius is a worldwide quarantine pest for forestry that mainly harms conifers, especially Pinus species. Sirex nitobei Matsumura, a native species from China and closely related to S. noctilio. Olfaction and gustation play a vital role in the life movements of woodwasps, but the molecular mechanisms of chemoperception in these species remain unclear. We performed a comparative analysis of 41 odorant receptors (ORs), 13 ionotropic receptors (IRs), and 8 gustatory receptors (GRs) of S. noctilio and 43 ORs, 16 IRs, and 10 GRs of S. nitobei. Phylogenetic analysis showed that two species-specific OR subfamilies were identified in each species. In addition to conserved “antennal IRs”, “divergent IRs”, including 7 SnocIRs and 7 SnitIRs, were found. Moreover, a sugar receptor subfamily (SnocGR5 and SnitGR11), a carbon dioxide receptor subfamily (SnocGR2/GR3 and SnitGR3), and a fructose receptor subfamily (SnitGR9) emerged, but bitter receptors were not identified. The tissue-specific expression profiles showed 36 ORs were enriched in the antennae of S. noctilio. Among them, 19 ORs were female-biased, whereas 4 ORs (SnocOR6/15/18/30) were male-biased. In addition, 34 ORs were highly expressed in S. nitobei antennae, of which 22 ORs were female-biased, whereas SnitOR2/18/30 were male-biased. Seven IRs were enriched in the antennae of both species, of which SnocIR4, 6, 10, 11, and 12 were significantly male-biased, while SnitIR4, 6, 10, 11, and 12 were significantly female-biased. Three GRs were highly expressed in the antennae of both species. SnocGR2 and SnocGR6 were also highly expressed in the head and leg, respectively. In the present study, a total 62 and 69 chemosensory receptor genes were identified in the antennal transcriptomes of S. noctilio and S. nitobei, respectively. Although most receptor genes are homologous, there are also some specific receptor genes, suggesting similarities and differences in molecular mechanisms between the two closely related species. OR genes may be involved in different physiological functions by whether they are expressed in olfactory organs, or obvious gender bias. Our results provide a foundation for further investigating the molecular mechanisms of chemoreception in these two closely related woodwasp species, and establishes a starting point for further research on molecular mechanisms of the olfactory system in symphyta woodwasps.

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FENILI, R., C. J. MENDES, D. J. MIQUELLUTI, S. MARIANO-DA-SILVA, Y. XAVIER, H. S. RIBAS, and G. FURLAN. "Deladenus siricidicola,bedding (Neotylenchidae) parasitism evaluation in adult Sirex noctilio, Fabricius, 1793 (Hymenoptera: Siricidae)." Revista Brasileira de Biologia 60, no. 4 (November 2000): 683–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0034-71082000000400020.

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This work aimed to evaluate the Deladenus siricidicola, Bedding (Neotylenchidae)parasitism in adults Sirex noctilio, Fabricius, 1793 (Hymenoptera: Siricidae). Timber was sampled by cutting out pieces of 0.80 m in length in Sirex noctilio attacked and Deladenus siricidicola inoculated Pinus taeda. Longs were 15-20 cm in diameter, according to the tree age. Samples were packed in gauze-cages, for daily observations, till S. noctilio adults emergence. The emerged insects were transported, in plastic containers to the laboratory, where they were sectioned and dissected under stereoscopic microscopy to observ the nematode occurrence. From the initially proposed ten units, nine of them were evaluated in a total of 1,810 emerged adult insects, being 1,441 males and 369 females. Nematode parasitism was shown in 267 males and 74 females, in a total of 341 infected insects (18.84%).

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Lu, Pengfei, Enhua Hao, Min Bao, Rui Liu, Ciyuan Gao, and Haili Qiao. "Mating Behavior and Identification of Male-Produced Pheromone Components in Two Woodwasps, Sirex noctilio and Sirex nitobei, in China." Insects 13, no. 10 (October 21, 2022): 966. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects13100966.

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To protect vulnerable trees from native and invasive wood wasps, the mating behavior of these two woodwasp species (S. noctilio and S. nitobei, respectively) and factors influencing this behavior were investigated in cages outdoors. Male-produced pheromones were identified in both woodwasp species. Compared with the native species S. nitobei, the invasive species S. noctilio showed stronger mating ability, including mating frequency, time, and duration. The mating behavior of both species mainly occurred from 9:00 to 17:00 each day, peaking at 11:00 and 12:00. The daily mating behavior of both species was most directly related to light intensity. Both female and male S. noctilio and S. nitobei were capable of mating upon emergence, and most individuals mated at 2 days of age. For both species, a female-to-male ratio of 5:15 was most conducive to mating, and individuals with a larger body size were preferred as mates by males and females. (Z)-3-decenol was present in solid-phase microextraction extracts of both species. Two reported minor reference components, (Z)-4-decen-1-ol and (E, E)-2,4-decadienal, were not identified in either woodwasp species. The peak of male pheromone release occurred from 11:00–12:00 for 2-day-old individuals.

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Li, Chengcheng, Jiahe Pei, Jiale Li, Xiaobo Liu, Lili Ren, and Youqing Luo. "Overwintering Larval Cold Tolerance of Sirex noctilio (Hymenoptera: Siricidae): Geographic Variation in Northeast China." Insects 12, no. 2 (January 28, 2021): 116. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects12020116.

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Sirex noctilio (Hymenoptera: Siricidae) is an invasive pest that has spread and established in many regions worldwide. However, its cold tolerance strategy is still unclear. We measured the supercooling point (SCP) and the lower lethal temperature (LLT) of overwintering S. noctilio larvae during three overwintering periods in four geographically separated populations in China. In addition, using the statistical analysis of the local historical temperature data, we also conducted comprehensive studies of S. noctilio cold tolerance variations and strategies. We measured the SCP of all samples as S. noctilio could survive at its SCP during a short period of exposure (<48 h) and its cold tolerance strategy was freeze-avoidance. The average SCPs of the groups in different spatiotemporal scales were significantly related to average temperature variation with most individuals exhibiting stronger cold hardiness at low ambient temperatures. S. noctilio exhibited a strong cold tolerance and it has the ability to withstand lower temperatures in cold environments. The geographic population showed a positive tendency as the ambient temperature decreased, which would increase its chance of developing in cold regions.

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Lanfranco L., Dolly, and Angelica Aguilar V. "Opciones de control para Sirex noctilio: una revisión * (Hymenoptera - Siricidae)." Bosque 11, no. 2 (1990): 9–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4206/bosque.1990.v11n2-02.

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Haavik, Laurel J., Brett P. Hurley, and Jeremy D. Allison. "Effect of Sirex noctilio (Hymenoptera: Siricidae) attack density on Pinus sylvestris (Pinaceae) survival." Canadian Entomologist 151, no. 3 (March 15, 2019): 340–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/tce.2019.12.

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AbstractPopulation density is often a critical factor in colonisation of trees by bark and wood-boring insects and may determine whether an exotic species is likely to establish and spread. In a manipulative field study, we investigated whether density of the attacking population of an exotic invasive woodwasp, Sirex noctilio Fabricius (Hymenoptera: Siricidae), affected survival and time-to-death of a favoured host tree, Pinus sylvestris Linnaeus (Pinaceae). We introduced mating pairs of woodwasps to stressed P. sylvestris at either high (15 mating pairs, nine trees) or low (two mating pairs, nine trees) density. More trees died, and more quickly, when exposed to the high versus low density of S. noctilio (78% versus 33% of trees). In the high-density treatment, year of tree death was synonymous with production of a S. noctilio F1 cohort (one-year or two-year generation time); this pattern was not as consistent in the low-density treatment. Although sample size was limited, our results indicate that attack density affects S. noctilio colonisation of P. sylvestris.

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Dodds, Kevin J., Robert R. Cooke, and Daniel W. Gilmore. "Silvicultural Options to Reduce Pine Susceptibility to Attack by a Newly Detected Invasive Species, Sirex noctilio." Northern Journal of Applied Forestry 24, no. 3 (September 1, 2007): 165–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/njaf/24.3.165.

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Abstract A nonnative woodwasp of Eurasian origin, Sirex noctilio F., was detected recently in Oswego, New York, infesting Scots, red, and white pine. S. noctilio has caused periodic widespread losses of pine timber resources in several Southern Hemisphere countries and may cause significant damage in pure even-aged stands and overstocked plantations in North America. However, stand management and biological control programs have successfully managed S. noctilio populations in other countries and similar programs are being developed for North America. Until the primary biological control agent, Beddingia siricidicola, a parasitic nematode, is established in North America, forest owners will have to rely solely on silvicultural treatments to reduce the susceptibility of at-risk pine stands to S. noctilio attack. Silvicultural treatments including precommercial thinning, promoting optimal growing conditions for pines on a given site, reducing numbers of susceptible hosts, and consistent monitoring of stands are suggested activities to help protect pine stands from invasion by S. noctilio.

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Penteado, Susete Do Rocio Chiarello, Edilson Batista de Oliveira, and Edson Tadeu Iede. "Sample size for monitoring sirex populations and their natural enemies." Pesquisa Florestal Brasileira 36, no. 87 (September 30, 2016): 297. http://dx.doi.org/10.4336/2016.pfb.36.87.788.

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The woodwasp Sirex noctilio Fabricius (Hymenoptera: Siricidae) was introduced in Brazil in 1988 and became the main pest in pine plantations. It has spread to about 1.000.000 ha, at different population levels, in the states of Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, Paraná, São Paulo and Minas Gerais. Control is done mainly by using a nematode, Deladenus siricidicola Bedding (Nematoda: Neothylenchidae). The evaluation of the efficiency of natural enemies has been difficult because there are no appropriate sampling systems. This study tested a hierarchical sampling system to define the sample size to monitor the S. noctilio population and the efficiency of their natural enemies, which was found to be perfectly adequate.

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Wang, Ming, Lixiang Wang, Ningning Fu, Chenglong Gao, Tegen Ao, Lili Ren, and Youqing Luo. "Comparison of Wing, Ovipositor, and Cornus Morphologies between Sirex noctilio and Sirex nitobei Using Geometric Morphometrics." Insects 11, no. 2 (January 24, 2020): 84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects11020084.

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Sirex noctilio F. (Hymenoptera: Siricidae) is an invasive woodwasp from Europe and North Africa. Globalization has led to an expanding global presence in pine forests. S. noctilio has been previously introduced outside of its native range and now co-occurs in trees with native S. nitobei Matsumura (first discovered in 2016). Damage to Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica Litv in northeast China can be attributed to two types of woodwasp. To distinguish the two species by the traditional taxonomic morphology, we mainly differentiate the color of the male’s abdomen and the female’s leg. There remains intraspecific variation like leg color in the delimitation of related genera or sibling species of Sirex woodwasps. In this study, we used landmark-based geometric morphometrics including principal component analysis, canonical variate analysis, thin-plate splines, and cluster analysis to analyze and compare the wings, ovipositors, and cornus of two woodwasps to ascertain whether this approach is reliable for taxonomic studies of this group. The results showed significant differences in forewing venation and the shapes of pits in the middle of ovipositors among the two species, whereas little difference in hindwings and cornus was observed. This study assists in clarifying the taxonomic uncertainties of Siricidae and lays a foundation for further studies of the interspecific relationships of the genus Sirex.

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Haavik, Laurel J., Kevin J. Dodds, and Jeremy D. Allison. "Sirex noctilio(Hymenoptera: Siricidae) in Ontario (Canada) pine forests: observations over five years." Canadian Entomologist 150, no. 3 (April 17, 2018): 347–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/tce.2018.18.

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AbstractMore than a decade after its discovery in North America, the European woodwasp,Sirex noctilioFabricius (Hymenoptera: Siricidae), has not been an aggressive tree killer in northeastern North American pine (PinusLinnaeus; Pinaceae) forests. Concern thatS. noctiliohas potential to become a more aggressive pest as it spreads south, or as environmental conditions change, is warranted, because it has caused extensive pine losses on other continents that it has invaded. We observedS. noctilioimpact and attack behaviour in eight pine stands throughout Ontario, Canada annually for a five-year period (2012–2016).Sirex noctilioimpact was variable in unmanaged pine forests; it killed 3–48% of pine stems, and 3–36% of pine basal area. MostS. noctilio-caused mortality was limited to suppressed and intermediate trees. Of the 17% of pines in the entire study that were affected byS. noctilio, many (44%) were attacked in multiple years. Depending on the year, between 46% and 79% of trees remained alive in the year immediately after attack, which suggests that many study trees were at least initially resistant to attack byS. noctilio. Though its impact appears to be limited in most forests for now, we recommend that observations continue in future years.

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Wang, Ming, Ningning Fu, Chenglong Gao, Lixia Wang, Lili Ren, and Youqing Luo. "Multilocus Genotyping and Intergenic Spacer Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms of Amylostereum areolatum (Russulales: Amylostereacea) Symbionts of Native and Non-Native Sirex Species." Journal of Fungi 7, no. 12 (December 11, 2021): 1065. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof7121065.

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Sirex noctilio along with its mutualistic fungal symbiont, Amylostereum areolatum (a white rot fungus), is an invasive pest that causes excessive damage to Pinus plantations in Northeast China. In 2015, S. noctilio were found to attack Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica, and often share larval habitat with the native woodwasp, S. nitobei. The objective of this study was to determine the possible origin(s) of the introduced pest complex in China and analyse the genetic diversity between A. areolatum isolated from invasive S. noctilio, native S. nitobei and other woodwasps collected from Europe (native range) and other countries. Phylogenetic analyses were performed using the intergenic spacer (IGS) dataset and the combined 4-locus dataset (the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS), translation elongation factor alpha 1 (tef1), DNA-directed ribosomal polymerase II (RPB2), and mitochondrial small subunit (mtSSU)) of three Amylostereum taxa. The multilocus genotyping of nuclear ribosomal regions and protein coding genes revealed at least three distinct multilocus genotypes (MLGs) of the fungus associated with invasive S. noctilio populations in Northeast China, which may have come from North America or Europe. The IGS region of A. areolatum carried by S. noctilio from China was designated type B1D2. Our results showed a lack of fidelity (the paradigm of obligate fidelity to a single fungus per wasp species) between woodwasp hosts and A. areolatum. We found that the native S. nitobei predominantly carried A. areolatum IGS-D2, but a low percentage of females instead carried A. areolatum IGS-B1D2 (MLG A13), which was presumably due to horizontal transmission from S. noctilio, during the sequential use of the same wood for larval development. The precise identification of the A. areolatum genotypes provides valuable insight into co-evolution between Siricidae and their symbionts, as well as understanding of the geographical origin and history of both Sirex species and their associated fungi.

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Cameron, N. L., A. J. Carnegie, T. Wardlaw, S. Lawson, and T. Venn. "Economic appraisal of Sirex Wood Wasp (Sirex noctilio) control in Australian pine plantations." Australian Forestry 81, no. 1 (January 2, 2018): 37–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00049158.2018.1430436.

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Penteado, Susete Do Rocio Chiarello, Edílson Batista de Oliveira, and Edson Tadeu Iede. "Utilização da amostragem seqüencial para avaliar a eficiência do parasitismo de Deladenus (Beddingia) siricidicola (Nematoda: Neotylenchidae) em adultos de Sirex noctilio (Hymenoptera: Siricidae)." Ciência Florestal 18, no. 2 (June 30, 2008): 223. http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/19805098459.

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O nematóide Deladenus (Beddingia) siricidicola (Nematoda: Neotylenchidae) é o principal agente de controle de Sirex noctilio (Hymenoptera: Siricidae), vespa-da-madeira. ao esterilizar as fêmeas do inseto, atinge níveis de parasitismo próximos a 100%, com média de 70%. o monitoramento da eficiência do nematóide tem sido realizado pela avaliação da sua presença no aparelho reprodutor de machos e fêmeas do inseto. porém, esse processo é exaustivo e antieconômico quando aplicado a amostras muito grandes. o objetivo desta pesquisa foi testar a técnica da amostragem seqüencial para avaliação da eficiência do parasitismo de Deladenus (Beddingia) siricidicola em adultos de Sirex noctilio, a qual se mostrou como uma alternativa viável, pois se baseia em um tamanho variável de amostra, definido em função dos resultados obtidos durante os levantamentos amostrais, resultando em redução do tamanho da amostra, dos custos da atividade e precisão nos resultados. foram também abordados aspectos do parasitismo por Deladenus (Beddingia) siricidicola.

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Faal, Hajar, and Stephen A. Teale. "The Association between the Distribution of Resin Beads and the Emergence of Sirex noctilio on Red Pine in North America." Insects 13, no. 12 (November 30, 2022): 1111. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects13121111.

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This study examined the relationships of the abundance and distribution of resin beads (signs of Sirex noctilio parent female ovipositor activity) with the abundance and distribution of emerging progeny of S. noctilio, S. nigricornis and their parasitoid Ibalia leucospoides. S. noctilio is native to Europe and is an invasive pest of pines in the Southern Hemisphere and North America; S. nigricornis is native to North America and is a secondary pest of dying pines. I. leucospoides is a parasitoid that has been widely deployed for biological control of S. noctilio. This study aimed to determine if the distribution of resin beads is associated with the height, diameter, or cardinal direction on red pines, Pinus resinosa, as well as the distribution of wood wasp and parasitoid emergence. Our results showed that among log sections taken at five heights, resin beads were most abundant on the north, east, and south sides of logs and mid log at 4.5 m above the ground. Emergence of S. noctilio was most abundant only from logs with more than five resin beads per square meter, while diameter and height were not contributing factor. None of variables evaluated (resin bead densities, height, and diameter) had significant effects on the emergence of S. nigricornis and I. leucospoides. These findings help clarify the biological significance of resin beads as indicators of S. noctilio colonization of host trees in North America.

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Wang, Lixiang, Chunchun Li, Juan Shi, Chengcheng Li, Jiale Li, Lili Ren, and Youqing Luo. "Incidental Fungi in Host Trees Disrupt the Development of Sirex noctilio (Hymenoptera: Siricidae) Symbiotic Fungus and Larvae." Journal of Economic Entomology 113, no. 2 (December 3, 2019): 832–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/toz314.

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Abstract The woodwasp, Sirex noctilio Fabricius, is an exotic pest of Pinus L. in the southern hemisphere and North America, and it is an emerging threat in northeastern China. Adult woodwasps have numerous insect competitors for oviposition substrates, and developing larvae must compete for resources with other subcortical invaders. Its mutualistic fungus Amylostereum areolatum (Fr.) Boidon, is less competitive than many other fungal colonists present in pine ecosystems. This study investigated the effects of incidental, host-colonizing fungi on the growth and development of woodwasp larvae and A. areolatum. Fungi were isolated from dead S. noctilio larvae within galleries (primarily Trichoderma Pers, Ophiostoma Sydow, and Sphaeropsis Sacc.), and effects of these fungi on woodwasp brood survival were investigated via inoculations of S. noctilio-infested logs. Larval mortality was significantly increased in sample logs inoculated with Ophiostoma minus (Hedgc.) Sydow Phlebiopsis gigantea (Fr.) Jülich, Trichoderma atroviride Bissett, Trichoderma viride Pers, and Trichoderma harzianum Rifai. Inoculation of logs with O. minus resulted in the highest mortality and greatest reductions in wood moisture content. When grown on artificial media, these fungi grew faster than and inhibited growth of A. areolatum mycelium. We propose that the adverse effects of incidental fungi on the survival of S. noctilio larvae may be caused at least in part by an indirect mechanism involving inhibition of the fungal symbiont. The findings provide potentially valuable information for suppressing S. noctilio populations using microbial control agents.

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Nahrung, Helen F. "Sirex woodwaspSirex noctilio(Hymenoptera: Siricidae): revisiting some past perceptions." Austral Entomology 56, no. 2 (June 23, 2016): 148–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/aen.12217.

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Cooperband, Miriam F., Katalin Böröczky, Ashley Hartness, Tappey H. Jones, Kelley E. Zylstra, James H. Tumlinson, and Victor C. Mastro. "Male-Produced Pheromone in the European Woodwasp, Sirex noctilio." Journal of Chemical Ecology 38, no. 1 (January 2012): 52–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10886-012-0060-7.

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Aguilar, Angelica M., and Dolly M. Lanfranco. "Aspectos biológicos y sintomatológicos de Sirex Noctilio Fabricius (Hymenoptera-Siricidae): Una revisión." Bosque 9, no. 2 (1988): 87–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4206/bosque.1988.v9n2-04.

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Bergeron, M. J., R. C. Hamelin, I. Leal, C. Davis, and P. de Groot. "First Report of Amylostereum areolatum, the Fungal Symbiont of Sirex noctilio, on Pinus spp. in Canada." Plant Disease 92, no. 7 (July 2008): 1138. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-92-7-1138a.

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Amylostereum areolatum (Fr.) Boidin (Russulales: Stereaceae) is a white rot fungus that has a symbiotic relationship with several woodwasps including Sirex noctilio Fabricius (Hymenoptera: Siricidae). The vectored fungus together with a phytotoxic mucus, both injected during oviposition by the female S. noctilio, rapidly weaken the host tree, rendering it susceptible to larval development (3). Host trees of A. areolatum include species of Pinus (mainly), Abies, Larix, and Picea and Cryptomeria japonica and Pseudotsuga menziesii (Fungal Databases [online]; USDA). The siricid woodwasp is native to Eurasia and North Africa and has been introduced into New Zealand, Australia, South America, and South Africa (1). In July of 2005, the first established North American population of S. noctilio was reported in Oswego, NY. Prompted by this initial discovery, a trap survey of Ontario counties located along the Canada-U.S. border, close to Upstate New York, was conducted in September and October of 2005. S. noctilio females were captured in four locations in southern Ontario. Two additional locations for S. noctilio were also reported in a survey conducted independently (2). In September and October of 2006, logs of Scots pines showing current Sirex oviposition sites were harvested from the Ontario area bordered by Lakes Huron, Erie, and Ontario to determine the presence of the species-specific fungal symbiont of S. noctilio, A. areolatum. Fungal isolates were obtained by surface sterilizing wood chips showing decay columns followed by incubation at 20°C on 2% malt extract agar. Cultures with morphological characteristics typical of A. areolatum–presence of clamp connections and arthrospores–were used for DNA analysis to confirm species identification. DNA sequences of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) of the ribosomal RNA gene were queried against the NCBI GenBank database. There was a 99 to 100% match between the ITS sequences from the Ontario isolates and sequences from European and Asian A. areolatum isolates (GenBank Accession Nos. EU249343 and EU249344 versus AF454428, AF506405, AY781245, and AF218389). Matches with A. chailletii (Pers.) Boidin, a native related species, were around 97%. These results confirmed the presence of A. areolatum in the infested material. Cultures were deposited in the National Mycological Herbarium of Canada (DAOM 239280–DAOM 239295). To our knowledge, this represents the first report of A. areolatum in Canada. In its natural range, the insect-fungal complex exists in equilibrium with its host trees and parasites, thus, few negative impacts are observed. However, in the Southern Hemisphere where it has been introduced, it has become a major pest, attacking many important commercial North American species planted as exotics (1). Conifer forests in Canada are threatened by the spread of the S. noctilio/A. areolatum complex, particularly plantations and stands of Pinus banksiana, P. contorta, P. ponderosa, P. resinosa, P. strobus, and P. sylvestris. A survey of Eastern Canada to detect the presence of S. noctilio is on going, and genetics work is being conducted to determine the origin of the introduction of A. areolatum. References: (1) W. M. Ciesla. J. For. 101:18, 2003. (2) P. de Groot et al. Gt. Lakes Entomol. 39:49, 2006. (3) B. Slippers et al. S. Afr. J. Sci. 99:70, 2003.

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Rong, Hao, Yini Li, Enhua Hao, Xiaohui Yuan, Pengfei Lu, and Haili Qiao. "Interaction Analysis of Odorant-Binding Protein 12 from Sirex noctilio and Volatiles from Host Plants and Symbiotic Fungi Based on Molecule Dynamics Simulation." Agronomy 12, no. 4 (March 31, 2022): 861. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12040861.

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As a quarantine pest of conifer, Sirex noctilio has caused widespread harm around the world. It is expected that the molecular mechanism of protein–ligand binding can be elucidated to carry out the pest control. Through studies of SnocOBP12–ligand hydrophobic binding and dynamics and responsible amino acid residues identification, we got some promising results. SnocOBP12 had a general and excellent affinity for host plant volatiles, and may be a key protein for S. noctilio to find host plants. Among the many odor molecules that are bound to SnocOBP12, (−)-α-cedrene and (E)-β-farnesene from host plants and (−)-globuol from the symbiotic fungi of Sirex noctilio stood out and formed highly stable complexes with SnocOBP12. By the molecular mechanics Poisson–Boltzmann surface area (MM-PBSA) method, the calculated free binding energy of the three complexes was −30.572 ± 0.101 kcal/mol, −28.349 ± 0.119 kcal/mol and −25.244 ± 0.152 kcal/mol, respectively. It was found that the van der Waals energy contributed to the stability of the complexes. Some key amino acid residues were also found: LEU74 and TYR109 were very important for SnocOBP12 to stably bind (−)-α-cedrene, while for (E)-β-farnesene, ILE6, MET10, and LEU74 were very important for the stable binding system. We discovered three potential ligands and analyzed the interaction pattern of the protein with them, this paper provides a favorable molecular basis for optimizing the attractant formulation. Investigation of the binding characteristics in the olfactory system at the molecular level is helpful to understand the behavior of S. noctilio and develop new methods for more effective and environmentally friendly pest control.

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Gao, Chenglong, Lili Ren, Ming Wang, Zhengtong Wang, Ningning Fu, Huiying Wang, and Juan Shi. "Full-Length Transcriptome Sequencing-Based Analysis of Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica in Response to Sirex noctilio Venom." Insects 13, no. 4 (March 30, 2022): 338. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects13040338.

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Sirex noctilio is a major international quarantine pest that recently emerged in northeast China to specifically invade conifers. During female oviposition, venom is injected into the host together with its symbiotic fungus to alter the normal Pinus physiology and weaken or even kill the tree. In China, the Mongolian pine (Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica), an important wind-proof and sand-fixing species, is the unique host of S. noctilio. To explore the interplay between S. noctilio venom and Mongolian pine, we performed a transcriptome comparative analysis of a 10-year-old Mongolian pine after wounding and inoculation with S. noctilio venom. The analysis was performed at 12 h, 24 h and 72 h. PacBio ISO-seq was used and integrated with RNA-seq to construct an accurate full-length transcriptomic database. We obtained 52,963 high-precision unigenes, consisting of 48,654 (91.86%) unigenes that were BLASTed to known sequences in the public database and 4309 unigenes without any annotation information, which were presumed to be new genes. The number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) increased with the treatment time, and the DEGs were most abundant at 72 h. A total of 706 inoculation-specific DEGs (475 upregulated and 231 downregulated) and 387 wounding-specific DEGs (183 upregulated and 204 downregulated) were identified compared with the control. Under venom stress, we identified 6 DEGs associated with reactive oxygen species (ROS) and 20 resistance genes in Mongolian pine. Overall, 52 transcription factors (TFs) were found under venom stress, 45 of which belonged to the AP2/ERF TF family and were upregulated. A total of 13 genes related to the photosystem, 3 genes related photo-regulation, and 9 TFs were identified under wounding stress. In conclusion, several novel putative genes were found in Mongolian pine by PacBio ISO seq. Meanwhile, we also identified various genes that were resistant to S. noctilio venom, such as GAPDH, GPX, CAT, FL2, CERK1, and HSP83A, etc.

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Lopez, Adlih, Marcela Demaestri, Esteban Zupan, and Omar Barotto. "Antecedentes del Sirex noctilio (Hymenoptera-Siricidae) en el Valle de Calamuchita, Córdoba, Argentina." Bosque 23, no. 1 (2002): 111–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4206/bosque.2002.v23n1-10.

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Faal, Hajar, Peter J. Silk, Gaetan LeClair, and Stephen A. Teale. "Biologically active cuticular compounds of female Sirex noctilio." Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 170, no. 4 (February 24, 2022): 327–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/eea.13150.

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Adams, Aaron S., Michelle S. Jordan, Sandye M. Adams, Garret Suen, Lynne A. Goodwin, Karen W. Davenport, Cameron R. Currie, and Kenneth F. Raffa. "Cellulose-degrading bacteria associated with the invasive woodwasp Sirex noctilio." ISME Journal 5, no. 8 (March 3, 2011): 1323–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ismej.2011.14.

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Guignard, Quentin, Marc Bouwer, Bernard Slippers, and Jeremy Allison. "Biology of a putative male aggregation-sex pheromone in Sirex noctilio (Hymenoptera: Siricidae)." PLOS ONE 15, no. 12 (December 31, 2020): e0244943. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0244943.

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A putative male-produced pheromone has recently been described for the global pest of pines, Sirex noctilio, but field-activity has not been demonstrated. This study aimed to investigate the pheromone biology of S. noctilio in more detail. Specifically, we i) analysed effluvia and extracts for additional compounds by gas chromatography coupled with electro-antennographic detection (GC-EAD), mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and two dimensional time of flight mass spectrometry (GC X GC TOF MS), ii) conducted dose-response experiments for putative pheromone components, iii) determined the site of synthesis/ storage of the putative pheromone and iv) determined the release rate of the putative pheromone from males and three types of lures. A blend of four compounds was identified, including the previously described (Z)-3-decenol and (Z)-4-decenol, and two new compounds (Z)-3-octenol and (Z)-3-dodecenol. All compounds elicited a response from both male and female antennae, but the strength of the response varied according to sex, compound and dose tested. (Z)-3-Decenol and (Z)-3-octenol at lower and higher doses, respectively, elicited larger responses in males and females than the other two compounds. (Z)-3-Octenol and (Z)-4-decenol generally elicited larger female than male antennal responses. The site of synthesis and/or storage in males was determined to be the hind legs, likely in the leg-tendon gland. The relative release rate of the major compound by male wasps was shown to be 90 ± 12.4 ng/min, which is between 4 and 15 times greater than that observed from typical lures used previously. These observations are consistent with the hypothesis that these compounds may mediate lek formation in S. noctilio males and lek location in females.

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Yemshanov, Denys, Daniel W. McKenney, Peter de Groot, Dennis Haugen, Derek Sidders, and Brent Joss. "A bioeconomic approach to assess the impact of an alien invasive insect on timber supply and harvesting: a case study with Sirex noctilio in eastern Canada." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 39, no. 1 (January 2009): 154–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x08-164.

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This study presents a model that assesses the potential impact of a new alien insect species, Sirex noctilio Fabricius, on pine timber supply and harvest activities in eastern Canada. We integrate the spread of S. noctilio with a broad-scale growth and harvest allocation model. Projections of pine mortality range between 25 × 106 and 115 × 106 m3 over 20 years depending on S. noctilio spread and impact assumptions. Our model suggests Ontario could experience the highest, most immediate losses (78% of the potential losses across eastern Canada), with Quebec sustaining most of the rest of the losses over the next 20 years. Potential losses of $86 to $254 million per year are simulated after 20 years. The net present value of total harvest losses after 28 years of outbreak ranges between $0.7 to $2.1 billion. Adaptation policies decrease short-term losses by 46%–55% and delay larger harvest failures by 9–11 years. Without harvest adaptation, failures to maintain annual allowable cut levels may occur once the total area infested exceeds 15 × 106 ha. While better understanding and representing S. noctilio behaviour will involve a significant effort, there is a strong demand by policy makers for this kind of information.

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Lombardero, M. J., M. P. Ayres, F. E. Krivak-Tetley, and K. N. E. Fitza. "Population biology of the European woodwasp,Sirex noctilio, in Galicia, Spain." Bulletin of Entomological Research 106, no. 5 (February 24, 2016): 569–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485316000043.

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AbstractSirex noctilioFabricius (Hymenoptera, Siricidae) is rare and rarely studied where it is native in Eurasia, but is a widespread pest of pines in the Southern Hemisphere. Here we report on the abundance, basic biology, host use patterns and natural enemies of nativeS. noctilioin Galicia, Spain. Most trees attacked byS. noctiliofailed to produce any adult progeny: >90% of emergences came from <20% of the attacked trees. The highest reproduction was inPinus pinaster, followed byPinus sylvestrisandPinus radiata.The proportions ofS. noctiliorequiring 1, 2 or 3 years for development were 0.72: 0.24: 0.04. Delayed development could be an adaptation to avoid parasitic nematodes, which sterilized 41.5% adults with one year generation time but only 19% of adults with 2 years generation time. Hymenoptera parasitoids accounted for 20% mortality. Sex ratios were male biased at 1: 2.9. Body size and fecundity were highly variable and lower than previously reported from the Southern Hemisphere. On attacked trees, there were 5–20 attacks per standard log (18 dm2), with usually 1–3 drills per attack. Attack densities and drills per attack were higher in trees that subsequently died. The production ofS. noctilioper log was positively related to total attacks, and negatively related to: (1) attack density, (2) incidence of blue stain fromOphiostomafungi and (3) frequency of lesions in plant tissue around points of attack. A preliminary life table for S.noctilioin Galicia estimated effects on potential population growth rate from (in decreasing order of importance) host suitability, unequal sex ratio, parasitic nematodes and Hymenoptera parasitoids.

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Böröczky, Katalin, Damon J. Crook, Tappey H. Jones, Joshua C. Kenny, Kelley E. Zylstra, Victor C. Mastro, and James H. Tumlinson. "Monoalkenes as Contact Sex Pheromone Components of the Woodwasp Sirex noctilio." Journal of Chemical Ecology 35, no. 10 (October 2009): 1202–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10886-009-9693-6.

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Hayes, R. A., M. W. Griffiths, and H. F. Nahrung. "Electrophysiological activity of the Sirex noctilio ovipositor: You know the drill?" Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology 18, no. 2 (June 2015): 165–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aspen.2015.01.003.

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Ryan, Kathleen, Peter de Groot, Sandy M. Smith, and Jean J. Turgeon. "Seasonal occurrence and spatial distribution of resinosis, a symptom of Sirex noctilio (Hymenoptera: Siricidae) injury, on boles of Pinus sylvestris (Pinaceae)." Canadian Entomologist 145, no. 1 (January 3, 2013): 117–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/tce.2012.96.

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AbstractAn established population of the exotic woodwasp Sirex noctilio Fabricius (Hymenoptera: Siricidae) was first detected in North America in 2004. In order to develop survey guidelines for the detection of this major pest of Pinus Linnaeus species in the Southern Hemisphere, we examined 231 Pinus sylvestris biweekly to establish the timing and spatial distribution of resinosis symptoms of attack, and the timing of subsequent tree mortality. Fresh resin appeared between mid-July and late August, and on 70% of infested trees was observed on the mid bole. The occurrence of tree death varied between sites, from 2 weeks after the first detection of resinosis in one site to several months in seven other sites. Findings from our study provide key information to improve detection of S. noctilio and predict its impact on forest stands in its new range in northeastern North America.

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Sun, Xueting, Jing Tao, Alain Roques, and Youqing Luo. "Invasion History of Sirex noctilio Based on COI Sequence: The First Six Years in China." Insects 11, no. 2 (February 9, 2020): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects11020111.

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Sirex noctilio F. (Hymenoptera: Siricidae: Siricinae), a new invasive species in China, is a significant international forestry pest which, transported via logs and related wood packing materials, has led to environmental damage and substantial economic loss in many countries around the world. It was first detected in China in 2013, and since then infestations have been found in 18 additional sites. Using a 322 bp fragment of the mitochondrial barcode gene COI, we studied the genetic diversity and structure of S. noctilio populations in both native and invaded ranges, with a specific focus in China. Twelve haplotypes were found across the native and invaded distribution of the pest, of which three were dominant; among these there were only one or two mutational steps between each pair of haplotypes. No obvious genetic structure was found other than in Chinese populations. China has a unique and dominant haplotype not found elsewhere, and compared with the rest of the world, the genetic structure of Chinese populations suggested a multiple invasion scenario.

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Carolo Junior, Silvio, Evandro Vagner Tambarussi, Daniele Ukan, and Susete Do Rocio Chiarello Penteado. "Modelos para estimativas de ataque de Sirex noctilio (Fabricius) em povoamentos de Pinus taeda L." Ciência Florestal 30, no. 4 (December 1, 2020): 1201–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/1980509843305.

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Uma das principais pragas dos plantios florestais de Pinus spp. é Sirex noctilio (Fabricius), conhecida popularmente como vespa-da-madeira. Este trabalho tem por objetivo desenvolver um modelo matemático para estimar o número de árvores atacadas por Sirex noctilio em povoamentos de Pinus taeda L. baseado nos métodos de monitoramento e nas características dendrométricas do reflorestamento. Selecionaram-se, para a coleta de dados, cinco áreas localizadas no município de Palmas - PR. Foram utilizadas como variáveis independentes do modelo a serem selecionadas pelo método Stepwise a amostragem sequencial, número de indivíduos da parcela, árvores-armadilha, diâmetro a altura do peito (DAP) médio, altura média, volume médio individual, volume da parcela, idade, espaçamento, sítio, área basal da parcela, área transversal média, diâmetro médio quadrático e o DAP estratificado em três classes de diâmetro. A maior influência sobre a estimativa de ataque (Y) foi exercida pelas variáveis número de árvores atacadas detectadas na amostragem sequencial (AS) (p-valor 0,001) e o número de indivíduos da parcela (n) (p-valor 0,05). O modelo mais adequado para a obtenção da variável resposta foi δ = β0 + β1AS+β2n + ε, o qual apresentou coeficiente de determinação ajustado (R²adj) de 0,965 e erro padrão de estimativa (Syx%) de 18,65% obtendo o melhor desempenho na análise gráfica dos resíduos. O modelo pode ser utilizado pelos gestores florestais como uma ferramenta na tomada de decisões quanto ao manejo do povoamento.

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Fu, Ningning, Jiaxing Li, Ming Wang, Lili Ren, and Youqing Luo. "Genes Identification, Molecular Docking and Dynamics Simulation Analysis of Laccases from Amylostereum areolatum Provides Molecular Basis of Laccase Bound to Lignin." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 22 (November 22, 2020): 8845. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21228845.

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An obligate mutualistic relationship exists between the fungus Amylostereum areolatum and woodwasp Sirex noctilio. The fungus digests lignin in the host pine, providing essential nutrients for the growing woodwasp larvae. However, the functional properties of this symbiosis are poorly described. In this study, we identified, cloned, and characterized 14 laccase genes from A. areolatum. These genes encoded proteins of 508 to 529 amino acids and contained three typical copper-oxidase domains, necessary to confer laccase activity. Besides, we performed molecular docking and dynamics simulation of the laccase proteins in complex with lignin compounds (monomers, dimers, trimers, and tetramers). AaLac2, AaLac3, AaLac6, AaLac8, and AaLac10 were found that had low binding energies with all lignin model compounds tested and three of them could maintain stability when binding to these compounds. Among these complexes, amino acid residues ALA, GLN, LEU, PHE, PRO, and SER were commonly present. Our study reveals the molecular basis of A. areolatum laccases interacting with lignin, which is essential for understanding how the fungus provides nutrients to S. noctilio. These findings might also provide guidance for the control of S. noctilio by informing the design of enzyme mutants that could reduce the efficiency of lignin degradation.

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Ryan, Kathleen, Jean-Marc Moncalvo, Peter de Groot, and Sandy M. Smith. "Interactions between the fungal symbiont of Sirex noctilio (Hymenoptera: Siricidae) and two bark beetle-vectored fungi." Canadian Entomologist 143, no. 3 (June 2011): 224–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/n11-001.

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AbstractThe woodwasp Sirex noctilio F. is invading North American forests, where it will interact with a large guild of pine-inhabiting beetles and their associated fungi. The woodwasp's obligate fungal symbiont, Amylostereum areolatum (Fries) Boidin (Stereaceae), plays an essential role in the wasp's larval development but is expected to be a poor competitor in the presence of fungi vectored by co-occurring insects. We examined the outcomes of competitive interactions between A. areolatum and two fungal species vectored by bark beetles, Leptographium wingfieldii Morelet (Ophiostomataceae) and Ophiostoma minus (Hedgcock) H. and P. Sydow (Ophiostomataceae), and the effect of temperature and substrate on these interactions. Beetle-associated fungi were usually able to capture more uncolonized resource than A. areolatum regardless of substrate or temperature. Amylostereum areolatum was able to colonize relatively more space in some cases but could not gain substrate already colonized by the ophiostomatoid competitor. These findings suggest that competitive interactions between beetle-vectored fungal species and A. areolatum could influence the reproductive fitness and distribution of S. noctilio within individual trees and also across a wide geographic area.

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Haavik, Laurel J., Kevin J. Dodds, and Jeremy D. Allison. "Suitability of eastern pines for oviposition and survival of Sirex noctilio F." PLOS ONE 12, no. 3 (March 23, 2017): e0174532. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0174532.

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Foelker, Christopher J., Dylan Parry, and Melissa K. Fierke. "Biotic resistance and the spatiotemporal distribution of an invading woodwasp, Sirex noctilio." Biological Invasions 20, no. 8 (January 31, 2018): 1991–2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10530-018-1673-8.

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Leal, I., B. Foord, C. Davis, P. de Groot, X. O. Mlonyeni, and B. Slippers. "Distinguishing isolates of Deladenus siricidicola, a biological control agent of Sirex noctilio, from North America and the Southern Hemisphere using PCR–RFLP." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 42, no. 6 (June 2012): 1173–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x2012-058.

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The woodwasp Sirex noctilio Fabricius, along with its obligate symbiotic fungus Amylostereum areolatum (Chaillet ex Fr.) Boidin, is amongst the most damaging invasive species to many commercial pine plantations. The most effective biocontrol agent for management of this woodwasp has been the nematode Deladenus siricidicola Bedding. Before this agent can be used in North America, answering key questions about its interaction with native siricids and other strains of the nematode is essential, as would be the need to track its spread after release. The aim of this study was to develop tools to differentiate between the North American D. siricidicola isolates and the Southern Hemisphere Kamona strain of this species. We sequenced a region from ribosomal DNA and the cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 and developed a PCR–RFLP method based on a single nucleotide polymorphism flanking a microsatellite sequence. These markers will be useful for science-based operational biocontrol of S. noctilio.

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Wilson, A. D., and N. M. Schiff. "Identification of Sirex noctilio and Native North American Woodwasp Larvae using DNA Barcode." Journal of Entomology 7, no. 2 (March 15, 2010): 60–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/je.2010.60.79.

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Thompson, Brian M., Jake Bodart, Crystal McEwen, and Daniel S. Gruner. "Adaptations for Symbiont-Mediated External Digestion in Sirex noctilio (Hymenoptera: Siricidae)." Annals of the Entomological Society of America 107, no. 2 (March 1, 2014): 453–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/an13128.

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Kroll, Stefanie A., Ann E. Hajek, E. Erin Morris, and Stefan J. Long. "Parasitism of Sirex noctilio by non-sterilizing Deladenus siricidicola in northeastern North America." Biological Control 67, no. 2 (November 2013): 203–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2013.08.005.

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