Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Single burning item"

This research covers fire risk classification for construction materials in the countries of the European Union and a full methodological approach to the assessment of the fire hazard, providing requirements, characteristics, and test methods depending on the field of their usage and functional purpose. Application of fireproof coating and constructive fireproofing are considered to be one of the most widespread ways to increase fire safetyof wood constructions. The need to improve approaches tothe development and application of fireproofing ofwood materials, methodological assessment of their efficiency providing fire safety are also specified. The evaluation of the fire behavior of the fireproofed wood samples has been carried out. Two methods were used to get the results: Russian National StandardR 53292-2009 “Fireproof compositions and substances for the wood and materialsbased on it. General requirements. Test methods” and EN 13823:2003 (SBI) method.The purpose of test using a single source of flame (SBI) also involves an application of the larger selection model than the standard test methods in order to get the results, which are much closer to the full-scale reference phase of the fire propagation.Several conclusions have been made:whether it is possible to introduce European standards for the assessment of the construction materials fire risk to the national practice and incorporation of the requirements stipulated in the similar European regulations to the Russian standards.

Brief introduction and analysis were conducted on China national standard:<Single burning item test for building materials and products>. The system calibration for test system was summarized firstly, and some suggestions were put forward for practical operation in tastings. Correct and timely calibrations can ensure accuracy and reason for test results in practical testing and research process of new building products.

This article presents an experimental investigation of ignition and burning behaviors of intumescent coatings and nanoparticles applied on flaxboard using the cone calorimeter, single burning item (SBI) and reduced scale (one-third) ISO room. The effects of intumescent coatings and nanoparticles on time to ignition (TTI), mass loss rate (MLR), heat release rate (HRR), production of toxic gases (carbon monoxide and smoke) were investigated. The performance of intumescent coatings in under-ventilated condition was examined by performing tests in the one-third ISO room with reduced opening sizes. Results in the cone calorimeter and SBI indicated that (1) there is a substantial increase of TTI and decrease of MLR/HRR by intumescent coatings and (2) the addition of nanoparticles results in a further increase of TTI as well as a decrease of MLR/HRR owing to increased stability of the char. Tests in the one-third ISO room showed that although the intumescent coatings reduce the HRR the reduction is much less substantial than that in the cone calorimeter or SBI.

Sustainable development in civil engineering is the clear and necessary goal of the current generation. There are many possibilities for reducing the use of depletable resources. One of them is to use renewable and recyclable materials on a larger scale in the construction industry. One possibility is the application of natural thermal insulators. A typical example is a crushed straw, which is generated as agricultural waste in the Czech Republic. Due to its small dimensions and good thermal insulation parameters, this material can also be used as blown thermal insulation. The research aims to examine the fire resistance of crushed straw as blown insulation. The single-flame source fire test results, thermal attack by a single burning item (SBI) test and large-scale test of a perimeter wall segment are shown. The results show that blown insulation made of crushed straw meets the requirements of fire protection. In addition, crushed straw can be also used to protect load-bearing structures due to its behaviour. This article also shows the production process of crushed straw used as blown insulation in brief.

This study shows the impact of aging on the fire behavior of a fire-retarded polyvinyl chloride wood composite cladding intended for outdoor use. Two sets of composite wood cladding elements were examined: one aged naturally under exposed outdoors conditions for 1 year and the second, which underwent artificial accelerated aging. Optical microscopy, electron probe micro-analysis, and solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance of 27Al were used to investigate changes in the material properties after aging, distribution of chemical compounds, and aluminum environment. This study reveals the impact of different aging procedures on the physicochemical modifications of the composite material. In addition, after aging, the fire behavior of the two sets of composites as a function of fire exposure time was evaluated by cone calorimetry. Then, the natural aged composite was evaluated on a larger scale with the single burning item. The results surprisingly demonstrate that whatever the aging, the fire behavior of these wood composite was not affected.

Mestrado em Engenharia Química
Esta dissertação consistiu no desenvolvimento de soluções de retardância ao fogo para aplicação em aglomerados de base cortiça e cortiça/espuma de poliuretano com a finalidade de serem aplicados no setor da construção, nomeadamente como underlays. Actualmente a Amorim Cork Composites apresenta um aglomerado com características ignifugas provenientes do agente ligante utilizado. Como particularidade, este produto detem a classe E no sistema de Euroclasses, mas a um custo elevado. Deste modo, recorreu-se à incorporação de diferentes tipos de retardantes (fosforados, minerais e azotados) que, misturados ou aplicados separadamente, igualassem ou até mesmo até mesmo elevassem a classificação já obtida mas a um custo mais reduzido e competitivo. A aglomeração de cortiça com novos materiais provenientes na sua maioria de subsprodutos de outras indústrias, bem como a substituição do agente ligante por aglutinantes com características mais ignífugas, foram outras das vias abordadas. As possiveis dificuldades encontradas aquando da realização de um processo de scale-up também são referenciadas neste trabalho. A fim de se analisar o comportamento e as propriedades demostradas pelas soluções desenvolvidas, submeteram-se as diferentes formulações preparadas a uma fonte de ignição e realizaram-se alguns ensaios mecânicos. Relativamente aos testes ignífugos, conclui-se que a adição de retardantes minerais apenas proporcionam as propriedades desejadas no produto final quando adicionados em grandes quantidades, destacando-se os retardantes à base de fósforo que introduzem características mais promissoras mas mesmo assim insuficientes para se obter uma classificação superior a E, segundo as normas europeias. Para os aglomerados de cortiça/espuma de poliuretano, a presença deste último dificulta o processo de retardância devido à sua natureza inflamável. Para este aglomerado a melhor solução baseia-se na aplicação de um coating (revestimento) que protege o material aquando da sua exposição direta a uma chama. A adição de novos materias na sua maioria já com características retardantes incorporadas, bem como a substituição do agente ligante revelaram também alguns resultados positivos. Em relação aos ensaios mecânicos realizados, a grande maioria das formulações testadas encontram-se dentro dos limites de especificação fornecidos.
The present work had the purpose of developing fire retardants solutions to be applied on cork based and cork/ polyurethane foam agglomerates to be use on the construction sector, namely as underlays. Actualy, Amorim Cork Composites has an agglomerate with fire proprieties deriving from the glue that is used. This product has the particularly of having class E on the Eurosystem, but at a high price. So, the incorporation of different types of retardants (phosphorus, minerals and nitrogens), that separately or applied together, provided a good fire retardancy (equal or exceeding class E) at a lower price, was the first path followed. The agglomeration of cork with new products coming from other industries, as well as the substitution of the glue agent for another with fire retardant properties, were other approaches that were taken into consideration. The difficulties of an eventually scale-up process are also referred in the present work. As to disclose the behavior and the properties of the developed products, these samples were submitted to several fire proofs and mechanical tests. Regarding the fire retardancy tests, the addition of minerals only provided good results when present in considerable amounts. Also, although the phosphorus based fire retardants were the ones that provided the best results, they were not sufficient to obtain the desired classification on the Euroclass system. For the cork/ polyurethane foams agglomerations, the presence of the last one turns the retardancy process more difficult due to its flammable nature. For that type of agglomerate the best solution is the application of a coating that protects the material when this is exposed to an ignition source. The addition/substitution by new materials already with fire retardancy properties as well as the change of the glue agent reviles also some good results. Relatively to the mechanical tests, the majority of the tested samples were inside of the provided specifications.

Une prise de conscience commune des facteurs environnementaux et plus particulièrement du réchauffement climatique rend urgent un meilleur contrôle de la consommation d'énergie. Une solution consiste à réduire les pertes d'énergie dans les bâtiments en utilisant de nouveaux matériaux d'isolation thermique efficaces tels que les mousses polyuréthanes. Ces mousses sont des matériaux très performants et compétitifs au regard des autres solutions existantes. Cependant, elles sont extrêmement inflammables en raison de leur nature organique. Les chercheurs et industrielles ajoutent alors des molécules appelées retardateurs de flamme (RFs) dans leur composition afin d’éviter le départ d’un incendie ou encore de diminuer l’intensité de la combustion lorsqu’un feu se déclare. C’est dans ce cadre que s’inscrit cette thèse dont l’objectif est d’étudier de manière systématique des mousses polyuréthanes (PUR) et polyisocyanurates (PIR). Le but est de proposer une démarche scientifique permettant un développement plus rapide et plus efficace de nouvelles formulations. Cette étude systématique a également été couplée à une étude multi-échelle du comportement au feu des mousses puisqu’un test à l’échelle du laboratoire a été développé: « le mini-SBI ». Les RFs étudiés dans ces travaux sont les RFs organiques phosphorés qui sont actuellement mis en avant afin de remplacer certains RFs halogénés qui pourraient être dangereux pour l’environnement et la santé. Les mécanismes de décomposition des mousses vierges et ignifugées ont été élucidés. Ainsi, dans le cas des RFs phosphorés, nous avons pu démontrer que leur mode d’action variait en fonction du degré d’oxydation du phosphore ainsi qu’en fonction de leur point de décomposition. De plus, l’efficacité des RFs varie également en fonction de la mousse utilisée (PUR ou PIR). Ces résultats pourront être mis à profit dans le développement de nouvelles formulations
A common awareness of environmental factors and more particularly of global warming makes it urgent to better control energy consumption. One solution is to reduce energy loss in building using new and efficient thermal insulation materials such as polymeric foams. Polyurethane (PUR) and polyisocyanurate (PIR) foams are very effective and competitive materials due to their low cost. However, these materials are extremely flammable due to their organic nature. Researchers and manufacturers add molecules called flame retardants (FRs) to their composition in order to prevent the outbreak of a fire or reduce the intensity of combustion when a fire breaks out. The objective of this PhD work is to study by systematic approaches the fire behavior of PUR and PIR foams. The aim is to propose a scientific approach allowing a quicker and more efficient development of new formulations. This systematic study was also coupled with a multi-scale study of the fire behavior of the foams, as a laboratory-scale fire test was developed (M-SBI), which allowed a quick and efficient examination of the formulations. The FRs studied in this work are phosphorus organic FRs which are currently promoted to replace some halogenated FRs which could be dangerous for the environment and health. The mechanisms of degradation of virgin and flame retarded foams were elucidated using various analytical tools. Thus, in the case of phosphorus FRs, we were able to demonstrate that their mode of action varied according to the phosphorus oxidation degree as well as according to their point of decomposition. Moreover, the efficiency of the FRs also varies according to the foam used (PUR or PIR). All these results can thus advantageously be exploited to propose future efficient flame retardants for specific systems to reduce the combustion intensity of the foams

Abstract Heat release rates of typical items in fires are needed as a prerequisite for estimating fire growth and temperatures in structural fires. That is, these burning rates are required to be specified by the user as input to single-room and multi-room structural fire computer codes like FPETool, FASTLife and HAZARD. Data are given here that permit burning items to be specified in a useful modeled way, taking a t2-fire for the growth and decay periods, with a constant maximum heat release rate between these two periods.

The technical structural code for ITER (International Thermonuclear Experimental Fusion Reactor) and, as more generic applications, for D-T burning fusion power facilities (hereafter, Fusion Code) should be innovative because of their quite different features of safety and mechanical components from nuclear fission reactors, and the necessity of introducing several new fabrication and examination technologies. Introduction of such newly developed technologies as inspection-free automatic welding into the Fusion Code is rationalized by a pilot application of a new code concept of “system-based code for integrity”. The code concept means an integration of element technical items necessary for construction, operation and maintenance of mechanical components of fusion power facilities into a single system to attain an optimization of the total margin of these components. Unique and innovative items of the Fusion Code are typically as follows; • Use of non-metals; • Cryogenic application; • New design margins on allowable stresses, and other new design rules; • Use of inspection-free automatic welding, and other newly developed fabrication technologies; • Graded approach of quality assurance standard to cover radiological safety-system components as well as non-safety-system components; • Consideration on replacement components.

Polk County owns and operates two starved air mass burn municipal solid waste combustors serving a five County region in rural Northwest Minnesota. The plant was constructed in 1987 and began burning MSW in 1988. Each unit has a combustion capacity of 40 tons per day producing energy in the form of saturated steam for two customers in the adjacent industrial park. The plant utilizes a two field electrostatic precipitator (ESP) as the air pollution control device for each unit. In 1996, a materials recovery system was constructed in front of the waste combustors to remove problem/objectionable items. This facility is providing many benefits including reduced stack emissions, lower O & M costs for the WTE units, and revenues from the sales of extracted recyclables. Both facilities have operated successfully since startup. EPA emission guidelines for existing small waste combustors were originally promulgated in December 1995. These guidelines set more stringent limits for pollutants currently regulated and added limits for several other pollutants previously unregulated. However, litigation set aside these 1995 emission guidelines for small waste combustors until they were re-established by EPA in December 2000. Pending release of the year 2000 emission guidelines, the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency stayed the State rule and issued a Rule variance in 1998 that included new limits for mercury, and dioxins/furans. In order to attain compliance with the new State limit for dioxin/furans, Polk began injecting powdered activated carbon into the flue gas of each unit upstream of the ESP. The emission guidelines are technology based, and EPA concluded that small existing waste combustors could maintain operation of the electrostatic precipitators. Compliance with the guidelines could be attained with an ESP upgrade or added collection field in conjunction with the addition of other pollution control equipment. Was the EPA right? Can this technology comply with the guidelines? This paper will discuss the development of an APC retrofit project for a small waste combustor whose goal was to attain full compliance with the revised air emission guidelines while maintaining operation of the existing electrostatic precipitators.