Дисертації з теми "Simulation du procédé photo-Chimique"
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Morabito, Daniel. "Production d'acide lactique par Lactobacillus casei sur lactoserum : études cinétiques, modélisation et simulation de procédé intégré." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1994. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/INPL_T_1994_MORABITO_D.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаPapastratos, Stylianos. "Modélisation, simulation dynamique et optimisation d'un procédé de fermentation éthanolique basé sur un bioréacteur à membrane : Saccharomyces cerevisiae." Châtenay-Malabry, Ecole centrale de Paris, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996ECAP0539.
Повний текст джерелаLucas, Philippe. "Modélisation et simulation du régime transitoire d'unités de séparation d'un procédé chimique avec leur système de régulation : Application à la conduite d'un atelier industriel." Châtenay-Malabry, Ecole centrale de Paris, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988ECAP0083.
Повний текст джерелаMarin, Gallego Mylene. "Valorisation chimique des condensats issus de la torréfaction de biomasses : modélisation thermodynamique, conception et analyse des procédés." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015INPT0131.
Повний текст джерелаLignocellulosic biomass is considered as a renewable carbon resource with great potential for the energy and chemical recovery. Torrefaction is a thermal process carried out at temperatures below 300°C, under inert atmosphere, at atmospheric pressure, and with residence times for the solid biomass ranging from few minutes to several hours. Torrefied wood is a solid product constituted by more than 70% of the initial mass with properties close to those of coal. The 30% remaining part is a gaseous effluent, composed of about one third of non-condensable gases – carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide – and two thirds of condensable species. Currently, torrefied wood is the main product of interest and is usually transformed into energetic gases by the gasification process or directly used as coal for combustion. Conversely, gaseous by-products are considered at present time as a waste and in the best case are burned to provide energy to the process. Yet, the recovery and valorization of the condensable fraction as bio-sourced chemicals is worth considering. The aim of the thesis is to propose a separation-purification process for condensable chemicals of the waste gas. This condensable fraction is a predominantly aqueous phase, containing more than 150 identified organic species. Minority species are present in varying proportions depending on torrefied wood. Finally, it is a reactive and thermally unstable mixture, where different chemical equilibria are present. An analysis of the physicochemical characteristics of the condensable fraction allowed selecting a limited number of compounds to model the mixture. A representative model of the thermodynamic behavior of the reactive mixture has been selected and the binary interaction parameters identified. Experimental vapor-liquid equilibria data were acquired in part to validate this model. The target compounds and objectives of the recovery process were selected and several development strategies were developed and simulated in ProSim+ on the basis of thermodynamic modeling. This study assessed these different strategies in terms of energy efficiency and purity of the products for potential implementation on an industrial scale of this sector
Bisch, Christophe. "Etude d'un réacteur destiné à caractériser par effet Raman spontané la phase gazeuse dans le procédé de dépôt chimique en phase vapeur." Perpignan, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PERP0235.
Повний текст джерелаMateos, David. "Transformation de matériaux énergétiques par oxydation hydrothermale : étude cinétique globale et simulation du procédé en régime permanent sur des composés modèles." Bordeaux 1, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003BOR12795.
Повний текст джерелаHydrothermal oxidation processes in supercritical fluid provide an innovating alternative for the management of energetic materials at the end of their "lifetime" and of the production's wastes. In order to evaluate and promote the development of this technology, two hydrothermal oxidation pilots were built. The first set up in batch mode; the reactor is protected by a lined titanium. It is dedicated to feasibility studies on real products such as propellants and the various elements of their composition. Concerning the second one, it operates in a continuous mode based on a new concept of reactor : a multi injection of oxygen along the hydrothermal oxidation reactor. This facility is devoted to the determination of data necessary to scale industrial reactors. Model molecules such as acetic acid, methanol and phenol were studied. A calculation method was developed to obtain reaction kinetics parameters, in particular the order compared to oxygen concentration. On the basis of theses kinetics data the software "Prosim Plus" was validated to simulate the hydrothermal oxidation process
Rabearison, Njaramalala. "Élaboration d'un outil numérique dédié à la simulation du procédé de fabrication des matériaux composites à résine thermodurcissable : prédiction des contraintes internes." Brest, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009BRES2062.
Повний текст джерелаOgor, Florie. "Microfabrication 3D par polymérisation multiphotonique massivement parallélisée pour des applications photoniques et biomédicales." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Ecole nationale supérieure Mines-Télécom Atlantique Bretagne Pays de la Loire, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024IMTA0413.
Повний текст джерелаSubmicron 3D structures are required in many fields (photonics, optics, biology, etc.). Fabricating such structures is difficult. Multiphoton polymerization is a suitable technique, but current fabrication times are long (one day to fabricate a mm3 structure), making industrial production costly and limiting the development of these structures. We present our contribution to the development and optimization of a massively parallelised multiphoton polymerization fabrication process for these structures. Two parallelization techniques are investigated at IMT Atlantique: one using a diffractive optical element and another, studied in this thesis, using a spatial light modulator in an imaging configuration and an ultra-sensitive TTA resist (Triplet-Triplet Annihilation), enabling writing with 1920 × 1080 beams in parallel. The use of multiple write beams can lead to resolution limiting proximity effects. We present our numerical simulation model of the photochemical process to understand, predict and correct these effects. We present possible improvements based on these simulations and the improved understanding of the optical system. The fabrication method we have developed enables us to fabricate structures with a resolution of around one micrometer in X,Y and several tens of micrometers in height on surfaces of the order of cm2 in just a few minutes. Finally, examples of applications in biology and ophthalmology, adapted to the photoplotter performance are presented
Paraiso, Kolani. "Modélisation et simulation numérique de l’élaboration du verre dans les procédés de vitrification des déchets nucléaires de haute activité." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021SORUS401.
Повний текст джерелаThe calcination-vitrification process has been used in France for over 30 years for the containment of high level nuclear waste arising from the spent fuel reprocessing. The use of numerical tools has proved to be essential for the process understanding and optimization. In the past ten years,numerical simulation works on the thermal, hydraulic and electromagnetic aspects involved in the vitrification process have been carried out in the context of the cold crucible development, a new type of furnace commissioned in 2010. As a continuation of these studies, the objective of the phd work is to add to the existing simulations, a modeling of the chemical aspects taking place during the nuclear glass synthesis, especially during the feeding with glass frit and calcine. In this perspective, a kinetic modeling of the reaction mechanism has been proposed based on data from thermal analyses. The coupling of this model with the magneto-thermo-hydraulic simulation tools was implemented and validated based on tests carried out at the mock-up scale and data from the industrial scale. Particular attention has been paid to identifying the nature of chemical reactions
Ramírez, Botero Asdrúbal Antonio. "Modélisation, simulation, optimisation et commande d’un procédé d’évaporation réactive assistée par plasma pour la production de couches minces d’oxyde de zinc." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LORR0348.
Повний текст джерелаIn this work the modeling, simulation, dynamic optimization and control of a Plasma Assisted Reactive Evaporation process (PARE) for the deposition of Zinc Oxide (ZnO) thin films are proposed. Initially, a dimensional unsteady-state model was developed for the process, this model apply dynamic material balances to the process and accounting for diffusive and convective mass transfer, and bulk and surface reactions in order to establish the space-time evolution of the concentration of the species (O_2(g) , O_((g))^., O_((g))^-, 〖Zn〗_((g)), 〖Zn〗_((g))^+ and 〖ZnO〗_((g))) present throughout the reactor and compute the final film thickness. The case of study corresponds to a pilot reactor operated by the Semiconductor Materials and Solar Energy Research Group (SM&SE) of the Universidad Nacional de Colombia where the ZnO thin films are used for the fabrication of different kind of solar cells (inverted inorganic solar cells, organic solar cells and perovskite based solar cells). The equations are spatially discretized using finite difference methods and then implemented and solved in time using Matlab®. The simulation results are validated by means of COMSOL MULTIPHYSICS® which computes the same results; However, to complete the others objectives of the project it will keep using the finite difference method under Matlab® because it offers more flexibility in the perspective of dynamic optimization and control of PARE process. To corroborate the model, experimental measurements of ZnO film thickness were carried out using a thickness monitor on a pilot reactor designed and implemented by the Semiconductor Materials and Solar-Energy (SM&SE) Research Group at Universidad Nacional de Colombia. After 90 min of deposition time the simulated results and the experimental measurements exhibit a very good agreement, just around 20 nm discrepancy in the final thin film thickness hence showing the high accuracy of the developed model. The dynamic optimization problem is transformed into a non-linear programming (NLP) problem using the CVP method, i.e. the control variables are approximated by means of piecewise constant functions. It is then implemented within Matlab and solved using fmincon optimizer. Two different optimization problems are proposed., in the first problem Zn flow rate (V_(w,Zn)) is considered as control or manipulated variables u(t) and in the second problem both Zn flow rate (V_(w,Zn)) and Oxygen flow rate 〖(V〗_(w,O_2 )) are considered as manipulated variables. Quality constraints are established according to experimental studies that were performed in order to determinate the final product properties such as Transmittance, Resistivity, Film thickness and reactor parameters. Two optimization problems are solved taking as control variable the Zn flow rate and Oxygen flow rate in order to minimize batch time while some thin film desired properties (transmittance, resistivity and thickness) satisfy the defined constraints. The batch time was reduced in a 15% with respect to the current operating conditions used by the Semiconductor Materials and Solar Energy research Group. Finally, the optimal profiles of the Zn flow rate and Oxygen flow rate that were obtained in the optimization part were used to develop and simulated a regulatory control algorithm using the Simulink toolbox of Matlab®. The results obtained in the simulation of the control algorithm show that the designed controller has an appropriate performance by following the optimal flow trajectories and the ideal ratio of Oxygen and Zinc
Helary, Doriane. "Etude de couches dorées sur matières vitreuses : application aux tesselles à feuille d'or et aux céramiques glaçurées à décors de lustres dorés." Paris, ENMP, 2003. https://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00001345.
Повний текст джерелаMichau, Alexandre. "Dépôts chimiques en phase vapeur de revêtements à base de chrome sur surfaces complexes pour environnements extrêmes : expérimental et simulation." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016INPT0088/document.
Повний текст джерелаNuclear fuel cladding tubes resistance against high temperature oxidation during accident conditions is crucial because it means protecting the first containment barrier. This can be done by coating the inner wall of the cladding tube with CVD processes, which are most likely to do so. More specifically, we used DLI-MOCVD to grow chromium based (Cr(S), metallic crystalline chromium) and chromium carbides based (amorphous chromium carbides CrxCy, recycled CrxCy, silicon doped CrxSizCy) coatings, known for their good oxidation resistance. The coating process was optimized using numerical modelling to improve coatings performance. A reaction kinetics model of the deposition process of amorphous CrxCy coatings was adjusted and validated after the identification of the chemical mechanism. It was also shown that the liquid solution containing organometallic precursor (bis(arene)chromium) and solvent (toluene) could be directly recycled, thereby increasing the industrialization potential of such process. Physical, chemical and structural properties of coatings deposited with this process were characterized. A study of the coatings mechanical properties has also been undertaken. It shows that compared to related coatings grown with other processes, those deposited by DLI-MOCVD exhibit a particularly high hardness (up to 30 GPa), compressive residual stresses, good adhesion with the substrate and finally a different abrasive wear resistance depending on the temperature. The assessment of their oxidation resistance at 1200 °C revealed excellent performances of amorphous chromium carbides coatings, which can delay catastrophic oxidation up to two hours with only a 10 µm thickness. All the other coatings only increase the thermal resistance of zircaloy substrates
Tirnoveanu, Mircea. "Modélisation et simulation d'un procède d'absorption gaz-liquide avec réaction chimique." Lyon, INSA, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999ISAL0048.
Повний текст джерелаThe subject of this study is the modeling of the absorption of a gas component into a liquid. This operation is performed in a classical gas-liquid contactor: a counter-current packed column. The experimental study was realised on a pilot plant at the Laboratory of Environmental Analysis of lndustrial Processes and Systems at INSA Lyon. For the characterisation of the liquid and gas flows, a preliminary hydrodynamic study was made. Taking into account the hydrodynamics and the mass transfer a simulation model was proposed. For the determination of the mass transfer parameters, the model was used under steady-state conditions. In order to check the mass transfer parameters, the model was applied in dynamic conditions. The validation of the model was made for the pilot plant column. Modeling of the systems developed permits the optimisation of the process and the scale-up to the industrial size. An industrial plant for the absorption of carbon dioxide in diethanolamine promoted hot potassium carbonate processes operating at« AZOMURES » Chemical Fertilisers Works, Târgu-Mures, Romania yielded some interesting results
Boucif, Noureddine. "Modélisation et simulation de contacteurs membranaires pour les procédés d'absorption de gaz acides par solvant chimique." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LORR0280/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe overarching objective of this thesis is the research of mathematical models which are better to describe the process of gas-liquid absorption in a membrane contactor with porous or dense hollow fibers. The geometric configuration of these contactors, combined with their low energy consumption and their compactness, allows them to gradually replace conventional processes such as packing towers and absorption columns. Our goal is to study the performance of these innovative processes by developing more rigorous mathematical models. In this scope, we studied several cases where the hydrodynamics of fluid flow, the nature of the solute or solvent have been changed. First, only the hydrodynamics of the fibre side compartment has been taken into account for two types of an absorption process with and without chemical reaction. Subsequently, the hydrodynamics of fluid flow in both the fiber side as shell side were taken into consideration. Models have been developed for classical carbon dioxide absorption in monoéthanolamine solutions (liquid absorption of reference) where the flow fluid in the shell were is assumed to obey a plug-flow in a first case, described by the surface free model known as "Happel model" in a second case, and finally characterized by the momentum Navier-Stokes equations in a third case. The comparison of the numerically simulated results collected from the three models showed that those of the third case matched very closely with the laboratory experimental results
Elmonser, Lassaad. "Simulation de procédés de gravure par faisceau ionique assistée chimiquement des matériaux III-V." Nantes, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006NANT2090.
Повний текст джерелаThis project is carried out under RMNT contract of research ministry and in collaboration with Elvion Veeco, LPN and Alcaltel OPTO+. It concerns the development of 2D etching model of GaAs by Ar+/Cl2 using chemically assisted ion beam etching process (CAIBE). This model allows to study the etching rate and the etch profile evolution in time and space as a function of the experimental conditions of CAIBE machine. The 2D etching model takes into account of several local surface phenomena such as the neutral reflection on the surface elements, the shadowing effects of neutrals and ions, the angular dependence of sputtering yield and mask erosion. Good agreements between the simulation results and the experiments have been obtained. This affirms that our model can be considered as a good tool to predict the etch profile evolution for the optoelectronic applications
Ville, d'Avray Marie-Amélie de. "Contribution à l'élaboration d'un outil de simulation de procédés de transformation physico-chimique de matières premières issues des agro ressources : application aux procédés de transformation de biopolymères par extrusion réactive." Thesis, Châtenay-Malabry, Ecole centrale de Paris, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010ECAP0020/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe development of biorefineries requires integrating and optimizing plants and handling a large number of material flows and unit operations. The development of a process simulator dedicated to this field would thus be of great interest. This is what we intended to initiate by relying on the example of the oxidation of biopolymers by reactive extrusion. Reactive extrusion is characterized by a strong coupling between flow, heat transfer and reaction kinetics. This coupling depends on the desired reactions. We here intended to elaborate aflexible model, being easily integrated into a static process simulator, and enabling to reach agood compromise between the predictive character of the model and the amount of experiments required to adjust model parameters. Therefore, we adopted a hybrid modelling approach combining a flow description based on ideal reactors and continuum mechanics laws. Flow is modeled as a cascade of continuous stirred tank reactors (CSTR) with possible backflow. Flow rates between CSTRs are calculated using physical laws taking into account the operating conditions and geometric parameters of the equipment. Each CSTR is characterized by a filling ratio, which depends on the operating conditions. The calculation of steady-state filling ratio, pressure and flow rates between the CSTRs is achieved by performing a material balance in each CSTR. Material temperature in each CSTR is calculated through a thermal balance. The chemical modification of the material is described using three reactions: the oxidative depolymerization, the formation of functional groups(carbonyl and carboxyl) and the thermomechanical degradation of the biopolymer induced by heating and shearing. The number-averaged and weight-averaged molecular weight of the biopolymer and the oxidant content in each CSTR are computed simultaneously by applying the moment operation to population balance equations. Viscosity is linked to the mean molecular weight. An iterative algorithm enables to couple material balance, thermal balance and reaction kinetics. The experimental data required for model validation were provided by the experimental platform developed at the CVG (Centre de Valorisation des Glucides,Amiens, France) in the frame of the Synthons program. A method was proposed in order to adjust model parameters with a minimal number of experimental data, enabling to assess the predictive character of the model. Once the parameters were adjusted, the reactive extrusion model enabled to reproduce the experimental results obtained with different raw materials,flow rates, screw rotation speeds, and using two extruders with different size and screw configuration. The integration of the reactive extrusion model into a process simulator - the USIM PAC software - enabled to simplify its implementation. This constitutes a promising step in a perspective of process optimization and scale-up, and enables to simulate a reactive extrusion operation within a global plant simulator
Feng, Lian-Fang. "Modélisation de réacteurs et procédés de polymérisation de propylène industriels." Thesis, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006INPL058N/document.
Повний текст джерелаIn this thesis, rigorous steady and dynamic models have been developed for an industrial propylene polymerization process. They have then been used to develop new processes based on the existing one. For that purpose, this thesis has: ? reviewed the state of the art of the olefin Ziegler-Natta catalysts; ? analyzed classical propylene polymerization processes and their characteristics; ? analyzed the characteristics of industrial slurry and gas phase propylene polymerization reactors using representative slurry propylene polymerization and gas phase polymerization reactors in series; studied the models for calculating the thermodynamic properties of complex propylene polymerization systems and methods for determining their parameters; ? developed a dynamic model for an entire industrial propylene polymerization process composed of a slurry reactor and several gas phase reactors in series. This model is based on rigorous polymerization kinetics involving several Ziegler-Natta active sites ? investigated the operating conditions and dynamic characteristics of the reactors ? simulated grade transition processes and optimum polymerization processes. Some of the results are original, and scientifically and technologically relevant
Wahl, François. "Un environnement d'aide aux ingénieurs basé sur une architecture en tâches et sur un module de visualisation de courbes. Application à la conception de procédés de raffinage." Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées, 1994. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00529958.
Повний текст джерелаMaragno, Angela. "Photo-electrochemical cells for green H2 production : a contribution to scaling up studies." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lyon 1, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024LYO10038.
Повний текст джерелаThis PhD project focuses on the comparative study of two types of solar fuel generators: a PEC cell based on a bismuth vanadate (BiVO4) photoanode, and an integrated photoelectrochemical (IPEC) cell combining a solar cell with an electrolyser. Both devices achieve the artificial photosynthesis process of capturing solar energy and storing it in chemical bonds. The goal of the work is to identify the limiting parameters that hinder the large-scale deployment of these photoelectrochemical devices and to propose solutions in order to facilitate research in this field. Two specific scientific questions are at the heart of this research: 1. What is the impact of heterogeneities, inherent to large-scale preparation processes, on the performance of photoactive materials? 2. What role can integration play in transferring performance from the laboratory to the pilot scale? To answer the first question, an experimental parametric study was undertaken on BiVO4 photoanodes, considered as photoactive semiconductors representative for artificial photosynthesis. In parallel, in order to answer to the second question, an IPEC cell, the combination of a PK/Si tandem solar cell with a proton exchange membrane electrolyser, was realized, tested and optimized. In a second phase, this approach was followed by the design of a monolithic module, integrating 9 IPEC cells. The realization of 5 of these modules enabled the assembly of the EASI Fuel device (European Autonomous Solar Integrated fuel station) for the continuous conversion of H2 (produced under sunlight by the IPEC cells) and CO2 into CH4 within a methanogenesis Archaea-based bioreactor. Thanks to this innovative coupling, the EASI Fuel device was selected and successfully tested for 72 hours of continuous operation in total autonomy, during the final of the Horizon Prize - Fuel from the Sun: Artificial Photosynthesis competition, which took place at the end of the 2nd year of the thesis
Lambert, Charlène. "Simulation et optimisation énergétique de procédés agroalimentaires dans un logiciel de génie chimique. Modélisation du séchage convectif d'aliments solides et application à une sucrerie de betteraves." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015SACLA004.
Повний текст джерелаTo face recent European regulations, the food industry has a critical need for IT tools to simulate their entire factory to reconcile industrial data and optimize energy consumption. Such software exist in the field of chemical engineering. They are limited to mixtures of gases and liquids whose thermo-physical properties can be correctly predicted by thermodynamic models. To date, no commercial software is able to simulate most food unit operations and calculate the required thermophysical properties of foods, especially solid foods. A first part of this Ph.D. is dedicated to the development of a model of hot air drying of solid food. This model is being added to the ProSimPlus® unit operation module database. It has been validated in the laboratory scale for the drying of 4 products of different compositions and geometries. Its simulation time is significantly higher than the one of the other modules of ProSimPlus®. To overcome this issue, an innovative method of drying model reduction has been developed. To facilitate the characterization work of a new product, a new and rapid method for identifying the apparent diffusivity of water by a reverse approach was also developed. A second part of this PhD focuses on the simulation and energy optimization of a sugar beet factory, in collaboration with V.E.R.I. All the unit operations of the factory were modeled with ProSimPlus® using only modules of -food non-specific- unit operations. Data reconciliation has been performed and deviation between simulated and industrial data were below 1 %. Energy optimization of the sugar factory was performed by combining thermal and exergy analyses. In this study, technical solutions were proposed to significantly reduce the total irreversibility, the cold utility requirement and the mass flow-rate of high pressure steam supplying the factory
Berdouzi, Fatine. "Simulation dynamique de dérives de procédés chimiques : application à l'analyse quantitative des risques." Phd thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2017. http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/19822/1/Berdouzi_19822.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаHernandez-Guevara, Hector. "Contribution à la simulation de systèmes chimiques orientée vers l’analyse de sécurité : application à la prévention de l’explosion thermique." Compiègne, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987COMPD078.
Повний текст джерелаYakimets-Pilot, Iryna. "Elaboration d'un modèle viscoélastique et son application au comportement d'un polypropylène sous sollicitations mécaniques complexes et physico-chimiques." Compiègne, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004COMP1504.
Повний текст джерелаThis work is devoted to a viscoelastic model developed for a semi-crystalline polymer with small strains. This model is based on a rheological approach and contains one spring, which is associated with the crystalline phase, and two Maxwell elements, which are associated with the amorphous phase with reduced mobility (interphase) and the free amorphous phase. A particular mechanism of de formation of two amorphous phases was integrated in this model, which satisfactory simulates the evolution of the viscoelasticity under various solicitations. The polypropylene was used in this study like a model-material. This viscoelastic model was then generalized in 3D for modelling the behaviour under complex mechanical solicitations: particularly proportional and no proportional traction-compression-torsion tests were simulated. The mechanical behaviour under physicochemical solicitations of photo-oxidation ageing type was also analysed thanks to this model
Payet, Lucille. "Remodelage de réseaux d'échangeurs de chaleur : collecte de données avancée, diagnostic énergétique et flexibilité." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018INPT0149/document.
Повний текст джерелаIn a context of numerical and energy transition, the Factory of the Future is meant to be moreenergy efficient but also smarter and agile through the use of flexible and reconfigurableproduction means. Enabling existing processes to achieve those properties is a difficult challengewhich often induces a reorganization of the units. In this context, RREFlex methodology wasdeveloped to provide several alternatives heat integration solutions both viable, robust andadaptable through the retrofitting of existing heat exchanger networks. Unlike grass-root design,which consists in designing both the process and the heat exchanger network at the same time(and thus, allowing many possibilities), retrofitting existing units can be a lot more complex.Indeed, as part of a continuous improvement process of the production, the plants have oftenalready undergone transformations during their life to cope with changes in demand or newenvironmental constraints. Currently, numerous energy recovery analysis are performed onindustrial sites but do not necessarily involves concrete industrial measures. The main reasons forthe lack of results are mainly financial but also practical. The provided solutions are often nonrealistic in terms of operability because of the lack of accounting for the variability of the process,whether due to external disturbances on temperatures and flowrates or due to multiple operatingconditions (many production campaigns, evolution in process load, etc.). Moreover, thosesolutions also do not take on-site constraints into account (units topology, process streamscompatibility, safety, etc.), as it is difficult to apprehend such constraints. The RREFlex module(Robust software tool for the synthesis of Flexible Heat Exchanger Networks), was developed toassess these issues. Based on a statistical analysis of historical data extracted from on-sitemeasurements, a first module - EDiFy : Enhanced Data collection for Flexibility analysis – enablesthe location and characterization of the multiple steady state regimes. The mean value andvariance of operating conditions characterizing the process (e.g. temperature, heat flow) areestimated for each steady state. As this data set is usually incomplete, it is necessary to use asimulation model of the process to complete and validate the consistency of the measurements ofeach identified steady state.Based upon those data, an energy diagnosis step enables the assessment of each existing heatexchanger liability. This analysis results in the identification and classification of several promisingretrofitting scenarios. Each one is defined by a list of heat exchangers to reconsider and severalconfiguration parameters.Each selected scenario is then used to design the corresponding optimal heat exchanger network.The latter step, which is based on a multi-period mixed linear programming model, aims at thedesign of a new heat exchanger network topology. In this context, the model includes not only thepossibility to add new heat exchangers but also to shift the preserved heat exchangers for a givenscenario, as long as the original pair of streams is kept. The resulting heat exchanger networksare thus adaptable to every operating conditions identified in the first step of the methodology butalso reconfigurable through the use of by-passes. The performances of the resulting networks areevaluated and classified using key performance indicators, especially the robustness which iscrucial to account for the process variability.The approach was validated on two industrial scale case studies: a MVC production process and arefinery heating train
Garcia, Pérez José Antonio. "Microscopies Optiques et Spectroscopies de Matériaux Épais : Mesures et Simulations Appliquées à des Photosensibilisateurs de l'Oxygène Singulet en Matrice de Silice." Thesis, Pau, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PAUU3015/document.
Повний текст джерелаThis work presents an optical and fluorescence microscopy study of hybrid materials based on porous silica monoliths containing derivatives of cyano-anthracene: 9,10-dicyano-anthracene (DCA) or 9,14-dicyano-benzo(b)triphenylene (DBTP), photo-sensitizers of singlet oxygen. While these materials are well known from bulk studies for the efficient photo-oxidation of sulphides under heterogeneous conditions, some characteristics of the association of the photo-sensitizer and the absorbent may be masked, overlooked or otherwise misinterpreted by bulk investigations alone. Here, we combine classical bulk spectroscopy with optical and fluorescence microscopy, and develop experimental protocols for thick solid state samples, to study the spatial distribution and the mobility of the guest in the host matrix, and analyse guest-host interactions. Optical microscopy shows in all cases localised inhomogeneities at monolith interface, ascribed to bubble formation during synthesis; wide-field fluorescence microscopy shows that these features are associated with local accumulation of the larger, more hydrophobic of the two photo-sensitizers, DBTP. Photo-sensitizer lateral distribution at the monolith interface is otherwise homogeneous. Based on Monte Carlo ray-tracing simulations, we develop a protocol for correcting refraction artefacts in measured confocal fluorescence depth profiles, to obtain the photo-sensitizer axial distribution. While it in general exhibits a sharp increase in concentration in the first 50—100 m below the surface compared to the bulk, this layer contributes negligibly to the total content of the monoliths. FRAP analysis shows mobility of the photo-sensitizers in all cases, but with diffusion constants implying months or years to equilibrate the centimetre-sized monoliths. Classical bulk and confocal spectroscopy with FLIM analysis show similar photo-physical properties of DBTP included and grafted. The main effects of funcionalization in this photo-sensitizer are to slow down diffusion and to counter its aggregation. Incomplete FRAP recovery implies photo-sensitizer mobility is compartmented, probably due to random constrictions in the pore network. These observations underline that silica-based monoliths are non-equilibrium systems encapsulating a snapshot of any homogeneities frozen in during the later stages of hydrolysis-condensation of silicate units. Correlating classical bulk spectroscopy with our confocal observations on the different DBTP forms, conclude that its unusual structureless, red-shifted emission is probably due to excimer emission
Di, Menno Di Bucchianico Daniele. "Development of processes for the valorization of lignocellulosic biomass based on renewable energies." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Normandie, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023NORMIR27.
Повний текст джерелаThe world is facing the impacts of climate change due to its long dependence on fossil fuels, and specifically Europe, which is facing an energy crisis, has recognized the fragility of its fossil fuel-dependent energy system and has moved strongly towards renewable energy resources. Among renewables, biomass not only powers bio-energy production but also serves as a vital source of bio-carbon, used to create high-value molecules, replacing fossil-based products. Alkyl levulinates, derived from biomass, particularly stand out for their potential as bio-additives and bio-fuels. Acid solvolysis of hexose sugars from biomass appears to be a promising and cost-effective production route, which requires further investigation not yet found in the literature. The potential of alkyl levulinate extends to its conversion into γ-valerolactone (GVL), a promising bio-solvent, commonly obtained by hydrogenation through molecular-hydrogen. Besides being a key reagent, hydrogen is also a promising energy carrier, facilitating the integration of renewable energy sources into the market. Hydrogen energy storage systems support this integration, promoting 'green' industrial transformation. This thesis focuses on technological investigation and sustainability assessment of a potential biorefinery system, integrating lignocellulosic biomass valorization, energy production, and hydrogen generation. The study encompasses experimental investigations, optimizing technologies for the production of butyl levulinate and its subsequent hydrogenation to GVL. Sustainability considerations are fundamental to the process configuration, aligning with the global shift towards renewable and carbon bio-resources. In order to answer the question of sustainability, the research presents a first section focused on the experimental investigation of the optimal technology for the production of butyl levulinate. The solvolysis of the biomass-derived hexose Fructose to butyl levulinate was investigated, in terms of optimal process conditions and kinetic modelling. Selected an effective heterogeneous catalyst, the effect of the solvent was investigated, showing the benefits of using GVL as co-solvent, together with butanol, on the conversion and dissolution kinetics of fructose. In these conditions, the solvolysis to butyl levulinate was studied in depth from a kinetic point of view, first by proposing a model for the solvolysis of 5-HMF, an intermediate in the fructose pathway, and then extending the modelling from fructose itself. A robust kinetic model, describing the reaction mechanism of solvolysis, was defined and validated, particularly under conditions of high initial fructose concentration (applying the concept of High-gravity), and including in the modelling the kinetics of dissolution, and degradation of fructose, under acidic conditions.In the second part of the research, the technological perspective was extended to the hydrogenation of butyl levulinate to GVL. Starting from a conceptual design phase, the overall fructose-to-GVL process scheme was defined, simulated, and optimized on the basis of the process intensification concept. In the third part, the process was then dropped into a real case study in Normandy, France, adapting the analysis to the local availability of lignocellulosic biomass and wind energy. The study defines a methodology for designing and integrating the energy-supply system, evaluating different scenarios. The sustainability assessment, based on key performance indicators spanning economic, environmental, and social dimensions, culminates in an aggregated overall sustainability index. The results highlight scenarios integrating the GVL biorefinery system with wind power and hydrogen energy storage as promising, demonstrating high economic profitability and reduced environmental impact. Finally, sensitivity analyses validate the robustness and reliability of the methodology, generally extendable also to other technological systems
Come previsto, il mondo sta affrontando gli effetti tangibili del cambiamento climatico come conseguenza di un'economia basata sui combustibili fossili per centinaia di anni. Oltre a dover affrontare e adottare misure correttive per limitare gli effetti del riscaldamento globale, l'Europa sta affrontando una grave crisi energetica, che rivela la fragilità del sistema energetico europeo, prevalentemente dipendente dalle importazioni di combustibili fossili. La geopolitica delle risorse fossili ha innescato la necessaria rimodulazione dell'economia energetica europea, che si sta spostando "forzatamente" verso le risorse energetiche rinnovabili per diventare un'economia fossile e a zero emissioni di carbonio. Nel panorama delle rinnovabili, le risorse più sfruttate sono l'energia solare, eolica e da biomassa. Oltre alla produzione di bioenergia, la biomassa è una fonte inestimabile di biocarbonio, che può essere sfruttata e valorizzata per la produzione di molecole ad alto valore aggiunto che possono essere utilizzate in vari settori industriali, per la produzione di carburanti, prodotti chimici, materiali e sostituendo i corrispondenti prodotti di origine fossile. In questo contesto, sono stati sviluppati sistemi innovativi di bioraffinazione della biomassa di seconda generazione per trasformare e decostruire la complessa struttura della biomassa in molecole piattaforma più semplici, che possono poi essere trasformate in molecole ad alto potenziale. Tra queste, gli alchil levulinati sono stati identificati per il loro notevole potenziale come bioadditivi e biocarburanti. Esteri dell'acido levulinico, questi composti possono essere ottenuti da derivati della biomassa, come i monosaccaridi dello zucchero, secondo diverse vie di reazione; tra queste, la solvolisi acida degli zuccheri esosi può essere una via di produzione promettente ed economicamente vantaggiosa, che richiede ulteriori indagini non ancora presenti in letteratura. Il potenziale degli alchil levulinati risiede anche nella possibilità di un ulteriore trasformazione mediante idrogenazione per produrre γ-valerolattone (GVL), una molecola con un mercato promettente come bio-solvente, grazie alle sue proprietà di stabilità, ecotossicità e biodegradabilità. L'uso dell'idrogeno gassoso è la via più comune per l'idrogenazione del GVL, ma, oltre a essere un reagente chimico fondamentale, l'idrogeno è anche uno dei principali protagonisti della transizione energetica. Infatti, come vettore energetico, l'idrogeno può portare alla piena penetrazione delle fonti energetiche rinnovabili nel mercato dell'energia, costituendo un complemento-tampone per lo stoccaggio delle energie rinnovabili intermittenti, attraverso la progettazione di sistemi di stoccaggio dell'energia dell'idrogeno (HydESS). L'accumulo di energia a idrogeno a lungo termine può consentire l'autosufficienza dei sistemi di energia rinnovabile, in quanto agisce da ponte tra le funzionalità dei sistemi Power-to-Hydrogen, in grado di assorbire i surplus energetici delle energie rinnovabili e di immagazzinarli, e quelle dei sistemi Hydrogen-to-Power, che restituiscono energia rinnovabile quando le fonti di energia primaria non sono disponibili. In quest'ottica, lo sviluppo di tali sistemi può portare all'integrazione completa e stabile delle fonti di energia rinnovabile in asset industriali già esistenti, così come in nuovi mercati industriali, come le bioraffinerie di biomassa lignocellulosica, promuovendo lo sviluppo di realtà industriali "verdi" in termini di trasformazione di materiali ed energia. Il mercato industriale globale si sta evolvendo verso la decarbonizzazione e la riqualificazione di diversi asset, attraverso investimenti in efficienza energetica e l'introduzione di processi green per la valorizzazione delle fonti rinnovabili, ma l'implementazione su larga scala di queste iniziative richiede un'analisi completa e approfondita della loro sostenibilità
Quezada, Maxwell Josias. "Hydrogénation catalytique de CO₂ en méthanol en lit fixe sous chauffage conventionnel et sous plasma à DBD ZSM-5 surface modification by plasma for catalytic activity improvement in the gas phase methanol-to-dimethylether reaction." Thesis, Normandie, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020NORMIR12.
Повний текст джерелаThe objective of this thesis is to contribute to the optimisation of the production of methanol by hydrogenation of CO₂ by synthesising new catalysts in the form of extrudates for industrial use. In this regard, six Cu-ZnO based catalysts supported on alumina and ZSM-5 were prepared and tested. At 36 bar and under conventional heating, the CuZnO/Al₂O₃ showed the best methanol yield. An industrial process based on this catalyst has been proposed and optimised. The influence of extracting water and methanol from the reaction medium using two reactors in series instead of one was investigated and it was found to increase methanol yield considerably. Tests at atmospheric pressure and under DBD plasma showed that the Cu/Al₂O₃ gives better CO₂ conversions, while the CuZnO/ZSM-5 showed better methanol yields. This was attributed to the ionic conductivity and the dielectric constant of the catalysts
Detcheberry, Mylène. "Valorisation chimique des condensats issus de la torréfaction de biomasses : modélisation thermodynamique, conception et analyse des procédés." Phd thesis, 2015. http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/16099/1/Detcheberry.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаDetcheberry, Mylene. "Valorisation chimique des condensats issus de la torréfaction de biomasses : modélisation thermodynamique, conception et analyse des procédés." Thesis, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015INPT0131/document.
Повний текст джерелаLignocellulosic biomass is considered as a renewable carbon resource with great potential for the energy and chemical recovery. Torrefaction is a thermal process carried out at temperatures below 300°C, under inert atmosphere, at atmospheric pressure, and with residence times for the solid biomass ranging from few minutes to several hours. Torrefied wood is a solid product constituted by more than 70% of the initial mass with properties close to those of coal. The 30% remaining part is a gaseous effluent, composed of about one third of non-condensable gases – carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide – and two thirds of condensable species. Currently, torrefied wood is the main product of interest and is usually transformed into energetic gases by the gasification process or directly used as coal for combustion. Conversely, gaseous by-products are considered at present time as a waste and in the best case are burned to provide energy to the process. Yet, the recovery and valorization of the condensable fraction as bio-sourced chemicals is worth considering. The aim of the thesis is to propose a separation-purification process for condensable chemicals of the waste gas. This condensable fraction is a predominantly aqueous phase, containing more than 150 identified organic species. Minority species are present in varying proportions depending on torrefied wood. Finally, it is a reactive and thermally unstable mixture, where different chemical equilibria are present. An analysis of the physicochemical characteristics of the condensable fraction allowed selecting a limited number of compounds to model the mixture. A representative model of the thermodynamic behavior of the reactive mixture has been selected and the binary interaction parameters identified. Experimental vapor-liquid equilibria data were acquired in part to validate this model. The target compounds and objectives of the recovery process were selected and several development strategies were developed and simulated in ProSim+ on the basis of thermodynamic modeling. This study assessed these different strategies in terms of energy efficiency and purity of the products for potential implementation on an industrial scale of this sector