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Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 6 вересня 2023

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1

Tian, Xueyu, Samuel D. Stranks, and Fengqi You. "Life cycle energy use and environmental implications of high-performance perovskite tandem solar cells." Science Advances 6, no. 31 (July 2020): eabb0055. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abb0055.

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Анотація:

A promising route to widespread deployment of photovoltaics is to harness inexpensive, highly-efficient tandems. We perform holistic life cycle assessments on the energy payback time, carbon footprint, and environmental impact scores for perovskite-silicon and perovskite-perovskite tandems benchmarked against state-of-the-art commercial silicon cells. The scalability of processing steps and materials in the manufacture and operation of tandems is considered. The resulting energy payback time and greenhouse gas emission factor of the all-perovskite tandem configuration are 0.35 years and 10.7 g CO2-eq/kWh, respectively, compared to 1.52 years and 24.6 g CO2-eq/kWh for the silicon benchmark. Prolonging the lifetime provides a strong technological lever for reducing the carbon footprint such that the perovskite-silicon tandem can outcompete the current benchmark on energy and environmental performance. Perovskite-perovskite tandems with flexible and lightweight form factors further improve the energy and environmental performance by around 6% and thus enhance the potential for large-scale, sustainable deployment.

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2

Shukla, Naman, Anil Kumar Verma, and Sanjay Tiwari. "Optimization of Efficient Perovskite-Si Hybrid Tandem Solar Cells." Material Science Research India 20, no. 1 (May 31, 2023): 25–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/msri/200104.

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Анотація:

Perovskite-silicon tandem solar cells have attracted much attention to photovoltaic community because of their high efficiency via easy fabrication methods and availability of precursor material abundant in nature. The properties of both perovskite and silicon meet ideal solar cell standards such as high light absorption potential, long carrier diffusion length and fast charge separation process. Semi-transparent solar cell with widely tunable band gap of perovskite material is compatible with silicon solar cell for tandem structures. A perovskite-silicon tandem solar cell four terminal configuration optimization was performed through numerical simulation. The optimized four terminal perovskite-silicon tandem solar cell performances was investigated by varying the thickness of top and bottom solar cell absorber layers, defect density of the absorber layer, and temperature. Perovskite-silicon tandem solar cell showed better photovoltaic performance under constant illumination condition. A high performance mechanically attached four terminal (4-T) perovskite-silicon tandem solar cell has total power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 34.88% by optimized parameters through simulation. It has shown 37% efficiency with matched current of 23.71mA/cm2. These numerical simulation results are provided the parameter values for further experimental assignment.

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3

Ulbrich, C., C. Zahren, A. Gerber, B. Blank, T. Merdzhanova, A. Gordijn, and U. Rau. "Matching of Silicon Thin-Film Tandem Solar Cells for Maximum Power Output." International Journal of Photoenergy 2013 (2013): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/314097.

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We present a meaningful characterization method for tandem solar cells. The experimental method allows for optimizing the output power instead of the current. Furthermore, it enables the extraction of the approximate AM1.5g efficiency when working with noncalibrated spectra. Current matching of tandem solar cells under short-circuit condition maximizes the output current but is disadvantageous for the overall fill factor and as a consequence does not imply an optimization of the output power of the device. We apply the matching condition to the maximum power output; that is, a stack of solar cells is power matched if the power output of each subcell is maximal at equal subcell currents. The new measurement procedure uses additional light-emitting diodes as bias light in theJVcharacterization of tandem solar cells. Using a characterized reference tandem solar cell, such as a hydrogenated amorphous/microcrystalline silicon tandem, it is possible to extract the AM1.5g efficiency from tandems of the same technology also under noncalibrated spectra.

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4

Weiss, Dirk N. "Tandem solar cells beyond perovskite-silicon." Joule 5, no. 9 (September 2021): 2247–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.joule.2021.08.009.

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5

Singh, Manvika, Rudi Santbergen, Indra Syifai, Arthur Weeber, Miro Zeman, and Olindo Isabella. "Comparing optical performance of a wide range of perovskite/silicon tandem architectures under real-world conditions." Nanophotonics 10, no. 8 (June 1, 2020): 2043–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2020-0643.

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Abstract Since single junction c-Si solar cells are reaching their practical efficiency limit. Perovskite/c-Si tandem solar cells hold the promise of achieving greater than 30% efficiencies. In this regard, optical simulations can deliver guidelines for reducing the parasitic absorption losses and increasing the photocurrent density of the tandem solar cells. In this work, an optical study of 2, 3 and 4 terminal perovskite/c-Si tandem solar cells with c-Si solar bottom cells passivated by high thermal-budget poly-Si, poly-SiOx and poly-SiCx is performed to evaluate their optical performance with respect to the conventional tandem solar cells employing silicon heterojunction bottom cells. The parasitic absorption in these carrier selective passivating contacts has been quantified. It is shown that they enable greater than 20 mA/cm2 matched implied photocurrent density in un-encapsulated 2T tandem architecture along with being compatible with high temperature production processes. For studying the performance of such tandem devices in real-world irradiance conditions and for different locations of the world, the effect of solar spectrum and angle of incidence on their optical performance is studied. Passing from mono-facial to bi-facial tandem solar cells, the photocurrent density in the bottom cell can be increased, requiring again optical optimization. Here, we analyse the effect of albedo, perovskite thickness and band gap as well as geographical location on the optical performance of these bi-facial perovskite/c-Si tandem solar cells. Our optical study shows that bi-facial 2T tandems, that also convert light incident from the rear, require radically thicker perovskite layers to match the additional current from the c-Si bottom cell. For typical perovskite bandgap and albedo values, even doubling the perovskite thickness is not sufficient. In this respect, lower bandgap perovskites are very interesting for application not only in bi-facial 2T tandems but also in related 3T and 4T tandems.

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6

Hou, Yi, Erkan Aydin, Michele De Bastiani, Chuanxiao Xiao, Furkan H. Isikgor, Ding-Jiang Xue, Bin Chen, et al. "Efficient tandem solar cells with solution-processed perovskite on textured crystalline silicon." Science 367, no. 6482 (March 5, 2020): 1135–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aaz3691.

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Анотація:

Stacking solar cells with decreasing band gaps to form tandems presents the possibility of overcoming the single-junction Shockley-Queisser limit in photovoltaics. The rapid development of solution-processed perovskites has brought perovskite single-junction efficiencies >20%. However, this process has yet to enable monolithic integration with industry-relevant textured crystalline silicon solar cells. We report tandems that combine solution-processed micrometer-thick perovskite top cells with fully textured silicon heterojunction bottom cells. To overcome the charge-collection challenges in micrometer-thick perovskites, we enhanced threefold the depletion width at the bases of silicon pyramids. Moreover, by anchoring a self-limiting passivant (1-butanethiol) on the perovskite surfaces, we enhanced the diffusion length and further suppressed phase segregation. These combined enhancements enabled an independently certified power conversion efficiency of 25.7% for perovskite-silicon tandem solar cells. These devices exhibited negligible performance loss after a 400-hour thermal stability test at 85°C and also after 400 hours under maximum power point tracking at 40°C.

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7

Jäger, Klaus, Johannes Sutter, Martin Hammerschmidt, Philipp-Immanuel Schneider, and Christiane Becker. "Prospects of light management in perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells." Nanophotonics 10, no. 8 (June 1, 2020): 1991–2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2020-0674.

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Abstract Perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells are regarded as a promising candidate to surpass current efficiency limits in terrestrial photovoltaics. Tandem solar cell efficiencies meanwhile reach more than 29%. However, present high-end perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells still suffer from optical losses. We review recent numerical and experimental perovskite/silicon tandem solar cell studies and analyse the applied measures for light management. Literature indicates that highest experimental efficiencies are obtained using fully planar perovskite top cells, being in contradiction to the outcome of optical simulations calling for textured interfaces. The reason is that the preferred perovskite top cell solution-processing is often incompatible with usual micropyramidal textures of silicon bottom cells. Based on the literature survey, we propose a certain gentle nanotexture as an example to reduce optical losses in perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells. Optical simulations using the finite-element method reveal that an intermediate texture between top and bottom cell does not yield an optical benefit when compared with optimized planar designs. A double-side textured top-cell design is found to be necessary to reduce reflectance losses by the current density equivalent of 1 mA/cm2. The presented results illustrate a way to push perovskite/silicon tandem solar cell efficiencies beyond 30% by improved light management.

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8

Giliberti, Gemma, Francesco Di Giacomo, and Federica Cappelluti. "Three Terminal Perovskite/Silicon Solar Cell with Bipolar Transistor Architecture." Energies 15, no. 21 (November 1, 2022): 8146. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15218146.

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Анотація:

Solar photovoltaic energy is the most prominent candidate to speed up the transition from the existing non-renewable energy system to a more efficient and environmentally friendly one. Currently, silicon cells dominate the photovoltaic market owing to their cost-effectiveness and high efficiency, nowadays approaching the theoretical limit. Higher efficiency can be achieved by tandem devices, where a wide bandgap semiconductor is stacked on top of the silicon cell. Thin-film perovskite technology has emerged as one of the most promising for the development of silicon-based tandems because of the optimal perovskite opto-electronic properties and the fast progress achieved in the last decade. While most of the reported perovskite/silicon tandem devices exploit a two-terminal series connected structure, three-terminal solutions have recently drawn significant attention due to their potential for higher energy yield. In this work, we report for the first time a theoretical study, based on validated optical and electrical simulations, of three-terminal perovskite/silicon solar cells employing a hetero-junction bipolar transistor structure. With respect to other three-terminal tandems proposed so far, the transistor structure can be implemented with rear-contact silicon cells, which are simpler and more common than interdigitated back-contact ones.

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9

Song, Hoyoung, Changhyun Lee, Jiyeon Hyun, Sang-Won Lee, Dongjin Choi, Dowon Pyun, Jiyeon Nam, et al. "Monolithic Perovskite-Carrier Selective Contact Silicon Tandem Solar Cells Using Molybdenum Oxide as a Hole Selective Layer." Energies 14, no. 11 (May 26, 2021): 3108. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14113108.

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Анотація:

Monolithic perovskite–silicon tandem solar cells with MoOx hole selective contact silicon bottom solar cells show a power conversion efficiency of 8%. A thin 15 nm-thick MoOx contact to n-type Si was used instead of a standard p+ emitter to collect holes and the SiOx/n+ poly-Si structure was deposited on the other side of the device for direct tunneling of electrons and this silicon bottom cell structure shows ~15% of power conversion efficiency. With this bottom carrier selective silicon cell, tin oxide, and subsequent perovskite structure were deposited to fabricate monolithic tandem solar cells. Monolithic tandem structure without ITO interlayer was also compared to confirm the role of MoOx in tandem cells and this tandem structure shows the power conversion efficiency of 3.3%. This research has confirmed that the MoOx layer simultaneously acts as a passivation layer and a hole collecting layer in this tandem structure.

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10

Qian, Jiadong, Marco Ernst, Nandi Wu, and Andrew Blakers. "Impact of perovskite solar cell degradation on the lifetime energy yield and economic viability of perovskite/silicon tandem modules." Sustainable Energy & Fuels 3, no. 6 (2019): 1439–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9se00143c.

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Анотація:

Perovskite/silicon two-junction tandem solar cells have achieved higher power conversion efficiency than silicon cells. However, the long-term performance of tandem modules strongly depends on the degradation of perovskite top cells.

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11

Hyun, Jiyeon, Kyung Mun Yeom, Ha Eun Lee, Donghwan Kim, Hae-Seok Lee, Jun Hong Noh, and Yoonmook Kang. "Efficient n-i-p Monolithic Perovskite/Silicon Tandem Solar Cells with Tin Oxide via a Chemical Bath Deposition Method." Energies 14, no. 22 (November 15, 2021): 7614. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14227614.

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Анотація:

Tandem solar cells, based on perovskite and crystalline silicon absorbers, are promising candidates for commercial applications. Tin oxide (SnO2), applied via the spin-coating method, has been among the most used electron transfer layers in normal (n-i-p) perovskite/silicon tandem cells. SnO2 synthesized by chemical bath deposition (CBD) has not yet been applied in tandem devices. This method shows improved efficiency in perovskite single cells and allows for deposition over a larger area. Our study is the first to apply low-temperature processed SnO2 via CBD to a homojunction silicon solar cell without additional deposition of a recombination layer. By controlling the reaction time, a tandem efficiency of 16.9% was achieved. This study shows that tandem implementation is possible through the CBD method, and demonstrates the potential of this method in commercial application to textured silicon surfaces with large areas.

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12

Lee, Changhyun, Jiyeon Hyun, Jiyeon Nam, Seok-Hyun Jeong, Hoyoung Song, Soohyun Bae, Hyunju Lee, et al. "Amorphous Silicon Thin Film Deposition for Poly-Si/SiO2 Contact Cells to Minimize Parasitic Absorption in the Near-Infrared Region." Energies 14, no. 24 (December 7, 2021): 8199. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14248199.

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Tunnel oxide passivated contact (TOPCon) solar cells are key emerging devices in the commercial silicon-solar-cell sector. It is essential to have a suitable bottom cell in perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells for commercial use, given that good candidates boost efficiency through increased voltage. This is due to low recombination loss through the use of polysilicon and tunneling oxides. Here, a thin amorphous silicon layer is proposed to reduce parasitic absorption in the near-infrared region (NIR) in TOPCon solar cells, when used as the bottom cell of a tandem solar-cell system. Lifetime measurements and optical microscopy (OM) revealed that modifying both the timing and temperature of the annealing step to crystalize amorphous silicon to polysilicon can improve solar cell performance. For tandem cell applications, absorption in the NIR was compared using a semitransparent perovskite cell as a filter. Taken together, we confirmed the positive results of thin poly-Si, and expect that this will improve the application of perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells.

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13

Tamboli, Adele C., David C. Bobela, Ana Kanevce, Timothy Remo, Kirstin Alberi, and Michael Woodhouse. "Low-Cost CdTe/Silicon Tandem Solar Cells." IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics 7, no. 6 (November 2017): 1767–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jphotov.2017.2737361.

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14

Shah, Arvind, J. Meier, E. Vallat-Sauvain, C. Droz, U. Kroll, N. Wyrsch, J. Guillet, and U. Graf. "Microcrystalline silicon and ‘micromorph’ tandem solar cells." Thin Solid Films 403-404 (February 2002): 179–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0040-6090(01)01658-3.

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15

Keppner, H., J. Meier, P. Torres, D. Fischer, and A. Shah. "Microcrystalline silicon and micromorph tandem solar cells." Applied Physics A: Materials Science & Processing 69, no. 2 (August 1, 1999): 169–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003390050987.

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16

Hossain, Md Momin, Md Yakub Ali Khan, Md Abdul Halim, Nafisa Sultana Elme, and Md Nayeem Hussain. "A Review on Stability Challenges and Probable Solution of Perovskite–Silicon Tandem Solar Cells." Signal and Image Processing Letters 5, no. 1 (May 26, 2023): 62–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.31763/simple.v5i1.58.

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Анотація:

Perovskite-silicon tandem solar cells have shown great potential in increasing the efficiency of solar cells, with efficiencies reaching as high as 25%. However, the stability of these cells remains a major challenge that must be addressed before they can be commercialized. This review focuses on the stability challenges of perovskite-silicon tandem solar cells and possible solutions to address these challenges. The main stability issues include the instability of the perovskite layer, the degradation of the silicon layer, and the failure of the interfaces between the layers. One solution is to use more stable perovskite materials, such as methylammonium lead iodide (MAPbI3) or formamidinium lead iodide (FAPbI3), which have shown better stability than traditional perovskite materials. Another solution is to use passivating layers, such as titanium dioxide, to protect the perovskite layer from degradation. Another solution is to use silicon heterojunction (SHJ) solar cells, which have shown better stability than traditional silicon solar cells. In addition, the use of encapsulation techniques, such as using a barrier layer or a hermetic seal, can help to protect the tandem solar cell from environmental degradation. In order to improve the stability of perovskite-silicon tandem solar cells, it is important to continue research on the development of more stable perovskite materials, passivating layers, and encapsulation techniques. Additionally, further research is needed to understand the mechanisms of degradation and to develop methods for monitoring and mitigating the degradation of the tandem solar cells.

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17

MacQueen, Rowan W., Martin Liebhaber, Jens Niederhausen, Mathias Mews, Clemens Gersmann, Sara Jäckle, Klaus Jäger, et al. "Crystalline silicon solar cells with tetracene interlayers: the path to silicon-singlet fission heterojunction devices." Materials Horizons 5, no. 6 (2018): 1065–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8mh00853a.

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18

Torres-Jaramillo, Santiago, Roberto Bernal-Correa, and Arturo Morales-Acevedo. "Improved design of InGaP/GaAs//Si tandem solar cells." EPJ Photovoltaics 12 (2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjpv/2021001.

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Анотація:

Optimizing any tandem solar cells design before making them experimentally is an important way of reducing development costs. Hence, in this work, we have used a complete analytical model that includes the important effects in the depletion regions of the III-V compound cells in order to simulate the behavior of two and four-terminal InGaP/GaAs//Si tandem solar cells for optimizing them. The design optimization procedure is described first, and then it is shown that the expected practical efficiencies at 1 sun (AM1.5 spectrum) for both two and four-terminal tandem cells can be around 40% when the appropriate thickness for each layer is used. The optimized design for both structures includes a double MgF2/ZnS anti-reflection layer (ARC). The results show that the optimum thicknesses are 130 (MgF2) and 60 nm (ZnS), respectively, while the optimum InGaP thickness is 220 nm and GaAs optimum thickness is 1800 nm for the four-terminal tandem on a HIT silicon solar cell (with total tandem efficiency around 39.8%). These results can be compared with the recent record experimental efficiency around 35.9% for this kind of solar cells. Therefore, triple junction InGaP/GaAs//Silicon tandem solar cells continue being very attractive for further development, using high efficiency HIT silicon cell as the bottom sub-cell.

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19

Hossain, Mohammad I., Wayesh Qarony, Vladislav Jovanov, Yuen H. Tsang, and Dietmar Knipp. "Nanophotonic design of perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 6, no. 8 (2018): 3625–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8ta00628h.

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20

Mariotti, Silvia, Eike Köhnen, Florian Scheler, Kári Sveinbjörnsson, Lea Zimmermann, Manuel Piot, Fengjiu Yang, et al. "Interface engineering for high-performance, triple-halide perovskite–silicon tandem solar cells." Science 381, no. 6653 (July 7, 2023): 63–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.adf5872.

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Анотація:

Improved stability and efficiency of two-terminal monolithic perovskite-silicon tandem solar cells will require reductions in recombination losses. By combining a triple-halide perovskite (1.68 electron volt bandgap) with a piperazinium iodide interfacial modification, we improved the band alignment, reduced nonradiative recombination losses, and enhanced charge extraction at the electron-selective contact. Solar cells showed open-circuit voltages of up to 1.28 volts in p-i-n single junctions and 2.00 volts in perovskite-silicon tandem solar cells. The tandem cells achieve certified power conversion efficiencies of up to 32.5%.

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21

Jiang, Yajie, Ibraheem Almansouri, Shujuan Huang, Trevor Young, Yang Li, Yong Peng, Qicheng Hou, et al. "Optical analysis of perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells." Journal of Materials Chemistry C 4, no. 24 (2016): 5679–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6tc01276k.

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Анотація:

A detailed optical analysis of the absorption distribution, parasitic absorption and reflection losses in various semi-transparent perovskite solar cell structures and their impact on tandem cell efficiencies is reported.

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22

Conibeer, Gavin, Martin Green, Eun-Chel Cho, Dirk König, Young-Hyun Cho, Thipwan Fangsuwannarak, Giuseppe Scardera, et al. "Silicon quantum dot nanostructures for tandem photovoltaic cells." Thin Solid Films 516, no. 20 (August 2008): 6748–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tsf.2007.12.096.

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23

Yates, H. M., P. Evans, D. W. Sheel, S. Nicolay, L. Ding, and C. Ballif. "High-performance tandem silicon solar cells on F:SnO2." Surface and Coatings Technology 230 (September 2013): 228–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2013.05.029.

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24

Elsmani, Mohammed Islam, Noshin Fatima, Michael Paul A. Jallorina, Suhaila Sepeai, Mohd Sukor Su’ait, Norasikin Ahmad Ludin, Mohd Asri Mat Teridi, Kamaruzzaman Sopian, and Mohd Adib Ibrahim. "Recent Issues and Configuration Factors in Perovskite-Silicon Tandem Solar Cells towards Large Scaling Production." Nanomaterials 11, no. 12 (November 24, 2021): 3186. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11123186.

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Анотація:

The unprecedented development of perovskite-silicon (PSC-Si) tandem solar cells in the last five years has been hindered by several challenges towards industrialization, which require further research. The combination of the low cost of perovskite and legacy silicon solar cells serve as primary drivers for PSC-Si tandem solar cell improvement. For the perovskite top-cell, the utmost concern reported in the literature is perovskite instability. Hence, proposed physical loss mechanisms for intrinsic and extrinsic instability as triggering mechanisms for hysteresis, ion segregation, and trap states, along with the latest proposed mitigation strategies in terms of stability engineering, are discussed. The silicon bottom cell, being a mature technology, is currently facing bottleneck challenges to achieve power conversion efficiencies (PCE) greater than 26.7%, which requires more understanding in the context of light management and passivation technologies. Finally, for large-scale industrialization of the PSC-Si tandem solar cell, the promising silicon wafer thinning, and large-scale film deposition technologies could cause a shift and align with a more affordable and flexible roll-to-roll PSC-Si technology. Therefore, this review aims to provide deliberate guidance on critical fundamental issues and configuration factors in current PSC-Si tandem technologies towards large-scale industrialization. to meet the 2031 PSC-Si Tandem road maps market target.

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25

Xia, Yuyang. "Research Progress and Improvement Methods of Highly Efficient and Stable Perovskite/Silicon-based Heterojunction Tandem Cells." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2499, no. 1 (May 1, 2023): 012026. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2499/1/012026.

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Анотація:

Abstract In recent years, in order to cope with climate and energy issues for green transformation, many countries have successively laid out the solar photovoltaic industry, making the photovoltaic industry the fastest growing industry in the energy sector. Among them, perovskite tandem cells (TSCs) are an important development direction. The stacked cells composed of perovskite top cells (PSCs) and silicon-based heterojunction (HJT) cells currently achieve a maximum photovoltaic conversion efficiency (PCE) of 31.25% and have great potential for development. This paper reviews the research and development process of the perovskite/silicon-based HJT tandem battery, and analyzes the methods to improve its PCE and stability through the research on the structure of the top, bottom and transition layers of the perovskite/silicon-based HJT tandem battery, in order to provide useful information in the industrial development and application.

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26

Mercaldo, Lucia V., Eugenia Bobeico, Antonella De Maria, Marco Della Noce, Manuela Ferrara, Vera La Ferrara, Laura Lancellotti, et al. "Monolithic Perovskite/Silicon-Heterojunction Tandem Solar Cells with Nanocrystalline Si/SiOx Tunnel Junction." Energies 14, no. 22 (November 17, 2021): 7684. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14227684.

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Анотація:

Perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells have strong potential for high efficiency and low cost photovoltaics. In monolithic (two-terminal) configurations, one key element is the interconnection region of the two subcells, which should be designed for optimal light management and prevention of parasitic p/n junctions. We investigated monolithic perovskite/silicon-heterojunction (SHJ) tandem solar cells with a p/n nanocrystalline silicon/silicon-oxide recombination junction for improved infrared light management. This design can additionally provide for resilience to shunts and simplified cell processing. We probed modified SHJ solar cells, made from double-side polished n-type Si wafers, which included the proposed front-side p/n tunnel junction with the p-type film simultaneously functioning as selective charge transport layer for the SHJ bottom cell, trying different thicknesses for the n-type layer. Full tandem devices were then tested, by applying a planar n-i-p mixed-cation mixed-halide perovskite top cell, fabricated via low temperature solution methods to be compatible with the processed Si wafer. We demonstrate the feasibility of this tandem cell configuration over a 1 cm2 area with negligible J-V hysteresis and a VOC ~1.8 V, matching the sum of the VOC-s contributed by the two components.

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27

Nikolskaia, A. B., S. S. Kozlov, M. F. Vildanova, O. K. Karyagina, and O. I. Shevaleevskiy. "Four-terminal perovskite-silicon tandem solar cells for low light applications." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2103, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012191. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2103/1/012191.

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Abstract Here novel high efficient semi-transparent perovskite solar cells (PSCs) based on ZrO2 photoelectrodes were fabricated and were used as top elements in tandem systems with crystalline silicon (c-Si) solar cells in four-terminal configuration. The comparative analysis of photovoltaic parameters measured for PSCs, c-Si solar cells and PSC/c-Si tandem solar cells demonstrated that the use of ZrO2 photoelectrodes allows to improve the PSC performance and to achieve efficiencies for PSC/c-Si tandem solar cell higher than for a standalone c-Si solar cell under varying illumination conditions.

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28

Ašmontas, Steponas, Aurimas Čerškus, Jonas Gradauskas, Asta Grigucevičienė, Konstantinas Leinartas, Andžej Lučun, Kazimieras Petrauskas, et al. "Cesium-Containing Triple Cation Perovskite Solar Cells." Coatings 11, no. 3 (February 27, 2021): 279. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings11030279.

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Cesium-containing triple cation perovskites are attracting significant attention as suitable tandem partners for silicon solar cells. The perovskite layer of a solar cell must strongly absorb the visible light and be transparent to the infrared light. Optical transmittance measurements of perovskite layers containing different cesium concentrations (0–15%) were carried out on purpose to evaluate the utility of the layers for the fabrication of monolithic perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells. The transmittance of the layers weakly depended on cesium concentration in the infrared spectral range, and it was more than 0.55 at 997 nm wavelength. It was found that perovskite solar cells containing 10% of cesium concentration show maximum power conversion efficiency.

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29

Zhao, Song, Hua Zhou, Shu-Ying Wang, Han Fei, Si-Han Jiang, and Xiang-Qian Shen. "Design of high efficiency perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells based on plasmonic enhancement of metal nanosphere." Acta Physica Sinica 71, no. 3 (2022): 038801. http://dx.doi.org/10.7498/aps.71.20211585.

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Perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells, by combining perovskite as a top absorber material and crystalline silicon as a bottom absorber material, can expand and enhance the utilization of solar spectrum. Therefore, such a tandem structure shows great potential to break through the Shockley-Queisser (SQ) limit of 31%－33% for single-junction (SJ) solar cells and is considered as one of the most promising approaches to achieving the higher performance in photoelectric conversion of solar cells. Reducing the optical losses from the surface and interfaces of cell device and making more photons propagate into the active layers are the key factors for achieving the goal. In this paper, the enhancement of spectral response and energy conversion efficiency of perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells depending on Au, Ag, Cu, Al nanosphere are studied by using the finite difference time domain method and rigorous coupled-wave analysis. The results show that owing to the introduction of metal nanosphere, the transmittance of photons propagating into the active material is promoted significantly. Therefore, the cell device achieves an apparent increase both in total absorbance and in quantum efficiency. The observed weighted average transmittance and energy conversion efficiency are increased from 73.16% and 23.09% to 79.15% and 24.97%, respectively, with an 8.14% improvement for the perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells coated with the optimized Al nanospheres.

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30

He, Yongcai, Zeguo Tang, Bo He, Changbao Han, Lei Ding, Xiaobing Gu, Yongzhe Zhang, Hui Yan, and Xixiang Xu. "Composition engineering of perovskite absorber assisted efficient textured monolithic perovskite/silicon heterojunction tandem solar cells." RSC Advances 13, no. 12 (2023): 7886–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d2ra05481g.

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Анотація:

Two-terminal monolithic tandem solar cell prepared on the commercialized silicon substrate is the most promising route. Composition engineering for perovskite top cells enables better current mismatch and morphology as well as good performance of the tandem cells.

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31

Marteau, Baptiste, Thibaut Desrues, Quentin Rafhay, Anne Kaminski, and Sébastien Dubois. "Passivating Silicon Tunnel Diode for Perovskite on Silicon Nip Tandem Solar Cells." Energies 16, no. 11 (May 26, 2023): 4346. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16114346.

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Silicon solar cells featuring tunnel oxide passivated contacts (TOPCon) benefit from high efficiencies and low production costs and are on the verge of emerging as the new photovoltaic market mainstream technology. Their association with Perovskite cells in 2-terminal tandem devices enables efficiency breakthroughs while maintaining low fabrication costs. However, it requires the design of a highly specific interface to ensure both optical and electrical continuities between subcells. Here, we evaluated the potential of tunnel diodes as an alternative to ITO thin films, the reference for such applications. The PECV deposition of an nc-Si (n+) layer on top of a boron-doped poly-Si/SiOx passivated contact forms a diode with high doping levels (>2 × 1020 carrier·cm−3) and a sharp junction (<4 nm), thus reaching both ESAKI-like tunnel diode requirements. SIMS measurements of the nc-Si (n+) (deposited at 230 °C) reveal an H-rich layer. Interestingly, subsequent annealing at 400 °C led to a passivation improvement associated with the hydrogenation of the buried poly-Si/SiOx stack. Dark I–V measurements reveal similar characteristics for resistivity samples with or without the nc-Si (n+) layer, and modeling results confirm that highly conductive junctions are obtained. Finally, we produced 9 cm2 nip perovskite on silicon tandem devices, integrating a tunnel diode as the recombination junction between both subcells. Working devices with 18.8% average efficiency were obtained, with only 1.1%abs PCE losses compared with those of references. Thus, tunnel diodes appear to be an efficient, industrially suitable, and indium-free alternative to ITO thin films.

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32

Gasparyan, Ferdinand. "Optical Properties of the Crystalline Silicon-black Silicon-perovskite Tandem Solar Cells." Advanced Materials Science and Technology 5, no. 1 (2023): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.37155/2717-526x-0501-3.

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33

Yan, Lingling, Can Han, Biao Shi, Ying Zhao, and Xiaodan Zhang. "Interconnecting layers of different crystalline silicon bottom cells in monolithic perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells." Superlattices and Microstructures 151 (March 2021): 106811. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.spmi.2021.106811.

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34

Koç, Mehmet, Giray Kartopu, and Selcuk Yerci. "Combined Optical-Electrical Optimization of Cd1−xZnxTe/Silicon Tandem Solar Cells." Materials 13, no. 8 (April 15, 2020): 1860. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13081860.

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Although the fundamental limits have been established for the single junction solar cells, tandem configurations are one of the promising approaches to surpass these limits. One of the candidates for the top cell absorber is CdTe, as the CdTe photovoltaic technology has significant advantages: stability, high performance, and relatively inexpensive. In addition, it is possible to tune the CdTe bandgap by introducing, for example, Zn into the composition, forming Cd1−xZnxTe alloys, which can fulfill the Shockley–Queisser limit design criteria for tandem devices. The interdigitated back contact (IBC) silicon solar cells presented record high efficiencies recently, making them an attractive candidate for the rear cell. In this work, we present a combined optical and electrical optimization of Cd1−xZnxTe/IBC Si tandem configurations. Optical and electrical loss mechanisms are addressed, and individual layers are optimized. Alternative electron transport layers and transparent conductive electrodes are discussed for maximizing the top cell and tandem efficiency.

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35

Albrecht, Steve, Michael Saliba, Juan Pablo Correa Baena, Felix Lang, Lukas Kegelmann, Mathias Mews, Ludmilla Steier, et al. "Monolithic perovskite/silicon-heterojunction tandem solar cells processed at low temperature." Energy & Environmental Science 9, no. 1 (2016): 81–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ee02965a.

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36

Schropp, Ruud E. I., Reinhard Carius, and Guy Beaucarne. "Amorphous Silicon, Microcrystalline Silicon, and Thin-Film Polycrystalline Silicon Solar Cells." MRS Bulletin 32, no. 3 (March 2007): 219–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/mrs2007.25.

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AbstractThin-film solar cell technologies based on Si with a thickness of less than a few micrometers combine the low-cost potential of thin-film technologies with the advantages of Si as an abundantly available element in the earth's crust and a readily manufacturable material for photovoltaics (PVs). In recent years, several technologies have been developed that promise to take the performance of thin-film silicon PVs well beyond that of the currently established amorphous Si PV technology. Thin-film silicon, like no other thin-film material, is very effective in tandem and triple-junction solar cells. The research and development on thin crystalline silicon on foreign substrates can be divided into two different routes: a low-temperature route compatible with standard float glass or even plastic substrates, and a high-temperature route (>600°C). This article reviews the material properties and technological challenges of the different thin-film silicon PV materials.

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37

Hafezi, Razagh, Soroush Karimi, Sharie Jamalzae, and Masoud Jabbari. "Material and solar cell research in high efficiency micromorph tandem solar cell." Ciência e Natura 37 (December 19, 2015): 434. http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/2179460x20805.

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“Micromorph” tandem solar cells consisting of a microcrystalline silicon bottom cell and an amorphous silicon top cell are considered as one of the most promising new thin-film silicon solar-cell concepts. Their promise lies in the hope of simultaneously achieving high conversion efficiencies at relatively low manufacturing costs. The concept was introduced by IMT Neuchâtel, based on the VHF-GD (very high frequency glow discharge) deposition method. The key element of the micromorph cell is the hydrogenated microcrystalline silicon bottom cell that opens new perspectives for low-temperature thin-film crystalline silicon technology. This paper describes the use, within p–i–n- and n–i–p-type solar cells, of hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) and hydrogenated microcrystalline silicon (_c-Si:H) thin films (layers), both deposited at low temperatures (200_C) by plasma-assisted chemical vapour deposition (PECVD), from a mixture of silane and hydrogen. Optical and electrical properties of the i-layers are described. Finally, present performances and future perspectives for a high efficiency ‘micromorph’ (mc-Si:Hya-Si:H) tandem solar cells are discussed.

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38

Cho, Eun-Chel, Martin A. Green, Gavin Conibeer, Dengyuan Song, Young-Hyun Cho, Giuseppe Scardera, Shujuan Huang, et al. "Silicon Quantum Dots in a Dielectric Matrix for All-Silicon Tandem Solar Cells." Advances in OptoElectronics 2007 (August 28, 2007): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2007/69578.

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We report work progress on the growth of Si quantum dots in different matrices for future photovoltaic applications. The work reported here seeks to engineer a wide-bandgap silicon-based thin-film material by using quantum confinement in silicon quantum dots and to utilize this in complete thin-film silicon-based tandem cell, without the constraints of lattice matching, but which nonetheless gives an enhanced efficiency through the increased spectral collection efficiency. Coherent-sized quantum dots, dispersed in a matrix of silicon carbide, nitride, or oxide, were fabricated by precipitation of Si-rich material deposited by reactive sputtering or PECVD. Bandgap opening of Si QDs in nitride is more blue-shifted than that of Si QD in oxide, while clear evidence of quantum confinement in Si quantum dots in carbide was hard to obtain, probably due to many surface and defect states. The PL decay shows that the lifetimes vary from 10 to 70 microseconds for diameter of 3.4 nm dot with increasing detection wavelength.

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39

Köhnen, Eike, Marko Jošt, Anna Belen Morales-Vilches, Philipp Tockhorn, Amran Al-Ashouri, Bart Macco, Lukas Kegelmann, et al. "Highly efficient monolithic perovskite silicon tandem solar cells: analyzing the influence of current mismatch on device performance." Sustainable Energy & Fuels 3, no. 8 (2019): 1995–2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9se00120d.

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Анотація:

We present a highly efficient monolithic perovskite/silicon tandem solar cell and analyze the tandem performance as a function of photocurrent mismatch with important implications for future device and energy yield optimizations.

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40

Lin, Yang-Shin, Shui-Yang Lien, Chao-Chun Wang, Chia-Hsun Hsu, Chih-Hsiang Yang, Asheesh Nautiyal, Dong-Sing Wuu, Pi-Chuen Tsai, and Shuo-Jen Lee. "Optimization of Recombination Layer in the Tunnel Junction of Amorphous Silicon Thin-Film Tandem Solar Cells." International Journal of Photoenergy 2011 (2011): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/264709.

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The amorphous silicon/amorphous silicon (a-Si/a-Si) tandem solar cells have attracted much attention in recent years, due to the high efficiency and low manufacturing cost compared to the single-junction a-Si solar cells. In this paper, the tandem cells are fabricated by high-frequency plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (HF-PECVD) at 27.1 MHz. The effects of the recombination layer and the i-layer thickness matching on the cell performance have been investigated. The results show that the tandem cell with a p+recombination layer and i2/i1thickness ratio of 6 exhibits a maximum efficiency of 9.0% with the open-circuit voltage (Voc) of 1.59 V, short-circuit current density (Jsc) of 7.96 mA/cm2, and a fill factor (FF) of 0.70. After light-soaking test, our a-Si/a-Si tandem cell with p+recombination layer shows the excellent stability and the stabilized efficiency of 8.7%.

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41

Santbergen, Rudi, Hisashi Uzu, Kenji Yamamoto, and Miro Zeman. "Optimization of Three-Terminal Perovskite/Silicon Tandem Solar Cells." IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics 9, no. 2 (March 2019): 446–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jphotov.2018.2888832.

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42

Calvet, W., E. Murugasen, J. Klett, B. Kaiser, W. Jaegermann, F. Finger, S. Hoch, M. Blug, and J. Busse. "Silicon based tandem cells: novel photocathodes for hydrogen production." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 16, no. 24 (2014): 12043. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c3cp55198a.

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43

Štulı́k, P., and J. Singh. "Optical modelling of tandem structure amorphous silicon solar cells." Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids 231, no. 1-2 (July 1998): 120–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-3093(98)00406-2.

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44

Shen, D. S., R. E. I. Schropp, H. Chatham, R. E. Hollingsworth, P. K. Bhat, and J. Xi. "Improving tunneling junction in amorphous silicon tandem solar cells." Applied Physics Letters 56, no. 19 (May 7, 1990): 1871–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.103073.

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45

Altazin, S., L. Stepanova, J. Werner, B. Niesen, C. Ballif, and B. Ruhstaller. "Design of perovskite/crystalline-silicon monolithic tandem solar cells." Optics Express 26, no. 10 (April 30, 2018): A579. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.26.00a579.

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46

Krc, Janez, Franc Smole, and Marko Topic. "Advanced optical design of tandem micromorph silicon solar cells." Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids 352, no. 9-20 (June 2006): 1892–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2005.12.040.

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47

Chen, Duote, and Phillip Manley. "Nanophotonic light management for perovskite–silicon tandem solar cells." Journal of Photonics for Energy 8, no. 02 (March 30, 2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.jpe.8.022601.

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48

Xu, Qiaojing, Ying Zhao, and Xiaodan Zhang. "Light Management in Monolithic Perovskite/Silicon Tandem Solar Cells." Solar RRL 4, no. 2 (November 7, 2019): 1900206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/solr.201900206.

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49

Lee, Changhyun, Sang-Won Lee, Soohyun Bae, Ahmed Shawky, Vasanthan Devaraj, Anton Anisimov, Esko I. Kauppinen, et al. "Carbon Nanotube Electrode‐Based Perovskite–Silicon Tandem Solar Cells." Solar RRL 4, no. 12 (September 29, 2020): 2000353. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/solr.202000353.

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50

Chin, Xin Yu, Deniz Turkay, Julian A. Steele, Saba Tabean, Santhana Eswara, Mounir Mensi, Peter Fiala, et al. "Interface passivation for 31.25%-efficient perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells." Science 381, no. 6653 (July 7, 2023): 59–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.adg0091.

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Silicon solar cells are approaching their theoretical efficiency limit of 29%. This limitation can be exceeded with advanced device architectures, where two or more solar cells are stacked to improve the harvesting of solar energy. In this work, we devise a tandem device with a perovskite layer conformally coated on a silicon bottom cell featuring micrometric pyramids—the industry standard—to improve its photocurrent. Using an additive in the processing sequence, we regulate the perovskite crystallization process and alleviate recombination losses occurring at the perovskite top surface interfacing the electron-selective contact [buckminsterfullerene (C 60 )]. We demonstrate a device with an active area of 1.17 square centimeters, reaching a certified power conversion efficiency of 31.25%.

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