Статті в журналах: "Silicon recycling"

1

Ikhmayies, Shadia J. "Recycling Silicon and Silicon Compounds." JOM 72, no. 7 (May 29, 2020): 2612–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11837-020-04218-0.

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2

Kwon, Woo Teck, Soo Ryong Kim, Y. Kim, Jee Ban Poudel, and Sea Cheon Oh. "Recovery of Silicon and Silicon Carbide Powder from Waste Silicon Wafer Sludge." Materials Science Forum 761 (July 2013): 65–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.761.65.

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In an environmental and economic point of view, recycling of silicon wafer sludge is important. The aim of this work is to investigate the recycling method of silicon wafer sludge. Therefore, drying rate of silicon wafer sludge has been studied for separation of liquid and solid from sludge. Silicon and silicon carbide powder obtained from silicon wafer sludge were analyzed by SEM, XFR, XRD and particle size analyzer. The recovered oil was also characterized using GC-MS. From this work, it can be seen that the falling drying rate of silicon wafer sludge is linear equation. Various metal components have been found in recovered solid powder caused by wire sawing processing.

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3

Jia-Yan, LI, CAI Min, WU Xiao-Wei, and TAN Yi. "Recycling Polycrystalline Silicon Solar Cells." Journal of Inorganic Materials 33, no. 9 (2018): 987. http://dx.doi.org/10.15541/jim20170547.

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4

Shevko, Viktor М., Yerbol Ye Akylbekov, Gulnara Ye Karataeva, and Alexandra D. Badikova. "Recycling of chrysotile-asbestos production waste." Metallurgical Research & Technology 119, no. 4 (2022): 410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/metal/2022050.

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The article examines results of studies on the effect of temperature, amount of carbon and pressure on the possibility of obtaining iron silicides and gaseous magnesium by carbon-thermal reduction of silicon and magnesium oxides containing in chrysotile-asbestos waste products. The studies were carried out using the HSC-6.0 software package (Outokumpy) and the second-order rotatable designs (Box-Hunter plans). It has been established that technology allows us to increase αSi(al), for example, at 1400 °C from 89.6 to 96.75%, reduce undesirable losses of silicon with gaseous SiO from 8.97 to 2.08% and slightly increase αMg(gas) from 97.41 to 97.54%. The alloy formed at 1300 °C contains 28.7% of silicon and corresponds to FS25 grade ferrosilicon.

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5

Riech, Ines, Carlos Castro-Montalvo, Loïs Wittersheim, Germán Giácoman-Vallejos, Avel González-Sánchez, Cinthia Gamboa-Loira, Milenis Acosta, and José Méndez-Gamboa. "Experimental Methodology for the Separation Materials in the Recycling Process of Silicon Photovoltaic Panels." Materials 14, no. 3 (January 27, 2021): 581. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14030581.

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As the use of photovoltaic installations becomes extensive, it is necessary to look for recycling processes that mitigate the environmental impact of damaged or end-of-life photovoltaic panels. There is no single path for recycling silicon panels, some works focus on recovering the reusable silicon wafers, others recover the silicon and metals contained in the panel. In the last few years, silicon solar cells are thinner, and it becomes more difficult to separate them from the glass, so the trend is towards the recovery of silicon. In this paper, we investigate the experimental conditions to delaminate and recovery silicon in the recycling process, using a combination of mechanical, thermal, and chemical methods. The conditions of thermal treatment to remove the ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) layer were optimized to 30 min at 650 °C in the furnace. To separate silicon and metals, the composition of HF/HNO3 solution and the immersion time were adjusted considering environmental aspects and cost. Under the selected conditions, panels from different manufacturers were tested, obtaining similar yields of recovered silicon but differences in the metal concentrations.

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6

Wei, Donghui, Shuaibo Gao, Jian Kong, Xing Jin, Shengnan Jiang, Shibo Zhou, Yanxin Zhuang, Huayi Yin, and Pengfei Xing. "Recycling silicon from silicon cutting waste by Al–Si alloying." Journal of Cleaner Production 251 (April 2020): 119647. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.119647.

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7

Zhu, Jing Jing, Qun Qun Huang, Shui Qing Yang, Wei Luo, and Jun Lin. "Recycling of SiC in Crystalline Silicon Cutting Fluid." Advanced Materials Research 622-623 (December 2012): 504–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.622-623.504.

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Both merits and demerits of existing recovery techniques of crystalline silicon scrap cutting fluid were analyzed and compared in this paper. In the thesis, a new separation process for separating and recovering SiC in crystalline silicon cutting fluid was presented. The performance index of recycled SiC powder is equal/familiar to the new one, and that can replace the use of new one completely.

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8

Xiao, Yan Ping, and Yong Xiang Yang. "Potential Routes for Recycling and Reuse of Silicon Kerf." Advanced Materials Research 295-297 (July 2011): 2235–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.295-297.2235.

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In photovoltaic industry during wafer sawing significant amount of solar grade silicon is getting lost into sawing slurry. In the present paper, potential approach and routes for recycling and reuse of silicon wafer sawing slurry are explored. Various techniques were used including distillation, heavy liquid separation, acid leaching and high temperature processing. After distillation, the polyethylene glycol (PEG) can be separated and reused as lubricant. By dissolving silicon at high temperatures from the kerf into a clean molten pool of silicon metal or scrap, or into an alloying metal like Cu, SiC can also be separated and recovered. Depending on the impurity level, solar grade silicon can be finally produced from this waste stream in combination with necessary refining treatment for the applications in the PV industry. Furthermore, converting the kerf into SiC or Si3N4 particles as technical ceramic products is also explored. It is expected that the present research can pave a way to develop a total recycling route for an optimum use of this resource, and to minimize the environmental risk of the waste disposal.

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9

He, Qian, Hongming Zhao, Shuangfeng Qian, Qiang Zhou, Jijun Wu, and Wenhui Ma. "Separating and Recycling of Elemental Silicon from Wasted Industrial Silicon Slag." Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B 53, no. 1 (December 2, 2021): 442–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11663-021-02381-6.

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10

Duran, Solco Samantha Faye, Danwei Zhang, Wei Yang Samuel Lim, Jing Cao, Hongfei Liu, Qiang Zhu, Chee Kiang Ivan Tan, Jianwei Xu, Xian Jun Loh, and Ady Suwardi. "Potential of Recycled Silicon and Silicon-Based Thermoelectrics for Power Generation." Crystals 12, no. 3 (February 22, 2022): 307. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst12030307.

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Thermoelectrics can convert waste heat to electricity and vice versa. The energy conversion efficiency depends on materials figure of merit, zT, and Carnot efficiency. Due to the higher Carnot efficiency at a higher temperature gradient, high-temperature thermoelectrics are attractive for waste heat recycling. Among high-temperature thermoelectrics, silicon-based compounds are attractive due to the confluence of light weight, high abundance, and low cost. Adding to their attractiveness is the generally defect-tolerant nature of thermoelectrics. This makes them a suitable target application for recycled silicon waste from electronic (e-waste) and solar cell waste. In this review, we summarize the usage of high-temperature thermoelectric generators (TEGs) in applications such as commercial aviation and space voyages. Special emphasis is placed on silicon-based compounds, which include some recent works on recycled silicon and their thermoelectric properties. Besides materials design, device designing considerations to further maximize the energy conversion efficiencies are also discussed. The insights derived from this review can be used to guide sustainable recycling of e-waste into thermoelectrics for power harvesting.

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11

Zhang, Jia, Fang Lv, Li Yun Ma, and Li Juan Yang. "The Status and Trends of Crystalline Silicon PV Module Recycling Treatment Methods in Europe and China." Advanced Materials Research 724-725 (August 2013): 200–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.724-725.200.

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The disposal of PV systems will become a problem in view of the continually increasing production of PV modules. Development for waste PV modules recycling would be extremely effective in coping with this problem. In Europe, the thermal method and chemical method for PV recycling were deeply developed. The thermal treatment was to separate the module components under 600°C. The chemical treatment is to recover silicon wafers out of solar cells, which can be used again in modules. But automated separation of components and advanced chemical process needs to be studied on. In China, mechanical treatment research for PV recycling has just started. PV modules were separated and recycled by abrasive machining under the cryogenic condition and electrostatic separation. The mechanical treatment can't recycle silicon to reprocess new wafers for its low purity. Compared to the advanced technology in Europe, PV recycling in China is primary and badly in need of improving to face the huge PV module recycling demands in future.

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12

Lunardi, Marina, J. Alvarez-Gaitan, J. Bilbao, and Richard Corkish. "Comparative Life Cycle Assessment of End-of-Life Silicon Solar Photovoltaic Modules." Applied Sciences 8, no. 8 (August 18, 2018): 1396. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app8081396.

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The cumulative global photovoltaic (PV) waste reached 250,000 metric tonnes by the end of 2016 and is expected to increase considerably in the future. Hence, adequate end-of-life (EoL) management for PV modules must be developed. Today, most of the EoL modules go to landfill, mainly because recycling processes for PV modules are not yet economically feasible and regulation in most countries is not yet well established. Nevertheless, several methods for recycling PV modules are under development. Life cycle assessment (LCA) is a methodology that quantifies the environmental impacts of a process or a product. An attributional LCA was undertaken to compare landfill, incineration, reuse and recycling (mechanical, thermal and chemical routes) of EoL crystalline silicon (c-Si) solar modules, based on a combination of real process data and assumptions. The results show that recovery of materials from solar modules results in lower environmental impacts compared to other EoL scenarios, considering our assumptions. The impacts could be even lower with the adoption of more complex processes that can reclaim more materials. Although recycling processes can achieve good recycling rates and recover almost all materials from solar modules, attention must be paid to the use of toxic substances during the chemical routes of recycling and to the distance to recycling centres due to the impacts of transportation.

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13

Cerchier, Pietrogiovanni, Katya Brunelli, Luca Pezzato, Claire Audoin, Jean Patrice Rakotoniaina, Teresa Sessa, Marco Tammaro, et al. "Innovative recycling of end of life silicon PV panels: ReSiELP." Detritus, no. 16 (September 30, 2021): 41–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.31025/2611-4135/2021.15118.

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In Europe, an increasing amount of End of Life (EoL) photovoltaic silicon (PV) panels is expected to be collected in the next 20 years. The silicon PV modules represent a new type of electronic waste that shows challenges and opportunities. ReSiELP was a European project that aimed at recovery of valuable materials (aluminum, glass, copper, silicon, and silver) from EoL silicon PV modules. During the project a pilot plant, constituted by a furnace, a gas abatement system, an apparatus for the mechanical separation and a hydrometallurgical plant was designed and built. The pilot plan was realized to upscale recycling technology to TRL 7, with a 1500 panels/year capacity. The feasibility of industrial-scale recovery and the reintegration of all recovered materials in their appropriate value chain was investigated. The results obtained showed that 2N purity silicon and 2N purity silver can be recovered with high efficiency. In order to realize a zero-waste plant, a hydrometallurgical process was developed for the wastewater treatment. Moreover, the use of recovered glass for building materials was investigated and the obtained performance seemed comparable with commercial products.

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14

Kim, Bum-Sung, and Woo-Byoung Kim. "Recycling of Silicon Sludge and its Optical Properties." Current Nanoscience 10, no. 1 (February 2014): 143–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1573413709666131109004146.

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15

Deng, Rong, Yuting Zhuo, and Yansong Shen. "Recent progress in silicon photovoltaic module recycling processes." Resources, Conservation and Recycling 187 (December 2022): 106612. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2022.106612.

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16

Pa, P. S. "Design of Thin Films Removal on Solar-Cells Silicon-Wafers Surface." Applied Mechanics and Materials 121-126 (October 2011): 805–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.121-126.805.

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In this study, the design of the mechanism of a recycling system using composite electrochemical and chemical machining for removing the surface layers from silicon wafers of solar cells is studied. The reason for constructing a new engineering technology and developing a clean production approach to perform the removal of surface thin film layers from silicon wafers is to develop a mass production system for recycling defective or discarded silicon wafers of solar cells that can reduce pollution. The goal of the development is to replace the current approach, which uses strong acid and grinding and may cause damage to the physical structure of silicon wafers and cause pollution to the environment, to efficiently meet the requirements of industry for low cost. It can not only perform highly efficient recycling of silicon wafers from discarded solar cells to facilitate the following remelting and crystal pulling process, but can also recycle defective silicon wafers during the fabrication process of solar cells for rework. A small gap width between cathode and workpiece, higher temperature, higher concentration, or higher flow rate of machining fluid corresponds to a higher removal rate for Si3N4 layer and epoxy film. Pulsed direct current can improve the effect of dregs discharge and is advantageous to associate with the fast feed rate of workpiece, but raises the current rating. A higher feed rate of silicon wafers of solar cells combine with enough electric power produces fast machining performance. The electrochemical and chemical machining just needs quite short time to make the Si3N4 layer and epoxy film remove easily and cleanly. An effective and low-cost recycle process for silicon wafers of solar cells is presented.

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17

Markert, Elizabeth, Ilke Celik, and Defne Apul. "Private and Externality Costs and Benefits of Recycling Crystalline Silicon (c-Si) Photovoltaic Panels." Energies 13, no. 14 (July 15, 2020): 3650. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13143650.

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With solar photovoltaics (PV) playing an increasing role in our global energy market, it is now timely and critical to understand the end of life management of the solar panels. Recycling the panels can be an important pathway, possibly recovering a considerable amount of materials and adding economic benefits from currently installed solar panels. Yet, to date, the costs and benefits of recycling, especially when externality costs resulting from environmental pollution are considered, are largely unknown. In this study, we quantified the private and externality costs and benefits of recycling crystalline silicon (c-Si) PV panels. We found that the private cost of end-of-life (EoL) management of the c-Si PV module is USD 6.7/m2 and much of this cost is from transporting (USD 3.3/m2) and landfilling (USD 3.1/m2), while the actual recycling process (the cost of consumed materials, electricity or the investment for the recycling facilities) is very small (USD 0.3/m2). We found that the external cost of PV EoL management is very similar to the private cost (USD 5.2/m2). Unlike the breakdown of the private costs, much of the externality costs (USD 4.08/m2) come from the recycling process, which suggests that more environmentally friendly methods (e.g., recycling methods that involve fewer toxic chemicals, acids, etc.) should be preferred. We estimated that the total economic value of the recycled materials from c-Si PV waste is USD 13.6/m2. This means that when externality costs are not considered, the net benefit of recycling is USD 6.7; when the externality cost of recycling is considered, there is still a net benefit of USD 1.19 per m2.

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18

Qin, Shiqiang, Pengting Li, Shuang Shi, Shutao Wen, Dachuan Jiang, and Yi Tan. "Recycling of silicon scraps by SiC absorption with Al addition in multicrystalline silicon." Materials Science in Semiconductor Processing 74 (February 2018): 218–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mssp.2017.10.047.

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19

Zhang, Z., F. Xi, Q. Ma, X. Wan, S. Li, W. Ma, X. Chen, et al. "A nanosilver-actuated high-performance porous silicon anode from recycling of silicon waste." Materials Today Nano 17 (March 2022): 100162. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mtnano.2021.100162.

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20

Korolev, Alexey, Sergey Sergeichenko, Konstantin Timofeev, Gennagy Maltsev, and Roman Voinkov. "Recycling of bismuth oxides." Metal Working and Material Science 23, no. 3 (September 15, 2021): 155–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.17212/1994-6309-2021-23.3-155-165.

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Introduction. The paper is devoted to the creation of an environmentally safe, technologically efficient and cost-effective high-performance integrated scheme for the recycling of lead-containing industrial products and waste, in particular, bismuth oxides and drosses formed during the melting of copper-electrolyte sludge, with the production of commodity monoelement products. To solve the problem, a combined technology is used, which is based on hydrometallurgical operations that allow separating chemical elements with similar properties with high extraction into finished products. The aim of the work is to study and develop fundamental approaches and rational integrated technologies for recycling bismuth drosses and oxides-industrial products of refining rough lead, using reducing melts of raw materials and bismuth-enriched sludge, electrolysis of bismuth lead to obtain rough bismuth containing ≥ 90 % Bi with its direct extraction of ≥ 70 %. Methods and approaches: melting at a temperature of 1,100…1,150 oC a charge of optimal composition containing bismuth oxides, sodium carbonate, silicon dioxide and carbon. Novelty: a decrease in the content of noble metals and accompanying chalcogenes in secondary copper-containing raw materials with an increase in the amount of impurity elements. Results and discussion: joint melting (1,100…1,150 °C) of bismuth oxides, sodium carbonate, silicon dioxide and carbon, taken in the mass ratio 100 : (15‒66) : (11‒25) : (5‒7), allows to transfer 89.0 – 93.6 % of bismuth and 99.5 ‒ 99.7 % of lead from the initial oxides to bismuth lead containing ~7 % Bi and ~80 % Pb. The main phase of the Pb-Bi alloy is elemental lead. The increased flux consumption leads to an increase in the amount of recycled silicate slags that are poor in target metals, into which it passes,%: 1.4 Bi; 2 Pb; 47 Zn; 23 Sb; 33 Sn. Main slag phases are following: Na2CaSiO4, Na4Mg2Si3O10, MgO, Pb, ZnS, PbS. The practical relevance is determined by the optimal mode of reducing melting of bismuth oxides (100 %) to obtain lead bismuth, %: 66 Na2CO3, 25 SiO2, 5 C; the process temperature is 1,150 ° C. The presence of impurities makes it necessary to introduce reagent treatment of lead bismuth into the technological scheme for recycling bismuth oxides. Decontamination and alkaline softening will make it possible to obtain a Pb-Bi alloy suitable for pyroelectrometallurgical recycling.

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21

Kozlov, I. S., M. M. Baidarashvili, A. S. Sakharova, and N. A. Shrednik. "Geo-Protective Technologies in Transport Construction." Ecology and Industry of Russia 24, no. 4 (April 24, 2020): 20–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.18412/1816-0395-2020-4-20-24.

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The research results are presented – chemical properties (evaluation of the detoxifying ability of silica sol), physical (determination of the required concentration of silicon dioxide), and physico-mechanical (strength tests of samples) – the properties of silicas. Transport construction technologies are proposed in which the use of a new binder allows achieving higher strength indicators of fortified structures, as well as ensuring the fulfillment of the geoecological function and recycling of roads by using silica sol.

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22

Zhang, Zisheng, Bo Sun, Jie Yang, Yusheng Wei, and Shoujie He. "Electrostatic separation for recycling silver, silicon and polyethylene terephthalate from waste photovoltaic cells." Modern Physics Letters B 31, no. 11 (April 20, 2017): 1750087. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984917500877.

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Electrostatic separation technology has been proven to be an effective and environmentally friendly way of recycling electronic waste. In this study, this technology was applied to recycle waste solar panels. Mixed particles of silver and polyethylene terephthalate, silicon and polyethylene terephthalate, and silver and silicon were separated with a single-roll-type electrostatic separator. The influence of high voltage level, roll speed, radial position corona electrode and angular position of the corona electrode on the separation efficiency was studied. The experimental data showed that separation of silver/polyethylene terephthalate and silicon/polyethylene terephthalate needed a higher voltage level, while separation of silver and silicon needed a smaller angular position for the corona electrode and a higher roll speed. The change of the high voltage level, roll speed, radial position of the corona electrode, and angular position of the corona electrode has more influence on silicon separation efficiency than silver separation efficiency. An integrated process is proposed using a two-roll-type corona separator for multistage separation of a mixture of these three materials. The separation efficiency for silver and silicon were found to reach 96% and 98%, respectively.

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23

Deng, Rong, Nathan L. Chang, Zi Ouyang, and Chee Mun Chong. "A techno-economic review of silicon photovoltaic module recycling." Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 109 (July 2019): 532–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2019.04.020.

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24

Fernández, Lucia J., R. Ferrer, D. F. Aponte, and P. Fernández. "Recycling silicon solar cell waste in cement-based systems." Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 95, no. 7 (July 2011): 1701–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat.2011.01.033.

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25

Tao, Meng, Vasilis Fthenakis, Burcak Ebin, Britt‐Marie Steenari, Evelyn Butler, Parikhit Sinha, Richard Corkish, Karsten Wambach, and Ethan S. Simon. "Major challenges and opportunities in silicon solar module recycling." Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications 28, no. 10 (July 22, 2020): 1077–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pip.3316.

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26

Choi, Jun-Ki, and Vasilis Fthenakis. "Crystalline silicon photovoltaic recycling planning: macro and micro perspectives." Journal of Cleaner Production 66 (March 2014): 443–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2013.11.022.

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27

Dias, Pablo, Lucas Schmidt, Lucas Bonan Gomes, Andrea Bettanin, Hugo Veit, and Andréa Moura Bernardes. "Recycling Waste Crystalline Silicon Photovoltaic Modules by Electrostatic Separation." Journal of Sustainable Metallurgy 4, no. 2 (March 14, 2018): 176–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40831-018-0173-5.

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28

Ray, NE, AN Al-Haj, TJ Maguire, MC Henning, and RW Fulweiler. "Coastal silicon cycling amplified by oyster aquaculture." Marine Ecology Progress Series 673 (September 2, 2021): 29–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps13803.

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Filter-feeders play an important role in regulating nutrient availability in coastal systems, with important implications for phytoplankton community composition, primary production, and food web structure. The role of filter-feeding bivalves in the nitrogen and phosphorus cycles is relatively well established, but their impact on coastal silicon (Si) cycling remains poorly understood. To help reduce this uncertainty, we quantified rates of Si recycling and the size of various Si pools at an oyster (Crassostrea virginica) farm. We found that oysters drive rapid recycling of dissolved Si (DSi) to the water column, primarily by altering rates of sediment Si flux. Sediments beneath oyster aquaculture recycled DSi to the water column at more than twice the rate (2476.06 µmol DSi m-2 h-1) of nearby bare sediments (998.75 µmol DSi m-2 h-1). Oysters consume DSi at a low rate (-0.06 µmol DSi ind.-1 h-1), and, while we were unable to determine the fate of that Si, we hypothesize that at least some of it may be stored in the shell and tissue, which are both small Si pools (0.55 and 0.13% Si by mass respectively). Si held in oysters is removed from the system when oysters are harvested, but this removal is small compared to oyster-mediated enhancements in sediment Si recycling. In a broader context, coastal systems with larger oyster populations are likely to have a more rapid Si cycle, with more Si available to primary producers in the water column than those with no oysters.

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29

Wang, Lei, Fengshuo Xi, Zhao Zhang, Shaoyuan Li, Xiuhua Chen, Xiaohan Wan, Wenhui Ma, Rong Deng, and CheeMun Chong. "Recycling of photovoltaic silicon waste for high-performance porous silicon/silver/carbon/graphite anode." Waste Management 132 (August 2021): 56–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2021.07.014.

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30

Li, Xiufeng, Guoqiang Lv, Wenhui Ma, Tai Li, Ruifeng Zhang, Jiahao Zhang, Shaoyuan Li, and Yun Lei. "Review of resource and recycling of silicon powder from diamond-wire sawing silicon waste." Journal of Hazardous Materials 424 (February 2022): 127389. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127389.

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31

Kwon, Woo Teck, Soo Ryong Kim, Y. Kim, Yoon Joo Lee, Eun Jin Jung, Won Kyu Park, and Sea Cheon Oh. "A Study on the Synthesis of SiC Powder from the Silicon Sludge of the Photovoltaic Industry." Materials Science Forum 724 (June 2012): 49–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.724.49.

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β-SiC powder was synthesized directly from silicon sludge with carbon black. Large amount of silicon sludge is generated from Solar Cell industry. In an environmental and economic point of view, recycling silicon sludge is important. In this study, two kinds of silicon sludge were characterized using XRD, SEM/EDS and FT-IR. SiC powder was synthesized by the reaction of ball-milled silicon powder for 3h in vacuum at different temperatures (1350 and 1600). Physical properties of the heat treated SiC have been characterized using a SEM, XRD, Particle size analyzer and FT-IR Spectroscopy.

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32

Hossain, Rumana, and Veena Sahajwalla. "Molecular recycling: A key approach to tailor the waste recycling for high-value nano silicon carbide." Journal of Cleaner Production 316 (September 2021): 128344. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.128344.

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33

Isherwood, Patrick J. M. "Reshaping the Module: The Path to Comprehensive Photovoltaic Panel Recycling." Sustainability 14, no. 3 (February 1, 2022): 1676. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14031676.

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The market for photovoltaic modules is expanding rapidly, with more than 500 GW installed capacity. Consequently, there is an urgent need to prepare for the comprehensive recycling of end-of-life solar modules. Crystalline silicon remains the primary photovoltaic technology, with CdTe and CIGS taking up much of the remaining market. Modules can be separated by crushing or cutting, or by thermal or solvent-based delamination. Separation and extraction of semiconductor materials can be achieved through manual, mechanical, wet or dry chemical means, or a combination. Crystalline silicon modules are currently recycled through crushing and mechanical separation, but procedures do exist for extraction and processing of intact wafers or wafer pieces. Use of these processes could lead to the recovery of higher grades of silicon. CdTe panels are mostly recycled using a chemical leaching process, with the metals recovered from the leachate. CIGS can be recycled through oxidative removal of selenium and thermochemical recovery of the metals, or by electrochemical or hydrometallurgical means. A remaining area of concern is recycling of the polymeric encapsulant and backsheet materials. There is a move away from the use of fluorinated backsheet polymers which may allow for improved recycling, but further research is required to identify materials which can be recycled readily whilst also being able to withstand outdoor environments for multi-decadal timespans.

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Nemchinova, N. V., V. V. Hoang, and I. I. Aponchuk. "Research into the chemical composition of refinery slag from silicon production for its efficient recycling." Proceedings of Irkutsk State Technical University 25, no. 2 (May 2, 2021): 252–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.21285/1814-3520-2021-2-252-263.

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The aim was to investigate the chemical composition of refinery slag obtained during silicon production in order to identify approaches to its further recycling. Research samples were collected from the slag remained after oxidation refining at the JSC Silicon (AO Kremny), RUSAL (Shelekhov, Irkutsk Oblast). The methods of X-ray phase, X-ray fluorescence, metallographic and scanning electron microscopy were employed to investigate the chemical composition of the samples. It was found that the refinery slag under study includes such basic components as elemental silicon, its carbide and oxide, as well as elemental carbon. It was shown that silicon carbide is the product of incomplete reduction, resulting from melting silica-containing ores in a smelting furnace. According to the conducted X-ray fluorescent analysis, the samples also contain (wt %): Ca - 7.40; Al - 3.80; Fe - 0.30; Ba - 0.19; K - 0.14; Na - 0.09; Sr - 0.09; Mg - 0.08; Ti - 0.05; S - 0.02. Calcium and aluminium are present in the slag mostly in the form of oxides. Complex oxides of an anor-thite type were also found: CaO Al2O3 2SiO2. The refinery slag under study also features insignificant amounts of other metal oxides, which are released from the furnace slag forming during the smelting process. The slag produced by oxidation refining during crystalline silicon production is a technogenic raw material containing valuable components. Due to the significant content of silicon in the refinery slag (from 42% to 65%), the existing methods applied to recycle such an industrial material were analysed in terms of additional silicon extraction or production of commercial silicon-containing products, which are in demand in various industries.

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Sergiienko, Sergii A., Boris V. Pogorelov, and Vladimir B. Daniliuk. "Silicon and silicon carbide powders recycling technology from wire-saw cutting waste in slicing process of silicon ingots." Separation and Purification Technology 133 (September 2014): 16–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2014.06.036.

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de Tombeur, F., B. L. Turner, E. Laliberté, H. Lambers, G. Mahy, M. P. Faucon, G. Zemunik, and J. T. Cornelis. "Plants sustain the terrestrial silicon cycle during ecosystem retrogression." Science 369, no. 6508 (September 3, 2020): 1245–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.abc0393.

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The biogeochemical silicon cycle influences global primary productivity and carbon cycling, yet changes in silicon sources and cycling during long-term development of terrestrial ecosystems remain poorly understood. Here, we show that terrestrial silicon cycling shifts from pedological to biological control during long-term ecosystem development along 2-million-year soil chronosequences in Western Australia. Silicon availability is determined by pedogenic silicon in young soils and recycling of plant-derived silicon in old soils as pedogenic pools become depleted. Unlike concentrations of major nutrients, which decline markedly in strongly weathered soils, foliar silicon concentrations increase continuously as soils age. Our findings show that the retention of silicon by plants during ecosystem retrogression sustains its terrestrial cycling, suggesting important plant benefits associated with this element in nutrient-poor environments.

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Lima, Francisco Marcone, Jean Faber Araújo Alves, Paulo Herbert França Maia Júnior, Felipe Mota Martins, Edwalder Silva Teixeira, Ana Paula do Nascimento Silva, Raquele Lima Moreira, Igor Frota de Vasconcelos, Ana Fabíola Leite Almeida, and Francisco Nivaldo Aguiar Freire. "Use of SnOx:F in the Recycling of Silicon Solar Cells." Materials Research 20, suppl 2 (January 22, 2018): 826–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1980-5373-mr-2016-0930.

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38

Muzafarov, A. M., A. V. Bystrova, N. G. Vasilenko, and G. M. Ignat'eva. "New approaches in silicon production and recycling for sustainable future." Russian Chemical Reviews 82, no. 7 (July 31, 2013): 635–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1070/rc2013v082n07abeh004406.

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39

Moen, Monica, Terje Halvorsen, Knut Mørk, and Sjur Velken. "Recycling of silicon metal powder from industrial powder waste streams." Metal Powder Report 72, no. 3 (May 2017): 182–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mprp.2016.04.005.

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D’Adamo, Idiano, Michela Miliacca, and Paolo Rosa. "Economic Feasibility for Recycling of Waste Crystalline Silicon Photovoltaic Modules." International Journal of Photoenergy 2017 (2017): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/4184676.

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Cumulative photovoltaic (PV) power installed in 2016 was equal to 305 GW. Five countries (China, Japan, Germany, the USA, and Italy) shared about 70% of the global power. End-of-life (EoL) management of waste PV modules requires alternative strategies than landfill, and recycling is a valid option. Technological solutions are already available in the market and environmental benefits are highlighted by the literature, while economic advantages are not well defined. The aim of this paper is investigating the financial feasibility of crystalline silicon (Si) PV module-recycling processes. Two well-known indicators are proposed for a reference 2000 tons plant: net present value (NPV) and discounted payback period (DPBT). NPV/size is equal to −0.84 €/kg in a baseline scenario. Furthermore, a sensitivity analysis is conducted, in order to improve the solidity of the obtained results. NPV/size varies from −1.19 €/kg to −0.50 €/kg. The absence of valuable materials plays a key role, and process costs are the main critical variables.

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Wang, Xiao Zhang, and Chao Hui Wang. "Fabrication of Micro-Silicon Filter and Separating of Blood Cells." Advanced Materials Research 194-196 (February 2011): 742–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.194-196.742.

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This research developed a micro-silicon cell filter using MEMS fabricating technology, which has constant filtering channel size, uniformed distribution, and good surface quality. Blood cell filtering experiment was carried out by applying pressure injection and the filtering quality was studied via cell counting. The experimental results demonstrates that flat plate filter can implement blood cells filtering separation, and erythrocyte recycling rate reaches 90% with the 4～5m in filtering size and 0.1L/min injection flow-rate fulfilling the requirement of blood cells separation. Increasing the flow-rate can improve filtering efficiency to a certain degree but has little effect on erythrocyte recycling rate, because micro array filter is insensitive to back pressure in contract to the filled filter.

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Lee, SeungJun, Tae-Hee Kim, Dong-Wook Kim, and Dong-Wha Park. "Preparation of Silicon Nanopowder by Recycling Silicon Wafer Waste in Radio-Frequency Thermal Plasma Process." Plasma Chemistry and Plasma Processing 37, no. 4 (March 27, 2017): 967–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11090-017-9814-x.

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Hughes, Harold James, Dao Trong Hung, and Daniela Sauer. "Silicon recycling through rice residue management does not prevent silicon depletion in paddy rice cultivation." Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems 118, no. 1 (July 25, 2020): 75–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10705-020-10084-8.

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ALEXANDROVA, T. A., D. V. GORLENKOV, and N. A. ROMANOVA. "RESEARCHING OF INFLUENCE OF TUNGSTEN, SILICON AND IMPURITIES OXIDATION ON ELECTROLYTIC DISSOLUTION OF CU-ZN AND FE-NI-CO ANODES." Periódico Tchê Química 14, no. 28 (August 20, 2017): 9–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.52571/ptq.v14.n28.2017.9_periodico28_pgs_9_17.pdf.

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The conditions for the recycling of electronic equipment are an urgent task and highly dependent on environmental regulations and requirements. Modern technologies of recycling of electronic waste need to meet the increasing demand for metals and meet the requirements. Extraction of precious and non-ferrous metals from waste microelectronics is more beneficial than obtaining them from their ores. The development of an integrated waste recycling technology of microelectronics requires a thorough and comprehensive approach. Compositions of the concentrates and anodes are presented in the article. The compositions of the anodes were analyzed on X-ray fluorescence spectrometer Lab Center XRF-1800. Measurements were conducted of the potentials of the anodes of different composition and in different electrolytes. The role of the oxidant impurities that affected to progress of electrolytic dissolution was defined. It is concluded that silicon can be used as an impurity, which can be used to regulate and control the process of electrochemical dissolution. The addition of silicon during melting of anodes allows to avoid the process of passivation of the alloy in sulfuric acid electrolyte. Tungsten can be a collector for gold. The oxidation of tungsten is a necessary condition for reducing the loss of gold.

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Choi, Eun-Suck, and So-Ik Bae. "Effect of Recycling Time on Stability of Colloidal Silica Slurry and Removal Rate in Silicon Wafer Polishing." Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society 44, no. 2 (February 28, 2007): 98–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.4191/kcers.2007.44.2.098.

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Tsai, Tzu-Hsuan. "Modified sedimentation system for improving separation of silicon and silicon carbide in recycling of sawing waste." Separation and Purification Technology 78, no. 1 (March 2011): 16–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2011.01.011.

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Jin, Xing, Jian Kong, Xuetong Zhou, Pengfei Xing, and Yanxin Zhuang. "Recycling of silicon kerf loss derived from diamond-wire saw cutting process to prepare silicon nitride." Journal of Cleaner Production 247 (February 2020): 119163. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.119163.

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Qiu, Zu Min, Yan Yan Zeng, and Zhong Wei Liu. "Preparation of Interior Latex Coatings by Recycling Banknote Printing Wastewater." Advanced Materials Research 168-170 (December 2010): 1509–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.168-170.1509.

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This paper related to the recycling of banknote printing wastewater, using which as raw materials, a low cost interior latex coatings has been developed. This coatings is formulated based on styrene-acrylic emulsion and silicon sol as main film former. It has been shown that the performance of of this product meets the state standard of GB/T 9756-2009.

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Li, Shuai, Peng Wu, Bai Tong Zhao, and Wen Xiu Gao. "Germanium Doping and Impurities Analysis on Industrial Scale Mc-Silicon Ingot." Applied Mechanics and Materials 164 (April 2012): 207–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.164.207.

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With mc-silicon (multi-crystalline silicon) being the most favorable feedstock for solar cell, germanium was reported to be a promising dopant to improve the quality of silicon crystal growth. In this paper, we investigated the feasibility of germanium doping for industrial scale production. A homogeneously distribution of germanium across usable section is presented, and subsequently we optimized our recipe for better controlling it. Sopori etched pits were utilized to reveal dislocations in silicon wafers, and we found a reduced dislocations density in germanium doped samples. Carbon and oxygen are two inevitable significant impurities during silicon ingot casting. In this paper, experimental results showed the impact of carbon on minority charge carrier lifetime and on interstitial oxygen. In addition, Isostatic pressing method is proved to be very prospective for recycling quartz crucibles.

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Nemchinova, Nina V., Andrey A. Tyutrin та Sergei N. Fedorov. "Mathematical Modeling оf the Silicon Production Process from Pelletized Charge". Materials Science Forum 989 (травень 2020): 394–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.989.394.

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The paper considers the problem of recycling the dust waste resulting from metallurgical silicon production; such dust contains considerable amounts of valuable silica. The problem is solved by redirecting this byproduct to the silicon smelting process. We herein propose using the dust left in silicon and aluminum production as a component of pelletized charge, used for silicon smelting in ore-thermal furnaces (OTF). Mathematical (physico-chemical) modeling was applied to study the behavior of pelletized-charge components, in order to predict the chemical composition of smelting-produced silicon. We generated a model that simulated the four temperature zones of a furnace, as well as the crystalline-silicon phase (25°С). The model contained 17 elements entering the furnace, due to being contained in raw materials, electrodes, and the air. Modeling produced molten silicon, 91.73 wt% of which was the target product. Modeling showed that, when using the proposed combined charge, silicon extraction factor would amount to 69.25%, which agrees well with practical data. Results of modeling the chemical composition of crystalline silicon agreed well with the chemical analysis of actually produced silicon.

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