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Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 18 травня 2024

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1

RAI, PRAMOD, and GUIDO MATHIEU. "Peperomia mangalbaria (Piperaceae), a new species from Sikkim Himalaya, India." Phytotaxa 609, no. 2 (August 22, 2023): 138–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.609.2.6.

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Piperaceae is one of the most diverse plant families. Peperomia, the second largest genus of this family, has about 10 species in India which are distributed from the Northern Himalayas to the Southern Peninsula. Here we describe a new species of Peperomia from Sikkim Himalaya in northeastern India. A color plate, line drawing, distribution map, description, and taxonomic key to current species of Peperomia in Sikkim are provided.

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2

Dahal, Milan. "Sikkim’s Initiatives in Hydropower." Hydro Nepal: Journal of Water, Energy and Environment 3 (May 26, 2009): 38–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/hn.v3i0.1919.

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Sikkim is rich in hydropower potential in spite of its small area. National Hydroelectric Power Corporation Limited (NHPC) and other private developers are entering in hydropower sector of Sikkim. Though some of local people are in the protest of dams, the Government of Sikkim is hopeful and determines to achieve benefit largely from hydropower Keywords: Sikkim, Himalayas, hydropower, environment doi: 10.3126/hn.v3i0.1919 Hydro Nepal Journal of Water, Energy and Environment Issue No. 3, July 2008. Page: 38-41

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3

Bhasin, Veena, and M. K. Bhasin. "Sikkim Himalayas: Ecology and Resource Development." Journal of Human Ecology 7, no. 4 (September 1996): 265–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09709274.1996.11907228.

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4

Catlos, Elizabeth J., Chandra S. Dubey, and Thomas M. Etzel. "Imbrication and Erosional Tectonics Recorded by Garnets in the Sikkim Himalayas." Geosciences 12, no. 4 (March 24, 2022): 146. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences12040146.

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The Sikkim region of the Himalayas (NE India) may form an important microplate between Nepal and Bhutan. Here we report high-resolution pressure-temperature (P-T) paths taken from garnet-bearing rocks across the northern and eastern portion of the region’s Main Central Thrust (MCT) shear zone. The MCT separates units affiliated with the Greater Himalayan Crystallines (GHC) in its hanging wall from the Lesser Himalayan Formation (LHF). Late Miocene monazite ages are reported from the LHF (10–14 Ma), whereas those from the GHC are Miocene (18–20 Ma). Some paths from the LHF and GHC show a P decrease before burial, consistent with erosion before compression. MCT shear zone and GHC rocks show a P increase and then decrease over a short T interval. This hairpin P-T path is consistent with an imbrication model for the Himalayas. LHF P-T path conditions and those obtained using conventional thermobarometry are best in agreement. These paths also are consistent with observed mineral assemblages and garnet zoning. Although we have the most confidence in LHF results, MCT shear zone and GHC P-T path shapes suggest processes to establish imbrication tectonics may have occurred here as early as the Miocene.

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5

SARKAR, ANKITA, PARAMITA BANERJEE, SHUVRA KANTI SINHA, and ABHIJIT MAZUMDAR. "A taxonomic revision of the Indian species of the ‘Aterinervis’ group of Culicoides Latreille Subgenus Hoffmania Fox (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae)." Zootaxa 5258, no. 4 (March 30, 2023): 405–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5258.4.3.

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The seven species of Culicoides spp. belonging to the Aterinervis Group of subgenus Hoffmania Fox reported from India are revised. The study is based on type material and fresh specimens trapped during the Annual Biodiversity Assessment (2nd & 4th) of Neora Valley National Park (NVNP) in the Darjeeling–Sikkim Himalaya of India. Comparative redescriptions of adult male and female of Culicoides isoregalis, C. neoregalis, C. pararegalis, C. pseudoregalis, C. quasiregalis, C. regalis and C. subregalis are provided along with the formal transfer of the nominate species, Culicoides aterinervis from subgenus Culicoides Latreille to Hoffmania. A key to the Indian species belonging to the Aterinervis group is provided along with a list of the Culicoides species present in the Darjeeling–Sikkim Himalayas.

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6

Aravind, Neelavar Ananthram, and Barna Páll-Gergely. "Two extraordinary alycaeid species from Northeastern India (Gastropoda: Caenogastropoda: Cyclophoroidea)." Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 69, no. 4 (October 30, 2023): 353–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.17109/azh.69.4.353.2023.

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Cycloryx pemaledai Gittenberger & Sherub, 2022, which was described from northwestern Bhutan, is reported for the first time in Sikkim, India. That species differs from all its congeners by the short R3 (the region between the constriction and the peristome). The differences between the Bhutanese and Indian shells are minimal, therefore the Indian shells are identified as Cycloryx cf. pemaledai. Furthermore, Alycaeus himalayae n. sp. is described from Arunachal Pradesh. This is so far the only Alycaeus species inhabiting the Himalayas, and thus, its discovery is a real surprise.

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7

Pradhan, Anjana, Laxuman Sharma, Archana Tiwari, and Prajwal Chettri. "Characterization of pectin extracted from Citrus reticulata L. Blanco collected from different altitudes of Sikkim Himalaya." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 11, no. 1 (March 7, 2019): 168–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v11i1.1997.

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Sikkim mandarin (Citrus reticulata) is most important cash crops of Sikkim Himalaya, a tiny state in North East India. The fruit is usually peeled off and eaten as desert used for extraction of juiceor processed for other products. The peel is thrown as waste, though it is rich commercially important essentialoil andpectin. The pectin can be obtained from the pulp waste after extraction of essential oil. The essential oil and pectin content is the effect of the climatic functions. In Himalayas, there is abrupt change in microclimate with change in the altitude. C. reticulata in Sikkim Himalayas grows at the altitudinal range of 800 to 1800 metre from mean sea level. During the present studies pectin was extracted from peel waste after extraction of essential oil. The fruits were collected from five different altitude range viz: 800-1000m, 1000-1200m, 1200-1400m, 1400-1600m and >1600m. FTIR works on the basis of functional group showed range from 3607 cm?1 (O-H stretch region) to 748cm?1 (C-H bend) in mature stage and 3585 cm?1(O-H stretch) to 883 (C-Cl stretch)cm?1 in immature stage. Moreover essential oil showed different compound identification. Limonene was found to be the highest at >1600m altitude (88.46%) at mature stage and (89.06%) at immature stage respectively. These variation may be due to different climatic condition and soil of the elevation. The overall results showed that the pectin can be beneficial for industrial use as well as in pharmaceutical health promotion and treatment. Further peel of the species can be evaluated for its rich content of limonene by different industries.

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8

Chaudhary, Abha, Prakash Biswakarma, Varun Joshi, Asha Pandey, and Ruchi Singh. "Frequency ratio analysis to determine the landslide susceptibility in East Sikkim district of Indian Himalayan region." Disaster Advances 17, no. 1 (December 5, 2023): 44–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.25303/171da044061.

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Landslides are a significant natural disaster causing damage to many mountainous regions worldwide including the Indian Himalayan region. In the East Sikkim district of the Eastern Himalayas, the most used bivariate frequency ratio (FR) model was utilized with high-resolution satellite imagery to understand the susceptibility of the region to landslides. Conditioning factors such as slope aspect, slope angle, slope curvature, drainage density, land use and land cover (LULC), normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), lithology, and geomorphology were considered in the analysis. LULC is the most crucial factor contributing to landslide susceptibility with a normalized FR value of 14.1. Slope and geomorphology followed closely with values of 12.5 and 11.8 respectively. In contrast, the least important factors were slope aspect and lithology with values of 8.7 and 9.3 respectively. These results can be used to prioritize landslide conditioning factors (LCF) and generate a final landslide susceptibility map (LSM). By adding the values of all LCFs, a landslide susceptibility index was obtained, and the LSM was zoned into high, medium, and low susceptibility classes covering 23.4%, 44.4%, and 32.2% of the study area respectively. The validity of the method used was confirmed using a receiver operating characteristic curve which yielded an accuracy of 78%. The findings highlight the importance of LULC, slope, and geomorphology as critical factors in landslide susceptibility in the East Sikkim district of the Eastern Himalayas.

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9

LIU, XIAO-BIN, JING LI, EGON HORAK, and ZHU L. YANG. "Pleurotus placentodes, originally described from Sikkim, rediscovered after 164 years." Phytotaxa 267, no. 2 (July 4, 2016): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.267.2.6.

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Although many species of Pleurotus are commonly known to be important edible mushrooms, the species delimitation of the genus is often controversial due to phenotypic plasticity and morphological stasis. In the present paper, Pleurotus placentodes, a conspicuous species originally described from Sikkim by M.J. Berkeley in 1852 and so far known only from the type collection, is documented based on specimens recently gathered in the eastern Himalayas and Hengduan Mountains, southwestern China. The morphological and molecular phylogenetic data indicate that this species is an independent taxon, and accordingly the previously proposed synonym of Pleurotus djamor is rejected. Pleurotus placentodes differs from the majority of other related species assigned to Pleurotus by the ellipsoid to subovoid basidiospores with a lower ratio of length/width and the geographical distribution in the subalpine habitat of the Himalayan Mountains.

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10

Allan, Nigel J. R., and Veena Bhasin. "Ecology, Culture, and Change: Tribals of Sikkim Himalayas." Mountain Research and Development 10, no. 4 (November 1990): 357. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3673502.

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11

Kumar, Vishal. "Physico-Chemical Characterization Elaeagnus latifolia from Sikkim Himalayas." International Journal of Pure & Applied Bioscience 6, no. 5 (October 30, 2018): 361–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.18782/2320-7051.6386.

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12

Bharati, Kumar Avinash, and B. L. Sharma. "Plants Used as Ethnoveterinary Medicines in Sikkim Himalayas." Ethnobotany Research and Applications 10 (August 29, 2012): 339. http://dx.doi.org/10.17348/era.10.0.339-356.

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13

Faulkner, Sarah, and KR Rama Mohan. "Mayel Lyang Embodied: ‘Tradition’ and Contemporary Lepcha Textiles." HIMALAYA 40, no. 2 (November 15, 2021): 97–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.2218/himalaya.2021.6595.

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The Lepchas, an ethnic group indigenous to the Himalayas and the Darjeeling hills, have been weaving textiles from local nettle (Girardinia diversifolia) for millennia. However, their native land, centered around the former Kingdom of Sikkim in modern-day northeastern India, has been the site of centuries of cultural exchange and colonization despite its remoteness, entailing wide-ranging and continuous social, political, and economic changes within the area. Rapid regional industrialization, and the concomitant globalization process and urbanization will potentially further transform Lepcha culture. Despite this, the Lepchas continue to weave textiles they consider traditional. With that in mind, this article will consider the concept of ‘tradition’ and its place in post-industrial Sikkim, using these textiles as a basis for understanding the significance of ‘tradition’ and how ‘tradition’ is used as a tool for carving a place out in the contemporary world. This study analyzes its deployment in contemporary Lepcha textiles so as to illuminate the relationship between tradition, textiles, and contemporary Lepcha identity.

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14

Chowdhury, Arindam, Tomáš Kroczek, Sunil Kumar De, Vít Vilímek, Milap Chand Sharma, and Manasi Debnath. "Glacial Lake Evolution (1962–2018) and Outburst Susceptibility of Gurudongmar Lake Complex in the Tista Basin, Sikkim Himalaya (India)." Water 13, no. 24 (December 13, 2021): 3565. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13243565.

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The Sikkim Himalayan glaciers and glacial lakes are affected by climate change like other parts of the Himalayas. As a result of this climate variability in the Sikkim Himalaya, a detailed study of the Gurudongmar lake complex (GLC) evolution and outburst susceptibility assessment is required. Glacial lake volume estimation and lake outburst susceptibility assessment were carried out to reveal different characteristics for all four lakes (GL-1, GL-2, GL-3, and GL-4) from the lake complex. Each of these lakes has a moderate to very high potential to outburst. As the dam of GL-1 provides no retention capacity, there is a very high potential of a combined effect with the sudden failure of the moraine-dams of GL-2 or GL-3 located upstream. Temporal analysis of GLC using optical remote sensing data and in-field investigations revealed a rapidly increasing total lake area by ~74 ± 3%, with an expansion rate of +0.03 ± 0.002 km2 a−1 between 1962 and 2018 due to climate change and ongoing glacier retreat. The overall lake area expansion rates are dependent on climate-driven factors, and constantly increasing average air temperature is responsible for the enlargement of the lake areas. Simultaneously, changes in GLC expansion velocity are driven by changes in the total amount of precipitation. The deficit in precipitation probably triggered the initial higher rate from 1962 to 1988 during the winter and spring seasons. The post-1990s positive anomaly in precipitation might have reduced the rate of the glacial lake area expansion considerably.

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15

Singh, H. Birkumar, P. Prasad, and L. K. Rai. "Folk Medicinal Plants in the Sikkim Himalayas of India." Asian Folklore Studies 61, no. 2 (2002): 295. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1178975.

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16

Tamang, Shradhanjali. "Indigenous Oral History Tradition in Darjeeling and Sikkim Himalayas." SALESIAN JOURNAL OF HUMANITIES & SOCIAL SCIENCES 9, no. 2 (December 1, 2018): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.51818/sjhss.09.2018.1-6.

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17

Mertz, Mechtild, Sangeeta Gupta, Yutaka Hirako, Pimpim de Azevedo, and Junji Sugiyama. "WOOD SELECTION OF ANCIENT TEMPLES IN THE SIKKIM HIMALAYAS." IAWA Journal 35, no. 4 (December 6, 2014): 444–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22941932-00000077.

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Microscopic wood identifications were performed on five Buddhist temple structures and on one secular building located in Sikkim, an Indian state in the Eastern Himalayas. In all, twenty wood species were identified, two of which – Michelia (Magnolia) doltsopa and Picea cf. spinulosa – were considered in more detail. Building type, specific physical and mechanical properties of the wood species, local availability, and religious considerations were apparently the leading criteria for timber selection.

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18

Pandey, Yamuna, S. Upadhyay, S. Manivannan, L. Sharma, and S. S. Bhatt. "Nutraceutical potential of Ficus roxburghii an underutilized fruit of Sikkim Himalayas." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 10, no. 3 (September 1, 2018): 876–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v10i3.1725.

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Ficus roxburghii, â€œElephant ear fig â€œor wild fig is one of very popular fruits found growing wild in the hills of North Eastern and North Western Himalayan region. The fruit of wild fig has also been used as medicine by the tribal people of Sikkim and other states of India. Keeping this in view, the present study was conducted at Laboratory of Department of Horticulture, Sikkim University, Sikkim to access the different nutraceuticals properties as nutritional constituent like protein, fat, fibre, carbohydrate and energy value, mineral content viz.Ca, K, Mg, Na, Zn, Co, Mo, Fe, Mn and phytochemical content such as total phenols, flavonoid, ascorbic acid, anthocyanin and total carotenoids of F. roxburghii. The results of present study revealed that fruit of F. roxburghii contains significant amount of nutritional, mineral and phytochemical properties viz. protein (3.00Â±0.06%), fat (0.13Â±0.04%), fibre (3.06Â±0.02%), carbohydrate (90.81Â±0.44 %), energy value (376.45Â±1.44), Ca (23.69 Â± 1.7), Mg (73.09 Â± 2.1), K (819.64 Â± 12.54), Mo (0.58 Â± 0.06), Na (6.73 Â± 1.2), Zn (0.34 Â± 0.10). Fe (26.55 Â± 2.8), Cu (4.22 Â± 0.20), Mn (7.11 Â± 0.11), total phenols (4.13Â±0.52 mg GAE/ G), total flavonoid (3.10Â±0.09 mg GAE/ G), ascorbic acid (3.36Â±0.27 mg GAE/ G), anthocyanin (1.13Â±0.15 mg GAE/ G) and total carotenoids (0.68Â±0.10 mg GAE/ G). It may be concluded that the fruit of F. roxburghiiis rich in nutraceuticals and must be incorporated in our balanced diet.

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19

Pandher, Manpreet, and Malkiat Saini. "Three new species of the genus Chimarra Stephens, 1829 (Trichoptera: Philopotamidae) from the Indian Himalayas." Polish Journal of Entomology / Polskie Pismo Entomologiczne 81, no. 1 (March 1, 2012): 63–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10200-011-0065-5.

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Three new species of the genus Chimarra Stephens, 1829 (Trichoptera: Philopotamidae) from the Indian Himalayas Three new species are described in the genus Chimarra Stephens. They are Chimarra icar, C. pupi (both from Sikkim) and C. maneriensis from Uttarakhand. These species are distinguishable from each other and from previously known species by the structure of the male genitalia.

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20

Tantia, M. S., P. K. Vij, RK Vijh, P. Kumar, B. K. Joshi, A. E. Nivsarkar, and R. Sahai. "SIRI: THE CATTLE OF EASTERN HIMALAYAS." Animal Genetic Resources Information 19 (April 1996): 37–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1014233900000778.

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SUMMARYA pilot survey was conducted in the western d.istrict of Sikkim to monitor the status of the Siri cattle breed. Data was recorded on certain morphological characters, management practices and performance of Siri animals. Measurements were recorded of body length, heart girth, body height, paunch girth, hip width, pin width, face length, face width, ear length and horns on 89 animals of age groups up to 1 year,1 to 3 years and adult. It was noted that pure Siri animals were reared only in the remote inaccessible areas. Extensive crossbreeding with Jersey semen/bulls is progressively eroding the purity of the breed. Measures to conserve the Siri cattle breed in its native ecology have been advocated.

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21

Mitra, Prasenjit, Tanaya Ghosh, and Prasanta Kumar Mitra. "Anti Solar Activity of Costus Speciosus Leaves of Sikkim Himalayas." Scholars Academic Journal of Pharmacy 09, no. 01 (January 25, 2020): 5–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.36347/sajp.2020.v09i01.002.

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22

Venu, P., Virender Kumar, and M. K. Bhasin. "Limnological Survey of Water Bodies of the Sikkim Himalayas, India." Journal of Human Ecology 1, no. 2 (May 1990): 141–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09709274.1990.11907667.

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23

Baran Jha, Timir, Arpita Dafadar, and Animesh Ghorai. "New genetic resource in Capsicum L. from Eastern Himalayas." Plant Genetic Resources 10, no. 2 (May 25, 2012): 141–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1479262112000135.

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A well-documented karyo-morphological analysis has been presented in one unexplored cultivar of Capsicum annuum L., collected from South Sikkim, India, to determine the chromosome number. This report confirms that the cultivar contains 2n = 48 chromosomes, which are not produced through self-duplication. More studies are required to determine its actual taxonomic position and genetic relationship with other cultivars and species. This cultivar of C. annuum provides a new, unexplored genetic resource with a high chromosome number.

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24

Das, A. P., and Chandra Ghosh. "Plant wealth of Darjiling and Sikkim Himalayas vis-à-vis conservation." NBU Journal of Plant Sciences 5, no. 1 (2011): 25–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.55734/nbujps.2011.v05i01.004.

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The richness of the flora of Darjiling Hills along with Sikkim and Nepal parts of the Eastern Himalaya is well known and that has attracted plant lovers, explorers and hunters almost equally for the last three centuries or so. The processes of evolution worked in this part of the Himalayas almost in an undisturbed condition for millions of years assisted by much varied but extremely favourable climatic conditions and has produced innumerable new species, a good proportion of which are still endemic to the region. The vegetation structure and the flora in different parts of this region have developed as per the local climatic make-up. So, when almost tropical vegetation is found on outer low altitude areas, it is sub-alpine to alpine to arctic in high altitude areas especially above 3000 m. Terai and Duars are located at the feet of the hills are maintaining a contiguous rich vegetation. The vegetation scenario in this region is changing very fast during last three or four decades mostly due to anthropogenic activities. Extension of civilisation along with the population explosion lead to the increase in forest extraction, rate of modification of floristic composition, pollution content, soil erosion, plant introduction, clearing of natural vegetation etc. There is evidence that the force of evolution is still active here but the lack of proper corridor (along with other factors mentioned above) for plant migration will certainly cause the weakening of numerous local species and the rate of extinction of species will increase in a logarithmic scale. Like any other part of this planet here also it appears to be one nearly impossible task to save the local biodiversity. Just the declaration of some Protected Areas is not enough. Activities through ecotourism are also affecting the conservation practices. Unless we succeed to conserve the natural vegetation on this planet the entire biosphere will be dead within next 100 years.

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25

Rai, Peter. "Social Change in Sikkim in its Historical Context." IRA-International Journal of Management & Social Sciences (ISSN 2455-2267) 15, no. 2 (June 6, 2019): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.21013/jmss.v15.n2.p2.

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<p>Sikkim is a land of myths, who has lost the pre-historic written documents but has left with the remarkable mystery of the country. Sikkim was sparsely populated and rich in natural resources including a large number of flora and fauna. There are three major ethnic communities, Lepchas, Bhutias and Nepalis inhabiting in the country. In the early period, Sikkim had a gigantic physical structure from the Himalayas to the plains. Earlier, the Tibetan called the territory of Sikkim as “Denjong, Demojong, and Deoshong, which have the same meaning as “Valley of Rice”. There is another myth, that, the first Tibetan king had made a palace in Rabdenchi, at that period of time the Limbo community people called the palace as “SU- HIM” which meaning as “New Home”. Another myth tells that in early days the Lepcha head married a Limbo girl from Limbuwan, and when she went to her father’s house, she told the people of the village that she had came from ‘Su Him’ or ‘New Home’. Later on, the Nepalese called it as ‘Su Khim’ instead of ‘Su Him’ but the advent of British in India, who could not pronounce the word ‘Su Khim’ and called it as ‘Sikkim’. That was the last change in the name of the nation for forever.</p>

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26

Upadhyay, S., V. Kaushal, D. Baishya, and S. K. Bhakat. "Mitigating loose rock fall and cavity formation in Adit-2 tunnel of Rammam III hydroelectric project in Himalayas, India: Challenges and Solutions." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1249, no. 1 (October 1, 2023): 012014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1249/1/012014.

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Abstract The turbulent geological history of “The Himalayas” arguably poses the most challenging ground conditions than anywhere in the world for underground excavations works. Cavity formation, loose fall, rock busting, high ingress of water and squeezing ground conditions are common phenomenon that encountered along tunnel profile in Himalayas. The Rammam III Hydroelectric Project, situated in Sikkim Himalayan belt lies in Main Crystalline Thrust zone (MCT) and is facing its fair share of Geological challenges during the underground excavation process. The primary objective of the Rammam Stage-III Hydro Electric Project is to generate 120 MW power through 8.2 km of HRT (Head Race Tunnel). Excavation of the Adit-2 to HRT has been challenging because of its proximity to the Jhepi Khola, a fault-incised stream. The tunnel’s progress was impeded by various obstructions of small and large magnitude caused by several sympathetic shears along joints and other geological complexities. This paper will focus on the challenges faced in mitigating loose rock falls, cavity formation in Adit-2 from RD 312.0m to 320.0 m. To address the issue, an effective excavation philosophy known as DRESS (Drainage-Reinforcement-Excavation-Support-Solution) was adopted. The solution proposed is highly effective in addressing water-bearing issues in the Himalayas. The treatment method adopted not only achieved the desired level of safety and smooth construction progress, but also provides a valuable reference for future similar cases of loose fall and cavity formations.

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KUMAR, ASHOK, R. K. AVASTHE, BRIJESH PANDEY, BONIFACE LEPCHA, and H. RAHMAN. "Effect of fruit load on yield and quality of peach (Prunus persica) in mid hills of Sikkim Himalaya." Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 82, no. 3 (March 12, 2012): 267–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.56093/ijas.v82i3.15976.

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Manual fruit thinning had a significant influence on both yield and fruit quality. Retaining 75 fruits/plant produced better shaped fruits, good yield and without severe fall in the quality could be recommended for two years old plants of peach var. Shan-e-Punjab in the mid hills of Sikkim Himalayas. The fruit yield increased with increase in the number of fruits retained/tree with concurrent decrease in fruit quality.

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Bhutia, Yangchenla, Ravikanth Gudasalamani, Rengaian Ganesan, and Somidh Saha. "Assessing Forest Structure and Composition along the Altitudinal Gradient in the State of Sikkim, Eastern Himalayas, India." Forests 10, no. 8 (July 27, 2019): 633. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10080633.

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Understanding the structure and composition of native forests is a prerequisite in developing an adaptive forest management plan for Himalayan forest ecosystems where climate change is rapid. However, basic information on forest structure and composition are still limited in many places of the Eastern Himalayas. In this study, we aimed to understand the diversity, structure, and composition of forests and their variations along an altitudinal gradient in Himalayan forests. The study was conducted in the Indian federal state of Sikkim, Eastern Himalayas. We carried out a comprehensive and comparative evaluation of species diversity, stand basal area, and stem density along the altitudinal gradient from 900m a.s.l.to 3200m a.s.l. We used stratified random sampling to survey eighty-three plots each 0.1 ha in forest communities that occurred along the altitudinal gradient: (a) lower (900–1700 m) altitude forest (N = 24), (b) mid (1700–2500 m) altitude forests (N = 37), and (c) higher (2500–3200 m)altitude forests (N = 22). We measured and identified all living trees with a >3 cm diameter at breast height in each plot. We counted 10,344 individual plants, representing 114 woody species belonging to 42 families and 75 genera. The family Fagaceae and its species Lithocarpus pachyphyllus (Kurz) Rehder. were reported as the most dominant forest trees with the highest Importance Value Index. The Shannon diversity index was recorded as being the highest for the low-altitude forests, whereas measures of structural diversity varied among forests along with altitude: the mid-altitude forests recorded the highest stem density and the high-altitude forests showed the highest mean stem DBH (diameter at 1.3 m height). One significant finding of our study was the disparity of the size class distribution among forests along the altitudinal gradient. Overall, we found a reverse J-shape distribution of tree diameter signifying the uneven-agedness. However, we showed, for the first time, a complete lack of large trees (>93 cm DBH) in the lower altitude forests. Our study highlights conservation concerns for the low-altitude forests that record high species diversity, although lacked large-diameter trees. We anticipate that our study will provide a comprehensive understanding of forest diversity, composition, and structure along the altitudinal gradient to design conservation and sustainable management strategies

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29

Kumar, Sushil, Prasanta K. Patro, and B. S. Chaudhary. "Three dimensional topography correction applied to magnetotelluric data from Sikkim Himalayas." Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors 279 (June 2018): 33–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pepi.2018.04.001.

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30

Anbarasu, K., A. Sengupta, S. Gupta, and S. P. Sharma. "Mechanism of activation of the Lanta Khola landslide in Sikkim Himalayas." Landslides 7, no. 2 (January 27, 2010): 135–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10346-009-0193-0.

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31

Mishra, Manjushree, and Ajeya Jha. "Prioritizing Sectors for Economic Development in Sikkim, India." International Journal of Asian Business and Information Management 5, no. 2 (April 2014): 59–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijabim.2014040105.

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Sikkim, a mountainous state in the Himalayas joined the democratic mainstream of the Indian Union in 1975. It has made enormous progress in planned economic development since then. Mountainous terrain and lack of reliable transportation and infrastructure does not allow establishments of large scale industries. Agriculture, dairy farming and cottage industries have limited scope of expansion. Hydro-electricity generation, pharmaceutical, tourism and tea appear to be promising and fastest growing economic sectors. Thus, these four growth sectors have been considered for evaluation. Six major criteria (such as Installation Cost, Return on Investment, Sustainability, Social Acceptance, Environment Friendliness, and Future Demand) were appropriately selected have been considered for evaluation of these alternatives for prioritising these economic sectors. The alternatives were subjected to pairwise comparison using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) so as to arrive at objective conclusions. The analysis of selected economic sectors and findings has been discussed in this article.

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32

Dutta, Sekhar Chandra, Partha Sarathi Mukhopadhyay, Rajib Saha, and Sanket Nayak. "2011 Sikkim Earthquake at Eastern Himalayas: Lessons learnt from performance of structures." Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering 75 (August 2015): 121–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2015.03.020.

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Patro, Prasanta K., and T. Harinarayana. "Deep geoelectric structure of the Sikkim Himalayas (NE India) using magnetotelluric studies." Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors 173, no. 1-2 (March 2009): 171–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pepi.2008.10.011.

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34

Borgaonkar, H. P., Naveen Gandhi, Somaru Ram, and R. Krishnan. "Tree-ring reconstruction of late summer temperatures in northern Sikkim (eastern Himalayas)." Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 504 (September 2018): 125–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2018.05.018.

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35

Kushwaha, S. P. S., P. Padmanaban, Dinkar Kumar, and P. S. Roy. "Geospatial Modeling of Plant Richness in Barsey Rhododendron Sanctuary in Sikkim Himalayas." Geocarto International 20, no. 2 (June 2005): 63–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10106040508542347.

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36

Sharma, Lomash, Rajesh Kumar, and Ashish Yadav. "Morpho-Biochemical Characterization of Chayote [Sechium edule (Jacq.)] Genotypes from Sikkim Himalayas." Environment and Ecology 41, no. 3D (September 2023): 2181–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.60151/envec/neyz6560.

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Twenty chayote genotypes with different accession numbers maintained at ICAR-NEH region, Gangtok were used in the study and observations were recorded for seventeen quantitative traits during the year 2018-19. All the genotypes genetically differed from each other based on their mean performance. The phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) was higher than genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) for all the characters. High values for PCV, GCV, heritability and genetic advance as per cent of mean were observed for seed weight (61.2 %, 61.1 %, 99 % and 125.6 %) and non-reducing sugar (59.2 %, 58.1 %, 96 % and 117.4 %) respectively, which indicates a wide range of variation for crop improvement through selection. The correlation coefficient (genotypic and phenotypic) showed that fruit weight expressed significant positive correlation with seed length (0.93), seed breadth (0.92) and total sugar (0.65). Path coefficient analysis revealed that fruit breadth, fruit length, seed weight would be of selection criteria for further crop improvement. The genotypes were grouped into three clusters and the maximum intra-cluster distance was observed in cluster I (25.12) and maximum inter cluster distance was found between the cluster I and III (41.47). Seed weight exhibited the highest percentage contribution towards total genetic divergence.

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37

Das, Kanad, Valerie Hofstetter, Dyutiparna Chakraborty, Abhishek Baghela, Sanjay Kumar Singh, and Bart Buyck. "Cantharellus sikkimensis sp.nov. (Cantharellales, Agaricomycetes) from the Indian Himalayas." Phytotaxa 222, no. 4 (August 21, 2015): 267. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.222.4.4.

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This paper describes and illustrates Cantharellus sikkimensis sp.nov. from Abies densa vegetation in the mountains of Sikkim, India. The new species is phylogenetically placed in subgenus Parvocantharellus and differs from the other species of the same subgenus in the strong contrast between the dark brown, convex pileus and the yellowish color of all other parts of the fruiting bodies. It is furthermore characterized by its very long, partly hollowing and downward broadening stipe and by the size of its spores measuring 8–9–11× 5–5.5–7 µm (n= 20, Q = 1.33–1.64–2.2 µm). Cantharellus umbonatus Deepika, Upadhyay & Reddy 2013 non Pers.: Fr. 1821, nom. inval. is shown to be unrelated and suggested to be a later synonym of C. pseudoformosus. The systematic position of this species is here corrected as being member of Cantharellus subg. Cantharellus sect. Amethystini.

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38

Koley, Bappaditya, Anindita Nath, Subhajit Saraswati, and Bidhan Chandra Ray. "Assessment of 2016 Mantam Landslide at Mangan, North Sikkim Himalayas using Geospatial Techniques." Journal of scientific research 64, no. 02 (2020): 01–09. http://dx.doi.org/10.37398/jsr.2020.640201.

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39

Hazra, N., and P. K. Chaudhuri. "Coffmania, a new tanypod genus from the Darjeeling - Sikkim Himalayas, India (Diptera : Chironomidae)." Annales de Limnologie - International Journal of Limnology 36, no. 3 (September 2000): 169–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/limn/2000015.

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40

Venu, P., Virender Kumar, and M. K. Bhasin. "Human Activity and Its Impact on Vegetation: A Case Study in Sikkim Himalayas." Journal of Human Ecology 1, no. 1 (January 1990): 27–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09709274.1990.11907658.

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41

Mehrotra, Nivedita, Nathani Basavaiah, and Santosh K. Shah. "Revisit the Medieval Warm Period and Little Ice Age in Proxy Records from Zemu Glacier Sediments, Eastern Himalaya: Vegetation and Climate Reconstruction." Quaternary 6, no. 2 (May 9, 2023): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/quat6020032.

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The Late Holocene fossil pollen records from the Zemu glacier, located in Yabuk, North Sikkim, in the eastern Himalayas, effectively generated quantitative climate reconstructions based on the transfer function model. The transfer function model was developed by establishing a modern pollen–climate calibration set from the temperate alpine belt of North Sikkim. A redundancy analysis was carried out to detect the pattern of variation of climatic variables in the modern pollen datasets. The mean annual precipitation (MAP) and mean temperature of the warming month (MTWA) had the strongest influence on the composition of the modern pollen samples among the climatic variables considered in the analysis. Proxy data in the form of fossil pollen records were analyzed for reconstructing past climate based upon the relationships between modern pollen vegetation assemblages and climatic patterns. Transfer functions for MAP and MTWA were developed with the partial least squares (PLS) approach, and model performance was assessed using leave-one-out cross-validation. The validated model was used to reconstruct MAP and MTWA for the last 2992 cal years BP (1042 BC) in North Sikkim. The variability observed in the reconstructions was analyzed for past global climatic events. It was further compared with the available regional and hemispheric proxy-based climate reconstructions. The reconstructions captured comparable Medieval Warm Period (MWP) and Little Ice Age (LIA)-like events from the Zemu glacier region. The fossil pollen data and climate reconstructions were further compared with the mineral magnetism data of the subsurface sediment profile.

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42

DAS, SUDIPTA KUMAR, CHERAN RADHAKRISHNAN, MAXIM KULIKOVSKIY, ANTON GLUSHCHENKO, JOHN PATRICK KOCIOLEK, and Karthick Balasubramanian. "Pinnularia sikkimensis sp. nov. (Bacillariophyceae), from Eastern Himalayas and its distribution in Southeast Asia." Phytotaxa 447, no. 3 (June 10, 2020): 163–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.447.3.2.

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A new species of Pinnularia is described from a stream from Sikkim, India, falls under Eastern Himalayas biodiversity hotspot. Features that help make this species distinctive include having triundulate margin, a broad, central fascia, a central depression, and oppositely-deflected external distal raphe fissures. Pinnularia sikkimensis sp. nov. is compared with its morphologically similar species, such as Pinnularia nodosa, P. biceps, P. grunowii, P. septentrionalis, P. graciloides var. jogensis and P. ferrophila. The taxon is also recorded from two stream sites in Vietnam suggesting a wide distribution across Southeast Asia. In addition to the description of the new species, a checklist of endemic Pinnularia taxa from India is also presented.

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43

Gurung, Subhankar, Arun Chettri, Meera Tamang, and Mamta Chettri. "Identifying morphological diversity and superior germplasm of Citrus reticulata Blanco (Mandarin) in Sikkim and Darjeeling Himalayas, India: an application of DIVA-GIS and cluster analysis." OCTOBER 2020, no. 14(10):2020 (October 20, 2020): 1575–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.21475/ajcs.20.14.10.p2351.

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Citrus reticulata is an important cash crop for the farmers in the Sikkim and Darjeeling Himalayas, India. The lack of knowledge of its diversity has only resulted in the lack of uniformity in the fruit quality. It has become imperative to identify superior varieties that meet the demands of the market to improve the citrus industry. Hence, a total of 105 accessions of mandarin were collected randomly from different locations to assess the morphological diversity using cluster analysis and DIVA-GIS. The orchards were randomly visited in each district of the state of Sikkim and two hilly districts of the state of West Bengal (WB). A sample tree was selected from each orchard and the quantitative and qualitative characters of its leaves, flowers, and fruits were measured. A significant variation was observed in the quantitative characters with a positive correlation between fruit weight and length, fruit diameter and weight, total soluble solids (TSS) /acidity and fruit diameter. The first 6 components of Principal component analysis (PCA) exhibited 69.34% of the total variation. DIVA-GIS showed the highest diversity index for fruit weight, fruit diameter and TSS/acidity in East district, Sikkim. The highest coefficient variation for fruit diameter was observed in the East district and Darjeeling district, WB and TSS/acidity and fruit weight in East district. The dendrogram generated divided the accessions into two major clusters. The grid maps generated identified diverse accessions in the East district and Darjeeling district, which can be a source of superior germplasm

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44

Guha, Dipayan, Sandeep Bardhan, Shaikh Rezaul Basir, Adhip Kanti De, and Amitabha Sarkar. "Imprints of Himalayan thrust tectonics on the Quaternary piedmont sediments of the Neora–Jaldhaka Valley, Darjeeling–Sikkim Sub-Himalayas, India." Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 30, no. 3-4 (May 2007): 464–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2006.11.010.

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45

Ghosh, Tanaya, Prasenjit Mitra, and Prasanta Kumar Mitra. "Effect of Season on UV Absorption Property of Costus Speciosus Leaves of Sikkim Himalayas." Scholars Academic Journal of Pharmacy 09, no. 01 (January 25, 2020): 14–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.36347/sajp.2020.v09i01.004.

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46

Sherpa, N. D., K. D. Bhutia, H. P. Sherpa, and A. Pradhan. "Sensory Evaluation and Overall Acceptance of Processed Products of Underutilised Fruits of Sikkim Himalayas." Current Journal of Applied Science and Technology 31, no. 1 (December 8, 2018): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/cjast/2018/45858.

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47

Vineeta, Bisleshna Tamang, Sajitha Saril, Manendra Singh, Subrata Das, Gopal Shukla, and Sumit Chakravarty. "Ecosystem services of traditional large cardamom based agroforestry systems of Darjeeling and Sikkim Himalayas." Journal of Tree Sciences 40, no. 1 (2021): 78–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2455-7129.2021.00006.6.

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48

Porwal, M. C., Indrani Phukan, Harnam Singh, and Prabir De. "Predictive Analysis of Oak Forest Habitat under Different Climatic Change Scenario in Sikkim Himalayas." Indian Forester 147, no. 9 (October 7, 2021): 866. http://dx.doi.org/10.36808/if/2021/v147i9/148022.

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49

Dasgupta, S., J. Ganguly, and S. Neogi. "Inverted metamorphic sequence in the Sikkim Himalayas: crystallization history, P-T gradient and implications." Journal of Metamorphic Geology 22, no. 5 (June 25, 2004): 395–412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1525-1314.2004.00522.x.

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50

Tripathi, Anu, and Durgesh C. Rai. "Seismic vulnerability assessment and fragility analysis of stone masonry monastic temples in Sikkim Himalayas." International Journal of Architectural Heritage 13, no. 2 (February 15, 2018): 257–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15583058.2018.1433249.

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