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Статті в журналах з теми "Short EFT"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 11 березня 2023

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1

O’Donnell, Sara, Kelseanna Hollis-Hansen, and Leonard Epstein. "Mix and Match: An Investigation into Whether Episodic Future Thinking Cues Need to Match Discounting Delays in Order to Be Effective." Behavioral Sciences 9, no. 1 (December 21, 2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bs9010001.

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Анотація:

Episodic future thinking (EFT), or prospectively imagining yourself in the future, has been developed into an intervention tool to reduce delay discounting (DD), or the preference for smaller immediate over larger future rewards, and to make healthier choices that promote long-term health rather than short-term enjoyment. Most EFT interventions use EFT cues whose future events match the time delays of the DD task, which may limit the utility of EFT. The current study (N = 160, Mage = 35.25, 47.5% female) used a 2 × 2 factorial design with type of episodic thinking (matched, unmatched) and temporal perspective (EFT, episodic recent thinking (ERT)) as between-subject factors to investigate whether there were differences in DD for groups that had EFT cues matched to the time delays of the DD task in comparison to cues with unmatched temporal delays. The results showed EFT reduced DD compared to ERT controls, and no differences emerged between matched and unmatched EFT groups. Our findings suggest that either the process of generating EFT cues or the use of any positive and vivid future event, regardless of whether it is matched to the DD task, can reduce DD.

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2

Halamová, Júlia, Martin Kanovský, Karolína Varšová, and Nuriye Kupeli. "Randomised controlled trial of the new short-term online emotion focused training for self-compassion and self-protection in a nonclinical sample." Current Psychology 40, no. 1 (July 30, 2018): 333–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12144-018-9933-4.

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AbstractThe Emotion Focused Training for Self-Compassion and Self-Protection (EFT-SCP) is an intervention developed to increase skills of self-compassion and protective anger with the aim to decrease self-criticism. This novel intervention was developed on the basis of the latest findings on self-criticism from Emotion-focused therapy and previous programs cultivating compassion (namely Compassion Mind Training and Mindful Self-Compassion Program). According to existing research, simply cultivating self-compassion is not always sufficient in reducing self-criticism. Therefore, the EFT-SCP was designed to build self-compassion whilst developing protective anger to combat self-criticism. Our goal was to investigate the efficacy of this new, short-term, online EFT-SCP program in a non-clinical population. A randomized control trial was conducted with pre- and post-intervention measurements and two-month follow-up of self-compassion and self-criticism/reassurance. Convenience sampling was used to recruit participants through a snowballing technique on social media. A total of 123 participants were randomly allocated to the EFT-SCP intervention or to a control condition. The intervention group were instructed through emails to complete an EFT-SCP task every day for 14 consecutive days. The control group did not complete any tasks. Out of 123 participants, 31 from intervention group and 20 from control group completed all measurements. There was a significant effect of the EFT-SCP on increasing self-compassion and self-reassurance scores as reported at two-month follow-up. The EFT-SCP was also effective at reducing self-uncompassionate responding and self-criticism (specifically Hated self) with changes evident at two months post-intervention. These findings are encouraging and suggest that interventions designed to enhance self-compassion and decrease self-criticism can be delivered to broader populations without the direct contact with mental health professionals.

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3

Rostamzadeh, Alireza, Kamal Khademvatani, Mir Hossein Seyed Mohammadzadeh, Shahrzad Ashori, Mojgan Hajahmadi Poorrafsanjani, Behzad Rahimi, and Behshid Ghadrdoost. "Association of epicardial fat thickness assessed by echocardiography with the severity of coronary artery disease." Journal of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Research 12, no. 2 (May 31, 2020): 114–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.34172/jcvtr.2020.19.

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Introduction : Epicardial fat thickness (EFT) can reflect risk of cardiovascular disease particularly coronary artery disease (CAD). The aim of this study was to investigate the association of EFT assessed by echocardiography and presence as well as severity of CAD. Methods: Two hundred and twenty consecutive patients who candidate for coronary angiography because of possible CAD were studied. EFT was evaluated in standard parasternal long axis (PlAX) and parasternal short axis (PSAX) view from 3 cardiac cycles at the end of systole and diastole. The severity of CAD was defined in two ways: (1) SYNTAX score, (2) number of vessels with significant lesion. Results: PLAX (EFTS ) (EFT in systole) and PLAX (EFTd ) (EFT in diastole) were significantly higher in patients with CAD in comparison with patients without CAD (P = 0.046, P = 0.041 respectively). There was a significant correlation between PLAX (EFTS ) (P = 0.05), PLAX (EFTd ) (P = 0.04) and SYNTAX score. There was no statistically significant relationship between EFT and number of diseased vessel (P > 0.05). Multivariate analysis was done for adjusting the effects of confounding factors and it showed that EFT (OR: 10.53, P = 0.004) was significantly correlated severe CAD as assessed by the SYNTAX score. Conclusion: EFT assessed by transthoracic echocardiography was higher significantly in patients with CAD than in normal patients. EFT as an easily available and cost-effective echocardiographic feature might be useful to predict complexity of CAD.

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4

Halamová, Júlia, and Martin Kanovský. "Emotion-focused training for emotion coaching – an intervention to reduce self-criticism." Human Affairs 29, no. 1 (January 28, 2019): 20–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/humaff-2019-0003.

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Abstract Emotion-Focused Training for Emotion Coaching (EFT-EC) is based on Emotion-focused Therapy findings and was developed to help participants deepen their emotional skills. The goal was to examine the efficacy of a 12-week EFT-EC group program the level of emotion intelligence, self-compassion and self-criticism in a student population. A quasi-experiment with no control group was conducted with pre- and post-measurements using The Self-compassion scale (SCS), the Forms of Self-Criticising/Attacking & Self-Reassuring Scale (FSCRS), and the Trait Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire – short form (TEIQue-SF). The EFT-EC participants were128 students. The EFT-EC intervention had a significant effect on self-criticism and self-control latent scores as reported at post-measurement. The structural equation model with latent variables was not an adequate fit for the rest of the subscales. These results are promising and suggest that interventions intended to enhance emotion skills can also reduce self-criticism even when not directly addressing it.

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5

Zakaria, Izzatie, and Nor Azzyati Hashim. "Evaluating the Usability of Emergency Fund Target Web System among Young Adults." Journal of Computing Research and Innovation 2, no. 4 (January 30, 2018): 28–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.24191/jcrinn.v2i4.60.

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Young adults need to know the importance of having a good financial management to prevent the engagement in extensive debt. One of the ways is by having saving for emergency fund. Emergency fund is vital as it can be used during any unwanted events such as job loss, health emergency and other unexpected expenses. Most existing web systems for personal financial management are more towards budgeting and tracking e xpenditures. Thus, to encourage people especially young adults to build emergency fund, a web system called Emergency Fund Target (EFT) was developed. This paper investigates the ease - of - use and benefits of EFT web system among young adults. Evaluation for this web system using usability testing involved 15 young adults who already being employed. From the findings, it is discovered that EFT system is easy to use and enables users to learn about emergency fund in order to use the system to keep track their saving for emergency fund. For the future works o f EFT, the web system will enhance to advice users who has completed the emergency fund saving on moving into investment for short, medium and long term financial goals.

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6

SEKLOKA, EMMANUEL, JACQUES LANÇON, ERIC GOZE, BERNARD HAU, SYLVIE LEWICKI-DHAINAUT, and GRÉGOIRE THOMAS. "BREEDING NEW COTTON VARIETIES TO FIT THE DIVERSITY OF CROPPING CONDITIONS IN AFRICA: EFFECT OF PLANT ARCHITECTURE, EARLINESS AND EFFECTIVE FLOWERING TIME ON LATE-PLANTED COTTON PRODUCTIVITY." Experimental Agriculture 44, no. 2 (April 2008): 197–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479708006157.

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SUMMARYIn most cotton-growing regions of West and Central Africa where rainfed conditions prevail, cropping conditions are highly diversified since the crop is planted over an extended period. We studied production and development patterns in 10 cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) varieties to determine the most efficient strategies that could be transformed into breeding traits. Four trials were carried out between 2002 and 2003 in two cotton-growing areas in Benin to compare the 10 varieties at three stand densities and two planting dates. The parameters monitored were the mean first flower opening date (FF), effective flowering time (EFT), plant height at harvest (HH), height to node ratio (HNR), length of fruiting branch (LFB), number of vegetative branches (NVB) and average boll retention at the first position of the fruiting branches (RP1). We identified two ideotypes that yielded better than the others: (i) Mar 88-214 performed well under late planting–high stand density conditions and was characterized by low vegetative growth and early flowering onset, a short flowering period and low RP1; (ii) H 279-1 performed especially well under early planting–low stand density conditions and was characterized by high vegetative growth, late flowering, long EFT and high RP1. We propose a breeding strategy for both ideotypes based on seven indicators with high heritability (FF, HH, HNR, and LFB) or medium heritability (NVB, EFT, and RP1).

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7

Krajčíková, Lenka. "(Ne)závislosť na poli: kognitívny štýl či schopnosť?" TESTFÓRUM 6, no. 10 (September 26, 2017): 4–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/tf2017-10-175.

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Predkladaný krátky článok pojednáva o testovaní kognitívneho štýlu závislosti/nezávislosti na poli podľa Witkina. Tento kognitívny štýl popísaný v 50. rokoch bol v niekoľkých posledných dekádach vystavený kritike, ktorá sa na jednej strane týka samotnej definície kognitívneho štýlu, na strane druhej i metód, ktoré sú k testovaniu tohto štýlu používané. V práci sa čitateľ dozvie ako o metódach testovania závislosti/nezávislosti na poli tak o kritike tohto konceptu. Hlavným zámerom článku je poskytnúť historický exkurz do testovania kognitívneho štýlu závislosti/nezávislosti na poli pomocou testu k tomu pôvodne určenému (Embedded Figures Test). Čitateľ sa dozvie o nejednoznačnosti použitia testu EFT a pochybnostiach o tom, že skutočne testuje spomínaný kognitívny štýl. Test samotný bude predstavený v novom svetle potenciálne zaujímavého nástoja na testovanie priestorovej kognitívnej schopnosti či všeobecnej inteligencie, čo je však nutné ďalším výskumom objasniť. Presented short paper deals with testing of cognitive style of field dependence/independence by Herman Witkin. This cognitive style described in fifties was wildly criticized in last couple of decades. The criticism was aimed towards the definition of a cognitive style and also towards methods evaluating and testing this so called cognitive style. The paper describes various methods of testing this style and provides brief overview of a criticism of the concept. The main goal of this paper is to provide a historical overview of testing cognitive style of field dependence/independence and to evaluate test created for that purpose (Embedded Figures Test). The reader will find out that EFT is not a completely valid method of testing cognitive style mentioned above and there are some doubts about what this test is really measuring. EFT will be introduced from a slightly different angle, as an interesting method of testing spatial cognitive ability or general intelligence, but these new options of use of EFT require further research.

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8

Rodríguez‐González, Martiño, Maria Schweer‐Collins, Paul S. Greenman, Marie‐France Lafontaine, Maria-Dolores Fatás, and Jonathan G. Sandberg. "Short‐Term and Long‐Term Effects of Training in EFT: A Multinational Study in Spanish‐speaking Countries." Journal of Marital and Family Therapy 46, no. 2 (April 2020): 304–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jmft.12416.

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9

Zhou, Qin Tao, Hua Dong, En Ze Zhou, and Wei Yi. "Simulation of Solar Assisted Ground Source Heat Pump System in Different Regions." Advanced Materials Research 354-355 (October 2011): 798–801. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.354-355.798.

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This study presents a simulation approach to assess the viability of solar assisted ground source heat pump system in different regions of China. A short time step model of ground loop exchanger is employed in the simulation with a 30% solar fraction. Weather data files used in the simulation are created based on Chinese Typical Year Weather (CTYW) data. Borehole length is optimized with a safety stop temperature of 0°C. The minimum Entering Fluid Temperature (EFT) decreases 1.3°C after 20-year simulation time and the team effect of ground loop exchangers is weaken as a result of spontaneous recovery of storage temperature. Borehole length replaced by area of solar collector ranges from 3.9m to 2.5m in the six cities. The results show that the annual performance of ground loop exchanger is low in heating-dominated regions and a solar assisted ground source heat pump (SAGSHP) system is needed in order to improve the system performance.

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10

BARÁNKOVÁ, Martina, and Katarína VAĎUROVÁ. ""Effectiveness of Emotion Focused Training for Self-Compassion and Self-Protection in Individuals with Increased Narcissism"." Journal of Evidence-Based Psychotherapies 22, no. 1 (March 1, 2022): 169–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/jebp.2022.1.9.

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"Objective: The goal of the study was to map out the effectiveness of a 14-day online intervention (EFT-SCP) focused on self-compassion and self-protection in people with an increased level of narcissism. Method: The research sample consisted of 63 participants, 19 men and 44 women, aged 21 to 70 years (M = 32.49; SD = 15.73). Participants were randomly assigned to intervention group (N = 32) or to the passive control group (N = 31). Results: The results indicate that the self-compassion level in the experimental group did not increase following the intervention. However, the same group scored significantly lower on self-criticism after taking part in the intervention. Conclusion: Short term online intervention was able to decrease self-criticism in subclinical population with increased traits of narcissism but was not effective in increasing self-compassion. It seems that in individuals with increased narcissism, it could take longer to develop kind and warm feelings towards self, connected to self-compassion. The process of decreasing self-criticism was effective and could be the starting point for further cultivating of self."

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11

Ondruška, Titus, and Jan Novotný. "Účinky tchaj-ťi čchüan na autonomní nervové regulace u studentů Masarykovy univerzity." Studia sportiva 5, no. 1 (July 4, 2011): 17–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/sts2011-1-2.

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Taijiquan is scientifically studied from many views of it’s positive infl uence on human health. Taiji as an exceptable intensity form of aerobic exercise for middle age and old people. Taiji as a form of exercise benefi cial for general inprovement of motor function at seniors. Taiji and balance control at old persons in connection to falls. Infl uence of taiji practise on the quality of sleep at people with sleep disturbances. In prosecution to many experiments specialized on the positive eff ect of taijiquan on the heart function (for example taiji and it’s harmonizing eff ect on blood preasure) we have realised an experiment focused on the connection of taiji practise and autonomous regulation of heart function. We tried to prove that one year long practise of a particular form of taiji has the eff ect on the autonomous regulation of the heart. Especially on higher activity of parasympathetic system – nervus vagus. Th is eff ect have been proved by Väänänen at al, 2002 at the level of short-time change. We have used system VariaCardio TF-4 with telemetric transmision of the pulse rate able to measure and analyse spectral analysis of heart rate variability. Participants were 32 Masaryk university students aged between 19 and 25. Th e data we have collected prove that we do not disapprove hypothesis of the infl uence of taijiquan practise on the activity of nervus vagus. Thus we have succeeded in proving the eff ect of taiji on heart regulations even at young people.This fi ndings can even support the idea of using taiji as an eff ective and at the same time available form of training of cardiovaskular system at poeple suff ering from diseases of this kind.

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12

Pavlićević, Aleksandar, Radomir Ratajac, Milica Dotlić, Igor Stojanov, and Ivan Pavlović. "AN INNOVATIVE FORMULATION OF PARAFFIN AND SILICONE OILS FOR THE CONTROL OF THE RED POULTRY MITE (Dermanyssus gallinae) – EXAMINATION OF THE EFFICIENCY UNDER LABORATORY CONDITIONS." Archives of Veterinary Medicine 10, no. 2 (December 29, 2017): 63–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.46784/e-avm.v10i2.74.

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The past decades of clinical practice in poultry farming are character-ized by inadequate control of one of the most important poultry ectopara-site, the red poultry mite (Dermanyssus gallinae). Therefore, the program for control of D. gallinae based exclusively ona physical mechanisms of action of acaricides has been developed in Serbia since 2012. By the beginning of 2017, a synergistic relationship between paraffi n and silicone oils was observed by our team, and its effi ciency in preventing the red poultry mite from respiring was examined. For laboratory examination the Petri dish and tin-box methods were used. Direct, full 1-minute exposure of adult mites to the recommended (15 and 20%) or even much lower concentration of the formulation resulted in 100% mortality aft er 24 hours. Subsequent 1-hour exposure (24 hours aft er application onto treated non-absorbent surface of adult mite) resulted in 100% mortality with the same concentrations. The long term eff ect depends on the surface quality. The concentrations of 15 and 20% provide 100% long-term eff ect aft er a 1-hour exposure period, and remains fully eff ective over the following 4-month period. In the following months (8 months), the formulation continues to work with a slightly lesser, however, still signifi cant eff ect. The formulation is most eff ective on a plastic surface, where the full eff ect is achieved with signifi cantly lower concentrations. The formulation has no eff ect on eggs; however, aft er the short development cycle is completed in the egg (2-6 days) and exit from the shell, the larva is immediately exposed to the eff ects of the formulation and eliminated. High effi ciency of the paraffi n and silicone oils formulation, which has been established in laboratory conditions, justifi es its use to the purpose of D. gallinae control in cages and equipment before fl ock settle-ment as well as in transport cages aft er cleaning and disinfection.

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13

Maddox, Dondee, Bob Deschner, Dottie Goodsun, and M. Danet Lapiz-Bluhm. "Veterans Team Recovery Integrative Immersion Process (Vet TRIIP): A Qualitative Evaluation of Participation and Impact." Military Medicine 185, no. 7-8 (March 31, 2020): e1284-e1289. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/milmed/usaa053.

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Abstract Introduction The Veterans Team Recovery Integrative Immersion Process (Vet TRIIP) is a short-term multi-modality complementary, integrative immersion program for veterans with chronic pain, post-traumatic stress, and related symptoms. Geared toward Veterans, active duty servicemembers, family members, and caregivers, Vet TRIIP aims to honor and empower them to create healthy, happy, and productive civilian lives. This study evaluates the program to determine its impact on the quality of life and ways to improve and develop Vet TRIIP. Materials and Methods In total, 14 clients participated in the qualitative review of the Vet TRIIP program in San Antonio. The participants were interviewed related to their reason for participating, their most bothersome symptoms and the effects of Vet TRIIP on those symptoms, service provided that is most and least appreciated, suggestions for improvement, and things learned from Vet TRIIP that helped them daily. Responses were analyzed for emerging themes. Results The main reasons for participating were physiological and psychological needs, social support, and curiosity to address their reported symptoms such as pain, stress/anxiety, and depression. Vet TRIIP reportedly improved their quality of life and decreased stress. The participants liked most the support of the Vet TRIIP staff and the interventions such as reiki and massage. Other participants did not like acupuncture. Participants suggested the addition of professional psychological services could be helpful. They reported that emotional freedom technique (EFT/tapping) and guided breathing were most useful in their daily lives. Each participant reported that Vet TRIIP was a positive experience that helped with their pain, anxiety, and stress management, providing an improvement in their quality of life. It also imparted an eye-opening experience to nontraditional non-pharmacological interventions for pain, anxiety, and stress. Conclusions Evaluative studies on organizations that support Veterans are useful to gauge the effectiveness and impact. Through this study, Veterans expressed perceived strengths and weaknesses of the program so further development and appropriate services will be provided. Similar studies on the impact of non-profit organizations are encouraged. Vet TRIIP significantly impacts the lives of many through stress and pain reduction, potentially preventing suicide.

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14

Sutunkova, M. P. "Тhe experimental assessment of NiO nanoparticles toxicity in inxalation exposure". Occupational Health and Industrial Ecology, № 2 (14 березня 2019): 86–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.31089/1026-9428-2019-2-86-91.

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Introduction.Nanoparticles of NiO pollute air of workplace in metallurgic production of nickel and alloyed steel (during their use in electric welding). Toxicity of NiO nanoparticles was studied in some experiments, but mechanisms underlying their toxic eff ects are not understood and require wider base of experimental data.Objective. To study toxic eff ects of NiO nanoparticles in chronic inhalation exposure.Materials and methods.Outbred female rats were subjected to repeated low-level inhalation exposure to NiO nanoparticles of 99.99% purity, measured 23±5 nm, 4 hours per day, 5 days per week, up to 10-month duration in an “only nose” device with concentration 0.2±0.01 mg/m3. To select this concentration, preliminary pilot experiment included 5-fold exposure with concentration 1.00±0.12 mg/m3.Results.NiO nanoparticles in short-term and chronic inhalation exposure aff ect lipids peroxidation, red blood parameters, liver and kidney functions, oxidation-reduction balance. All three terms of chronic inhalation experiment cause active alveolar phagocytosis reaction, and their high cytotoxicity is proved by relation of neutrophils to alveolar macrophages and by enzymes levels in bronchoalveolar lavage.Conclusions.NiO nanoparticles if inhaled in concentration 0.2 mg/m3 cause moderate toxic eff ect in experimental animals.

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15

Jansson, Antti. "Short reports." Entomologica Fennica 2, no. 1 (January 1, 1991): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.33338/ef.83497.

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The following reports have been presented during the last year at the meetings of the EntomologicalSociety of Finland (ESF), the Societas Entomologica Helsingforsiensis (SEH), the LepidopterologicalSociety of Finland (LSF) and the Entomological Club of the Zoologicaland Botanical Society of Turku(ECT). For biogeographical provinces, Finnish grid coordinates, and UTM squares, see insicle backcover.

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16

Horne, S. "Short teacher training courses." ELT Journal 57, no. 4 (October 1, 2003): 395–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/elt/57.4.395.

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17

Itämies, Juhani. "Short reports." Entomologica Fennica 10, no. 1 (January 1, 1999): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.33338/ef.83992.

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Анотація:

The following reports have been presented at the meetings of the Entomological Society of Finland (ESF), the Societas Entomologica Helsingforsiensis (SEH), the Lepidopterological Society of Finland (LSF) and the Entomological Club of the Zoological and Botanical Society of Turku (ECT). For biogeographical provinces, Finnish grid coordinates, and UTM squares see inside back cover of annual issues 2, 3 and 4, respectively.

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18

Itämies, Juhani. "Short reports." Entomologica Fennica 11, no. 1 (January 1, 2000): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.33338/ef.84042.

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Анотація:

The following reports have been presented last year at the meetings of the Entomological Society of Finland (ESF), the Societas Entomologica Helsingforsiensis (SEH), the Lepidopterological Society of Finland (LSF) or the Entomological Club of the Zoological and Botanical Society ofTurku (ECT). For biogeographical provinces, Finnish grid coordinates, and UTM squares see inside back cover of annual issues 2 and 4, respectively.

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19

Jansson, Antti. "Short reports." Entomologica Fennica 3, no. 1 (January 1, 1992): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.33338/ef.83562.

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Анотація:

The following reports have been presented during the last year at the meetings of the Entomological Society of Finland (ESF), the Societas Entomologica Helsingforsiensis (SEH), the Lepidopterological Society of Finland (LSF) and the Entomological Club of the Zoological and Botanical Society of Turku (ECT). For biogeographical provinces, Finnish grid coordinates, and UTM squares see inside back cover of yearly issues 2, 3 and 4, respectively.

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20

Jansson, Antti. "Short reports." Entomologica Fennica 4, no. 1 (January 1, 1993): 9–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.33338/ef.83741.

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Анотація:

The following reports have been presented during the last year at the meetings of the Entomological Society of Finland (ESF), the Societas Entomologica Helsingforsiensis (SEH), the Lepidopterological Society of Finland (LSF) and the Entomological Club of the Zoological and Botanical Society of Turku (ECT). For biogeographical provinces, Finnish grid coordinates, and UTM squares see inside back cover of annual issues 2, 3 and 4, respectively.

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21

Jansson, Antti. "Short reports." Entomologica Fennica 5, no. 1 (January 1, 1994): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.33338/ef.83784.

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The following reports have been presented during the last year at the meetings of the Entomological Society of Finland (ESF), the Societas Entomologica Helsingforsiensis (SEH), the Lepidopterological Society of Finland (LSF) and the Entomological Club of the Zoological and Botanical Society of Turku (ECT). For biogeographical provinces, Finnish grid coordinates, and UTM squares see inside back cover of annual issues 2, 3 and 4, respectively.

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22

ISAEV, Veniamin I., Andrey V. MALTSEV, and Andrey A. KARPOV. "PERFECTION OF THE FORM AND TECHNOLOGY OF THE REINFORCED CONCRETE PILES DESIGN FOR LOW-RISE CONSTRUCTION." Urban construction and architecture 8, no. 2 (June 15, 2018): 9–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.17673/vestnik.2018.02.2.

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The results of a computational and analytical study of the carrying capacity of various variants of short piles used in low-rise construction are presented. The relevance of the topic of work is determined by the current situation in the fi eld of individual housing construction. The most common pile foundations in this direction of construction are considered. Two alternative designs and technologies for piling are proposed. A comparative analysis of the bearing capacity of the piles proposed by the authors with the most common variants is made. The materials of the publication refl ect the eff ectiveness of the proposed designs and suggest continuation of research in this direction.

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23

Kovalov, Gennady, Eduard Gordiyenko, Yulia Fomenko, Galyna Shustakova, Polina Kiporenko, and Oleksiy Oleﬁrenko. "Dynamics of Freezing and Warming of Soft Tissues with Short-Term Eff ect on Skin with Cryoapplicator." Problems of Cryobiology and Cryomedicine 30, no. 4 (December 17, 2020): 359–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/cryo30.04.359.

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The paper presents the analysis of possibilities and limitations of using the thermal imaging to monitor the dynamics of temperature field caused by a short-term cryoablation of skin. It is shown that the method allows to remote and intraoperative control the dynamics of the freezing zone diameter as well as to estimate the current diameter of primary cryonecrosis zone. The diameter of primary cryonecrosis zone for this type of tissues reaches 13 mm, which makes it possible to destroy small morbid growth by low temperatures even with a short-term (30 s) croexposure. The using of this method to monitor the process of natural warming has shown the presence of long quasi-stable stage in dynamics of the freezing zone diameter with a slight change in the temperature field. This fact is likely due to structural changes in frozen tissues.

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24

Tous-Pallarés, Jordi, Ivette Margarita Espinoza-Díaz, Susana Lucas-Mangas, Lorena Valdivieso-León, and María del Rosario Gómez-Romero. "CSI-SF: Psychometric properties of spanish version of the coping strategies inventory - short form." Anales de Psicología 38, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 85–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.6018/analesps.478671.

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Background / Objective: The study establishes the psychometric properties of the Spanish adaptation of the abbreviated version of the Coping Strategies Inventory (CSI-SF) published by Addison et al. (2007). The test uses a two-axis model to classify coping strategies (commitment and avoidance) and objective categories of coping (problem-focused and emotion-focused). Method: 940 people participated (62.87% women; 37.12% men) aged between 18 and 66 years (x̄ = 33.2; dt = 12.01). An exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were carried out, as well as Pearson's correlation and Cronbach's Alpha to examine the reliability and validity of the Spanish adaptation of the CSI-SF. Results: Internal consistency analysis revealed high reliability for all scales, and all adjustment indexes used to examine the CSI-SF Spanish version provided support for its use as an adequate measure of stress coping strategies. Discussion/Conclusions: The CSI-SF scale Spanish version is a test that provides a quick and efficient diagnosis of the coping strategies used in the face of stress in different settings. Antecedentes/Objetivo: El estudio establece las propiedades psicométricas de la adaptación española de la versión abreviada del Inventario de Estrategias de Afrontamiento (CSI-SF) publicado por Addison et al. (2007). La prueba utiliza un modelo de dos ejes para clasificar las estrategias de afrontamiento (de compromiso y de evitación) y las categorías objetivas del afrontamiento (centrada en el problema y centrada en la emoción). Método: Participaron 940 personas (62.87% mujeres; 37.12% hombres) divididas en dos submuestras. Se realizó un análisis factorial exploratorio (AFE) y un análisis factorial confirmatorio (AFC), así mismo la correlación de Pearson y el Alfa de Cronbach para examinar la fiabilidad y validez de la adaptación al español del CSI-SF. Resultados: El análisis de consistencia interna reveló una alta fiabilidad para todas las escalas (EFE = .890, PFE = .836. PFD = .767, EFD = .934), y todos los índices de ajuste utilizados para examinar el CSI-SF versión española proporcionaron soporte para su uso como una medida adecuada de las estrategias de afrontamiento del estrés. Discusión/Conclusión: La escala CSI-SF versión española es una prueba que proporciona un diagnóstico rápido y eficiente cuyos factores explican el 62.79% de la varianza común total de las estrategias de afrontamiento que se emplean frente a la situación de estrés en distintos ámbitos.

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25

Klinkenborg, Verlyn. "Several Short Sentences About Writing." Ecotone 7, no. 2 (2012): 126–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/ect.2012.0012.

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26

Völz, S. "Teaching Terry McMillan's short fiction." ELT Journal 55, no. 2 (April 2001): 164–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/elt/55.2.164.

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27

Taylor, Michael Alan, and Richard Abrams. "Short-Term Cognitive Effects of Unilateral and Bilateral ECT." British Journal of Psychiatry 146, no. 3 (March 1985): 308–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.146.3.308.

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SummaryWe administered an extensive battery of primarily non-memory neuropsychological tasks to 37 patients with endogenous depression, randomly assigned to either bilateral (B/ECT) or unilateral (U/ECT) electroconvulsive therapy. Testing was done prior to therapy and again shortly after the sixth induced seizure. The two groups did not significantly differ in cognitive impairment, either before or after treatment, and within-group cognitive changes following treatment were small. We conclude that neither B/ECT nor U/ECT substantially worsen non-memory cognitive performance in depressed patients, yet both result in significant clinical improvement.

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28

DODSON, M. E. "SHORT ACTING NEUROMUSCULAR BLOCKERS AND ECT." British Journal of Anaesthesia 57, no. 9 (September 1985): 933–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bja/57.9.933-a.

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29

Yorke, F. "Interpretative tasks applied to short stories." ELT Journal 40, no. 4 (October 1, 1986): 313–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/elt/40.4.313.

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30

Macpherson, S. "The short intensive teacher-training course." ELT Journal 57, no. 3 (July 1, 2003): 297–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/elt/57.3.297.

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31

Viramo, Juha. "Short reports." Entomologica Fennica 8, no. 1 (January 1, 1997): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.33338/ef.83912.

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The following reports were presented during 1996 at the meetings of the Entomological Society of Finland (ESF), the Societas Entomologica Helsingforsiensis (SEH), and the Entomological Club of the Zoological and Botanical Society of Turku (ECT); the reports from the meetings of the Lepidopterological Society of Finland have been published in the Society's own journal, Baptria. The present notes do not cover all the reports given in the meetings since some of them were not received in written form, and some reports with information on several species are published separately as scientific notes. For biogeographical provinces and Finnish grid coordinates, see inside back cover of annual issues 2 and 4, respectively.

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32

Jansson, Antti. "Short reports." Entomologica Fennica 6, no. 1 (January 1, 1995): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.33338/ef.83827.

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The following reports were presented during 1994 at the meetings of the Entomological Society of Finland (ESF), the Societas Entomologica Helsingforsiensis (SEH), and the Entomological Club of the Zoological and Botanical Society of Turku (ECT); the reports from the meetings of the Lepidopterological Society of Finland have been published in the Society's own journal, Baptria. The present notes do not cover all the reports given in the meetings since some of them were not received in written form, and some reports with information on several species are published separately as scientific notes. For biogeographical provinces, Finnish grid coordinates, and UTM squares see inside back cover of annual issues 2, 3 and 4, respectively.

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33

Viramo, Juha. "Short reports." Entomologica Fennica 7, no. 1 (January 1, 1996): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.33338/ef.83879.

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The following reports were presented during 1995 at the meetings of the Entomological Society of Finland (ESF), the Societas Entomologica Helsingforsiensis (SEH), and the Entomological Club of the Zoological and Botanical Society of Turku (ECT); the reports from the meetings of the Lepidopterological Society of Finland have been published in the Society's own journal, Baptria. The present notes do not cover all the reports given in the meetings since some of them were not received in written form, and some reports with information on several species are published separately as scienfitic notes. For biogeographical provinces, Finnish grid coordinates, and UTM squares see inside back cover of annual issues 2, 3 and 4, respectively.

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34

Viramo, Juha. "Short reports." Entomologica Fennica 9, no. 1 (January 1, 1998): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.33338/ef.83958.

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The following reports were presented during 1997 at the meetings of the Entomological Society of Finland (ESF), the Societas Entomologica Helsingforsiensis (SEH), and the Entomological Club of the Zoological and Botanical Society of Turku (ECT); the reports from the meetings of the Lepidopterological Society of Finland have been published in the Society's own journal, Baptria. The present notes do not cover all the reports given in the meetings since some of them were not received in written form, and some reports with information on several species are published separately as scientific notes. For biogeographical provinces and Finnish grid coordinates, please see the last pages of Vol. 8 Nos. 2 or 3, 1997.

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35

Allison, D. "Training learners to prepare short written answers." ELT Journal 40, no. 1 (January 1, 1986): 27–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/elt/40.1.27.

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36

Kuster, Charles M., Pamela L. Heinselman, and Marcus Austin. "31 May 2013 El Reno Tornadoes: Advantages of Rapid-Scan Phased-Array Radar Data from a Warning Forecaster’s Perspective*." Weather and Forecasting 30, no. 4 (August 1, 2015): 933–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/waf-d-14-00142.1.

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Abstract On 31 May 2013, a supercell produced a tornado rated as 3 on the enhanced Fujita scale (EF3) near El Reno, Oklahoma, which was sampled by the S-band phased-array radar (PAR) at the National Weather Radar Testbed in Norman, Oklahoma. Collaboration with the forecaster who issued tornado warnings for the El Reno supercell during real-time operations focused the analysis on critical radar signatures frequently assessed during warning operations. The wealth of real-world experience provided by the forecaster, along with the quantitative analysis, highlighted differences between rapid-scan PAR data and the Weather Surveillance Radar-1988 Doppler located near Oklahoma City, Oklahoma (KTLX), within the context of forecast challenges faced on 31 May 2013. The comparison revealed that the 70-s PAR data proved most advantageous to the forecaster’s situational awareness in instances of rapid storm organization, sudden mesocyclone intensification, and abrupt, short-term changes in tornado motion. Situations where PAR data were most advantageous in the depiction of storm-scale processes included 1) rapid variations in mesocyclone intensity and associated changes in inflow magnitude; 2) imminent radar-indicated development of the short-lived (EF0) Calumet, Oklahoma, and long-lived (EF3) El Reno tornadoes; and 3) precise location and motion of the tornado circulation. As a result, it is surmised that rapid-scan volumetric radar data in cases like this would augment a forecaster’s ability to observe rapidly evolving storm features and deliver timely, life-saving information to the general public.

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37

Luis, Chiossa Luis. "Role of Short Stories in EFL Classes." Journal of English Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics 2, no. 5 (December 30, 2020): 12–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.32996/jeltal.2020.2.5.2.

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The research seeks to investigate why most teachers at Cristiano Paulo Secondary School are not using short stories in English Language Teaching despite the fact that they know the importance of short stories, and suggest techniques to increase the use of short stories in ELT (English Language Teaching). The study will take place in Niassa Province, specifically at Cristiano Paulo Taimo Secondary School – Lichinga. The sample of this study will be students and teachers of English of grade 12 of the school aforementioned and will be determined through simple random sampling, mixed approach will be the approach in use for this study and data for this study will be collected through questionnaires and observation. 2 teachers of English and 10 students of grade 12 participated in the survey study. The data will be analyzed through statistics and themes. Searching for practical ways to improve students’ English language skills is a real concern for all English teachers. There is a consensus among English Language Teaching practitioners regarding the significance of reading for learning new languages, since reading gives depth to language learning (Stern, 2001). Therefore, teachers are obligated to provide their students with interesting and suitable texts to read. Real stories are by far more interesting and involving than scientific and historical texts. Thus, the researcher expects that this study will help teachers to improve the teaching of English Language through short stories and students will be able to develop speaking skills.

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38

Rahman, Selina, and Sayma Arju. "Exploiting Short Stories in the EFL Classroom." Stamford Journal of English 4 (January 27, 2013): 124–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/sje.v4i0.13493.

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The purpose of this article is to focus on the effectiveness of using short stories in language instruction. Some instructors may think that teaching EFL is just to focus on linguistic benefits only and eventually their learners will communicate in the target language. On the other hand, instructors who have tried to accumulate literature in the curricula have observed that literary texts add a new dimension to the teaching of EFL. Short stories, for example, come to a great help for learners to learn the four skills-reading, writing, speaking and listening. In addition, with short stories, instructors can motivate learners to learn some literary aspects, cultural awareness and can make them think critically. However, before introducing the short stories instructors should realize the benefits of using this material and design their lessons that can meet the needs of their learners. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/sje.v4i0.13493 Stamford Journal of English Vol.4 2008 pp.124-141

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39

Duraković, Amra, and Dina Kamber Hamzić. "Effects of Short-Term STEM Intervention on the Achievement of 9th Grade Students in Mathematics." Mathematics and Informatics LXV, no. 3 (June 30, 2022): 259–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.53656/math2022-3-3-eff.

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The aim of this study is to examine the effect of the STEM approach on students’ achievements in processing teaching topics from Algebra. A quasi-experimental design was used with an experimental and control group. The research was conducted on a sample of 73 ninth-grade students (aged between 14 and 15). STEM approach was performed in teaching the experimental group, while the control group was taught in a traditional way. The obtained results showed that the STEM intervention had a positive impact reflected in significantly better results on the achievement tests. The girls performed better than boys on all tests.

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40

Machado, Paulo P. P., Carlos M. Grilo, Tânia F. Rodrigues, Ana R. Vaz, and Ross D. Crosby. "Eating Disorder Examination – Questionnaire short forms: A comparison." International Journal of Eating Disorders 53, no. 6 (April 13, 2020): 937–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/eat.23275.

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41

MORDOVSKIY, Sergey S., and Kamil B. SHARAFUTDINOV. "EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES ON THE INFLUENCE OF TRANSVERSE REINFORCEMENT FOR STRENGTH OF COMPRESSED REINFORCED CONCRETE ELEMENTS." Urban construction and architecture 10, no. 4 (March 5, 2021): 21–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.17673/vestnik.2020.04.3.

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The infl uence of transverse reinforcement, including indirect reinforcement, on the strength of compressed reinforced concrete elements is analyzed. This question arose in connection with the possibility of increasing the strength of short reinforced concrete elements loaded with a longitudinal force with small eccentricities within the section of the element. For such elements, the cage eff ect may appear, associated with the coeffi cient of transverse deformations, the magnitude of which is a direct factor in the destruction of the concrete sample, and the limitation of these directly aff ects the bearing capacity of the sample in the direction of increase. The infl uence of transverse reinforcement in the form of stirrups located with diff erent spacing, as well as indirect reinforcement in the form of meshes with a classical rectangular cell and meshes of the “zigzag” type is considered.

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42

MIKHASEK, Andrey A., and Nikolay R. MALYUGIN. "INFLUENCE OF FILTRATION IN THE BODY OF AN ACTIVE PROTECTIVE STRUCTURE ON THE FLOW CHARACTERISTICS." Urban construction and architecture 9, no. 3 (September 15, 2019): 92–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.17673/vestnik.2019.03.12.

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The article describes the numerical model of the fl ow that envelops the shore protection structure in the form of a stream spur. Various from the point of view of permeability, spur body material options are considered. To model turbulent fi ltration as local resistance in the fl ow, a formula is proposed that relates the fi ltration coeffi - cient to the hydraulic resistance coeffi cient of a permeable medium. As a result of the simulation, images were obtained in the form of a planned distribution of velocities and pressures in the vicinity of the structure. The obtained materials indicate the relative position of the transit and whirlpool zones of the fl ow. Conclusions are drawn about the nature of the stream fl owing around the shore protection structure and the eff ect of fi ltration in the body of the structure on the characteristics of this stream.

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43

Verwijk, Esmée, Hannie C. Comijs, Rob M. Kok, Harm-Pieter Spaans, Caroline E. M. Tielkes, Erik J. A. Scherder, and Max L. Stek. "Short- and long-term neurocognitive functioning after electroconvulsive therapy in depressed elderly: a prospective naturalistic study." International Psychogeriatrics 26, no. 2 (November 26, 2013): 315–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610213001932.

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ABSTRACTBackground:It is generally assumed that the elderly patients are more vulnerable to cognitive side effects after electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) than younger depressed patients. The current study aims to evaluate the nature and extent of changes across multiple domains of neurocognitive functioning in a group of elderly depressed patients after ECT.Methods:In this prospective naturalistic study, we included 42 depressed patients aged ≥55 years. Global cognitive function, memory, and executive function were assessed before ECT treatment and within one week (short-term post-ECT) and six months after ECT (long-term post-ECT). Associations between cognitive functioning and electrode placement, total number of treatment sessions, age, and the severity of depression at the time of cognitive measurement were studied.Results:Our data offered no evidence of decline for any of the neurocognitive tests after ECT, given its power to detect the difference. Post-ECT improvement of neurocognitive functioning was statistically significant for the Mini-Mental State Examination, Visual Association Test, 10 Words Verbal Learning Test, and Expanded Mental Control Test. Effect sizes were medium to large. After six months, compared with post-ECT performance, statistically significant improvement was found only for the Trail Making Test-A and the Letter Fluency Test with small to medium effect sizes.Conclusions:In our severely depressed elderly patients, neurocognitive performance improved or did not change after ECT. Patients with poor cognitive function were not able to participate in neuropsychological assessment before ECT started. Consequently these results may not apply to patients with more severe cognitive impairment prior to the start of ECT.

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44

Pei, Lowry. "Fox on the Shore." Ecotone 3, no. 1 (2007): 182–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/ect.2007.0017.

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45

Hoogerhoud, Alexander, Andreia W. P. Hazewinkel, Robert H. A. M. Reijntjens, Irene M. van Vliet, Martijn S. van Noorden, Gert Jan Lammers, J. Gert van Dijk, and Erik J. Giltay. "Short-Term Effects of Electroconvulsive Therapy on Subjective and Actigraphy-Assessed Sleep Parameters in Severely Depressed Inpatients." Depression Research and Treatment 2015 (2015): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/764649.

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Background. Sleep disturbances are a key feature of major depression. Electroconvulsive treatment (ECT) may improve polysomnography-assessed sleep characteristics, but its short-term effects on actigraphy-assessed and subjective sleep characteristics are unknown. We therefore aimed to assess the effects of ECT on subjective and objective sleep parameters in a proof-of-principle study.Methods. We assessed subjective and objective sleep parameters in 12 severely depressed patients up to 5 consecutive days during their ECT course, corresponding to a total of 43 nights (including 19 ECT sessions). The 12 patients were 83% female and on average 62 (standard deviation (SD) 14) years old and had an average MADRS score of 40 at baseline (SD 21).Results. Subjective and objective sleep parameters were not directly affected by ECT. The subjective sleep efficiency parameter was similar on the day after ECT and other days. ECT did not affect the number of errors in the Sustained Attention to Response Task. Patients subjectively underestimated their total sleep time by 1.4 hours (P<0.001) compared to actigraphy-assessed sleep duration.Conclusion. ECT did not affect subjective and actigraphy-assessed sleep in the short term. Depressed patients profoundly underestimated their sleep duration.

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46

Giannitrapani, Alice. "To Eat or Not to Eat? A Short Path from Vegetarianism to Cannibalism." International Journal for the Semiotics of Law - Revue internationale de Sémiotique juridique 31, no. 3 (May 23, 2018): 531–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11196-018-9570-0.

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47

Müller, Helge H. O., Mareen Reike, Simon Grosse-Holz, Mareike Röther, Caroline Lücke, Alexandra Philipsen, Johannes Kornhuber, and Teja W. Grömer. "Electroconvulsive therapy hasn't negative effects on short-term memory function, as assessed using a bedside hand-held device." Mental Illness 9, no. 1 (March 22, 2017): 30–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mi.2017.7093.

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Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is effective in the treatment of treatment-resistant major depression. The fear of cognitive impairment after ECT often deters patients from choosing this treatment option. There is little reliable information regarding the effects of ECT on overall cognitive performance, while short-term memory deficits are well known but not easy to measure within clinical routines. In this pilot study, we examined ECT recipients' pre- and post-treatment performances on a digital ascending number tapping test. We found that cognitive performance measures exhibited good reproducibility in individual patients and that ECT did not significantly alter cognitive performance up to 2 hours after this therapy was applied. Our results can help patients and physicians make decisions regarding the administration of ECT. Digital measurements are recommended, especially when screening for the most common side effects on cognitive performance and short-term memory.

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48

Robertson, Carol, and John M. Eagles. "Review of ECT prescription and outcome in depression." Psychiatric Bulletin 21, no. 8 (August 1997): 498–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/pb.21.8.498.

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Few recent studies have investigated the prescription of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) to depressed patients and their progress thereafter under ordinary clinical conditions. From case records, 412 courses of ECT were studied. ECT was efficacious in the short term, especially for patients with psychotic depression and for those over 65 years of age. Fifty-three per cent of patients required readmission in the six months following the index course. Neither age nor psychosis predicted whether readmission occurred. While short-term outcome is good, notably for the elderly and the psychotically depressed, patients are highly liable to relapse after ECT. High quality after-care is thus of paramount importance.

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49

Zadorozhnaya, M., S. Lysko, and O. Suntsova. "The influence of processing of hatching eggs by coniferous complex on fetal and postnatal development of quails." Glavnyj zootehnik (Head of Animal Breeding), no. 7 (July 1, 2020): 59–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/sel-03-2007-07.

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The hatchery is an important link in the production process of a poultry enterprise, and therefore there is a need to take eff ective measures to prevent the penetration and spread of infection. For this purpose hatching eggs are processed, veterinary and sanitary measures are carried out using disinfectants. The most common chemical disinfectants, but many of them have a short-term eff ect and have a negative infl uence on the embryos, and the task of any incubator is to get high-quality young birds. In most cases poultry farms use formalin, which when used repeatedly has a negative enfl uence not only on the embryos and their development, but also on the maintenance staff . In this regard, the creation of non-toxic, highly eff ective, eco-friendly products that do not pollute the environment, inhibit the growth of microorganisms that do not aff ect the embryo and maintenance personnel is an urgent task for veterinary science and practice. One of these drugs is a complex of coniferous balsamic fi r. The purpose of our researches was to study the infl uence of treatment of hatching eggs with the new drug on the fetal and postnatal development of quails. Egg processing has been performed before laying and during transfer in 15,5 days: in the experimental group with coniferous complex, in the control group with formalin. Biological control has been carried out in 9,5 and 15,5 days, taking into account the hatchability of eggs, the livability and live weight of quails. Blood has been collected at the age of 7 and 14 days for biochemical analysis, examining it for the content of total protein, albumins and globulins. The complex coniferous balsamic fi r did not have the negative infl uence on the fetal and postnatal development of the resulting young birds increased the hatchability of eggs, the livability and live weight of quails. Thus, the live weight of quails in the experimental group at the age of 7 days exceeded the control by 2,3 %, and at 14 days by 0,3 %. The livability of quails obtained from eggs treated with the studied drug the period of 1–14 days was 2,0 % higher compared to the control group.

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50

Keuneman, Richard, Rajiv Weerasundera, and David Castle. "The Role of ECT in Schizophrenia." Australasian Psychiatry 10, no. 4 (August 2002): 385–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-1665.2002.00500.x.

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Objective: To review the place of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) in the treatment of schizophrenia. Conclusions: ECT is as effective, if not more so, than the antipsychotic drugs in certain clinical settings. It can be rapidly effective in acute episodes. When used alone, antipsychotics have comparable or superior efficacy to ECT alone in the short term. However, ECT possibly confers better long-term outcome. Combination treatment with antipsychotic medications and ECT is superior to either treatment alone, and is safe and effective, notably in medication resistant schizophrenia. Benefits of acute courses of ECT may be short-lived unless maintenance ECT is instituted, although there are limited data on the subject. Clinically, patients with acute onset, shorter episodes are more likely to respond to ECT. Catatonia, preoccupation with delusions and hallucinations, and a relative absence of premorbid schizoid and paranoid personality traits, are other clinical factors less strongly predictive of positive response. The presence of affective symptoms is often thought to be predictive of clinical response. However, there is little research evidence for this. While medications remain the mainstay of treatment in schizophrenia, ECT does have a clear and increasingly recognised role which requires further evaluation.

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