Дисертації з теми "Short Circuit turn to turn"

Stator inter-turn short circuit (ITSC) faults are one of the common sources for induction machine failure affecting their reliable operation. In this thesis, a finite element (FE) model is developed to study the ITSC fault. The FE model is developed for a prototype induction machine that has the potential to emulate an ITSC fault in the stator. With the developed FE model of the prototype machine, a simulation study is performed to understand the behaviour of various electrical and magnetic quantities in time- and frequency-domain. The investigated quantities are potentially good signatures of the stator winding faults and they are therefore suitable to use in a condition monitoring system. The prototype machine with ITSC faults has been tested in an experimental setup and the results are compared to the simulation and also to analytical results. For the fault current it was found a good agreement between analytical results, FE simulations and experimental results. Moreover, the FE simulation results of the negative-sequence stator current amplitude present a minor mismatch with the analytical and experimental results. The reason for this mismatch is due to an inaccurate knowledge of the prototype machine geometrical parameters.
Kortslutning mellan varven i en asynkronmotors statorlindning (ITSC) är en av de vanligaste källorna för fel som påverkar dess drifttillförlitlighet. I detta examensarbete utvecklas en finit-element (FE) modell för att studera ITSC- fel. FE-modellen är utvecklad för en asynkronmotorprototyp som kan emulera ITSC-fel. Med den utvecklade modellen utförs en simuleringsstudie för att förstå beteendet hos olika elektriska och magnetiska egenskaper både i tids- och frekvensdomän. Dessa egenskaper är goda indikatorer av statorlindningsfel och kan därför med fördel användas i ett tillståndsövervakningssystem. Prototypmaskinen har testats experimentellt och de erhållna resultaten jämförs med FE-simuleringen och analysresultaten. Det analytiska resultatet, FEM- simuleringarna och den experimentella utvärderingen uppvisade god överrensstämmelse vad gäller felströmmen. Dock finns det en mindre avvikelse när det gäller amplituden hos statorströmmens negativa fasföljd. Orsaken till denna avvikelse är att prototypmaskinens geometri inte är helt känd.

In the aviation industry, safety and robustness are the number one priorities, which is why they use well-tested systems such as hydraulic actuators. However, drawbacks such as high weight and maintenance have pushed the industry toward newer, electrical, actuators that are more efficient and lighter. Electrical actuators, on the other hand, have some reliability issues. In particular, short circuits in the stator windings of Permanent-Magnet SynchronousMotors (PMSMs), referred to as Inter-Turn Short Faults (ITSFs), are the dominating faults, and is the focus of this thesis. ITSFs are usually challenging to detect and often do not become noticeable until the fault has propagated, and the motor is on the verge of being destroyed. This thesis investigates the possibility of detecting ITSFs in a PMSM, at an early stage when only one turn is shorted. The method is limited to finding the faults using ML algorithms. Both an experiential PMSM and a simulated model of the experimental PMSM, with the ability to induce an ITSF, were used to collect the data. Several Machine Learning (ML) models were developed, and then trained and tested with the collected data. The results show that four of the tested ML models, being: Random Forest, Gaussian SVM, KNN, and the CNN, all achieve an accuracy exceeding 95%, and that the fault can be found at an early stage in a PMSM with three coils connected in parallel in each phase. The results also show that the ML models are able to identify the ITSF when the simulated data is downsampled to the same frequency as the experimental data. We conclude that the ML models, provided in this study, can be used to detect an ITSF in a simulated PMSM, at an early stage when only one turn is shorted, and that there is great potential for them to detect ITSFs in a physical motor as well.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior
This dissertation reports applications of artificial neural networks to detect stator winding interturn fault of three phase induction motor drived by frequency inverter. The artificial neural networks, like Simple and Multilayer Perceptron, served as off-line classifiers to short-circuit fault condition or healthy condition. In the training of Multilayer Perceptron, two different algorithms are used: the error back-propagation, which is a classic algorithm, and the extreme learning machine, as a relative new alternative for the classic back-propagation. The new one is more worthwhile because of its implementation easiness and higher speed of computation. The database used on the training and validation of the networks is created from an experimental setting, therefore it is composed by true data. The attributes used as failuresâ indicators are selected from certain frequencies of the spectrum, based on some theories of current signature analysis. In the second instance, the technique of principal components analysis is employed. The results obtained for the designed classifiers are shown, and some considerations are made on their use in real time embedded applications, which is the most important projection for future researches.
Este trabalho deriva da aplicaÃÃo de redes neurais artificiais para a detecÃÃo de curto-circuito entre espiras em motor de induÃÃo trifÃsico, acionado por inversor de frequÃncia. As redes neurais artificiais, do tipo Perceptron Simples e Multicamadas, sÃo usadas para detectar falhas de curto-circuito no bobinamento estatÃrico de motores de induÃÃo trifÃsicos de forma off-line. Para treinamento do Perceptron Multicamadas sÃo usados dois algoritmos distintos: o error back-propagation, que figura como o algoritmo clÃssico na literatura especializada, e o extreme learning machine, que à uma alternativa, relativamente recente, ao algoritmo clÃssico. Este algoritmo à uma opÃÃo atraente para o desenvolvimento rÃpido de classificadores. O banco de dados usado para treinamento e validaÃÃo das redes à obtido a partir de experimentaÃÃo laboratorial, portanto composto de dados reais. Os atributos utilizados para a detecÃÃo da falha sÃo componentes de frequÃncia do espectro harmÃnico da corrente estatÃrica do motor. O critÃrio de escolha destas componentes, a priori, à fundamentado em resultados de investigaÃÃes prÃvias da assinatura de corrente e, em segunda instÃncia, à aplicada a tÃcnica de anÃlise de componentes principais. SÃo apresentados os resultados obtidospelos classificadores projetados, e feitas algumas consideraÃÃes quanto à utilizaÃÃo destes em aplicaÃÃo embarcada e em tempo real, que à a principal projeÃÃo de futuros trabalhos a partir do atual.

More electric aircraft is an electrification scheme of aircraft system with high technical feasibility and good economy. It can reduce the weight of aircraft structure, improve maintenance efficiency and reduce fire hazards. However, the electrification of aircraft system will drastically increase the proportion of electrical equipment, the total power demand and the difficulty of fault diagnosis. This paper uses the energy management method to take up the challenge, with focus on fault diagnosis of permanent-magnet synchronous machines (PMSMs), adaptive load shedding and energy efficient aircraft design. A literature review of the concept evolution from all/more-electric aircraft to energy-optimized aircraft is presented. The main issues of the aircraft electrification process are summarized, and followed by an introduction to the current research and methods. The model of the aircraft electrical system is qualitatively and mathematically recalled, including the generator, the battery, the DC motor, the AC motor, and the electric power converter. The accuracy and computation cost of the aircraft model depends on the complexity of the subsystem models that are involved. Therefore, the level of detail that is necessary for a good precision-versus-simulation-time ratio is discussed by taking the electric system of an industrial level hybrid energy quadcoptor UAV as an example. The analysis shows that the bi-directional instruments, i.e. the electric machine, should be modeled in details while other components can be simplified. PMSMs are a group of on-board electric machines with promising future prospects because of high power density and stability. The model of PMSMs is further developed in this work, especially in the inter-turn and phase-to-phase short-circuit conditions. In case of inter-turn short-circuit fault, a winding-function-based and a fault-current-based model are separately developed. The accuracy of both models are verified and compared through experimental results. The fault-current-based modeling method is applied to the phase-to-phase short-circuit fault and experimentally examined and discussed. General condition monitoring methods require the use of a large number of sensors. A fault detection and isolation method that can have low requirement of sensor is recalled and inherited. The description of the fault phase identification index using this method is relatively imprecise, which is not applicable to the inter-turn short-circuit fault. In this work, the analytical expression of the faulty phase identification index is derived based on the fault models. A method to isolate inter-turn and phase-to-phase short-circuit faults is proposed by a combination of the current- and the voltage-signature residuals. This development expands the application scope of the original fault detection and isolation tool and improves its accuracy. The validity of this fault diagnosis method has been verified by experimental results.Load management is developed to guarantee the normal operation of critical loads by shedding some other loads in case of emergency. Generally, binary decisions are made: either something has gone wrong or everything is fine. However, different types of fault influence the working performance of the load and the entire network in different ways. There are multiple states between totally wrong and pure fine, and the load management decision should be adaptive to each state. In this work, fuzzy logic method is used to degrade the load priority according to the instantaneous working state. Combining it with the fault detection and isolation process, a fault-tolerant adaptive load management is achieved. Finally, this work discusses the aircraft design from the energy management point of view, which consists of the energy efficiency analysis and the multidisciplinary energy efficient design of the integrated aircraft system. The first thermodynamic efficiency has been widely used as a common parameter for depicting the energy utilization, i.e. the ratio of output to input power of the system. However, it ignores the irreversible increase of the entropy and cannot reveal the upper limit of the available work of the system.Based on the second thermodynamic law, this work uses the exergy parameters to analyze the energy utilization of a MEA design scheme. Based on the exergy analysis, an energy-efficient aircraft design method is proposed by optimizing the exergy lost of the whole design. The method could provide a global optimization reference for the integrated aircraft design of a MEA.
Doctorat en Sciences de l'ingénieur et technologie
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

An estimated 30% of the faults in Induction Machine (IM) are related to its stator. These faults are mostly in the form of an Inter-Turn Short Circuit (ITSC) fault i.e., when two winding inside the stator of IM are shorted due to insulation failure. However, ITSC fault can be avoided by detecting them in advance and then scheduling the maintenance of the IM. This thesis studies two methods for detecting this incipient ITSC fault in a three-phase IM and then estimating the stator resistance unbalance due to the ITSC fault. The first method is based on the asymmetry caused in the IM by the ITSC fault. As a result of this asymmetry, the negative sequence components of the stator voltages and the stator currents are generated inside the IM. A healthy IM also have these negative sequence components due to the manufacturing process and the supply voltage unbalances. The characteristics and the compensation methods of these negative sequence components in a healthy IM are discussed. The results show that after compensating the negative sequence components in a healthy machine, they can be used for detecting an ITSC fault and then to calculate the fault quantities as well as the stator resistance unbalances. The second method for detecting an ITSC fault is based on analysing the stator resistance unbalances. A three-phase drive is used to inject DC voltage in the stationary reference frame. The DC current generated by this DC voltage is measured and then by applying Ohm’s law stator phase resistances are calculated. In a healthy IM, the phase resistances are balanced. However, in case of ITSC fault in any of the phases, the phase resistance of that phase deviates from those of the other two phases which can be utilized for detecting ITSC fault.
Uppskattningsvis 30% av alla fel i induktionsmaskiner (IM) är kopplad till dess stator. Dessa fel är i huvudsak Inter-Turn Short Circuit (ITSC)-fel, dvs. två lindningar inom IM:ens stator blir kortsluta pga. ett isoleringsfel. Emellertid kan man undvika ITSC-fel genom att detektera dem i förhand och planera underhåll. Det här examensarbetet undersöker två metoder för att detektera ett förestående ITSC-fel i en tre-fas IM. Den första metoden är baserad på asymmetrin i IM:er pga. ITSC-felet. Resultatet av den här asymmetrin är att en negativ sekvens genereras i IM:ens statorspänning och statorström. En oskadad IM kan också visa dessa negativa sekvenser pga. tillverksprocessen och statorspänningsobalanser. Egenskaperna och kompensationsmetoderna för dessa negativa sekvenser i en oskadad IM kommer att diskuteras. Resultaten visar att efter kompenseringen av de negativa sekvenserna i en oskadad IM, kan de användas för att detektera ITSC-fel och efteråt för att beräkna felstorheter och även statormotståndobalanser. Den andra metoden för att detektera ITSC-fel är baserad på en undersökning av statormotståndobalanser. Ett tre-fas-drivsystem används för att injektera likspänning i den stationära referensramen. Likströmmen som följer av denna likspänning mäts och statorfasmotstånden beräkna efteråt med Ohms lag. I en oskadad IM är fasmotstånden balanserade. Däremot, när ett ITSC-fel uppstår i en fas, avviker fasmotståndet i den felaktiga fasen från de andra två fasernas, vilket kan användas för att detektera ITSC-fel.

L’objectif de ce travail est d’élaborer un modèle performant/précis de la machine électrique permettant de proposer une technique de pronostic. Dans cette thèse, nous commençons par un état de l’art sur les véhicules électriques hybrides (VHE), les différents types de machines électriques utilisées dans les VHE ainsi que les différents types de défauts pouvant survenir dans ces machines électriques. Nous identifions également les indicateurs de défauts appropriés aux différents défauts considérés. Ensuite, une synthèse de techniques de pronostic pouvant être appliquées est proposée. Le modèle à éléments finis électromagnétiques, thermiques et vibratoires (FEM) de la machine à aimants permanents est présenté. Le modèle est élaboré en fonctionnement normal et défaillant. Les types de défauts considérés sont : démagnétisation, court-circuit et excentricité. Une comparaison entre les deux approches analytique et FEM (méthode numérique) pour la modélisation de machines électromagnétiques est effectuée. Les indicateurs de défauts analysés pour l’extraction les plus pertinents utilisent les différents signaux mesurées suivants : le couple, la température ainsi que les signaux vibratoires en états sains et défectueux. L’approche de pronostic adoptée qui est le modèle de Markov caché (HMM) est développée. L'aspect technique de la méthode est présenté et le module du pronostic est formulé. La méthode de HMM est utilisée pour détecter et localiser les défauts à petites amplitudes. Une stratégie systématique a été développée. Le vieillissement de l’équipement de la machine, en particulier des éléments sensibles comme la bobine de stator et l’aimant permanent, est une question très importante pour le calcul du RUL (Remaining Useful Life). Une stratégie d’estimation pour le calcul RUL est présentée et discutée. La configuration en boucle fermée est très importante. Elle est adoptée par tous les systèmes de véhicules disponibles. Par conséquent, les mêmes étapes mentionnées précédemment s'appliquent également à une configuration en boucle fermée. Un modèle global où l’entrée du FEM de la machine provient de l’onduleur modélisé est élaboré
The core of the work is to build an accurate model of the electrical machine where the prognostic technique is applied. In this thesis we started by a literature review on hybrid electric vehicles (HEV), the different types of electrical machine used in HEV’s and the different types of faults that may occur in those electrical machine. We also identify the useful monitoring parameters that are beneficial for those different types of faults. Then, a survey is presented where all the prognostic techniques that can be applied on this application are enumerated. The electromagnetic, thermal and vibration finite element model (FEM) of the permanent magnet machine is presented. The model is built at healthy operation and when a fault is integrated. The considered types of faults are:demagnetization, turn to turn short circuit and eccentricity. A confrontation between analytical and FEM (numerical method) for electromagnetic machine modeling is illustrated. Fault indicators where useful measured parameters forfault identification are recognized and useful features from the measured parameters are extracted; torque, temperature and vibration signal are elaborated for healthy and faulty states. The strategy of the adopted prognostic approach which is Hidden Markov Model (HMM) is explained. The technical aspect of the method is presented and the prognostic model is formulated. HMM is applied to detect and localize small scale fault small scale faults were where a systematic strategy is developed. The aging of the machine’s equipment,specially the sensitive ones that are the stator coil’s and the permanent magnet, is a very important matter for RUL calculation. An estimation strategy for RUL calculation is presented and discussed for those mentioned machine’s components. Closed loop configuration is very important; it is adopted by all available vehicle systems. Hence, the same previously mentioned steps are applied for a closed loop configuration too. A global model where the input of the machine’s FEM comes from the modeled inverter is built

Les systèmes électriques embarqués dans l'aéronautique doivent satisfaire à des cahiers des charges de plus en plus exigeants portant sur le poids, les performances et la fiabilité, d'où l'utilisation des Machines Synchrones à Aimants Permanents (MSAP). Vu les contraintes imposées, les prototypes sont parfois assez éloignés d'une MSAP classique. La surveillance en ligne de ces systèmes est alors plus délicate mais représente un enjeu considérable vu l'aspect critique des applications (ailerons d'avion, freinage...) et a pour objectif d'éviter un incident majeur en le détectant puis en basculant sur un système identique redondé. Ce document propose un travail de modélisation de MSAP saine et en présence de défaut inter-spires ayant pour objectif de définir des méthodes de détections de défauts inter-spires en ligne, sans capteurs supplémentaires. Deux approches sont présentées pour modéliser les MSAP en présence de défauts inter-spires et sont comparées à des essais expérimentaux réalisés sur un prototype aéronautique. L'une d'entre elles, reposant sur une approche par Réseaux De Perméances (RDP), permet d'obtenir le meilleur compromis. La partie suivante propose de tester deux approches utilisant un indicateur de défaut basé sur un modèle d'Onduleur-MSAP sain et montre l'intérêt de ce type d'approche comparé à des approches plus classiques. L'ensemble des indicateurs développés est ensuite analysé à l'aide d'un outil utilisant la Reconnaissance de Formes (RDF)
Embedded electric systems in aircraft applications have to satisfy to specifications including weight, performances and reliability leading to the use of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machines (PMSM). Due to these constraints, prototypes are often different from classical PMSM. Online monitoring of these systems is challenging but is still important regarding safety applications (electro mechanical airfoil, braking?). The main aim is to detect major incidents in order to use redundant systems. This work concerns modeling of PMSM under both healthy and inter-turn fault cases in order to defined online fault detection methods without additional sensors. Two approaches are presented and compared to experimental tests concerning PMSM under inter-turn fault conditions. One of them is based on Permeance Network (PN) modelling. It can be considered to be the best compromise. The next part deals with two fault indicators methods based on healthy models of Inverter and PMSM and shows improvements brought by these approaches compared to classical methods. The whole indicators are analyzed using Pattern Recognition (PR)

Devant la forte demande mondiale en énergie électrique, les alternateurs à diodes tournantes constituent une solution largement répandue dans les installations de génération d’électricité de fortes puissances (hydraulique, fossile et éolien) ainsi que dans les applications îlotées sous forme de groupes électrogènes ou de petits alternateurs intégrés dans les systèmes embarqués. La renommée de ce type d’alternateur s’est construite sur leurs robustes constitutions mécanique et électrique et sur leur parfaite adaptabilité au type de charge alimentée. Néanmoins, l’utilisation de ces machines dans des conditions de fonctionnement très contraignantes, que cela soit à cause des fortes puissances demandées par les applications industrielles ou des contraintes environnementales dans lesquelles travaillent les alternateurs isolés, engendre une recrudescence de défauts, principalement de types électriques, à l’intérieur du système. L’apparition de ces défaillances est extrêmement délétère pour des applications à haut niveau de service et dont un arrêt intempestif peut engendrer des coûts de maintenance et d’immobilisation très élevés pour les opérateurs. Devant la nécessité de planifier de façon optimisée les opérations de maintenance à effectuer sur les alternateurs, il est possible de mettre en place des stratégies de diagnostic qui surveillent l’apparition des principales défaillances susceptibles de toucher ce type de machine. Bien que les modifications imprévisibles du point de fonctionnement liées à la charge compliquent la tâche, il est envisageable de mettre en lumière la présence de défauts de court-circuit dans les bobinages ainsi que des défaillances de diodes dans le pont redresseur triphasé en étudiant les modifications des formes d’ondes des signaux électriques générés. Ce travail est décrit dans la présente thèse. Face au manque d’antécédents sur le sujet, une grande partie des recherches s’est focalisée sur la conception et la mise en place d’un modèle numérique d’alternateur à diodes tournantes représentatif des formes d’ondes réelles en régimes sain et défaillant, tache non triviale étant donné le caractère saillant des pôles de l’alternateur. Pour répondre à ces attentes, un processus original de co-simulation a été mis en place présentant une identification des inductances de l’alternateur sous Flux2D et une estimation numérique des équations différentielles du système sous Matlab. Cette modélisation fiable a par la suite permis une sélection d’indicateurs de diagnostic par analyse fréquentielle des signaux électriques qui sont capables, sans ajout de capteurs supplémentaires, d’informer l’utilisateur sur la présence de défauts à l’intérieur du système. Afin de s’assurer une bonne compréhension des phénomènes, un grand soin a été apporté à la justification théorique des modifications spectrales introduites par les défauts dans les signaux électriques. Une importante campagne d’essais expérimentaux a permis la validation des modèles sain et défaillant grâce à la réalisation, par la société Nidec Leroy- Somer, d’un alternateur capable de simuler des défauts de court-circuit inter-spires stator. Ces essais ont mis au jour la possibilité de détecter les défauts dans de nombreuses configurations de court-circuit, mais également la difficulté de les prévoir de façon anticipée, ouvrant par là même de nombreuses perspectives de recherche.

La mise en place d’un nouveau canal d’alimentation électrique incorporant un générateur à aimants permanents PMG (Permanent Magnet Generator) en remplacement de l’actuel canal de génération hydraulique est l’un des sujets de recherche en cours dans le secteur aéronautique. Le choix de cette solution est motivé par de nombreux avantages : réduction de masse, meilleure disponibilité du réseau hydraulique et maintenance plus aisée. Cependant, l’utilisation d’un PMG en tant que générateur électrique au sein d’un avion implique de nouvelles problématiques, notamment en ce qui concerne la sûreté de fonctionnement lors de défaillances internes au PMG. En effet, tant que le rotor est en rotation, la présence d’une excitation permanente due aux aimants entretient la présence du défaut même si le stator n’est plus alimenté, ce qui complexifie la mise en sécurité du PMG. Il est ainsi nécessaire de connaître précisément l’état de santé du PMG afin d’assurer une bonne continuité de service en évitant d’ordonner la mise en sécurité du PMG sur des défaillances externes au générateur. C’est pourquoi les travaux de cette thèse portent sur la détection des courts-circuits inter-spires dans les PMG, ces défauts ayant été identifiés comme les plus critiques pour ce type de machine. Compte tenu du contexte aéronautique, il a été choisi de travailler sur les méthodes de détection basées sur l’estimation de paramètres via un modèle mathématique de la machine en utilisant le Filtre de Kalman Etendu (FKE). En effet, s’il est correctement paramétré, le FKE permet d’obtenir une bonne dynamique de détection et s’avère être très robuste aux variations du réseau électrique (vitesse, déséquilibre, …), critère important pour garantir un canal de génération fiable. Deux types de modèle mathématique sont présentés pour la construction d’un indicateur de défaut utilisant les estimations fournies par le FKE. Le premier est basé sur une représentation saine du PMG où l’indicateur de défaut est construit à partir de l’estimation de certains paramètres de la machine (résistance, inductance, constante de fem ou pulsation électrique). Le second modèle utilise une formulation d’un PMG défaillant qui permet d’estimer le pourcentage de spires en court-circuit. Après avoir comparé et validé expérimentalement le comportement des différents indicateurs sur un banc de test à puissance réduite, la mise en place d’un indicateur de court-circuit inter-spires au sein d’un réseau électrique aéronautique et son interaction avec les protections existantes sur avion sont étudiées dans la dernière partie de ce mémoire.

A macroscopic simulation tool is developed and tested in order to quantify the effects of short turn pockets on the sustainable service rate of a signalized intersection. Unlike the theoretical signal capacity, the sustainable service rate includes queue interaction effects and is thus influenced by blockage and spillback at the entrance to a short turn pocket. Previous research on the topic has focused either on the probability of spillback from a short turn pocket or the operation of a system with a single approach lane. No macroscopic model currently available has the ability to analyze throughput reductions due to short turn pocket effects on a multilane approach. The model described herein utilizes a series of flow and density restrictions on cells of varying sizes on the approach to the intersection. Results indicate sensitivity of the model to turn pocket spillback, blockage, saturation flow rate, pocket length, lane utilization, phase sequence, phase overlap, permitted phasing, and time-dependent demand. A phase optimization procedure is also described to help efficiently allocate green time for a given set of turn pocket lengths and turn movement percentages. Outputs from the model compare favorably to results generated using microsimulation software, and recommendations are made regarding additional model enhancements and testing needs.

L’avènement des aimants permanents et les progrès récents dans l’électronique de puissance ont joué un rôle majeur dans l’évolution de la motorisation électrique des véhicules. Actuellement, les machines synchrones à aimants permanents (MSAP) grâce à leurs performances, et surtout leur efficacité énergétique, sont considérées comme les candidats idéaux pour les chaînes de traction des véhicules hybrides et électriques. Toutefois, en raison du vieillissement des matériaux, des défauts de fabrication ou des conditions de fonctionnement assez sévères, différents types de défauts sont capables de survenir dans les composants de la machine, ses organes de commande ou de mesure. Pour répondre aux exigences de sûreté, de fiabilité et de disponibilité, l’intégration d’une approche de surveillance et de diagnostic de défauts, dans le groupe motopropulseur électrique automobile, devient de plus en plus primordiale. Dans ce contexte, l’objectif de la thèse est de contribuer au diagnostic et à la caractérisation de défauts dans la MSAP par une analyse vibratoire. En premier temps, des approches analytiques de modélisation de la MSAP et des défauts : de court-circuit inter-spires, d’excentricité et de démagnétisation rotoriques serontproposées. L’intérêt majeur de tels modèles, dans le cadre du diagnostic, est d’étudier le comportement de la machine en présence de défauts étudiés afin d’en déduire les méthodes de détection les plus adaptées. En outre, des modèles numériques seront développés afin de les confronter aux parties magnétique et mécanique analytiques de la machine ainsi qu’au défaut de démagnétisation. Dans la phase d’analyse des impacts de défauts, nous allons nous focaliser sur les cas d’excentricité et de démagnétisation rotoriques. Les indicateurs de défauts seront extraits des représentations du signal vibratoire dans le temps et l’espace et de leurs transformées de Fourier, pour les cas de défauts simples et les cas de deux défauts combinés. Pour les cas simples, deux approches de localisation seront proposées : la première utilise le principe de tests statistiques et de tables de signatures, inspirée des méthodes de diagnostic à base de modèles, alors que la deuxième repose sur un banc de trois réseaux de neurones, où chacun est à une entrée et une sortie et destiné à localiser un type de défaut. Enfin, les performances des deux approches, en termes de robustesse et d’adaptabilité, seront comparées pour les mêmes ensembles de seuillage/d’apprentissage et de test
The advent of new magnetic materials and recent advances in power electronics have played a major role in the progress of hybrid electric vehicles. Nowadays, permanent magnet synchronous machines (PMSM) thanks to their performances, especially their energy efficiency, are considered as ideal candidates for the traction chains of hybrid and electric vehicles. However, due to material aging, manufacturing defects or severe operating conditions, different types of faults are capable to occur in the machine components, its control or measuring devices. In order to ensure safety, reliability and availability, the integration of a fault diagnosis and condition monitoring approach in the automotive electrical powertrain system is becoming more and more important. In this context, the aim of the thesis is to contribute to the diagnosis and characterization of faults in the PMSM based on a vibration analysis. First, analytical modeling approaches for the PMSM and inter-turn short-circuits, eccentricity and rotor demagnetization faults will be proposed. The major interest of such models, in a diagnosis context, is to study the behavior of the machine in the presence of studied faults in order to deduce the most suitable detection methods. In addition, numerical models will be developed in order to validate the analytical magnetic and mechanical parts of the machine as well as the demagnetization fault. In the phase of fault impact analysis, we will focus on the cases of rotor eccentricity and demagnetization. The fault indicators will be extracted from the vibratory signal representations in time and space domains and their Fourier transforms, in the cases of single faults and the cases of two combined faults. For single fault cases, two diagnosis approaches will be proposed: the first uses the principle of statistical tests and fault signature tables, inspired by model-based diagnosis methods, while the second relies on a set of three neural networks, such as each one is with a single input and a single output and dedicated to isolate one type of fault. Finally, the performance of these two approaches, in terms of robustness and adaptability, will be compared for the same training and test sets

Actuellement, les machines Asynchrones à Double Alimentation (MADA) sont omniprésentes dans le secteur éolien, grâce à leur simplicité de construction, leur faible coût d’achat et leur robustesse mécanique ainsi que le nombre faible d’interventions pour la maintenance. Cependant, comme toute autre machine électrique, ces génératrices sont sujettes aux défauts de différent ordre (électrique, mécanique, électromagnétique…) ou de différents types (capteur, actionneur ou composants du système). C’est pourquoi, il est primordial de concevoir une approche de diagnostic permettant de manière anticipée, de détecter, localiser et identifier tout défaut ou anomalie pouvant altérer le fonctionnement sain de ce type de machine. Motivés par les points forts des méthodes de diagnostic de défauts à base d’observateurs, nous proposons d’une part, dans cette thèse, une approche de détection, localisation et identification des défauts de la MADA d’une éolienne à vitesse variable, à base des observateurs de Kalman, performants et largement utilisés. Les erreurs d’estimation d’état du filtre de Kalman linéaire et de ses variantes non-linéaires, à noter : le Filtre de Kalman Etendu (EKF) et le Filtre de Kalman sans-Parfum (UKF), sont utilisés comme résidus sensibles aux défauts. En vue d’éviter les fausses alarmes et de découpler les défauts des perturbations et des bruits, l’analyse des résidus générés est réalisée par des tests statistiques tels que : Test de Page Hinkley (PH) et Test DCS (Dynamic Cumulative Sum). Pour la localisation des défauts multiples et simultanés, la Structure d’Observateurs Dédiés (DOS) et la Structure d’Observateurs Généralisés (GOS) sont appliquées. De plus, l’amplitude du défaut est déterminée dans l’étape d’identification de défaut. Les défauts capteurs, actionneurs et composants de la MADA, sont traités dans ce travail de recherche. D’autre part, une étude comparative entre les différents observateurs de Kalman, est élaborée. La comparaison porte sur les critères suivants : le temps de calcul, la précision et la vitesse de convergence des estimations
Actually, the Doubly Fed Induction Generators (DFIG) are omnipresent in the wind power market, owing to their construction simplicity, their low purchase cost and their mechanical robustness. However, as any other electrical machine, these generators are subject to defects of different order (electrical, mechanical, electromagnetic ...) or of different type (sensor, actuator or system). That’s why, it is important to design an effective diagnostic approach, able to early detect, locate and identify any defect or abnormal behavior, which could undermine the healthy operation of this machine On the one hand, motivated by the observer-based fault diagnosis methods strengths, we proposed, in this thesis, a diagnostic approach for the faults detection, localization and identification of the DFIG used in variable speed wind turbine. This approach is based on the use of the efficient and widely used Kalman observers. The state estimation errors of the linear Kalman filter and the non-linear Kalman filters, named: The Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) and the Unscented Kalman Filter (UKF) are used as faults sensitive residuals. In order to avoid false alarms and to decouple faults from disturbances and noises, the faults detection is carried out by the analysis of the residuals generated, by the mean of statistical tests such as: Hinkley Page Test (PH) and DCS Test (Dynamic) Cumulative Sum). For the localization step in case of multiple and simultaneous faults, the Dedicated Observer scheme (DOS) and the Generalized Observer scheme (GOS) are applied. In addition, the fault level is determined in the fault identification step. Sensor faults, actuator and system faults of DFIG, are treated in this research work. On the other hand, a comparative study between the three Kalman observers proposed is performed. The comparison was done in terms of (1) the computation time, (2) the estimation accuracy, and (3) the convergence speed

Orientador: Andréa Rossi Scalco
Resumo: No passado a qualidade era percebida como atendimento a padrões, hoje quando falamos de qualidade, remetemos ao atendimento a vários atributos, muitas vezes subjetivos ao produto ou serviço. A produção de alimentos na atualidade é dominada por um sistema de produção que vem passando por uma série de questionamentos da sociedade pela perda de valores nutricionais, pelos problemas ambientais causados, pelos impactos econômicos para o pequeno produtor e pela falta de identificação clara de quem produz. Assim, a qualidade do alimento que até então tinha como sinônimo o atendimento a padrões, vem tomando um outro significado, atrelada a valores sociais, ambientais e de localização. Sendo assim, esse trabalho identificou e analisou os atributos de qualidade valorizados por consumidores que adquirem produtos em cadeias curtas de proximidade espacial, sendo o estudo direcionado a dois canais de comercialização específico, Lojas de Produtos Locais e Comunidades que Sustentam a Agricultura (CSA). Foi utilizado como suporte teórico, no que compete as motivações na aquisição de produtos agroalimentares em cadeias curtas, a teoria das convenções, especificamente as convenções da qualidade, uma vez que ela norteia a forma como o indivíduo toma decisão de compra nesses canais específicos. A coleta de dados foi realizada em lojas de produtos locais de São Paulo/SP e Botucatu/SP, além de CSA’s em diversas regiões do país, utilizando como metodologia uma abordagem quali-quanti. Na fase quantit... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: In the past quality was perceived as meeting standards, today when we speak of quality, we refer to the attendance of several attributes, often subjective to the products or services. Currently, food production is dominated by a production system that has undergone a series of societal questions about loss of nutritional values, environmental problems caused, economic impacts on smallholder, and lack of clear identification of who produces it. Thus, the quality of food, which until then had as synonymous the service to standards, has taken on another meaning linked to social, environmental and location values. In this way, this work identified and analyzed the quality attributes valued by consumers who buy products in short chains of spatial proximity, the study was directed to two specific marketing channels, Local Products Stores and Communities that Support Agriculture (CSA). The theory of conventions, specifically the conventions of quality, was used as a theoretical support, as it relates to motivations in acquisition of agri-food products in short chains, since it guides the way in which the individual makes purchasing decision in these specific channels. Data collection was carried out at local products stores in São Paulo / SP and Botucatu / SP, as well as CSAs in several regions of the country, using a qualitative-quantitative approach as methodology. In quantitative phase, the use of Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) were neces... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Mestre

This dissertation presents a systematic design and demonstration of a novel solid-state DC circuit breaker. The mechanical circuit breaker is widely used in power systems to protect industrial equipment during fault or abnormal conditions. Compared with the slow and high-maintenance mechanical circuit breaker, the solid-state circuit breaker is capable of high-speed interruption of high currents without generating an arc, hence it is maintenance-free. Both the switch and the tripping unit are solid-state, which meet the requirements of precise protection and high reliability. The major challenge in developing and adopting a solid-state circuit breaker has been the lack of power semiconductor switches that have adequate current-carrying capability and interruption capability. The high-speed, high-current solid-state DC circuit breaker proposed and demonstrated here uses a newly-emerging power semiconductor switch, the emitter turn-off (ETO) thyristor as the main interruption switch. In order to meet the requirement of being a high-current circuit breaker, ETO parallel operation is needed. Therefore the major effort of this dissertation is dedicated to the development of a high-current (5000A) DC switch module that utilizes multiple ETOs in parallel. This work can also be used to develop an AC switch module by changing the asymmetrical ETOs used to symmetrical ETOs. An accurate device model of the ETO is needed for the development of the high-current DC switch module. In this dissertation a novel physics-base lumped charge model is developed for the ETO thyristor for the first time. This model is verified experimentally and used for the research and development of the emitter turn-off (ETO) thyristor as well as the DC switch module discussed in this dissertation. With the aid of the developed device model, the device current sharing between paralleled multiple ETO thyristors is investigated. Current sharing is difficult to achieve for a thyristor-type device due to the large device parameter variations and strong positive feedback mechanism in a latched thyristor. The author proposes the "DirectETO" concept that directly benefits from the high-speed capability of the ETO and strong thermal couplings among ETOs. A high-current DC switch module based on the DirectETO can be realized by directly connecting ETOs in parallel without the bulky current sharing inductors used in other current-sharing solutions. In order to achieve voltage stress suppression under high current conditions, the parasitic parameters, especially parasitic inductance in a high-current ETO switch module are studied. The Partial Element Equivalent Circuit (PEEC) method is used to extract the parasitics. Combined with the developed device model, the electrical interactions among multiple ETOs are investigated which results in structural modification for the solid-state DC switch module. The electro-thermal model of the DC switch module and the heatsink subsystem is used to identify the "thermal runaway" phenomenon in the module that is caused by the negative temperature coefficient of the ETO's conduction drop. The comparative study of the electro-thermal coupling identifies a strongly-coupled thermal network that increases the stability of the thermal subsystem. The electro-thermal model is also used to calculate the DC and transient thermal limit of the DC switch module. The high-current (5000A) DC switch module coupled with a solid state tripping unit is successfully applied as a high-speed, high-current solid-state DC circuit breaker. The experimental demonstration of a 5000A current interruption shows an interruption time of about 5 microseconds. This high-speed, high-current DC switch module can therefore be used in DC circuit breaker applications as well as other types of application, such as AC circuit breakers, transfer switches and fault current limiters. Since the novel solid-state DC circuit breaker is able to extinguish the fault current even before it reaches an uncontrollable level, this feature provides a fast-acting, current-limiting protection scheme for power systems that is not possible with traditional circuit breakers. The potential impact on the power system is also discussed in this dissertation.
Ph. D.

Medical error and patient safety have become important issues. It is clear that medical error is more influenced by systemic factors rather than human characteristics. Communication patterns, in particular interruptive communication, maybe one of the systemic factors that contribute to the burden of medical error. Objective: An exploratory study to examine interruptive communication patterns of healthcare staff within an intensive care unit during ward rounds. Methods: The study was conducted in a tertiary hospital in Sydney, Australia. Nine participants were observed individually, for a total of 24 hours, using the Communication Observation Method (COM). The amount of time spent in conversation, the number of conversation initiating and number of turn-taking interruptions were recorded. Results: Participants averaged 75% [95% confidence interval 72.8-77.2] of their time in communication events during ward rounds. There were 345 conversation-initiating interruptions (C.I.I.) and 492 turn-taking interruptions (T.T.I.). C.I.I. accounted for 37% [95%CI 33.9-40.1] of total communication event time (5hr: 53min). T.T.I. accounted for 5.3% of total communication event time (56min). Conclusion: This is the first study to specifically examine turn-taking interruptions in a clinical setting. Staff in this intensive care unit spent the majority of their time in communication. Turn taking interruptions within conversations occurred at about the same frequency as conversation initiating interruptions, which have been the subject of earlier studies. These results suggest that the overall burden of interruptions in some settings may be significantly higher than previously suspected.

Le passage à un réseau électrique de tension continue plus élevée est la solution la plus adaptée pour répondre à la demande en puissance, continuellement croissante, transitant dans les réseaux. Le contrôle des actionneurs électriques embarqués passe aujourd'hui par l’utilisation massive de convertisseurs électroniques qui imposent des fronts de tension très raides et donc des contraintes très sévères aux enroulements des machines. Les oscillations pseudopériodiques qui suivent ces fronts raides sont à l’origine de champs électriques intenses qui peuvent dépasser le Seuil d’Apparition des Décharges Partielles (SADP). Le dépassement de ce seuil conduit à l’apparition de Décharges Partielles (DP) qui sont particulièrement nocives et qui sont responsables d'une dégradation très rapide du système d’isolation électrique (SIE). Ce phénomène physique est l’élément principal de la problématique sur laquelle ces travaux de recherche sont basés. Dans ce mémoire, un outil numérique qui, avant conception de la machine électrique, permet de prédire les contraintes électriques s’appliquant sur le système d’isolation de la machine a été développé. Cet outil doit permettre le développement de solutions nouvelles dans les différents axes de recherche sur la problématique de vieillissement des actionneurs électriques. Il est basé sur le développement et la simulation d’un modèle RLC à constantes localisées dont les paramètres constitutifs ont été déterminés via la méthode des éléments finis. Cet outil est ensuite utilisé pour analyser les contraintes électriques subies par l’isolation inter-spires des bobinages afin de localiser les zones critiques dans les bobinages électriques dans un premier temps. Une méthode basée sur une simulation de la distribution du champ électrique dans les bobines en fonction du temps a été mise au point. La visualisation et l’analyse de cartes de champ électrique sur un intervalle de temps défini permettent de déterminer et de localiser les contraintes électriques maximales s'appliquant sur l’isolation inter-spires. Dans un second temps, pour étudier le vieillissement du SIE et améliorer les méthodes de détection, un outil d’aide au diagnostic est proposé. Cet outil est basé sur un calcul des variations des fréquences de résonances les plus sensibles à un indicateur ΔC éprouvé au sein du laboratoire. Afin d’affiner les possibilités de diagnostic, de nouvelles corrélations ont été recherchées, analysées et mise en évidence
The transition to a higher DC voltage network is the most suitable solution to meet with the steady increase in the need/requirement for power flowing in the networks. Today, the control of embedded electric actuators involves the massive use of electronic converters that impose sudden voltage variations. The latter, when applied to an electrical machine windings, generates high electric field levels between the insulators, exceeding sometimes the partial discharge inception voltage (PDIV). Exceeding this threshold leads to the appearance of partial discharges, which are particularly harmful to the turn-to-turn insulation and are responsible for a very rapid deterioration of the electrical insulation system.This physical phenomenon is the main element of the problem on which these research works are based. In this thesis, a numerical tool was developed, which allows prior to the electrical machine design, to predict the electrical stresses applied to the machine's insulation system. This tool should allow the development of new solutions in the various research axes on the aging problem of electric actuators. It involves the development of an RLC lumped element equivalent circuit whose parameters were computed by means of a finite elements analysis considering both the geometry of turns and its location in the coil. Firstly, this tool is used to analyse the electrical stresses applied to the inter-turns insulation of the windings in order to localize the critical zones in the electrical windings. A method based on a simulation of the distribution of the electric field in the windings as a function of time has been developed. The visualization and analysis of electric field maps over a defined time interval allow to determine and to localize the maximum electrical stresses applied to the turn-to-turn insulation. Secondly, to study the aging of the electrical insulation system and to improve the detection methods, a diagnosis assistance tool is proposed. This tool is based on a calculation of the the resonance frequencies’ variations which are most sensitive to the ΔC indicator tested in the laboratory. In order to refine the possibilities of diagnosis, new correlations have been sought, analysed and highlighted

Dans les systèmes embarqués, les actionneurs électriques remplacent de plus en plus les actionneurs hydrauliques pour des raisons de compacité et de manœuvrabilité. Cependant, il est nécessaire que ces actionneurs électriques soient au moins aussi fiables ou disponibles que leurs homologues hydrauliques. Il faut donc choisir les topologies d'alimentation et d'entraînement adaptées pour ces actionneurs de sorte que le système d'actionnement puisse être reconfiguré en cas de défaillance dans la chaîne de conversion électromécanique. Pour qu'en cas d'apparition d'une panne, la continuité de service puisse être assurée, il est important que différents types de défaut d'un actionneur puisse être détectés à temps. Dans ce mémoire nous avons développé deux aspects de la continuité de service des machines synchrones à aimants permanents. Le premier concerne la commande sans capteur des actionneurs synchrones à aimants permanents, avec l’amélioration de sa robustesse, puis ensuite nous montrons comment cette commande peut-être utilisée de façon fiable pour assurer la continuité de service en cas de perte du capteur mécanique. Le deuxième aspect abordé est la détection de défaut d'isolation inter-spires des bobines statoriques des machines synchrones à aimants permanents commandées par un onduleur de tension en régulation de courant ou en régulation de vitesse. Dans un premier temps nous proposons un modèle de machine présentant le type de défaut à détecter et en déduisons deux méthodes. Ces deux méthodes exploitent le déséquilibre de la machine, elles sont vérifiées expérimentalement. Une troisième méthode basée sur l’estimation de résistance est présentée. Ces trois méthodes sont des méthodes fonctionnant « en ligne » et ne nécessitant pas de capteur supplémentaire par rapport à une commande classique
In embedded systems, electric actuators tend to replace hydraulic ones for compactness and manoeuvrability reasons. However, these electric actuators should be as reliable as hydraulic ones. For these actuators, adapted power topologies should be chosen in order to operate even if a failure occurs in the electromechanical conversion chain. To ensure the continuity of service in fault case, different kinds of actuator’s failures should be detected in time. Obviously, the detection methods should be adapted to the fault types. In this work, we developed two aspects related to the continuity of service, the first one on the sensorless control of permanent magnet synchronous machines (PMSM), its robustness and its application in mechanical sensor loss case. The second one deals with the detection of inter-turn insulation fault in stator windings of permanent magnets synchronous machines supply by voltage inverter. In a first time a PMSM model with inter-turn fault is developed, this model allows us to propose two detection methods. Both methods are based on the electric unbalance of the machine and are experimentally validated. Finally a third method based on resistance estimation is presented. These three methods are real time methods and no extra sensor is needed for a standard control

Mestrado em Matemática Aplicada à Economia e à Gestão
O problema da determinação de percursos a efectuar por veículos afectos à remoção de resíduos sólidos urbanos pode ser visto como um problema de optimização de rotas, com procura nos arcos e restrições adicionais. Usualmente os algoritmos para determinar soluções admissíveis para este tipo de problemas não têm em conta o tipo de viragem que os veículos são obrigados a fazer. Dadas as características dos veículos envolvidos na recolha de resíduos, entende-se por má viragem uma inversão de marcha ou uma viragem à esquerda. Na prática é, em geral, exigida a minimização do número de más viragens, devendo mesmo algumas ser impossibilitadas, quer por se tornarem perigosas, quer por questões de regras de trânsito. Neste trabalho o problema da minimização do número de más viragens é definido e modelizado como um problema de redes. São desenvolvidos métodos para a determinação de soluções admissíveis. Os métodos implementados são testados num conjunto de problemas teste gerados aleatoriamente. Como se mostra, os resultados podem ser considerados bastante bons, dado permitirem obter soluções com um baixo número de más viragens sendo evitadas a quase totalidade das inversões de marcha proibidas. Muito embora a heurística se baseie na expansão da rede nos nodos onde as inversões de marcha não são permitidas, os resultados permitiram concluir que nem todos os nodos têm que ser expandidos para que as respectivas inversões de marcha sejam impossibilitadas.
Finding the optimal set of tours for vehicles dedicated to household refuse collection can be looked at as an are routing problem with additional constraints. Typically, the algorithms used in determining feasible solutions to these problems do not account for the type of turn that the vehicles actually must perform. Given the specifíc characteristics of the vehicles assigned to household refuse collection, a bad-turn translates to a U-turn or to a left-turn. In practical terms it is generally mandatory to minimize the total number of bad-turns, some of which really must be avoided either due to its intrinsic danger or to traffic regulation restrictions. Throughout this thesis the problem of minimizing the number of bad-turns is defmed and modeled as a network problem. Some methods are developed to determine feasible solutions. These methods have been tested over a set of randomly generated problems. It is shown that the overall results are to be considered pretty good since they represent feasible solutions with a very low number of bad-turns, where nearly every forbidden U-turns are avoided.
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Demands for delivering high instantaneous power in a compressed form (pulse shape) have widely increased during recent decades. The flexible shapes with variable pulse specifications offered by pulsed power have made it a practical and effective supply method for an extensive range of applications. In particular, the release of basic subatomic particles (i.e. electron, proton and neutron) in an atom (ionization process) and the synthesizing of molecules to form ions or other molecules are among those reactions that necessitate large amount of instantaneous power. In addition to the decomposition process, there have recently been requests for pulsed power in other areas such as in the combination of molecules (i.e. fusion, material joining), gessoes radiations (i.e. electron beams, laser, and radar), explosions (i.e. concrete recycling), wastewater, exhausted gas, and material surface treatments. These pulses are widely employed in the silent discharge process in all types of materials (including gas, fluid and solid); in some cases, to form the plasma and consequently accelerate the associated process. Due to this fast growing demand for pulsed power in industrial and environmental applications, the exigency of having more efficient and flexible pulse modulators is now receiving greater consideration. Sensitive applications, such as plasma fusion and laser guns also require more precisely produced repetitive pulses with a higher quality. Many research studies are being conducted in different areas that need a flexible pulse modulator to vary pulse features to investigate the influence of these variations on the application. In addition, there is the need to prevent the waste of a considerable amount of energy caused by the arc phenomena that frequently occur after the plasma process. The control over power flow during the supply process is a critical skill that enables the pulse supply to halt the supply process at any stage. Different pulse modulators which utilise different accumulation techniques including Marx Generators (MG), Magnetic Pulse Compressors (MPC), Pulse Forming Networks (PFN) and Multistage Blumlein Lines (MBL) are currently employed to supply a wide range of applications. Gas/Magnetic switching technologies (such as spark gap and hydrogen thyratron) have conventionally been used as switching devices in pulse modulator structures because of their high voltage ratings and considerably low rising times. However, they also suffer from serious drawbacks such as, their low efficiency, reliability and repetition rate, and also their short life span. Being bulky, heavy and expensive are the other disadvantages associated with these devices. Recently developed solid-state switching technology is an appropriate substitution for these switching devices due to the benefits they bring to the pulse supplies. Besides being compact, efficient, reasonable and reliable, and having a long life span, their high frequency switching skill allows repetitive operation of pulsed power supply. The main concerns in using solid-state transistors are the voltage rating and the rising time of available switches that, in some cases, cannot satisfy the application’s requirements. However, there are several power electronics configurations and techniques that make solid-state utilisation feasible for high voltage pulse generation. Therefore, the design and development of novel methods and topologies with higher efficiency and flexibility for pulsed power generators have been considered as the main scope of this research work. This aim is pursued through several innovative proposals that can be classified under the following two principal objectives. • To innovate and develop novel solid-state based topologies for pulsed power generation • To improve available technologies that have the potential to accommodate solid-state technology by revising, reconfiguring and adjusting their structure and control algorithms. The quest to distinguish novel topologies for a proper pulsed power production was begun with a deep and through review of conventional pulse generators and useful power electronics topologies. As a result of this study, it appears that efficiency and flexibility are the most significant demands of plasma applications that have not been met by state-of-the-art methods. Many solid-state based configurations were considered and simulated in order to evaluate their potential to be utilised in the pulsed power area. Parts of this literature review are documented in Chapter 1 of this thesis. Current source topologies demonstrate valuable advantages in supplying the loads with capacitive characteristics such as plasma applications. To investigate the influence of switching transients associated with solid-state devices on rise time of pulses, simulation based studies have been undertaken. A variable current source is considered to pump different current levels to a capacitive load, and it was evident that dissimilar dv/dts are produced at the output. Thereby, transient effects on pulse rising time are denied regarding the evidence acquired from this examination. A detailed report of this study is given in Chapter 6 of this thesis. This study inspired the design of a solid-state based topology that take advantage of both current and voltage sources. A series of switch-resistor-capacitor units at the output splits the produced voltage to lower levels, so it can be shared by the switches. A smart but complicated switching strategy is also designed to discharge the residual energy after each supply cycle. To prevent reverse power flow and to reduce the complexity of the control algorithm in this system, the resistors in common paths of units are substituted with diode rectifiers (switch-diode-capacitor). This modification not only gives the feasibility of stopping the load supply process to the supplier at any stage (and consequently saving energy), but also enables the converter to operate in a two-stroke mode with asymmetrical capacitors. The components’ determination and exchanging energy calculations are accomplished with respect to application specifications and demands. Both topologies were simply modelled and simulation studies have been carried out with the simplified models. Experimental assessments were also executed on implemented hardware and the approaches verified the initial analysis. Reports on details of both converters are thoroughly discussed in Chapters 2 and 3 of the thesis. Conventional MGs have been recently modified to use solid-state transistors (i.e. Insulated gate bipolar transistors) instead of magnetic/gas switching devices. Resistive insulators previously used in their structures are substituted by diode rectifiers to adjust MGs for a proper voltage sharing. However, despite utilizing solid-state technology in MGs configurations, further design and control amendments can still be made to achieve an improved performance with fewer components. Considering a number of charging techniques, resonant phenomenon is adopted in a proposal to charge the capacitors. In addition to charging the capacitors at twice the input voltage, triggering switches at the moment at which the conducted current through switches is zero significantly reduces the switching losses. Another configuration is also introduced in this research for Marx topology based on commutation circuits that use a current source to charge the capacitors. According to this design, diode-capacitor units, each including two Marx stages, are connected in cascade through solid-state devices and aggregate the voltages across the capacitors to produce a high voltage pulse. The polarity of voltage across one capacitor in each unit is reversed in an intermediate mode by connecting the commutation circuit to the capacitor. The insulation of input side from load side is provided in this topology by disconnecting the load from the current source during the supply process. Furthermore, the number of required fast switching devices in both designs is reduced to half of the number used in a conventional MG; they are replaced with slower switches (such as Thyristors) that need simpler driving modules. In addition, the contributing switches in discharging paths are decreased to half; this decrease leads to a reduction in conduction losses. Associated models are simulated, and hardware tests are performed to verify the validity of proposed topologies. Chapters 4, 5 and 7 of the thesis present all relevant analysis and approaches according to these topologies.

Η παρούσα διδακτορική διατριβή πραγματεύεται τη λειτουργική συμπεριφορά μιας σύγχρονης μηχανής με έκτυπους πόλους κατά τη διάρκεια δύο ειδών σφαλμάτων, τα οποία παρουσιάζονται παρακάτω, για τις δύο συνθήκες σύνδεσης μίας σύγχρονης γεννήτριας με το δίκτυο. Ειδικότερα, μελετήθηκε η περίπτωση βραχυκυκλώματος στην τροφοδοσία του τυλίγματος διέγερσης της σύγχρονης μηχανής όταν είναι συνδεδεμένη σε ισχυρό δίκτυο και είτε ο αριθμός στροφών αυτής διατηρείται απόλυτα σταθερός, είτε ένας ελεγκτής τη συγκρατεί στο σύγχρονο αριθμό στροφών. Ακόμη διερευνήθηκε η περίπτωση εσωτερικού σφάλματος στο τύλιγμα του στάτη για τις δύο προαναφερθείσες περιπτώσεις. Υπολογίστηκαν και μελετήθηκαν η ηλεκτρομαγνητική ροπή και η μαγνητική επαγωγή κατά τη διάρκεια κάθε φαινομένου, καθώς επίσης τα ρεύματα σε δρομέα και στάτη συμπεριλαμβανομένων των ρευμάτων στον κλωβό απόσβεσης και του ρεύματος βραχυκύκλωσης σε τμήματα του τυλίγματος του στάτη. Αρχικά, περιγράφεται αναλυτικά ο τρόπος με τον οποίο μοντελοποιήθηκε η σύγχρονη γεννήτρια με έκτυπους πόλους, ενώ παράλληλα αναλύεται η μέθοδος με την οποία μοντελοποιήθηκαν τα σφάλματα σε στάτη και δρομέα και ο τρόπος με τον οποίο προσομοιώθηκε στο πρόγραμμα πεπερασμένων στοιχείων ο παραλληλισμός της μηχανής στο δίκτυο παροχής ηλεκτρικής ενέργειας. Στη συνέχεια, γίνεται αναφορά στον τρόπο με τον οποίο ορίζονται οι περιοχές του μοντέλου, οι εξισώσεις που επιλύει το πρόγραμμα πεπερασμένων στοιχείων για την εξαγωγή των αποτελεσμάτων, ο ορισμός των οριακών συνθηκών και τέλος περιγράφεται η εφαρμογή της μεθόδου πεπερασμένου στοιχείων που εφαρμόσθηκε στο συγκεκριμένο μοντέλο. Έπειτα προσομοιώθηκε η περίπτωση βραχυκυκλώματος στην τροφοδοσία του τυλίγματος διέγερσης, καθώς ο στάτης της σύγχρονης μηχανής είναι συνδεδεμένος σε ισχυρό δίκτυο με το δρομέα να στρέφεται με σταθερό αριθμό στροφών. Κατά τη διάρκεια του σφάλματος πραγματοποιείται λεπτομερής καταγραφή της μαγνητικής επαγωγής και της ηλεκτρομαγνητικής ροπής, καθώς και όλων των ρευμάτων στο τύλιγμα στάτη και δρομέα. Προκύπτουν χρήσιμα συμπεράσματα για τη συμπεριφορά της μηχανής σε όλη τη διάρκεια του σφάλματος και καταγράφονται τα ηλεκτρομαγνητικά μεγέθη και γίνεται αξιολόγηση της συμπεριφοράς της κατά τη διάρκεια αυτού του μεταβατικού φαινομένου. Ακόμη, εξετάζεται η ίδια περίπτωση σφάλματος στο τύλιγμα διέγερσης, αλλά ο αριθμός στροφών του δρομέα διατηρείται σταθερός μέσω ενός ελεγκτή στροφών. Παρατηρείται ότι η συμπεριφορά της μηχανής αλλά και όλα τα ηλεκτρομαγνητικά μεγέθη αυτής είναι τελείως διαφορετικά συγκρινόμενα με την προηγούμενη περίπτωση. Στη συνέχεια αυτής της διδακτορικής διατριβής εξετάζεται η συμπεριφορά της σύγχρονης μηχανής στην περίπτωση εσωτερικού βραχυκυκλώματος στο τύλιγμα του στάτη, καθώς είναι συνδεδεμένη σε ισχυρό δίκτυο με το δρομέα να στρέφεται με σταθερό αριθμό στροφών. Αναλυτικότερα, μελετώνται τα ρεύματα στο τύλιγμα του δρομέα καθώς και στο τύλιγμα του στάτη για βραχυκύκλωμα μεταξύ σπειρών που ανήκουν σε ίδια ή διαφορετική φάση. Υπολογίζεται το ρεύμα βραχυκύκλωσης και μελετάται ο τρόπος που επηρεάζει τα φασικά ρεύματα του στάτη τόσο ποσοτικά όσο και ποιοτικά. Επίσης, αναλύονται τα ρεύματα στον κλωβό απόσβεσης και μελετάται η συμπεριφορά τους κατά τη διάρκεια του βραχυκυκλώματος. Η εισαγωγή ελέγχου στροφών μεταβάλει τη συμπεριφορά της σύγχρονης γεννήτριας και υπολογίζονται αναλυτικά τα ηλεκτρομαγνητικά μεγέθη της σύγχρονης μηχανής προκύπτοντας συμπεράσματα για τον τρόπο με τον οποίο το βραχυκυκλωμένο τύλιγμα επηρεάζει τα μεγέθη αυτά, ενώ παράλληλα καθορίζεται ο ρόλος που έχουν οι φάσεις που συμμετέχουν στο βραχυκύκλωμα. Τέλος, γίνεται μια σύντομη σύγκριση για το πόσο επηρεάζει ο αριθμός σπειρών τη συμπεριφορά της σύγχρονης μηχανής στην περίπτωση σφάλματος στο στάτη κατά την περίπτωση κατά την οποία η μηχανή είναι συνδεδεμένη σε ισχυρό δίκτυο με σταθερό τον αριθμό στροφών του δρομέα. Πιο συγκεκριμένα, αναλύονται τα ρεύματα σε στάτη και δρομέα καθώς και η ηλεκτρομαγνητική ροπή, για τις περιπτώσεις που οι βραχυκυκλωμένες σπείρες ανήκουν στην ίδια και διαφορετική φάση αλλά με διαφορετικό αριθμό βραχυκυκλωμένων σπειρών για κάθε περίπτωση. Προκύπτει το συμπέρασμα ότι καθοριστικό ρόλο στη διαμόρφωση των ηλεκτρομαγνητικών μεγεθών κατά τη διάρκεια του σφάλματος έχει ο αριθμός των βραχυκυκλωμένων σπειρών, ανεξάρτητα από τον αριθμό των φάσεων που συμμετέχουν στο βραχυκύκλωμα.
This thesis deals with the functional behavior of a salient pole synchronous generator during two kinds of short-circuits. In particular, we studied the case of short circuit in the supply of the excitation winding of the synchronous machine when it is connected to an infinite bus and either the rotor speed was absolutely constant, or a simple PI- Controller maintained the synchronous speed equal to the synchronous. Additionally, the case of an internal fault in the stator winding for the two cases mentioned above was investigated. The electromagnetic torque and the magnetic flux density in each case were calculated and studied, as well as the stator and rotor currents, including the damper cage, and the short-circuit current in the faulty loop of the stator winding. Firstly, it is described in detail the way in which the salient pole synchronous generator was modeled and it is analyzed the method by which the faults are modeled in both stator and rotor and the way these faults were simulated, in the finite element program. Additionally, it is presented the way in how the areas of the model are defined, the equations that were solved through finite element software, in order to extract the results, the definition of the boundary conditions and finally it is described the finite element method, which was applied to this specific model. The case of a short circuit in the supply of the field winding while the stator of the synchronous machine is connected to the grid and the rotor speed is held constant and equal to the synchronous one, is examined. During this fault the magnetic flux, the electromagnetic torque and all the stator and rotor currents are measured in detail. Useful conclusions about the behavior of the machine throughout this kind of short-circuit were derived, all the electromagnetic magnitudes were recorded and an assessment of the generator behavior during this transient phenomenon is made. Similarly, the same type of fault is analyzed, but the speed of the rotor is maintained constant through a speed controller. It is observed that the behavior of the machine and all the electromagnetic magnitudes are quite different compared to the previous case. In this dissertation is examined the behavior of the hydrogenerator in the case of an inter-turn short circuit in the stator winding, while it is connected to the grid with a constant rotor speed. Specifically, it is examined the currents in the rotor and the stator winding for a short circuit between turns that belong to the same or to different phases. The short circuit current is calculated and it is presented the way that it affects quantitative and qualitative the stator phase currents. It is also analyzed the damper currents and it is studied their behavior during the short circuit. The speed controller alters the behavior of the synchronous generator and all the electromagnetic magnitudes of this machine are analytically calculated, resulting significant conclusions on how the faulty loop affects these quantities, while it is set out the role of the participating phases in this short-circuit. Finally, a brief comparison of the way that the number of the shorted turns affects the behavior of the simulated machine in the case of an inter-turn stator fault, while it is connected to the grid with a fixed number of the rotor revolutions. Specifically, it is analyzed the stator and rotor currents and the electromagnetic torque, for the cases that the short-circuited turns belong either to the same or to different phases, but with different number of shorted turns. It is concluded that a key role in determining the electromagnetic magnitudes during this fault has the number of the short-circuited turns and not the number of the phases that are involved in the short circuit.

This research presents more realistic models for left-turn and through volume capacity by taking into account the probabilistic nature of the left-turn bay blockages and spillbacks at a signalized intersection under the leading phasing scheme with a short left-turn bay. Generally, the left-turn bay spillback situation has been overlooked in the leading left-turn signal because much attention has been given to the more common problem of left-turn blockage under the leading left signal. The left-turn spillback situation, however, might happen because the ratio of left-turning vehicle tends to be relatively high in the traffic after the occurrence of left-turn bay blockage. That is, left-turn bay blockage, spillback situations, left-turn capacity, and through capacity are closely connected with one another. Hence, this research estimates more precisely the capacity for through and left-turn movement by considering the left-turn bay blockage and spillback situations associated with left-turn bay under leading left-turn signal operations. In order to find general agreement between the results from this proposed model and a real-world situation, the developed capacity model is validated with the results from CORSIM simulations of a real-world signalized intersection. The binomial distribution is applied as the arrival distribution for through movement considering the characteristics of expected arrivals under heavy flow conditions. Finally, since left-turn bay blockage and spillback situation seem to have adverse impacts on each other, this research investigates if there are any dependent relationships between left-turn bay blockage and spillback. Here, this study confirmed that close relationships between left-turn bay blockage and spillback situations obviously exists.

碩士
輔仁大學
翻譯學研究所
96
This study examines the length-of-turns factor in short consecutive interpreting and attempts to determine if this factor influences users when they evaluate the quality of interpretation, meanwhile investigating whether users of the interpreting service have any preference for the length of turn in a specific context. Motivated by lack of research on short consecutive interpreting and personal experience, the study builds its research framework on three elements: short consecutive interpreting, the length factor and the user’s perspective. An experiment is designed to manipulate the length factor to elicit feedback from subjects. Questionnaires are used to find answers to two questions: whether the length factor affects quality evaluation from the user’s perspective and whether the user demonstrates a significant preference for a certain length. The results of this study suggest that users’ preferences for length of turns in such a short consecutive interpreting context converge toward the medium length to a significant extent. According to the explanations given by the subjects, the convergence occurs mainly because the subjects believe a proper length will bring more complete messages and less fragmentary messages in interpretation and will prevent listeners from forgetting previous interpretation. On quality evaluation, the results indicate that lengths do not lead to any significant difference in terms of overall performance, fidelity, fluency, logic and completeness. Therefore, while the preference for the medium length of turns in the study is a clear inclination, this preference seems not to be a factor taken into account when the audience evaluates the quality as a whole in interpreting, or at least, it is not deemed to be a determining factor.

碩士
國立交通大學
運輸與物流管理學系
106
Bus is an important transportation mean to satisfy people’s travel demands. Imbalanced loads are significant characteristics of public bus services. Some segments of routes are more crowd than other segments in some specific time intervals. Relevant researches pointed out that short-turning service can address these imbalanced loads and reduce passengers’ average waiting time. This study proposes a method to suggest short-turning service operation segments and time intervals by considering the differences between supplies and demands of public bus services. The data source is from the electronic payments. This study estimates the demand levels of bus routes and the corresponding short-turn operation zone. The results yielded from the proposed model provide the administration authority the suggested short-turning services, which include the names of route, operation direction and the operation time.

MPM
Oliver Tambo Institute of Governance and Policy Studies
Adult basic education and training in South Africa is viewed as an instrument for social, economic and political development. However, over the years, the programme faced challenges relating to recruitment and retention of suitably qualified practitioners, resulting in high staff turn-over. The study focused on the perception of adult learners about the adult basic education and training practitioners turn-over at the Witbank education circuit to gain insight into the magnitude of the problem and recommend ways and strategies to address the identified challenges. The study used a mixed method approach, incorporating elements of both quantitative and qualitative research approach. The research sample comprised adult learners, educators, Adult center managers and adult basic education and training coordinators using purposive sampling technique. Data was collected using semi-structured questionnaires and analyzed using the eight steps of Tesch in Cresswell (2009:186). The results of the study revealed that the participants were to a large extent, aware that ABET practitioners’ turnover is a serious problem at the Witbank education circuit. The study participants revealed that lack of commitment and recognition by government to address ABET practitioner turnover decisively is impacting negatively on learners’ motivation, morale, study progress and their relationship with practitioners. This leads ABET learners to not take the ABET programme seriously, and drop of the programme due to lack of progress whereas most ABET practitioners take ABET as a waiting station for better jobs. A number of strategies can be employed to address the challenge of ABET practitioners’ turnover. Amongst others are the following: the basic working conditions of ABET practitioners should be improved. This will automatically translate into job satisfaction and long tenure, thereby counteracting current levels of high staff turnover. ABET practitioners should also be afforded relevant skills development programmes to ensure continuous professional growth and development.
NRF

Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Engenharia Electrotécnica e de Computadores apresentada à Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia
A presente Dissertação teve como principal objetivo propor quatro métodos de diagnóstico de avarias de curtos-circuitos entre espiras nos enrolamentos estatóricos de motores síncronos de ímanes permanentes (PMSMs) de seis fases, funcionando como motor e gerador, quando estes são alimentados por conversores de frequência com uma estratégia de controlo preditivo de corrente. Estes métodos são aqui desenvolvidos e validados por simulação computacional e experimentalmente, sendo comparados entre si em termos de sensibilidade na deteção das referidas avarias.O Capítulo 1 faz uma descrição no âmbito do desenvolvimento contextual desta Dissertação através de um enquadramento e motivação da temática aqui apresentada bem como dos objetivos que se pretenderam alcançar com a realização desta Dissertação. Na secção final deste capítulo é ainda feita uma breve descrição dos fundamentos sobre PMSMs de seis fases.O Capítulo 2 descreve o estado da arte sobre os métodos de diagnóstico de avarias em PMSMs de seis fases. As descrições neste capítulo incluem ainda o modelo matemático dos PMSMs de seis fases.O Capítulo 3 debruça-se de forma mais detalhada sobre os métodos de diagnóstico propostos para análise dos resultados de simulação e experimentais. O Capítulo 4 apresenta os resultados de simulação obtidos com um modelo de simulação computacional baseado em elementos finitos, capaz de simular o comportamento do PMSM de seis fases controlado com uma estratégia de controlo preditivo de corrente, a fim de avaliar os métodos de diagnóstico analisados. O Capítulo 5 apresenta os resultados experimentais obtidos a diferentes regimes de carga e velocidades de funcionamento do PMSM de seis fases com diferentes números de espiras em curto-circuito nos enrolamentos estatóricos. Este capítulo tem como objetivo validar através de resultados experimentais, os métodos propostos nesta Dissertação.O Capítulo 6 apresenta as principais conclusões do trabalho, propondo ainda um novo método de diagnóstico de curtos-circuitos entre espiras para trabalho futuro.
The main objective of this dissertation was to propose four methods for diagnosing short-circuits failures between turns in stator windings of six-phase permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSMs), working as motor and generator when they are powered by frequency converters with a predictive current control strategy. These methods are here developed and validated by computer simulation and experimentally, being compared to each other in terms of sensitivity in detecting said failures.Chapter 1 provides a description within the context of the contextual development of this Dissertation through a framework and motivation of the theme presented here as well as the objectives that were intended to be achieved with the realization of this Dissertation. In the final section of this chapter, there is also a brief description of the fundamentals of six-phase PMSMs.Chapter 2 describes the state of the art on troubleshooting methods for six-phase PMSMs. The descriptions in this chapter also include the mathematical model of the six-phase PMSMs.Chapter 3 takes a more detailed look at the diagnostic methods proposed for analyzing simulation and experimental results.Chapter 4 presents the simulation results obtained with a computational simulation model based on finite elements, capable of simulating the behaviour of the six-phase PMSM controlled with a predictive current control strategy, in order to evaluate the analyzed diagnostic methods.Chapter 5 presents the experimental results obtained at different load regimes and operating speeds of the six-phase PMSM with different numbers of short-circuited turns in the stator windings. This chapter aims to validate, through experimental results, the methods proposed in this Dissertation.Chapter 6 presents the main conclusions of the work, also proposing a new method for diagnosing short circuits between turns for future work.
Outro - A minha formação foi financiada pela empresa Sonangol EP.