Статті в журналах: "Shock absorber (damper)"

1

Liu, Xiao Chuan, Shi Xing Zhu, and Yong Gang Yang. "Design and Drop Test of Aircraft Landing Gear’s Shock Absorber Based on Magnetorheological Damper." Applied Mechanics and Materials 665 (October 2014): 601–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.665.601.

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The structure of a shock absorber based on magnetorheological (MR) damper with a metering pin is proposed, and structure of the magnetic circuit of MR damper is optimized. By drop tests, the damping characteristics of the shock absorber and damping effect are tested. The experimental results show that the shock absorber has the characteristic of a wide damping force adjustment range and lower energy dissipation. The maximum vertical load and shock absorber piston displacement can be changed at same drop height by changing the current. It has also been proved that shock absorber based on MR damper is better than conventional oleo-pneumatic shock absorber on adjustment of damping force.

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2

Faraj, Rami, Cezary Graczykowski, and Jan Holnicki-Szulc. "Adaptable pneumatic shock absorber." Journal of Vibration and Control 25, no. 3 (August 27, 2018): 711–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1077546318795532.

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Recent progress in the field of sensors, actuators, and smart materials allows the construction of more and more efficient controllable pneumatic dampers for shock absorption. Typically, such devices apply online semi-active control techniques, which utilize electromagnetic, piezoelectric, or magnetostrictive valves. As a result, they are characterized by a high efficiency of impact absorption, but simultaneously by a complicated construction and a specialized electronic system. The alternative solutions are semi-passive absorbers that ensure a similar performance by using a much simpler, low-cost construction and a less complicated adaptation mechanism. This paper introduces an adaptable semi-passive single-chamber pneumatic shock absorber, SOFT-DROP, which provides the optimal impact absorption and energy dissipation after a single reconfiguration performed at the beginning of the process. The high effectiveness of the proposed concept is proved in numerical and experimental investigations of the device. Moreover, the proposed semi-passive damper is also compared against already known pneumatic absorbers that utilize semi-active control methods. Ultimately, the device might be used in an airdrop system for delivery of light packages.

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3

Sikora, Marian. "Modeling and Operational Analysis of an Automotive Shock Absorber with a Tuned Mass Damper." Acta Mechanica et Automatica 12, no. 3 (September 1, 2018): 243–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ama-2018-0038.

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Abstract Recently, the topic of energy dissipation efficiency of vehicle suspension dampers has become a research and engineering problem due to structural requirements of vehicle manufacturers and the introduction of electric/hybrid cars. By principle, any disturbances in the damping force generation process translate into pressure fluctuations to be then transferred to the body of the vehicle. The effect known as rattling within the damper engineering community is perceived as detrimental to ride comfort. To improve the performance of a vehicle damper several methods can be devised and used. One approach is to optimize the settings of the valves in the damper. The approach, however, often influences the force output of the damper. Another technique involves the application of add-on systems. One such system is the tuned mass damper concept originally developed by Frahm for structural engineering applications. In the paper the author proposes a damper concept equipped with an external/internal tuned mass damper component for improving the dynamic characteristics of vehicle dampers. The author presents modeling details followed by simulations of the damper with the tuned mass damper concept subjected to oscillatory inputs, and a critical analysis of the presented results.

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4

Luo, Feng, and Xiao Li Zhang. "A Review of Aeration and Cavitation Phenomena in the Hydraulic Shock Absorber." Applied Mechanics and Materials 536-537 (April 2014): 1369–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.536-537.1369.

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This paper aims to bring an organized overview of the damper malfunction due to the cavitation and aeration phenomena, which are normal problems for all kinds of hydraulic dampers. The object of this report is to describe, detect and simulate these damper failures.

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5

Rahman, M. A., U. Ahmed, and M. S. Uddin. "Response of Non-Linear Shock Absorbers-Boundary Value Problem Analysis." International Journal of Applied Mechanics and Engineering 18, no. 3 (August 1, 2013): 793–814. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ijame-2013-0048.

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Abstract A nonlinear boundary value problem of two degrees-of-freedom (DOF) untuned vibration damper systems using nonlinear springs and dampers has been numerically studied. As far as untuned damper is concerned, sixteen different combinations of linear and nonlinear springs and dampers have been comprehensively analyzed taking into account transient terms. For different cases, a comparative study is made for response versus time for different spring and damper types at three important frequency ratios: one at r = 1, one at r > 1 and one at r <1. The response of the system is changed because of the spring and damper nonlinearities; the change is different for different cases. Accordingly, an initially stable absorber may become unstable with time and vice versa. The analysis also shows that higher nonlinearity terms make the system more unstable. Numerical simulation includes transient vibrations. Although problems are much more complicated compared to those for a tuned absorber, a comparison of the results generated by the present numerical scheme with the exact one shows quite a reasonable agreement

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6

Yip, Chun-Chieh, Jing-Ying Wong, Su-Shen Lim, and Jie-Sheng Ooi. "Pseudo dynamic loads energy dissipation in mechanical shock absorber seismic damper." E3S Web of Conferences 347 (2022): 03012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202234703012.

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Earthquake tremor from neighbouring country had caused several cases of structural and non-structural damages toward the buildings in Malaysia. This issue had raised public attention about the safeness of the low-rise, mid-rise and high-rise building in the country. Buildings without proper seismic resistance design will collapse during the earth earthquake and people who could not evacuated from the building will be buried alive. Viscous Damper is one of the passive structural control systems in attenuating the seismic response on building. The damper utilized principle of fluid flow through orifices to create friction that turns the movement into heat energy to be release into atmosphere. This study is to investigate the effectiveness and behaviour of the mechanical shock absorber as damper in resisting seismic force. Three different type of dampers are being tested under 6 different loading displacement amplitude to measure the hysteresis loops and energy dissipation capability. The results showed that the extra features of the coil over in EX5 Kriss Wave damper with 17 kNmm had significantly increase the energy dissipation capability up to 5.6 time better than the lowest 3 kNmm APIDO type damper.

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7

Abdo, Tamer M., Ahmed A. Huzayyin, Ahmed A. Abdallah, and Amr A. Adly. "Characteristics and Analysis of an Eddy Current Shock Absorber Damper Using Finite Element Analysis." Actuators 8, no. 4 (November 19, 2019): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/act8040077.

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In the paper a model is developed for a proposed eddy current damper using finite element analysis. Several damper configurations are studied and its characteristics are analyzed. The steady state performance for the configurations is compared to reach a design with an acceptable performance for the eddy current damper. Furthermore, the proposed designs performance are compared with the traditional damper performance. It was found that the best two designs to achieve the targeted performance were to have an iron core damper or an iron core with an aluminum sleeve. Those two designs are economical and simple while achieving acceptable performance when compared to traditional dampers and other electromagnetic damping systems.

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8

Wszołek, Grzegorz, Piotr Czop, Dawid Jakubowski, and Damian Slawik. "Optimization of a Shock Absorber Design Using Model-Based Approach." Advanced Materials Research 452-453 (January 2012): 1351–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.452-453.1351.

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The aim of this paper is to demonstrate a possibility to optimize a shock absorber design to minimize level of vibrations with the use of model-based approach. The paper introduces a proposal of an optimization method that allows to choose the optimal values of the design parameters using a shock absorber model to minimize the level of vibrations. A model-based approach is considered to obtain the optimal pressure-flow characteristic by simulations conducted with the use of coupled models, including the damper and the servo-hydraulic tester model. The presence of the tester model is required due to high non-linear coupling of the tested object (damper) and the tester itself to be used for noise evaluation. This kind of evaluation is used in the automotive industry to investigate dampers, as an alternative to vehicle-level tests. The paper provides numerical experimental case studies to show application scope of the proposed method

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9

Guntur, Harus Laksana, and Wiwiek Hendrowati. "A Comparative Study of the Damping Force and Energy Absorbtion Capacity of Regenerative and Conventional-Viscous Shock Absorber of Vehicle Suspension." Applied Mechanics and Materials 758 (April 2015): 45–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.758.45.

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This paper presents a comparative study of the damping force and energy absorbtion capacity of a typical conventional-viscous and a regenerative shock absorber for vehicle suspension. Regenerative shock absorber (RSA) is a shock absorber which can regenerate the dissipated vibration energy from vehicle suspension into electricity. In this research, a prototype of regenerative shock absorber was developed, its damping force and energy absorbtion capacity were tested, and the results were analized and compared with those of a typical conventional-viscous shock absorber. The regenerative and viscous shock absorber were compressed and extended in various excitation frequency using damping force testing equipment to obtain force-velocity and the force-displacement curves. The force-velocity and force-displacement curves indicate the damping force and energy absorbtion capacity of the shock absorber. The results show that the damping force of the typical-viscous shock absorber closed to linear at all exciation frequencies. For regenerative shock absorber, nonlinearity and large hysteresis area of the damping force occur at all excitation frequencies. Further, the energy absorbtion capacity of the typical-viscous shock absorber shows an elliptical area with the compression part bigger than the extension one, while those of the regenerative shock absorber shows an asymmetric square area, which indicates a smaller energy absorbtion capacity. These phenomena indicate the significant effect of implementing dry friction damper and elctrical damper to the characteristics of regenerative shock absorber.

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10

Audenino, A. L., and G. Belingardi. "Modelling the Dynamic Behaviour of A Motorcycle Damper." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 209, no. 4 (October 1995): 249–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/pime_proc_1995_209_212_02.

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Within the context of vehicle suspension component characterization, that of shock absorbers is one of the more difficult to achieve, yet it is a very critical factor in the prediction of vehicle dynamic behaviour. Strongly non-linear output force functions are always linked to a frequency-dependent behaviour. Using the internal fluid-dynamic phenomenon with respect to a motorcycle shock absorber, different physical models of increasing complexity are presented: using these models it is possible to evaluate the importance of different factors, for example oil compressibility or oil inertia. Comparisons with experimental data confirm the validity of these models

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11

Lochner, Kaspar. "Hydraulic‐operating shock and vibration absorber and damper." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 77, no. 2 (February 1985): 778. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.392333.

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12

Hemanth, K., A. Ganesha, Hemantha Kumar, and K. V. Gangadharan. "Analysis of MR Damper Based on Finite Element Approach." Applied Mechanics and Materials 592-594 (July 2014): 2006–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.592-594.2006.

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A magneto rheological damper is a damper filled with magneto rheological fluid, which is controlled by a magnetic field. This allows the damping characteristics of the shock absorber to be continuously controlled by varying the force of the electromagnet. This type of shock absorber has several applications, most notably in semi-active vehicle suspensions which may adapt to road conditions, as they are monitored through sensors in the vehicle. This paper presents magnetic saturation analysis of non-parametric model of magnetorheological (MR) damper using ANSYS for improvement of the higher force with optimal current and MATLAB/Simulink simulation for quarter car model equipped with MR damper to conduct dynamic studies of the system using skyhook controller and comparative study for passive and semi-active system.

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13

Marksmeier, Thomas M., Faramarz Gordaninejad, Eric L. Wang, and Arthur Stipanovic. "Design and Performance of an Electro-Rheological Grease (ERG) Shock Absorber." International Journal of Modern Physics B 13, no. 14n16 (June 30, 1999): 2135–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021797929900223x.

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The use of an electro-rheological fluid (ERF) in some applications may require a high damping capacity. This paper presents the design and evaluation of a prototype damper using an electro-rheological grease (ERG) with high zero electric field viscosity. In designing the ERG damper several issues such as: a) maintaining a constant internal damper volume, b) minimizing the fluid shear in flow paths (other than in the electrode gap region) which reduces adverse effects on damper performance and, c) allowing the adjustment of the electrode gaps, are considered. Comparisons are made between the performance of the ERG and an existing ERF. The ERG demonstrates higher damping capacities at low frequencies than those of the ERF.

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14

Wu, Zhifei, Guangzhao Xu, Hongwei Yang, and Mingjie Li. "Analysis of Damping Characteristics of a Hydraulic Shock Absorber." Shock and Vibration 2021 (February 26, 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/8883024.

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In the present study, a hydraulic shock absorber is proposed. Since the damper is mainly used in suspension energy recovery system, the damping characteristics of the damper under no-load state are studied in this paper. Structural design is conducted so that the unidirectional flow of the oil drives the hydraulic motor to generate electricity. Meanwhile, an asymmetrical extension/compression damping force is obtained. A mathematical model of the shock absorber is established, and the main characteristics of the inherent damping force are obtained. Based on the established model, effects of the accumulator volume, accumulator preinflation pressure, hydraulic motor displacement, check valve inner diameter, and spring stiffness, hydraulic line length and inner diameter on the indicator characteristics are analyzed. Moreover, a series of experiments are conducted on the designed damper to evaluate the characteristics of the inherent damping force and analyze the effect of the accumulator volume and preinflation pressure on the damping characteristics.

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15

Shchurov, Nikolay, Pavel Bakholdin, and Dmitry Bakholdin. "Energy parameters of the vehicle electromagnetic shock absorber." Proceedings of the Russian higher school Academy of sciences, no. 2 (July 21, 2021): 53–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.17212/1727-2769-2021-2-53-62.

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The creation of an electromagnetic shock absorber system is necessary taking into account such parameters of the vehicle and operating conditions as the quality of the roadway, the grades, and the weight and size of the vehicle. A mathematical simulation model of the vehicle was developed to determine energy indicators in various road sections. The MATLAB Simulink programming environment was chosen to create the most practical and functional simulation model. A number of experiments were carried out using various parameters of the vehicle, types of roadways and driving cycles. Simulation results allow obtaining basic characteristics of electromagnetic damper of the selected vehicle, on the basis of which a linear electromagnetic damper shock absorber will be calculated. System energy efficiency was determined when using a vehicle on roads having a different road surface evenness index.

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16

Nivas, M. L. Brabin, T. Prabaharan, J. Libin, and T. Bibin Jose. "Design and Performance Analysis on MR-Shock Absorber." Advanced Materials Research 984-985 (July 2014): 648–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.984-985.648.

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Abst r a c t -Magneto rheological aqueous is an old advancing to the bazaar at top speed. Excellent appearance like fast response, simple interface amid electrical ability ascribe and automated ability output, and absolute controllability accomplish MRF technology adorable for abounding applications.The aim of this project is preparation of MR-fluids by using the different types of carrier fluid mixed with iron powder and stability and magnetic properties are analysed. Thesedimentation of iron particles can be reduced by using additives. The sedimentation can be analysed by boundary variation of the clear fluid to the fluid turbulence. The viscosity of smart fluid can be increased by varying the applied magnetic field.The performance of the MR-damper depends on the applied maximum magnetic field and the hydraulic circuit design. The MR-damper force by increasing the magnetic field can be analysed by sing the FEMM V4 Software.Damping force depends on the excitation of current and magnetic field.Key words: Rheological, magnetic field, damping force, FEMM, flux density

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17

Jugulkar, Lalitkumar, Shankar Singh, and Suresh Sawant. "Mathematical modelling and experimental validation of mono-tube shock absorber." World Journal of Engineering 13, no. 4 (August 1, 2016): 294–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/wje-08-2016-040.

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Purpose The work presented in this paper is concerned with mathematical modeling and experimental validation of mono-tube shock absorber. This paper aims to create damper model to predict accurately damping force, and experimental analysis is done by varying the various parameters, such as flow area in bleed(Ab), mass (M) and operating frequency(?). Design/methodology/approach Here, input is given in the form of sinusoidal excitation, and the output is received as a numerical data of the displacement transmissibility. These data are then processed to get the values of transmissibility and magnification factor for various frequency ratios. They are then plotted to have transmissibility and frequency response curves, as it is a generally accepted measure of how well the system is isolated from its surroundings. Findings It is better to have low transmissibility (larger bleed area), for lower suspension velocity, as it will reduce maximum acceleration transmitted to the sprung mass. However, for higher suspension velocity, bleed area should be low (higher transmissibility) to reduce displacement of tyre from road. Originality/value The development of faster vehicles and also the requirements of smoother and more comfortable rides have led to the fitment of dampers on almost on all present day vehicles. Shock absorbers have a significant influence on handling performance and riding comfort. Shock absorber plays an important role not only for comfort of the riders of the vehicle but also in the performance and life of the vehicle. However, no further reduction of vehicle vibration can be expected for using the optimum values of damping coefficient and spring stiffness for the shock absorber. Thus, it is necessary to make modification to improve the functions of shock absorber.

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18

Reyes-Avendaño, Jorge A., Ciro Moreno-Ramírez, Carlos Gijón-Rivera, Hugo G. Gonzalez-Hernandez, and José Luis Olazagoitia. "Can a Semi-Active Energy Harvesting Shock Absorber Mimic a Given Vehicle Passive Suspension?" Sensors 21, no. 13 (June 26, 2021): 4378. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21134378.

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Energy harvesting shock absorbers (EHSA) have made great progress in recent years, although there are still no commercial solutions for this technology. This paper addresses the question of whether, and under what conditions, an EHSA can completely replace a conventional one. In this way, any conventional suspension could be replicated at will, while recovering part of the wasted energy. This paper focuses on mimicking the original passive damper behavior by continuously varying the electrical parameters of the regenerative damper. For this study, a typical ball-screw EHSA is chosen, and its equivalent suspension parameters are tried to be matched to the initial damper. The methodology proposes several electrical control circuits that optimize the dynamic behavior of the regenerative damper from the continuous variation of a load resistance. The results show that, given a target damper curve, the regenerative damper can adequately replicate it when there is a minimum velocity in the damper. However, when the damper velocity is close to zero, the only way to compensate for inertia is through the introduction of external energy to the system.

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19

Liu, Yun, Wei Jiang, Zhi Sheng Jing, Rui Ping Zhang, and Zhong Min Liu. "Semi-Active Control of Vehicle Suspensions with MRF Damper Based on Robust Control Theory." Key Engineering Materials 474-476 (April 2011): 1423–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.474-476.1423.

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Magnetorheological fluid damper, coil current changes the magnetic field by adjusting the magnetic fluid flow in the damping channel, to achieve the shock absorber damping force control. Magnetorheological fluid damper based vehicle semi-active suspension control, with two degrees of freedom 1 / 2 Body Model controller model. By the control algorithm, derived optimal control law to determine the semi-active damper drive control.

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20

Samokhin, P. A., E. A. Bakhareva, and D. V. Potanin. "Safety front shock damper (shock absorber) to protect containers in emergency falling." VESTNIK of Samara University. Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering 16, no. 1 (May 31, 2017): 152. http://dx.doi.org/10.18287/2541-7533-2017-16-1-152-161.

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21

Lee, Yi Ming, and Shyue Bin Chang. "Design and Implementation of Automotive Shock Absorber Performance Test." Applied Mechanics and Materials 311 (February 2013): 281–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.311.281.

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In Taiwan, the motor and autobike industry have a considerable extent to promote the manufacture of shock absorber tests. As it is known, using a software and equipment to process the information about the operation of a corresponding damper is necessary. In order to promote the shock absorber damping tester, to develop the Labview based shock absorber testing machine provides functions such as the hardware test, setup parameters, the measurements for test elements, the testing results display and historical consults. There are some researching steps are involved by making out the major operations and testing functions to construct the shock absorber tester and so on. The expected purpose will be attained by both training the relative process technology and getting the future development in absorber testing know-how by native manufacturers in Asian area, instead of imported machines from Japan or America.

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22

Niculescu, Adrian Ioan. "On the Progressive VZN Shock Absorber Performances and Dissipated Energy." Applied Mechanics and Materials 823 (January 2016): 199–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.823.199.

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The VZN shock absorber concept granted with European Patent EP 1 190 184 is characterized by damping coefficients self according with road and load conditions.The simulations made on vehicles equipped with new VZN shock absorbers concept relative to standard one, indicates better behavior concerning stability, comfort and reduced dissipated energy, with fuel consumption and pollution reducing effect.Starting on these remarks the paper evaluates the influence of the damping characteristic in suspension performances and dissipated energy, based a simulation on a Californian road realized with Matlab Simulink software.Since year 2006 simulations on model ¼ cars demonstrates the VZN damper concept give skyhook behavior, decrease squat, vertical acceleration, the number and intensity of stopper bumper collision, the adherence, increasing thus the vehicle stability, comfort and reliability.Tests on models ½ car, show the VZN concept increases stability at pitch and roll and confirm the previous results obtained on ¼ models.The current work completed previous research with one demonstrating other VZN qualities e.g. its capacity to manage damping coefficient, no more and no less, assuring high performances and thus reducing the dissipated energy, with favorable effect for reducing fuel consumption and pollution.The comparison between the behaviors of the VZN shock absorber relative to the standard shock absorber has been realized for body displacement, squat, acceleration and dissipated energy.The VZN progressive damper concept gives better behavior comparative to standard one, 6% at car body bounce, 37 % for RMS acceleration and 28.4 % for dissipated energy, these means it confer better body-ground clearance, comfort and fuel consumption and pollution.The VZN damping coefficients accorded with the vehicles load and with road unevenness confer a soft response at low excitation and strong reactions at high excitations, dissipating energy function of the needs, assuring thus comfort at small and medium excitation and protecting the axles and body at hard conditions.

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23

Song, Da Feng, Gong Ke Yang, and Chun Xiao Du. "Research on Damping Properties of Seperated and Manually Adjustable Shock Absorber Oriented to Damping Matching." Advanced Materials Research 694-697 (May 2013): 36–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.694-697.36.

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On the basis of the structure characteristics of the seperated manually adjustable damper and its working principles, establish the shock absorber mathematical model, at the same time, get test data and curves of seperated manually adjustable shock absorber damping characteristics by bench test. Use MATLAB to simulate the characteristic curve of the speed of the shock absorber based on the mathematical model. The simulation curves and experimental curves were compared to verify the correctness and accuracy of the model. Further simulation and analysis affect of parts of structural changes on the damping characteristics. In order to provide a theoretical basis to structural parameters designing and vehicle damping matching.

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24

Ming, Yang. "Design of Automobile Shock Absorber Based on Throttle Type Adjustable Damping." Advanced Materials Research 1079-1080 (December 2014): 954–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1079-1080.954.

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With the deepening of reform in the industrial sector, automotive manufacturing technology has been greatly improved. Suspension damping effect of the traditional shortcomings of poor correlation analysis suspension constituted by employees, starting from the improved shock absorber damping valve, designed and developed Nepal adjustable shock absorber set, in order to improve traffic safety and create favorable conditions. This damper is in the computing speed and power, the analysis of the relationship between the motor and the throttle on the invention came. Practice has proved that through adjustable automobile shock absorber damping curve smoothing, deformation is not obvious, the stepper motor rotation into correspondence with the damping force, with better value.

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25

Yao, Jie, De Cai Li, Zhi Li Zhang, and Jun Hui Zhang. "Study on the Structure of the Magnetic Fluid Damper." Key Engineering Materials 512-515 (June 2012): 1474–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.512-515.1474.

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Magnetic fluid damper is a kind of shock absorber which based on the principle of second-order buoyancy of magnetic fluid. In this paper, the structure of magnetic fluid damper is analyzed firstly, and then a variety of structural parameters on the damping effect are tested. Focusing on the different gasket angles in the damper, we found that gasket angles play a key role in the damper to influence on the damping effect. A corresponding model is put forward to analyze the inherent reasons.

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26

Alonso, M., and Á. Comas. "Thermal model of a twin-tube cavitating shock absorber." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 222, no. 11 (November 1, 2008): 1955–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/09544070jauto829.

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An analytical method to quantify the damping force of a generic twin-tube shock absorber for an automobile is proposed. Previous models by the present authors have accounted for fluid compressibility, chamber deformation, and fluid cavitation. This paper extends the work to thermal effects which have now been included. The variation in the force due to thermal effects caused by the energy dissipated within the damper is determined and the shock absorber temperature field is calculated. The results from the model are compared with those from simpler models (which do not include thermal effects) and are validated against the results from a real shock absorber. In terms of damping force, a good correlation is obtained, while acceptable results are obtained for the temperature field calculation.

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27

Zhao, Xuesong, Min Fang, and Haowen Gao. "Study on Vibration Damping Performance of Composite Crankshaft Torsional Vibration Damper." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2235, no. 1 (May 1, 2022): 012027. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2235/1/012027.

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Abstract In order to reduce the crankshaft vibration’s impact on the performance and working life of the vehicle engines, using silicone oil and damping properties of rubber, designed a silicone, rubber compound crankshaft vibration damper that required the actual demand. Determined the silicone oil shock absorber and rubber vibration isolator in the main performance parameters of the design process; completed the main structure size design; calculated the silicone oil shock absorber in the motor rated power as 92 kw, the rated speed as 2200 r/min, the torque value and excitation frequency and crankshaft maximum amplitude under the condition that the crankshaft excitation frequency as 1927.2 r/s. Determined the damping value of the optimum damping point during working time was Cd=93.66 Nms/rad, drew the crankshaft resonance curve of silicone oil shock absorber, calculated torque value frequency and the maximum crankshaft amplitude of the rubber vibration isolator under specific working condition, determined the optimum damping point and damping value as Cr=0.3158 Nms/rad while vibration isolator was working, mapped crankshaft resonance curve of the rubber vibration isolator; calculated the optimum damping points of the combined crankshaft torsional vibration, constructed the resonance frequency test bed of the compound torsion damper, inspected resonance frequency value and its corresponding swing value. It has been proved that after installing the compound torsion damper, the amplitude value of the crankshaft reduced about 81%, much lower than that before installation, which had significant effect, and meeted the design requirements.

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28

Thite, AN, F. Coleman, M. Doody, and N. Fisher. "Experimentally validated dynamic results of a relaxation-type quarter car suspension with an adjustable damper." Journal of Low Frequency Noise, Vibration and Active Control 36, no. 2 (June 2017): 148–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0263092317711989.

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Models of varying degree of sophistication are used in vehicle dynamic studies. For ride comfort, Kelvin–Voigt arrangement is preferred and for impact harshness analysis, a relaxation-type suspension model, Zener or Maxwell type is used. The nonconsideration of relaxation-type models in ride comfort studies can result in significant errors for frequencies below ∼30 Hz. The object of the paper is to show the influence of the series stiffness on the effective suspension damping both experimentally and numerically. A frequency domain analysis of two-degree of freedom Zener quarter car model is performed to find the complex relation between effective damping coefficient and the limiting value of damping ratio for a given series stiffness. The nonlinear relation between shock absorber damping and the natural frequencies is clearly illustrated. A novel four-post rig set-up is used to validate the results by measuring transmissibilities, giving damping ratios for varying shock absorber settings. A closed form solution, based on a simplified partial model, of optimal damping coefficient, which is a nonlinear function of stiffnesses, shows good agreement with numerical simulations of the complete system. The nonlinearities in shock absorbers also influence the outcome. These findings can be a great value at early design stage.

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29

Yu, Ying Hua, Jia Xing Shen, Wen Song Ruan, and Si Yu Chen. "Simulation on Fuzzy Control on Chatter System Based on Magnetic Fluid/Foam Metal." Applied Mechanics and Materials 635-637 (September 2014): 1260–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.635-637.1260.

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A new kind of damper with magnetic fluid(MRF)/foam metal designed by us is introduced, and it’s damp model is established. Semi-active controlling shock absorber with the damper is designed, and it’s dynamic module is established. Fuzzy control on chatter system is designed by fuzzy controlling theory. Finally, simulation on it is done by matlab /simulink. It is shown that the control system can restrain the chatter very well.

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30

Jakubowski, Dawid, Jacek Gnilka, Grzegorz Wszołek, and Piotr Czop. "Optimization of a Hydraulic Damper Performance with the Use of Fluid-Structure Simulation." Advanced Materials Research 452-453 (January 2012): 1356–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.452-453.1356.

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The aim of this paper is to develop a method for optimizing the design of a spring valve system by reducing the aeration and cavitation effect which negatively influences the performance of a shock absorber. A fluid-structure interaction (FSI) model is used in order to modify the geometry of the valve interior and, in turn, to achieve better performance in shock absorbers. The paper analyzes the pressure distribution along the flow paths inside the valve cavity to reduce the risk of aeration and cavitation, while other important engineering aspects are omitted, e.g. durability of disc-spring valve systems as discussed in [1]. The objective of this work is to show key steps of the simulation process focusing on interactions between fluid and structure domain and to review relevant simulation results.

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31

TOKUMITSU, Shozo. "402 Fluid-Structure-Interaction of Shock Absorber Damper by LS-DYNA." Proceedings of The Computational Mechanics Conference 2010.23 (2010): 328–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmecmd.2010.23.328.

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32

Gerdemeli, Ismail, A. Engin Cotur, Eren Kayaoglu, and Adem Candas. "Computer Aided Valve Design of Shock Absorbers Used in Vehicles." Key Engineering Materials 486 (July 2011): 270–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.486.270.

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The valve design of a rear twin tube shock absorber belongs to a light commercial vehicle whose damper characteristics already known has been realized by the help of a computer program called “Dr”, and compared with the actual application results. The program gives user results about the valve parts to get the right target characteristics. After obtaining the necessary parts’ results, the needed damping performance test has been performed by the shock absorber, which has been conflated according to the program. The actual results and target characteristics were compared. ”Dr” program enables the user to select the correct parts to be used in valve system by detecting every effect on target characteristics diagram. By comparing the overall effect of the parts selected, shock absorber valve system is conflated according to the valve components obtained from the computer program.

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33

Herzog, Ludwig, and Klaus Augsburg. "Study on Friction in Automotive Shock Absorbers Part 1: Friction Simulation Using a Dynamic Friction Model in the Contact Zone of an FEM Model." Vehicles 3, no. 2 (May 14, 2021): 212–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vehicles3020014.

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The important change in the transition from partial to high automation is that a vehicle can drive autonomously, without active human involvement. This fact increases the current requirements regarding ride comfort and dictates new challenges for automotive shock absorbers. There exist two common types of automotive shock absorber with two friction types: The intended viscous friction dissipates the chassis vibrations, while the unwanted solid body friction is generated by the rubbing of the damper’s seals and guides during actuation. The latter so-called static friction impairs ride comfort and demands appropriate friction modeling for the control of adaptive or active suspension systems. In this article, a simulation approach is introduced to model damper friction based on the most friction-relevant parameters. Since damper friction is highly dependent on geometry, which can vary widely, three-dimensional (3D) structural FEM is used to determine the deformations of the damper parts resulting from mounting and varying operation conditions. In the respective contact zones, a dynamic friction model is applied and parameterized based on the single friction point measurements. Subsequent to the parameterization of the overall friction model with geometry data, operation conditions, material properties and friction model parameters, single friction point simulations are performed, analyzed and validated against single friction point measurements. It is shown that this simulation method allows for friction prediction with high accuracy. Consequently, its application enables a wide range of parameters relevant to damper friction to be investigated with significantly increased development efficiency.

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34

Darsivan, Fadly Jashi, and Waleed F. Faris. "Vibration Investigation of a Quarter Car with Nonlinear Shock Absorber Model." Advanced Materials Research 576 (October 2012): 665–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.576.665.

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The paper discusses the response and the accuracy of a quarter car model with a non-linear damping force. The non-linear shock absorber model was a result of an experiment that was conducted earlier and the mathematical model was verified. Based on this model simulation responses of the sprung and unsprung masses between a linear and the non-linear damper were compared. The wheel of the quarter car model was excited by a road profile and according to the results the non-linear quarter model showed responses which were not depicted and captured by the linear model.

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35

MAO, Y. C. "NONLINEAR MODELING WITH CAVITATION PHENOMENON OF A NOVEL SHOCK ABSORBER FOR ABOVE-KNEE PROSTHESIS." International Journal of Information Acquisition 07, no. 03 (September 2010): 243–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219878910002178.

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The shock wave of ground reaction forces during walking and running is suggested as a primary etiological agent in some conditions, such as degenerative joint disease, prosthetic joint loosening, plantar fasciitis or muscle tears. This study proposes a novel shock absorber design with an adjustable automatic smooth tuning range of the damping coefficient and rapid rebounds after impact loads, equipped in the above-knee prosthesis tibia section without any electronic devices. This absorber is also capable of automatic locking-out and releasing for stance and heel-strike phases without manual switching. It absorbs the impact load of the ground reaction force at each heel strike and adapts itself to the input force speed, feasible for patients to tolerate a wide range of athletic and inert situations. This study constructs a high order nonlinear dynamic model for its pressure-sensitive plunger and check valve systems and considers the cavitation phenomenon during speedy fluid flows. Simulation results show that both the damper resistant force and the damping coefficient reduce as the ground reaction force velocity increases, providing a desirable tendency of diminishing shock wave influences on the biological musculoskeletal system.

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36

Sidorenko, І., І. Prokopovych, M. Korolkova, S. Dmitrieva, and S. Kovban. "PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE LEVER-VAN SHOCK ABSORBER WITH THE HINGE-LEVER CONTROL MECHANISM." Odes’kyi Politechnichnyi Universytet Pratsi 3, no. 62 (December 2020): 39–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.15276/opu.3.62.2020.05.

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The article presents a fundamentally new example of a passive lever-blade shock absorber with an articulated lever mechanism for controlling its operating characteristic, the use of which is effective as part of the torsion bar suspension of a tracked vehicle. The efficiency of the presented device is significantly increased by scientifically substantiated expansion of its mechanical structure with an additional controlling mechanical structure in the form of a pivot-lever mechanism. The developed structural scheme and the corresponding generalized mathematical model of the proposed device are presented. Based on the developed generalized mathematical model, analytical studies have been carried out, on the basis of which mathematical expressions have been obtained that describe the functional interaction between the constituent elements of the proposed lever-blade damper and their influence on the type of working characteristics that is realized in this case. A comparative analysis of the obtained performance with the performance that can be implemented using existing lever-blade shock absorbers is carried out. It was found that the proposed device is able to realize working characteristics that cannot be realized using known samples of passive lever-blade and lever-piston shock absorbers. The basic geometric parameters of both the main mechanical structure of the proposed device and the additional mechanical control structure, the variation of which allows reproducing the target (needed under certain conditions) working characteristics, are highlighted and substantiated. The directions and prospects of further research are given, which make it possible to increase the efficiency of the lever-paddle shock absorber with the articulated-lever control mechanism.

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37

Yip, Chun-Chieh, Jing-Ying Wong, Mugahed Amran, Roman Fediuk, and Nikolai Ivanovich Vatin. "Reliability Analysis of Reinforced Concrete Structure with Shock Absorber Damper under Pseudo-Dynamic Loads." Materials 15, no. 7 (April 6, 2022): 2688. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15072688.

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Past historical earthquake events from neighbouring countries have been proven to be disastrous. Building in the aftermath of an earthquake may reduce structural reliability, posing risk upon re-occupation of the building. Shock absorber viscous dampers were installed on a specific structure storey that could reduce the spectral acceleration and storey-drift caused by an earthquake. The research object is a low-rise, three-storey, reinforced concrete (RC) structure. This study aims to identify the dynamic response of the scaled RC structure with and without attached dampers and performs structural reliability of the tested model under the excitation of Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) of 0.1 g to 1.0 g with a unidirectional shaking table. APIDO viscous dampers were installed parallel to the movement direction of the dynamic load test. The findings show the scaled model with attached viscous dampers reduces spectral acceleration and storey drift by 9.66% and 4.85%, respectively. Findings also show the change of the structural behaviour from single curvature to double curvature due to the increase in seismic structural resistance by viscous dampers. The breakthrough of this research shows that structural reliability analysis performed by the Weibull distribution function has a base shear capacity increment of 1.29% and 6.90% in seismic performance level Life Safety (LS) and Collapse Prevention (CP), respectively. The novelty of this case study building with dampers managed to increase the building’s base shear and roof shear capacity by 6.90% and 16% compared to the building without dampers under dynamic load excitation.

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38

Fathima, Sharmila, Asan Gani Abdul Muthalif, and Md Raisuddin Khan. "Investigation of Annular Gap Size for Optimizing the Dynamic Range of MR Damper Using Comsol Multiphysics Software." Applied Mechanics and Materials 606 (August 2014): 187–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.606.187.

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Magneto-rheological (MR) fluid technology has made it possible to develop reliable, revolutionary vibration control systems for a variety of commercial, medical and military applications. MR fluid shock absorber systems are enabled by remarkably versatile MR fluid technology, which allows the system to respond instantly and controllably to varying levels of vibration or shock with simple, robust designs. This paper presents a parametric study of the MR dampers for semi-active vibration control. The influence of gap size of the damper on the viscous stress of the MR fluid is examined. It is inferred from the study that the viscous stress of the MR fluid for different parameters such as gap size influences the dynamic range of MR fluid dampers.The simulated results depict a maximum viscous stress of 1765.441 N/m2for a gap size of 1.85 mm. The developed dynamic range would allow for smaller size of the device, higher dynamic yield stress and low power consumption. The simulated results using COMSOL multiphysics for the verification of the parametric strategy have been presented. Results of this study shall enhance the design of MR dampers for different control applications.

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39

Chen, Yuan, Jian Jun Sun, and Ya Qiao Zhu. "Finite Element Analysis for a Certain Type of Vehicle Engine Shock Absorber Assembly Performance Based on ANSYS Workbench." Applied Mechanics and Materials 365-366 (August 2013): 486–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.365-366.486.

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The engine is the power source of the vehicle, it is the main and the most directly reason which causey the vehicle vibration. If you cannot control and attenuation of the vibration generated by it will make other parts of the body associated with strong vibration and noise, and also seriously affect vehicle handling stability and ride comfort, the occupant generated feel discomfort , even when serious damage to the body parts, shorten the car's life. Therefore, the role of the engine mounting system for attenuation and control of vehicle vibration is very important, the shock absorber is an important part of the engine mounting system; engine shock absorbers assembly performance will directly determine them can or cannot work to achieve the desired damping effect. In this paper, the authors propose a new, reliable assembly process; the assembly of the damper can achieve the production process requirements.

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40

Shams, Taimur Ali, Syed Irtiza Ali Shah, Muhammad Ayaz Ahmad, Kashif Mehmood, Waseem Ahmad, and Syed Tauqeer ul Islam Rizvi. "Selection Methodology of an Electric Actuator for Nose Landing Gear of a Light Weight Aircraft." Applied Sciences 10, no. 23 (December 6, 2020): 8730. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10238730.

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Landing gear system of an aircraft enables it to take off and land with safety and comfort. Because of the horizontal and vertical velocity of aircraft, upon landing, the complete aircraft undergoes different forcing functions in the form of the impact force that is absorbed by landing gears, shock absorbers, and actuators. In this research, a selection methodology has been proposed for an electrical actuator to be installed in the retraction mechanism of nose landing gear of an aircraft having 1600 kg gross takeoff weight. Nose landing gear and its associated components, like strut and shock absorbers, were modeled in CAD software. Analytical expressions were then developed in order to calculate the actuator stroke, translational velocity, force, and power for complete cycle of retraction, and some were subsequently compared with the computational results that were obtained using MSC ADAMS®. Air in the oleo-pneumatic shock absorber of nose landing gear was modeled as a nonlinear spring with equivalent spring constant, whereas hydraulic oil was modeled as a nonlinear damper with equivalent damping constant. The nose landing gear system was modeled as a mass-spring-damper system for which a solution for sinusoidal forcing functions is proposed. Finally, an electrical actuator has been selected, which can retract and extend nose landing gear, meeting all of the constraints of aircraft, like fuselage space, aircraft ground clearance, locking loads, power consumption, retraction and extension time, and dynamic response of aircraft. It was found that the selection of an electrical actuator is based upon the quantification of forces transmitted to electrical actuator during one point load at gross takeoff weight. The ability of retraction and extension time, as dictated by Federal Aviation Regulation, has also been given due consideration in the proposed methodology as significant criteria. The proposed system is now in the process of ground testing, followed by flight testing in the near future.

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41

Susilo, S., S. Abdullah, D. Satria, M. R. Ghifari, and B. A. Hermawan. "Modeling of electromagnetic energy harvesting from vehicle damper in shock absorber of motorcycle." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1477 (March 2020): 052059. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1477/5/052059.

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42

Mund, Jochen, and Wilfried Kramer. "Hydraulic vibration damper or shock absorber with electrical control connections and connector threfor." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 95, no. 6 (June 1994): 3685. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.409920.

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43

LIM, S. C., J. S. PARK, J. W. SOHN, and S. B. CHOI. "DESIGN PROGRAM IN GRAPHIC USER INTERFACE ENVIRONMENT FOR AUTOMOBILE ER DEVICES." International Journal of Modern Physics B 19, no. 07n09 (April 10, 2005): 1612–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979205030669.

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This work presents a design and analysis program for vehicle devices utilizing an electrorheological (ER) fluid. The program is operated in graphic user interface (GUI) environment and the initial window is consisted of four subprogram modules which are related to ER shock absorber, ER seat damper, ER engine mount, and ER anti-lock brake system (ABS), respectively. In order to execute each module, both material properties and design parameters are to be chosen by the user. Then, the output display window shows the field-dependent performance characteristics to be considered as design criteria. In addition, control performances of the vehicle system equipped with ER devices are displayed in time and frequency domain. In order to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed program, ER shock absorber and ER ABS are designed and manufactured and their performance characteristics are evaluated.

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44

Sikora, Marian. "Study of Flow-Induced Vibration Phenomena in Automotive Shock Absorbers." Solid State Phenomena 248 (March 2016): 204–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.248.204.

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The purpose of this study was to develop a model of the dynamic behavior of a hydraulic vehicle double-tube shock absorber. The model accounts for the effects of compressibility, valve stiction, inertia, etc. and can be suitable for use in the analyses on flow-induced pressure fluctuations in the device. The author highlights all major variables to influence the output of the shock absorber, and then proceeds by performing a series of simulations using the developed model. The model is demonstrated to operate well in the large amplitude and low frequency range as well as the small amplitude and high frequency excitation operation regimes. The results are presented in the form of time histories of pressures in each fluid volume of the damper, flow rates through the valves, piston rod acceleration and force. Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) graphs are presented, too, in order to identify major components of the pressure fluctuation phenomena in frequency domain.

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45

Zhu, Shi Xing, and Chan Juan Chen. "Study on Variable Universe Fuzzy PID Control for Landing Gear Based on MRF (Magneto-Rheological Fluid) Damper." Applied Mechanics and Materials 233 (November 2012): 66–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.233.66.

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Aircraft landing gear shock system model was established, The system vibration differential equation and state-space equation were deserved。Based on the general fuzzy PID controller, the idea of fuzzy PID controller and its application in shock absorber system were studied. Based on MATLAB, the system simulation model was established, and the fuzzy PID control of semi-active suspension is analyzed compared to variable universe fuzzy PID control. The results show that the variable universe fuzzy PID control had better control effect.

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46

Pierce, Robert, Sudhir Kaul, Jacob Friesen, and Thomas Morgan. "Mountain Bike Rear Suspension Design: Utilizing a Magnetorheological Damper for Active Vibration Isolation and Performance." International Journal of Acoustics and Vibration 25, no. 4 (December 30, 2020): 504–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.20855/ijav.2020.25.41659.

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This paper presents experimental results from the development of a rear suspension system that has been designed for a mountain bike. A magnetorheological (MR) damper is used to balance the need of ride comfort with performance characteristics such as handling and pedaling efficiency by using active control. A preliminary seven degree-of-freedom mathematical model has also been developed for the suspension system. Two control algorithms have been tested in this study: on/off control and proportional control. The rear suspension system has been integrated into an existing bike frame and tested on a shaker table as well as a mountain trail. Shaker table testing demonstrates the effectiveness of the damper. Trail testing indicates that the MR damper-based shock absorber can be used to implement different control algorithms. Test results indicate that the control algorithm can be further investigated to accommodate rider preferences and desired performance characteristics.

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47

Pranoto, T., and K. Nagaya. "Development on 2DOF-type and Rotary-type shock absorber damper using MRF and their efficiencies." Journal of Materials Processing Technology 161, no. 1-2 (April 2005): 146–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2004.07.018.

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48

Ma, Xinbo, Pak Kin Wong, and Jing Zhao. "Adaptive regulating of automotive mono-tube hydraulic adjustable dampers using gray neural network–based compensation system." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 233, no. 10 (September 27, 2018): 2532–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954407018800580.

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Анотація:

With the development of the controllable suspension systems, the mono-tube hydraulic adjustable damper has attracted great public attention with the advantages such as good heat dissipation, less power, fast response, durable, reliable, and simple structure. However, the unknown regulating mechanism modeling impedes the practical application of the mono-tube hydraulic adjustable damper. To model the regulating mechanism, this paper analytically studies the behavior of the mono-tube hydraulic adjustable damper via developing an analytical model and thermal effect equations for the use of engineering design. Then, the mono-tube hydraulic adjustable damper is tested in an integral shock absorber testing system to verify the accuracy of model and equations. On the basis of the verified analytical model and thermal effect equations, a compensation system with gray neural network algorithm is originally designed to model the regulating mechanism of the mono-tube hydraulic adjustable damper, thus achieving the desired damping force adaptively and accurately at various working conditions by obtaining the required rotary angle of the adjustment rod. The simulation results and experimental results show that the characteristic analyses of mono-tube hydraulic adjustable damper are reliable. Meanwhile, the simulation results of the gray neural network algorithm also indicate that the proposed compensation system can provide an exact regulating mechanism model for the mono-tube hydraulic adjustable damper and the proposed gray neural network algorithm is superior to the traditional neural network algorithm.

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49

Nie, Shida, Ye Zhuang, Yong Wang, and Konghui Guo. "Velocity & displacement-dependent damper: A novel passive shock absorber inspired by the semi-active control." Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing 99 (January 2018): 730–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ymssp.2017.07.008.

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50

Al-Rifaie, Hasan, and Wojciech Sumelka. "The Development of a New Shock Absorbing Uniaxial Graded Auxetic Damper (UGAD)." Materials 12, no. 16 (August 12, 2019): 2573. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12162573.

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Auxetic structures are efficient cellular materials that can absorb blast/impact energy through plastic deformation, thus protecting the structure. They are developing sacrificial solutions with light weight, high specific strength, high specific toughness and excellent energy dissipating properties, due to its negative Poison’s ratio nature. The use of auxetic and non-auxetic panels in blast resistant structures had been relatively perceived by researchers. Nonetheless, implementation of those energy dissipaters, explicitly as a uni-axial passive damper is restrained to limited studies, which highlight the potential need for further explorations. The aim of this paper is the design of a new uniaxial graded auxetic damper (UGAD) that can be used as a blast/impact/shock absorber in different scales for different structural applications. First, the geometry, material, numerical model and loading are introduced. Then, a detailed parametric study is conducted to achieve the most efficient graded auxetic system. Moreover, the designed auxetic damper is numerically tested and its static and dynamic constitutive relations are derived and validated analytically. The selection of optimum parameters was based on the ratio of the reaction force to the applied load (RFd/P) and plastic dissipation energy (PDE). The final designed UGAD contains three auxetic cores that have the same geometry, material grade (6063-T4), size and number of layers equal to eight. The cell-wall thickness t of the three auxetic cores is 1.4 mm, 1.8 mm and 2.2 mm, respectively; composing a graded auxetic system. The performance of the three auxetic cores together have led to a wide plateau region (80% of total crushing strain) and variant strength range (1–10 MPa), which in return, can justify the superior performance of the UGAD under different blast levels. Finally, the 3D printed prototype of the UGAD is presented and the possible applications are covered.

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