Статті в журналах: "Sheet-metal Defects"

1

Sheu, Ruey-Kai, Lun-Chi Chen, Mayuresh Sunil Pardeshi, Kai-Chih Pai, and Chia-Yu Chen. "AI Landing for Sheet Metal-Based Drawer Box Defect Detection Using Deep Learning (ALDB-DL)." Processes 9, no. 5 (April 27, 2021): 768. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9050768.

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Sheet metal-based products serve as a major portion of the furniture market and maintain higher quality standards by being competitive. During industrial processes, while converting a sheet metal to an end product, new defects are observed and thus need to be identified carefully. Recent studies have shown scratches, bumps, and pollution/dust are identified, but orange peel defects present overall a new challenge. So our model identifies scratches, bumps, and dust by using computer vision algorithms, whereas orange peel defect detection with deep learning have a better performance. The goal of this paper was to resolve artificial intelligence (AI) as an AI landing challenge faced in identifying various kinds of sheet metal-based product defects by ALDB-DL process automation. Therefore, our system model consists of multiple cameras from two different angles to capture the defects of the sheet metal-based drawer box. The aim of this paper was to solve multiple defects detection as design and implementation of Industrial process integration with AI by Automated Optical Inspection (AOI) for sheet metal-based drawer box defect detection, stated as AI Landing for sheet metal-based Drawer Box defect detection using Deep Learning (ALDB-DL). Therefore, the scope was given as achieving higher accuracy using multi-camera-based image feature extraction using computer vision and deep learning algorithm for defect classification in AOI. We used SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) values for pre-processing, LeNet with a (1 × 1) convolution filter, and a Global Average Pooling (GAP) Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) algorithm to achieve the best results. It has applications for sheet metal-based product industries with improvised quality control for edge and surface detection. The results were competitive as the precision, recall, and area under the curve were 1.00, 0.99, and 0.98, respectively. Successively, the discussion section presents a detailed insight view about the industrial functioning with ALDB-DL experience sharing.

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2

Qin, Lei, Jun Yan Liu, and Bin Jiang. "Simulation and Experimental Research of Sheet Metal Defect Detection Based on Ultrasonic Lock-in Thermography." Advanced Materials Research 602-604 (December 2012): 2283–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.602-604.2283.

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Sheet metal is used widely, but the defect inside the sheet metal will affect the use security. Ultrasonic lock-in thermography as a nondestructive testing method can be used in defect dectection. This paper, focusing on the Q235 sheet metal, regards the heat conduction process as sound-machine-thermo energy coupling process, establishes the finite element simulation model, and experiments are performed to validate the built simulation model. The result shows ultrasonic lock-in thermography is fit for testing inside defects of sheet metal.

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3

Han, Bao An, Hui Yu Xiang, Zhe Li, and Jia Jun Huang. "Defects Detection of Sheet Metal Parts Based on HALCON and Region Morphology." Applied Mechanics and Materials 365-366 (August 2013): 729–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.365-366.729.

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In order to realize the manufacturing defects detection of sheet metal parts, a kind of defects detection method of the sheet metal parts based on region morphology has been put forward based on HALCON using the mathematical morphology knowledge: by choosing the proper structuring element and neatly applying dilation, erosion, opening and closing on the defects images, the defect part is extracted. The experiment shows that the effect of this method is good and the calculation and processing speed is fast.

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4

Zhang, Zhong Ning, and Jian Tian. "The Research of De-Gassing with Silicon Powder Gapping for Remote Laser Welding of Zinc Coated Sheet Metal." Advanced Materials Research 548 (July 2012): 250–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.548.250.

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There are the four types of defects during remote laser welding of zinc coated sheet metal. The root cause of all these defects is the explosion or ejection of molten weld metal caused by the escape of trapped high pressurized zinc vapor. De-gassing gapping is a method used to solve the defects. We have researched the silicon powder de-gassing gapping method for remote laser welding with coupons of zinc coated sheet metal. The result shows that silicon powder de-gassing gapping method works well.

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5

Tian, Jian, and Zhong Ning Zhang. "The De-Gassing Evaluation with Full Penetration for Remote Laser Welding of Zinc Coated Sheet Metal." Advanced Materials Research 496 (March 2012): 272–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.496.272.

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There are the four types of defects during remote laser welding of zinc coated sheet metal. The root cause of all these defects is the explosion or ejection of molten weld metal caused by the escape of trapped high pressurized zinc vapor. Zinc removal is one of the methods used to solve the defects. We have researched the full penetration zinc removal method for remote laser welding with coupons of zinc coated sheet metal. The result shows that the full penetration zinc removal method works at the cost of high heat input and low welding speed

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6

SEGAWA, Yuji, Takuya KURIYAMA, Keisuke TAKEDA, Hiroshi HARADA, Yasuo MARUMO, Yasuhiro IMAMURA, Tomohiro NONAKA, and Yutaka SAKATA. "Ultrasonic Reflection Characteristics of Defects in Sheet Metal Forming." Journal of the Japan Society for Technology of Plasticity 63, no. 737 (2022): 79–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.9773/sosei.63.79.

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7

D'Acquisto, Leonardo, and Livan Fratini. "Shape Defects Measurement in 3D Sheet Metal Stamping Processes." International Journal of Forming Processes 5, no. 2-3-4 (December 30, 2002): 287–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3166/ijfp.5.287-298.

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8

Ramteke, Mr Sunny S. "Experimental Study on Removing Wrinkle Defect." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 6 (June 30, 2022): 4933–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.45138.

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Abstract: Manufacturing is the process of turning raw materials or parts into finished goods through the use of tools, human labor, machinery, and chemical processing. In Aerospace industry, the most commonly used manufacturing process is sheet metal forming processes that helps in manufacturing the parts for tons of known and unknown purposes. Sheet metal forming process is done on a press and the parts are formed in between two die. It involves reshaping a metal while it is still in its solid state. Example of sheet metal forming process are bending, stretch forming, deep drawing, etc. But in aerospace industry, their exists some parts which occurs wrinkling defect while forming process, which is because of uncontrolled material flow into the die radius and no holding for the blank during forming , needs to be rectified. It is one of the major defects in sheet metal forming processes. It may become a serious obstacle to implementing the forming process and assembling the parts, and severe wrinkling may leads to break the part

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9

Guntara, Dicky, and Putri Welda Utami Ritonga. "Perbedaan teknik pencetakan two step dengan spacer coping metal dan polyethylene sheet terhadap cacat permukaan dan akurasi dimensi model kerja gigi tiruan cekatDifference between two step printing techniques with spacer coping metal and polyethylene sheet to surface defects and dimensional accuracy of fixed denture working models." Padjadjaran Journal of Dental Researchers and Students 3, no. 2 (November 9, 2019): 120. http://dx.doi.org/10.24198/pjdrs.v3i2.23798.

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Pendahuluan: Pencetakan merupakan hasil dari cetakan gigi dan struktur jaringan pendukung. Untuk mendapatkan hasil cetakan yang baik, maka diperlukan teknik cetakan yang mampu menghasilkan permukaan cetakan yang halus dan akurasi dimensi yang tepat sehingga meningkatkan keberhasilan pembuatan gigi tiruan cekat. Salah satu teknik pencetakan untuk mendapatkan hasil cetakan yang baik adalah teknik two step dengan spacer. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui cacat permukaan dan perbedaan nilai akurasi dimensi model kerja gigi tiruan cekat pada pencetakan two–step dengan spacer coping metal 1 mm, coping metal 2 mm, dan polyethylene sheet 0,5 mm. Metode: Sampel pada penelitian ini diperoleh dari pencetakan model induk berdasarkan spesifikasi ANSI/ADA No.19. Sampel tersebut diperlukan untuk melihat cacat permukaan dan perhitungan akurasi. Jumlah sampel yang akan digunakan untuk diberi perlakuan sebanyak 8 sampel setiap kelompok yaitu putty/wash two step unspacer (kelompok A), putty/wash two step spacer coping metal 1 mm (kelompok B), putty/wash two step spacer coping metal 2 mm (kelompok C), putty/wash two step spacer polyethylene sheet 0,5 mm (kelompok D). Hasil: Tidak ada perbedaan yang signifikan pada cacat permukaan cetakan dan ada perbedaan yang signifikan pada akurasi dimensi model kerja gigi tiruan cekat pada hasil pencetakan two step dengan spacer coping metal 1 mm, coping metal 2 mm, dan polyethylene sheet 0,5 mm. Simpulan: Bila dilihat dari cacat permukaan maka hasil pencetakan two step dengan spacer polyethylene sheet 0,5 mm yang paling baik digunakan. Bila dilihat dari akurasi dimensi maka pencetakan two step dengan spacer coping metal 2 mm yang paling baik digunakan.Kata kunci: Pencetakan, two – step, spacer, cacat, akurasi.ABSTRACTIntroduction: Imprint is the result of teeth and supporting tissue structures cast. To get a good impression, we need an imprint technique that can produce a smooth imprint surface and precise dimensional accuracy to increase the success of fixed denture manufacturing. One of the imprint technique to get a good impression is the two-step technique with a spacer. The purpose of this study was to determine surface defects and differences in dimensional accuracy value of fixed denture working models fabricated with two-step impression with 1 mm metal coping spacer, 2 mm metal coping sheet, and 0.5 mm polyethylene sheet. Methods: The sample in this study was obtained from the master model cast based on ANSI / ADA No.19 specifications. These samples were needed for surface defects observation and accuracy calculation. The number of samples that will be used for treatment was 8 samples per group, namely putty / wash two-step unspacer (group A), putty / wash two-step 1 mm metal coping spacer (group B), putty / wash two-step 2 mm metal coping spacer (group C), putty / wash two-step 0.5 mm polyethylene sheet spacer (group D). Results: There was no significant difference in the surface defects, and there were significant differences in dimensional accuracy of fixed denture working models fabricated with two-step imprint technique with 1 mm metal coping spacer, 2 mm metal coping spacer, and 0.5 mm polyethylene sheet. Conclusion: Assessed from the surface defects, two-step imprint technique with 0.5 mm polyethylene sheet is the best imprint technique. While from dimensional accuracy, two-step imprint technique with 2 mm metal coping spacer is the best imprint technique.Keywords: Imprint, two-step, spacer, defect, accuracy.

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10

Braun, Q., Dirk Hortig, and Marion Merklein. "Characterizing Influence Parameters in Pulsed Phase Thermography for Defect Detection in Sheet Metal Parts." Key Engineering Materials 549 (April 2013): 521–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.549.521.

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Pulsed phase thermography (PPT) is a common infrared technique for quantitative nondestructive testing and evaluation (NDT&E). PPT was initially applied in the aeronautical and aerospace engineering to the detection and quantification of defects in materials with either high or low thermal conductivity, such as aluminium and composite materials. This paper presents for the first time the application of PPT-technique for defect inspection in sheet metal parts, attempting to provide a solution for an alternative quality control rather than the traditional optical survey in the press shop. The inspected defects in this paper were produced in deep drawing cups, to effectively creating various crack lengths and depths respectively in both steel and aluminium alloys. The approach of the characterizing influence parameters is primarily based on the particular parameters of the PPT-technique. These parameters were firstly classified into various categories, and a DoE model was subsequently designed to define the required experiments for a process window analysis. According to the defined process window, more accurate conclusions of defect detecting effects were achieved. Studies in the paper present the fundamental perceptions for defect inspecting in the sheet metal parts by using PPT-technique in the press shop.

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11

Dib, M. A., N. J. Oliveira, A. E. Marques, M. C. Oliveira, J. V. Fernandes, B. M. Ribeiro, and P. A. Prates. "Single and ensemble classifiers for defect prediction in sheet metal forming under variability." Neural Computing and Applications 32, no. 16 (December 6, 2019): 12335–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00521-019-04651-6.

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AbstractThis paper presents an approach, based on machine learning techniques, to predict the occurrence of defects in sheet metal forming processes, exposed to sources of scatter in the material properties and process parameters. An empirical analysis of performance of ML techniques is presented, considering both single learning and ensemble models. These are trained using data sets populated with numerical simulation results of two sheet metal forming processes: U-Channel and Square Cup. Data sets were built for three distinct steel sheets. A total of eleven input features, related to the mechanical properties, sheet thickness and process parameters, were considered; also, two types of defects (outputs) were analysed for each process. The sampling data were generated, assuming that the variability of each input feature is described by a normal distribution. For a given type of defect, most single classifiers show similar performances, regardless of the material. When comparing single learning and ensemble models, the latter can provide an efficient alternative. The fact that ensemble predictive models present relatively high performances, combined with the possibility of reconciling model bias and variance, offer a promising direction for its application in industrial environment.

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12

Suriyapha, Chatkaew, Bopit Bubphachot, and Sampan Rittidech. "Study of Microstructure and Mechanical Properties Effects on Workpiece Quality in Sheet Metal Extrusion Process." Scientific World Journal 2015 (2015): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/848126.

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Sheet metal extrusion is a metal forming process in which the movement of a punch penetrates a sheet metal surface and it flows through a die orifice; the extruded parts can be deflected to have an extrusion cavity and protrusion on the opposite side. Therefore, this process results in a narrow region of highly localized plastic deformation due to the formation and microstructure effect on the work piece. This research investigated the characteristics of the material-flow behavior during the formation and its effect on the microstructure of the extruded sheet metal using the finite element method (FEM). The actual parts and FEM simulation model were developed using a blank material made from AISI-1045 steel with a thickness of 5 mm; the material’s behavior was determined subject to the punch penetration depths of 20%, 40%, 60%, and 80% of the sheet thickness. The results indicated the formation and microstructure effects on the sheet metal extrusion parts and defects. Namely, when increasing penetration, narrowing the die orifice the material flows through, the material was formed by extruding, and defects were visibility, and the microstructure of the material’s grains’ size was flat and very fine. Extrusion defects were not found in the control material flow. The region of highly localized plastic deformation affected the material gain and mechanical properties. The FEM simulation results agreed with the experimental results. Moreover, FEM could be investigated as a tool to decrease the cost and time in trial and error procedures.

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13

Popp, Mihai, Gabriela Rusu, Sever-Gabriel Racz, and Valentin Oleksik. "Common defects of parts manufactured through single point incremental forming." MATEC Web of Conferences 343 (2021): 04007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202134304007.

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Single point incremental forming is one of the most intensely researched die-less manufacturing process. This process implies the usage of a CNC equipment or a serial robot which deforms a sheet metal with the help of a relatively simple tool that follows an imposed toolpath. As every cold metal forming process, besides the many given advantages it has also some drawbacks. One big drawback in comparison with other cold metal forming processes is the low accuracy of the deformed parts. The aim of this research is to investigate the sheet metal bending mechanism through finite element method analysis. The results shows that the shape of the retaining rings has a big influence over the final geometrical accuracy of the parts manufactured through single point incremental forming.

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14

Mao, Xian Chang, and Hai Yan Lin. "Study on Sheet Metal Riveting Processes and Devices." Advanced Materials Research 753-755 (August 2013): 413–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.753-755.413.

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Riveting effect is influenced greatly by riveting processes, and it is valuable to research them. Base on the current trends and development of sheet riveting, the methods and tools of sheet metal riveting are introduced in detail, including rivet riveting and riveting without rivet. The principle and characteristics of the tools are discussed and the existing defects of riveting technology are concluded.

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Lin, P. M., and J. A. Wickert. "Analysis of Core Buckling Defects in Sheet Metal Coil Processing." Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering 125, no. 4 (November 1, 2003): 771–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1619177.

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The elastic stability of a wound coil comprising a central core and many layers of sheet metal is modeled and analyzed. A common failure mode resulting from unfavorable internal stresses—called v-buckling—is characterized by a section of the core buckling inward, possibly with several nearby sheet metal layers. In the present study, the core is modeled as a thin cylinder that is subjected to (i) the uniform external pressure generated by the coil’s wound-in stresses and (ii) a nonuniform elastic foundation around its circumference that represents core-coil contact or loss thereof. The model and an iterative numerical technique are used to predict the critical winding pressure along the core-coil interface and the core’s ensuing buckled shape. The role of geometric imperfection in the core, and the sensitivity of the buckling pressure to such initial defects, are also examined. Critical imperfection wavenumbers that facilitate the onset of significant deformations are identified with a view toward applying the results to improve quality and core inspection procedures. The predicted buckling pressure and the maximum radial stress developed in the coil, as based on a nonlinear stress model, are together used to determine factors of safety against core buckling over a range of manufacturing process parameters. Three case studies evaluate sensitivity with respect to process tension, core radius, and core thickness. The results are intended to guide the development of solutions to control the stability and quality of coils in sheet metal manufacturing.

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Sychkov, A. B., N. V. Koptseva, Yu Yu Efimova, and G. Ya Atangulova (Kamalova). "Recognition of surface defects of rolled steel in sheets by application micro-X-ray spectral analysis." Ferrous Metallurgy. Bulletin of Scientific , Technical and Economic Information 77, no. 11 (November 12, 2021): 1168–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.32339/0135-5910-2021-11-1168-1176.

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Surface defects of sheet rolled products have a significant impact on its quality, performance and further processing of products, for example, on application of a protective anticorrosive coating. Therefore, the elimination of such defects and their accurate identification is an important aspect of sheet rolling production. Reducing the rejection of metal for surface defects enables to get a significant technical and economic effect. Investigation of the causes of defectiveness of the surface of sheet rolled products will make it possible to determine the source of the appearance of the defects and methods to prevent them. Determination of the nature and morphology of surface defects, the sources of which being metallic and non-metallic inclusions, as well as remnants of slag surface layer, scales from metallurgical and rolling stages, rolled into the surface of a hot-rolled sheet, is often difficult, since the appearance of the defects is very similar. It was shown that application of a scanning electron microscope (SEM) with micro-X-ray spectral analysis (MXSA), thermodynamic analysis makes it possible to determine the chemical composition of micro-areas and associate it with the end-to-end technology of sheet production. The article presents the results of identifying surface defects of cold-rolled sheet steel.

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Cai, Zhong Yi, Zhi Qing Hu, Ying Wu Lan, and Ming Zhe Li. "Continuous Sheet Metal Forming - A Linearly Incremental Forming Method for Manufacturing 3D Surface Parts." Advanced Materials Research 486 (March 2012): 334–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.486.334.

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In order to manufacture a three dimensional sheet metal part effectively, a continuous sheet metal forming process (CSMF) based on flexible roll bending has been proposed and developed. This paper mainly focuses on the fundamental aspects of the process, the principle of CSMF is introduced and the method to estimate the downward displacement of upper roll based on the desired curvature of the deformed sheet metal is presented. The variation of the upper rolls downward displacement with the desired bend radius is shown in graphically. The smoothness of the CSMF parts was measured and analyzed. In the results, it is shown that a three-dimensional sheet metal part can be formed without defects and the formed surfaces are in good agreement with the target shapes.

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Lin, Ju Guang, Guang Rui Zhou, Jian Qiang Wang, Ya Wen Huang, and Qing Hua Wang. "FEA-Simulation of Automobile Sheet Metal Hemming Process." Applied Mechanics and Materials 602-605 (August 2014): 86–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.602-605.86.

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Influence of different pre-hem paths on the flange geometry was studied first. Among these paths could be vertical, oblique, horizontal. The result of the simulation shows that the vertical pre-hem path leads to less creep. To avoid the hemming quality defects around the corner of the outer-sheet, influence of the structure of the pre-processing steel on the hemming force was studied. And finally the design scheme of the table-top hemming machine and the basic operating principle were presented.

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Patel, Ravikant, Harshit Dave, and Harit Raval. "Study of Earing Defect during Deep Drawing Process with Finite Element Simulation." Key Engineering Materials 639 (March 2015): 91–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.639.91.

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Deep drawing is one of widely used sheet metal working process in industries to produce cup shaped components at a very high rate. In deep drawing process, a sheet metal blank form cylindrical components by process in which central portion of sheet is pressed into die opening to draw the metal into desired shape without folding the corners. Earing is one of the major defects observed during deep drawing process due to anisotropic nature of sheet metal. Earing is defined as formation of waviness on uppermost portion of deep drawn cup. Knowledge about ear formation in deep drawing process allows a prior modification of process which can result in defect free final product with financial saving and time. The initial blank shape used in present study is circular in nature.The objective of present study aims to produce parts which are earing defect free. Earing can be reduced by modifying the initial blank shape such as use of non circular blank as in present study. Efforts have been made to study the earing problem in deep drawing of cylindrical cups by finite element modeling software HYPERWORK-12 and Incremental RADIOSS as solver. The blank material selected for study is EN10130FeP06 mild steel sheet of 1mm thickness as it has wide application in fabricating automobile parts. Mechanical parameters of mild steel are incorporated in finite element simulation of deep drawing process. Significant earing was observed at rolling and transverse direction on deformed cup form circular blank. Modification of initial blank is done to reduce the earing defect. The results show significant reduction of % earing height and drawing load as well as improvement in maximum thickness variations.

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Konovalenko, Ihor, Pavlo Maruschak, Halyna Kozbur, Janette Brezinová, Jakub Brezina, and Anna Guzanová. "Defectoscopic and Geometric Features of Defects That Occur in Sheet Metal and Their Description Based on Statistical Analysis." Metals 11, no. 11 (November 18, 2021): 1851. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11111851.

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Features of the defect class “scratches, attritions, lines”, their geometric structure, and their causes are analyzed. An approach is developed that defines subclasses within this class of technological defects based on additional analysis of morphological features. The analysis of the reasons for these subclasses allows additional information to be obtained about the rolling process, identifying additional signs of defects, regulating the rolling conditions of steel strips more accurately, and diagnosing the equipment condition.

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Wang, Tianbo, and Peter Groche. "Sheet Metal Profiles with Variable Height: Numerical Analyses on Flexible Roller Beading." Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing 3, no. 1 (February 1, 2019): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmmp3010019.

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In the spirit of flexible manufacturing, the novel forming process “flexible roller beading” was developed, which allows the incremental production of height-variable sheet metal profiles. After designing the process and realizing a test facility for flexible roller beading, the feasibility was experimentally shown. The following step addresses the expansion of the process limits. With this aim, the mechanical behavior of the sheet metal during the process was investigated by means of FEA. Due to the variable cross-section development of the sheet metal profile, a multidimensional stress distribution was identified. Based on the present state of stress and strain, conclusions about the origin of appearing defect formations were drawn. Observed defects were sheet wrinkles as a result of compressive stresses in the profile flange and material thinning in the profile legs and bottom due to unintendedly exceeding tensile stresses. The influences of the forming strategy as well as tool- and workpiece-side variations on the quality of the manufacturing result were investigated. From the results of the analyses, measures to avoid component failure were derived. Given all the findings, guidelines were concluded that are to be considered in designing the forming sequence. With the insights into the occurring processes and the mastery of this novel forming process, important contributions are made to its industrial suitability. The approach of lightweight and load-oriented component design can be extended by realizing new families of sheet metal profiles. With respect to Industry 4.0, on-demand manufacturing is increasingly required, which is why flexible roller beading is of substantial relevance for the industrial sheet metal production.

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Jiang, Xiao Ming, Chun Lai Hu, and Wang Sheng Liu. "Whole Search Method of Space Sub-Domain of Sheet Metal Stamping." Advanced Materials Research 675 (March 2013): 244–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.675.244.

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In the machining industry, sheet metal stamping is an important method of metal forming, and stamping die forming quality depends on the structure and process design, the use of finite element technology(FEM), computer simulation of sheet metal forming process, forming the law and indicates that there defects in order to achieve the most optimal design. This article describes the increased exposure to whole search to determine the finite element calculation speed and accuracy of a new method— space sub-domain method.

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23

Levaillant, C., and J. L. Chenot. "Physical modelling and numerical prediction of defects in sheet metal forming." Journal of Materials Processing Technology 32, no. 1-2 (July 1992): 383–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0924-0136(92)90195-x.

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24

Tamila, V. A., I. I. Vegera, V. V. Liaukovich, and A. V. Vetoshkin. "Technology and equipment of roll straightening of sheet metal." Litiyo i Metallurgiya (FOUNDRY PRODUCTION AND METALLURGY), no. 4 (January 20, 2023): 70–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.21122/1683-6065-2022-4-70-78.

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The features of the editing technology, possible defects of sheet metal and piece blanks of complex configuration are presented. The main schemes and designs of sheet‑straightening machines are considered, as well as the main directions of improvement of LSM designs and editing technologies are highlighted. The analysis of the process of roll straightening is presented taking into account the phenomena occurring in a metal undergoing alternating loading with decreasing amplitude (interaction of elastic and plastic deformation, Bauschinger effect, etc.). The parabolic dependence of the residual curvature on the yield strength is noted. The obtained data were used in the design of the roll straightening complex and the technology of straightening sheet blanks of complex configuration.

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Zhou, Yunlai, Longlong He, Fei Yang, and Jingmang Xu. "Insights into Metal Sheet Novelty Detection via Simulated Electromagnetic Ultrasonic Surface Wave." Buildings 12, no. 2 (February 18, 2022): 235. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings12020235.

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Metal sheets have good performance and have been widely used. Different kinds of defects can be generated during the preparation and service of metal plates, which will cause the structural performance of the metal plates to decline, thus requiring structural health monitoring (SHM). This study proposes an electromagnetic ultrasonic (EMUS) surface wave detection technique for metal sheet defects via simulation. The numerical results show that after the excitation parameters of the EMUS transducer are optimized through orthogonal experimental design, the amplitude of the EMUS signal generated is increased by about 80%. The power spectrum density (PSD) of the EMUS response signal is used to detect defects. Compared with the peak-to-peak detection, the accuracy is higher, and the reliability is better. The accuracy of the proposed “central zero-point” method for measuring the time delay of the EMUS signal wave packet is higher than that of the “peak-to-peak amplitude” method and the “vibration starting point” method and is close to the accuracy of the “cross-correlation” method.

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26

Amor, Amine, Mohamed Rachik, and Hédi Sfar. "Combination of Finite-Element and Semi-Analytical Models for Sheet Metal Leveling Simulation." Key Engineering Materials 473 (March 2011): 182–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.473.182.

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Coiled sheet metal often exhibits shape defects that result from the rolling process or the coiling operation. To meet the quality requirement, these defects need to be removed using leveling and straightening. The process efficiency strongly depends on several parameters like the machine design, the rollers penetration and the sheet metal. Consequently, the leveling process is very sensitive and it is difficult to find the appropriate setting using trial and error procedure. In this context, numerical simulation can be very helpful. The aim of our work is to predict the residual curvature of the sheet knowing its initial shape and the leveling process settings. The simulation is carried out in two steps to integrate the global and the local behavior of the strip along the leveling process. In the first step, a 2D finite element model is used to predict the sheet metal deformations under the rollers action. In this first step the strip curvatures along the leveling machine are predicted. The so obtained results are then used to simulate the alternating bending and the spring back of the strip with the help of a semi-analytical model using the MATLAB programming environment. To validate the proposed approach, leveling tests were carried out on a 2.5 mm thickness sheet of DX51 steel and the measured residual curvatures are compared with the predictions. These comparisons show that satisfactory predictions can be obtained with good computational efficiency.

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27

Cai, Zhong Yi, Mi Wang, and Chao Jie Che. "A New Stretch-Forming Process Based on Loading at Discrete Points and its Numerical Investigation." Applied Mechanics and Materials 423-426 (September 2013): 737–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.423-426.737.

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A new stretch-forming process based on discretely loading for three-dimensional sheet metal part is proposed and numerically investigated. The gripping jaw in traditional stretch-forming process is replaced by the discrete array of loading units, and the stretching load is applied at discrete points on the two ends of sheet metal. By controlling the loading trajectory at the each discrete point, an optimal stretch-forming process can be realized. The numerical results on the new stretch-forming process of a saddle-shaped sheet metal part show that the distribution of the deformation on the formed surface of new process is more uniform than that of traditional stretch-forming, and the forming defects can be avoided and better forming quality will be obtained.

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28

Cai, Gai Pin, Ning Yuan Zhu, and Na Wen. "Stress Analysis of Sheet Metal Vibration Incremental Forming." Advanced Materials Research 154-155 (October 2010): 166–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.154-155.166.

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As a non-homogenous force stresses during incremental forming, sheet metal easily tended to instability, and some defects, such as deposition, wrinkle and fracture, would appear. If the vibration technique was combined the incremental forming process, its deformation mechanism would be different from that of the old process, and sheet metal deformation quality was also risen. Then some mechanical equations were built by force analyzed on element in local contact zone of die head forcing down. According to reasonable hypothesis and simplified, the equations were solved. Some stress-time curves of the element were obtained by given process parameters, vibrational parameters and time parameters. It is shown from analysis that stress variety of the element is closely related to amplitude, frequency and forming angle, effect of sheet metal vibration incremental forming with high frequency vibration is more superior than that of with low frequency vibration; only when vibrational parameters are reasonably matching technical parameters, the effective vibration incremental forming can be obtained.

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29

Nizam, Maruf. "Wrinkling Defect in Sheet Metal Process using Finite Element Analysis." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 6 (June 30, 2022): 4421–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.44947.

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Abstract: Deep drawing is popular sheet metal forming process. Deep drawing process is the most common metal forming process frequently used in automobile industry, the packaging industry and the house hold appliances industry to manufacture products with more complicated shapes and curvatures. Any metal that can be processed into sheet form by a rolling process should be sufficiently ductile to be capable of deep drawing. Both hot and cold rolled sheet products are used in deep drawing processes. The basic theories governing the deep drawing are based on application of theory of plasticity to the deep drawing process. It is very difficult to apply these theories and arrive at a general solution which can handle any arbitrary geometry. The idea of finite element analysis is to find the solution of complicated problem in relatively easy way. The finite element analysis has been a powerful tool for the numerical solution of a wide range of engineering problem. There are some possible failures likely occur during the process, like wrinkling, necking, scratching and surface defects. As thinner materials tend to be used in automotive industry, wrinkling has become the most important problem among the other defects. The study also aims to investigate wrinkling and its prevention. For this purpose, the commercial finite element analysis code Explicit Dynamic FEM model will be used

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30

Bressan, J. D. "The influence of material defects on the forming ability of sheet metal." Journal of Materials Processing Technology 72, no. 1 (December 1997): 11–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-0136(97)00122-2.

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31

Stepanov, A. M., and N. V. Khashimova. "USE OF STATISTICAL QUALITY CONTROL METHODS IN MANUFACTURING BRIDGE METAL STRUCTURES." Kontrol'. Diagnostika, no. 253 (July 2019): 30–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.14489/td.2019.07.pp.030-037.

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This article describes the use of statistical methods of quality control and management in the manufacturing metal bridge structures, such as: – cause and effect diagram (Ishikawa diagram). Causal factors affecting the quality of welded joints were established; – checklist. The form of the control sheet for registration of types of surface defects of butt welded joints were developed; – pareto Chart. The most common types of surface defects of butt welded joints were identified; the types of surface defects of butt welded joints, leading to the greatest losses were determined. ABC method – analysis of Pareto diagram of internal defects of welded joints. General conclusions on the results of their application were made.

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32

Li, Le, and Li Yong Wang. "Numerical Simulation and Experiment Research on Surface Defects for Thick Plate Multi-Point Forming Process." Applied Mechanics and Materials 385-386 (August 2013): 59–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.385-386.59.

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Multi-point forming (MPF) is an advanced flexible manufacturing technology for three-dimensional sheet metal forming. The substance of MPF is replacing the conventional solid dies by a set of discrete punches called punch group. Due to the discrete contacts between the workpiece and punches, the dimple defects occurred, which are inevitable and particular for MPF. In this study, the analysis of the deformation features of the dimple defects was implemented. The dynamic explicit finite element method was chosen to implement the simulation of MPF process. The influencing factors of the surface defects were researched. The relevant experiment was implemented, and it verified that the forming defects decreased with the increasing of the thickness of metal plate and the objective surface curvature radius.

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33

Wang, Lei, Cheng Qiang An, Jie Sun, Hai Yun Yu, and Chang Sheng Liu. "Adhesion Mechanism Analysis of Prepainted Steel Sheet at UV Ageing Test." Advanced Materials Research 415-417 (December 2011): 1470–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.415-417.1470.

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The aim of this study is to analyse the adhesion mechanism of prepainted steel sheet at UV ageing to simulate nature environment by means of T-bend, FTIR, SEM, EIS. After 2000 hours of ageing in the UV chamber we observed the adhesion decline of prepainted steel sheet by the T-bend test. Taking into account the characteristic peak position and intensity of FTIR spectroscopy was Hardly any change during the ageing period, there is no chemistry reaction on the organic coatings. However, After 2000 hours ageing the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) of the prepainted steel sheet showed lower impedance. SEM result indicated that larger defects were found on the coating surface, which it is easy that the outside corrosive substances to meet metal substrate. In this way, the corrosive medium accelerated corrosion electrochemical reaction on the metal. growing corrosion products diffused between the metal substrate and the organic coating to destroy their binding. At last, the increscent corrosive area on metal interface caused the adhesion decline.

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34

Xiang, H. Y., and Yue Xian Zhong. "Forming Defects Analysis of Auto-Panel Stamped Part with Experimental Strain Approach." Materials Science Forum 471-472 (December 2004): 503–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.471-472.503.

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This document explains and demonstrates an experimental method to determine principal plastic strains in industrially stamped sheet panels. The principal strains distribution after a given stamping process can be obtained using computer aided grid experimental method. In contrast with FLD (Forming Limit Diagram) obtained by the material testing, the measured results of strain distribution can be used to determine the sheet metal’s formability allowing to determine at which point the sheet metal cracks or uneven stretch occurs and other forming defects. The main principle and related theory of this approach are discussed. One automobile panel stamped part as a practical case was studied, the strain distribution of the part after a given stamping process was measured and calculated, a demonstration of how to deal with the results in comparison with FLD to determine and solve forming problems is analyzed.

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35

Hiroi, Tetsumaro, and Hisashi Nishimura. "The influence of surface defects on the forming-limit diagram of sheet metal." Journal of Materials Processing Technology 72, no. 1 (December 1997): 102–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-0136(97)00136-2.

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36

Han, Fei, and Ranko Radonjic. "New Approach for Wrinkle Prediction in Deep Drawing Process." Key Engineering Materials 639 (March 2015): 459–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.639.459.

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Due to the extensive use of thin sheet metals to reduce weight of car bodies, wrinkling is becoming a more common and one of the most undesirable defects in sheet metal forming processes. Recent experiments at the Institute for Metal Forming Technology (IFU), University of Stuttgart, indicated that the buckling test using modified specimens can enhance accuracy for the predication of wrinkling [1]. In this paper a new method to predict the onset of the wrinkling will be introduced, and results of this test will be compared with real deep drawing parts. The wrinkle heights will be considered an evaluated regarding to results obtained by an optical measurement system.

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37

Liu, Zheng Ping, Lin Hai Hu, Jian Min Zhou, and Li Cai. "Evaluation of Surface Defect Area in Metal Based on Infrared Thermal Image." Applied Mechanics and Materials 530-531 (February 2014): 171–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.530-531.171.

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A method to evaluate surface defects, size of metal plate was put forward base on infrared thermography and time sequence images features. Put 45# steel plate as the object, firstly, time-sequence images in cooling process was got based on infrared thermography technology; Secondly, according to the change features of gray value in normal area and defect area of time sequence images, an identification was made to tell in which image the different factors exists. Finally, combined statistical differences between normal and defect area with image processing techniques to achieve the defect area evaluation. On the basis of laboratory studies, trials of 45# steel sheet were carried out in laboratory and the expected goals were reached. Proposed method enables the average relative errors for each evaluated defect area are less than 7 percent. which can provide a useful reference for the evaluation of defect area of infrared nondestructive testing field.

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38

Sheu, Jinn Jong, and Sheng Hao Fang. "Bending Die Design for a Pre-Formed Sheet Metal with a Golden Finger Feature." Materials Science Forum 594 (August 2008): 51–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.594.51.

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In this paper, authors proposed an effective quality index of bending operation and a new punch profile design method to prevent defects. The proposed quality index is presented in terms of distance of fracture location with respect to the topmost plane of blank, the maximum von Mises stress, and the maximum shear stress. The Taguchi method with L18 orthogonal array was adopted to evaluate the effects of design parameters and find out the optimum design of punch profile. A new punch feature called “golden finger” was proposed to control the material flow and move the fracture defects out of the trimming line. The results of this study had demonstrated the optimum die design can be achieved with the proposed golden finger feature to obtain a sound product.

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39

Wang, You, De-Zheng Liu, and Rui Li. "Numerical investigation for the flexible stretch-stamp forming process of sheet metal." Advances in Mechanical Engineering 11, no. 1 (January 2019): 168781401881928. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1687814018819287.

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Flexible stretch-stamp forming is a sheet metal forming method derived from flexible stretch forming and multi-point forming, aimed at solving wrinkling defects of large skin parts especially with complex curvatures, prone to occur in the later type of forming processes. To help understand the forming principle and forming characteristics of flexible stretch-stamp forming, a large sheet metal part with wavelike surface was selected as the study object and extensive numerical simulations have been conducted using a general commercial finite element software. The main processing parameters of pre-stretching force and wrapping force, respectively, exerted by horizontal and sloping cylinders on forming quality were investigated in detail. Finally, experiments were conducted to estimate the forming performances of flexible stretch-stamp forming.

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40

Wang, Jin Lun, Feng Chong Lan, and Ji Qing Chen. "Study on Formability of Tailor-Welded Blank Based on Sheet Metal Matching." Advanced Materials Research 139-141 (October 2010): 618–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.139-141.618.

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As tailor-welded blank having two or more sheet metal welded together, with different mechanical properties, coating and thicknesses, its yield strength and tensile strength are higher, but hardening exponent and elongation are lower than a single sheet. The different mechanical properties of substrates and weld movement have significant effects on TWB’s formability, different materials or thicknesses easily lead to uneven deformation and forming defects such as cracking, wrinkle and springback. This paper takes tailor-welded box-shaped part for example; the forming process and weld movement were simulated and analyzed. In this process, the weld type was ignored, only considering the weld-line position, using segmented blank holder to control the size of the blank holder force on both sides respectively. Three cases of sheet metal matching were carried out including: different thicknesses with same material, same thickness with different materials, and different thicknesses with different materials. Finally, some meaningful results were obtained.

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41

Behrens, Bernd Arno, Richard Krimm, and Valerian Salfeld. "Process-Machine Interaction in Sheet-Bulk Metal Forming." Key Engineering Materials 504-506 (February 2012): 999–1004. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.504-506.999.

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The present contribution deals with the process-machine interaction and its impacts on the workpiece quality by forming parts with sheet-bulk metal forming. It focuses on the manufacturing of complex asymmetrical parts with functional elements. The functional applications of these elements such as fixation, motion and load transmission require compliance with high geometrical accuracy as well as high precision regarding the final mechanical properties of the part. The high process forces in horizontal as well as in vertical direction to form these elements cause displacements of the tool and press components, which lead to workpiece defects retroactively. Although the interaction between the forming machine and process affects the quality of the finished part significantly, the machine influence is usually ignored in the analysis of the forming process with the Finite-Element-Method. The challenges mentioned are demonstrated by forming of a complex asymmetrical part with gear teeths and carrier elements. As typical for sheet-bulk metal forming, the dimensions of the finished gear teeths (4mm) are much higher as the initial thickness of the sheet metal (3mm). The displacements of the press components during the process have been determined by means of optical measuring systems. The results are presented in all three spatial directions. The conclusions about the acting process forces in horizontal and vertical direction have been made by analyzing the press displacements by means of a new developed three-axial load device. Finally, this paper introduces a suitable approach to represent the machine characteristics in order to improve the computational accuracy of sheet-bulk metal forming simulations and gives an overview about the possibilities to improve the process stability by improving the mechanical components of forming machines.

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42

Li, Xiao Da, and Xiang Hui Zhan. "Study on the Rapid Progressive Die Design of Sheet Metal with Free Form Surface." Advanced Materials Research 328-330 (September 2011): 828–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.328-330.828.

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The structure of progress die is generally more complex and need higher precision, so it needs a longer development cycle, especially for the progress die design of sheet metal with free form surface. In this paper, taking a relatively complex part with free form surface for instance, NX PDW which has highly automated design capabilities was applied to finish the mold design, and the key steps and methods of designing such parts with PDW was put forward. In the design process, the stamping simulation software Dynaform was also applied to simulate the key process to predict forming defects and assess the formability of sheet metal. The results show that the application of Dynaform and PDW can improve the design quality and efficiency greatly.

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43

Liang, Ce, Sinan Li, Jicai Liang, and Jiandong Li. "Method for Controlling Edge Wave Defects of Parts during Roll Forming of High-Strength Steel." Metals 12, no. 1 (December 27, 2021): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met12010053.

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Cold roll forming is suitable for sheet metal processing and can provide a new method for the production and processing of anti-collision beams for commercial vehicles. In order to accurately control the edge wave defects of the parts in the roll forming process, we used the professional roll design software COPRA to design the roll pattern and used the professional finite element analysis software ABAQUS to establish a three-dimensional finite element analysis model of the “b”-shaped cross-section. We analyzed the factors affecting the edge wave by controlling different process parameters (the thickness of the sheet, the height of the flange, and the forming speed), and the best process parameter combination was determined. The results showed that the thickness of the sheet, the height of the flange, and the forming speed all had an effect on the edge wave defects of the “b”-shaped cross-section. The influence of sheet thickness was the greatest, followed by flange height and then forming speed. The final selected parameter combination was a sheet thickness of 3 mm, a flange height of 100 mm, and a forming speed of 150 mm/s. This work provides a theoretical basis for actual production.

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44

Wang, Li Yong, and Le Li. "Numerical Simulation and Experiment Research on Thick Plate Multi-Point Forming Process with Elastic Cushion." Materials Science Forum 704-705 (December 2011): 102–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.704-705.102.

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Multi-point forming (MPF) is an advanced flexible manufacturing technology for three-dimensional sheet metal forming. The substance of MPF is replacing the conventional solid dies by a set of discrete punches called ‘‘punch group’’. Because the reconfigurable discrete punches are used, part manufacturing costs are reduced and manufacturing time is shortened. However due to the discrete contacts between the workpiece and punches, the dimple defects occurred, which are inevitable and particular for MPF. For thick plate, the surface defect is the mainly dimple defect during its MPF process. In this study, elastic cushion was proposed to prevent these surface defects. The dynamic explicit finite element method was chosen to implement the simulation of MPF process. The Hill’s anisotropic yield criterion was used to describe the workpiece material behavior, and the elastic cushion was described with using the hyperelastic material model. The method to determine each punch position to construct forming surface was introduced. The MPF process with and without using elastic cushion was simulated to study the effect of the elastic cushion on preventing the surface defects. The relevant experiment was implemented, and it verified that the elastic cushion is effective method to suppress the surface defects during the thick plate MPF process. Keyword: flexible forming process (FFP), elastic cushion, surface defects, multi-point forming (MPF), thick plate, numerical simulation

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45

Pavros, Kirill S., Irina G. Sidorenko, and Bernd Rockstroh. "Comparative Detectability of Planar Extended Defects of Sheet Metal by Reflection and Transmission Methods." Journal of the Russian Universities. Radioelectronics 22, no. 6 (January 7, 2020): 75–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.32603/1993-8985-2019-22-6-75-83.

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46

Li, Min, Li-Chao Zhang, Jian-Hua Mo, and Yan Lu. "Tool-path generation for sheet metal incremental forming based on STL model with defects." International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 63, no. 5-8 (February 19, 2012): 535–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00170-012-3935-4.

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47

Reddy, Araveeti C. Sekhara, B. Sandeep, J. Sandeep Kumar, and B. Sanjanna. "Experimental Determination of Anisotropic Properties and Evaluation of FLD for Sheet Metal Operations." Advances in Science and Technology 106 (May 2021): 39–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.106.39.

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Most of the sheet metals in general exhibit high an-isotropic plasticity behavior due to the ordered grain orientation that occurred during the rolling process. This results in an uneven deformation yield property that tends to develop ears in case of deep-drawing operation. The deep drawing process is used for the production of cup-shaped articles having applications in automobiles, beverages, home appliances etc. It is essential to know the formability of sheet metals for minimisation of test runs and reducingthe defects. Forming Limit Diagram (FLD) is one of the methods for assessment of formability of sheetmetals. This paper describes various deformation models, yielding and an-isotropic properties and itsdetermination. Through experimental tests, FLD constructed for aluminium alloy AA6111 sheet metalhaving 0.9 mm thickness.

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48

Di Lorenzo, Rosanna, Giuseppe Ingarao, and Fabrizio Micari. "An Intelligent Tool to Predict Fracture in Sheet Metal Forming Operations." Key Engineering Materials 344 (July 2007): 841–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.344.841.

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One of the main issues in sheet metal forming operations design is the determination of formability limits in order to prevent necking and fracture. In fact, the ability to predict fracture represents a powerful tool to improve the production quality in mechanical industry. Many researchers investigated the problem here addressed, mainly studying forming limit diagrams (FLD) or developing fracture criteria which are able to foresee fracture defects for different processes. In this paper, the author present some early results of a research project focused on the application of artificial intelligence (AI) for ductile fracture prediction in sheet metal forming operations. The main advantage of the application of AI tools and in particular, of artificial neural networks (ANN), is the possibility to obtain a predictive tool with a wide applicability. The prediction results obtained in this paper fully demonstrate the usefulness of the proposed approach.

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49

Dharmayanti, Indrani, and Ajeng Rahayu. "ANALISIS PENGENDALIAN KUALITAS TERJADINYA CACAT PADA PROSES PRODUKSI ADJUSTER R KWB (Studi Kasus di PT. Dina Karya Pratama. (Cicadas-Bogor)." Jurnal Manajemen Industri dan Logistik 2, no. 1 (December 4, 2018): 62–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.30988/jmil.v2i1.26.

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This study aims to find out the production process of Adjuster R KWB (a part of automotive sparepart), the defect analysis and causes in PT. Dina Karya Pratama. It is a manufacturing company engaged in metal industry, especially automotive,. Quality control analysis is done using statistical called seven tools consisting of check sheet, p control chart, pareto diagram, and cause and effect diagram to answer those problems. The results of analysis show that the production process is controlled by the average proportion of defects (0.0071283). The level of disability is dominated by screw jam (50%) and circle not symmetry (35%). The main factors causing the defect are the engine factor that has not been hot, the method factor and the inaccuracy of labor.

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50

Wang, Min, Hui Li, Jie Ren, Jia Liu, Yunliang Yue, and Tiege Zhou. "Research on novel quantum phenomena of transition metal-doped ZrO₂ nanosheets." Journal of Chemical Physics 157, no. 23 (December 21, 2022): 234701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0126291.

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The spintronic properties of cubic ZrO2 ( c-ZrO2) nanosheets with intrinsic defects and transition metal (TM) elements doping have been systematically studied by first-principle calculation. The results show that impurity Fe has the lowest formation energy in each monolayer compared to other defects. The most stable (111) nanosheet, coupled with the higher defect formation energy, tends to disintegrate. Only Zr vacancy ( VZr) on the (110) surface or O vacancy ( VO) on the (111) surface can generate a ferromagnetic ground state, while other intrinsic defects cannot introduce spin polarization. Ni-doped (110) monolayer cannot introduce a local magnetic moment, while Fe and Co can. The magnetic moments produced by Fe, Co, and Ni in the (111) sheet are 2, 4, and 1 µ B, respectively. Further investigation revealed that the magnetism was mainly contributed by the d orbitals of the TM atom and the p orbitals of the surrounding O atoms. Magnetic couplings show that only Co–Co doped monolayers can produce macroscopic magnetism. These are predicted to produce TCs Curie temperature above room temperature when Co–Co distances are 5.070 and 6.209 Å on the (110) surface and 7.170 and 9.485 Å on the (111) surface. The research is beneficial to the refinement of the development of spintronics.

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