Статті в журналах: "Sheep Feed utilization efficiency"

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LAMIDI, O. S., O. A. OSINOWO, A. M. ADAMU, and R. A. AFOLAYAN. "PERFORMANCE AND NUTRIENT UTILIZATION BY SHEEP FED FICUS LEAVES." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 25, no. 1 (January 6, 2021): 63–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v25i1.2221.

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Growth and metabolic studies were conducted with 32 sheep (16 rams and 16 ewes) to evaluate Ficus leaves (Ficus thonningia) as substitute for Hyparrhenia rufa (Hyparrhenia) in the diets of sheep. Ficus replaced 0, 25, 50 and 75% of grass and was offered at 3% of animal body weight as DM. all the sheep received concentrate at 1% of body weight as supplement. Digestibilities of DM, NDF, ADF and N were similar (P > 0.05)lower. Nitrogen retention was positive and the values increased with dietary level of Ficus up to 50% and then declined. Differences were not however, significant. Intake of ficus was significant (P < 0.001) and positively related to both total feed intake of (r=0.99) and daily liveweight gains (r=0.55). Average daily liveweight gains (LWG) was 28.75, 33.75, 47.50 and 36.25 g/day for sheep on 25, 50 and 75% dietary level of FIcus. Feed efficiency was 11.35, 21.67, 31.84 and 27.87 (g feed DM/g LWG) for sheep on dietary levels of ficus. The results showed that sheep on diet containing 50% Ficus gained 47.50g/day which represented an increase of about 65.22% higher than value obtained for those on the control diet (0% Ficus) but at lower feed conversion efficiency

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Burlacu, G., M. Nicolae, P. C[acaron]r[acaron]mid[acaron], and R. Petrescu. "The Comparative Efficiency of Feed Utilization in Merino, Turcana and Karakoul Sheep." Archiv für Tierernaehrung 37, no. 7-8 (July 1987): 665–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17450398709425381.

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Graham, N. McC, T. W. Searle, D. E. Margan, F. B. Spence, and P. C. Wynn. "Physiological state of sheep before and during fattening." Journal of Agricultural Science 117, no. 3 (December 1991): 371–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600067125.

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SUMMARYVarious physiological characteristics of castrate male sheep fed ad libitum were studied between 1986 and 1987 in Australia. The sheep were between 20 and 45 kg live weight (LW) before and during fattening. Sequential data on body composition, estimated from TOH space (starting at 10 kg), established that the weight gain contained 19% fat and 13% protein below c. 26 kg LW and 55% fat and 10% protein above. For a given feed intake, the rate of fat gain was constant but the rate of body protein gain was 45% lower above 26 kg LW. Voluntary feed consumption per unit weight peaked at 26 kg LW and declined thereafter. There was an increase at 45 kg LW in weight of rumen digesta per unit feed intake and in digestibility; metabolizable energy (ME) per kg feed was increased as a result by 6–9%. Efficiency of use of ME, determined by calorimetry, increased from 44% in the lower weight range to 53% in the higher; utilization of nitrogen decreased from 37 to 28%. Partition of ME and energy gain suggested that the energetic efficiency of neither fat nor protein deposition changed between the two weight ranges. Change in the amount of DNA (‘cell number’) rather than g tissue/mg DNA (‘cell size’) accounted for weight change in three muscles and most digestive organs. Exceptions were the rumen, in which cell number and size both contributed to gain and the large intestine, in which cell size diminished during growth. It was concluded that fattening in sheep reflects diminution of the protein content of weight gain due to a decrease in the efficiency of protein utilization at the tissue level.

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Nugroho, D., A. Purnomoadi, and E. Riyanto. "Pengaruh Imbangan Protein Kasar dan Total Digestible Nutrients pada Pakan yang Berbeda Terhadap Pemanfaatan Energi Pakan pada Domba Lokal." Sains Peternakan 11, no. 2 (February 6, 2017): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/sainspet.11.2.63-69.

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Energy utilization is affected by protein-energy balance in the feed. The purpose of this study<br />was to determine the optimum balance of crude protein (CP) and total digestible nutrients (TDN) in a feed efficiency on the native sheep, by looking at the ability of the utilization of energy from the feed. 24 male native sheep with an average of initial body weight around 18±3.1 kg (CV=17.15%), were used and designed with a completely randomized design (CRD) into 6 dietary treatments of complete feed: Treatment 1 (CP 18.84% and 61.56% TDN), Treatment 2 (CP 16.29% and 66.51% TDN), Treatment 3 (CP 19.94% and 60.29% TDN), Treatment 4 (CP 19.40% and 67.31% TDN), Treatment 5 (CP 20.88% and 60.47% TDN), Treatment 6 (CP 20.12% and 63.05% TDN). Data were analyzed by analysis of variance. Results of DM intake between treatments were not significantly different (P>0.05). The average intake of DM of the study was 775.6 g/day. Energy intake in each treatment was not significantly different (P>0.05) (14.27±1.7 MJ/day). Different ratio of CP and TDN on digested amount of energy in each treatment were not significantly different (P>0.05). Average metabolized energy in native sheep in this study was 6.28 ± 0.9 MJ/day (P>0.05). Conclusion from this research is the different balance of CP and TDN in this study do not have any impact on energy utilization and body weight gain (ADG) of native sheep.<br />Key words: sheep, ratio of CP and TDN, energy feed utilization

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Nugroho, D., A. Purnomoadi, and E. Riyanto. "Pengaruh Imbangan Protein Kasar dan Total Digestible Nutrients pada Pakan yang Berbeda Terhadap Pemanfaatan Energi Pakan pada Domba Lokal." Sains Peternakan 11, no. 2 (February 6, 2017): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/sainspet.v11i2.4814.

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Energy utilization is affected by protein-energy balance in the feed. The purpose of this study<br />was to determine the optimum balance of crude protein (CP) and total digestible nutrients (TDN) in a feed efficiency on the native sheep, by looking at the ability of the utilization of energy from the feed. 24 male native sheep with an average of initial body weight around 18±3.1 kg (CV=17.15%), were used and designed with a completely randomized design (CRD) into 6 dietary treatments of complete feed: Treatment 1 (CP 18.84% and 61.56% TDN), Treatment 2 (CP 16.29% and 66.51% TDN), Treatment 3 (CP 19.94% and 60.29% TDN), Treatment 4 (CP 19.40% and 67.31% TDN), Treatment 5 (CP 20.88% and 60.47% TDN), Treatment 6 (CP 20.12% and 63.05% TDN). Data were analyzed by analysis of variance. Results of DM intake between treatments were not significantly different (P>0.05). The average intake of DM of the study was 775.6 g/day. Energy intake in each treatment was not significantly different (P>0.05) (14.27±1.7 MJ/day). Different ratio of CP and TDN on digested amount of energy in each treatment were not significantly different (P>0.05). Average metabolized energy in native sheep in this study was 6.28 ± 0.9 MJ/day (P>0.05). Conclusion from this research is the different balance of CP and TDN in this study do not have any impact on energy utilization and body weight gain (ADG) of native sheep.<br />Key words: sheep, ratio of CP and TDN, energy feed utilization

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Ahmed, S., MRH Rakib, and MA Hemayet. "Effect of Total Mixed Ration Based Complete Pellet Feed on the Performances of Stall Fed Native Sheep." SAARC Journal of Agriculture 18, no. 2 (January 4, 2021): 157–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/sja.v18i2.51116.

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A complete pellet feed was developed using 40 % roughage (Rice straw) and 60 % concentrate (Rice polish 50 %, Maize crush 16 %, Soybean meal 20 %, Molasses 10 %, Salt 2 %, DCP 1 %, Vitaminmineral premix 0.5 %, Pellet binder 0.5 %) for commercial sheep production under stall feeding system. To know the effect of complete pellet feed on animal performances, both on-station and on-farm trials were conducted in growing sheep. The results of the experiment demonstrated that in the traditional system of rearing; only 22.42 g daily weight gain was observed. While, feeding of complete pellet feed achieved 84.98 g, and 100.67 g daily weight gain at on-farm and on-station condition respectively suggesting that pelleting enhanced the efficiency of utilization of feed. However, no differences were observed for the feed cost per kg weight gain, feed conversion ratio (FCR) and benefit-cost ratio (BCR) among the pellet feeding group and other group. But results suggest that complete pellet feed would be more economical for commercial sheep production under the stall-fed condition and farmers would be more benefited using complete pellet feed compared to conventional grass or urea molasses straw (UMS) and concentrate based feeding system. No disease or clinical symptoms were observed in the animals during the experimental period, suggesting that pellet feeds are well accepted by the sheep and results in better growth rate. SAARC J. Agri., 18(2): 157-166 (2020)

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Ghafouri-Kesbi, Farhad, Ahmad Ahmadi, and Pouya Zamani. "Assessing Inbreeding Depression in Growth Traits and Efficiency of Feed Utilization of Moghani Sheep." Research on Animal Production 9, no. 19 (June 1, 2018): 63–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.29252/rap.9.19.63.

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Prasetiyono, Bambang Waluyo Hadi Eko, Mulyono Mulyono, and Widiyanto Widiyanto. "Methionine Hydroxy Analog Supplementation to Increase Feed Utilization for Indigenous Sheep." Jurnal Sain Veteriner 38, no. 1 (April 1, 2020): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jsv.55678.

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In the tropical area, productivity of ruminant has not optimized caused by the low quality of nutrition that leads to low-efficiency metabolism at the level of ruminal fermentation, post rumen digestibility, and intermediary metabolism. The study aimed to analyze effect of methionine hydroxy analog (MHA) on ruminal fermentation profiles of indigenous sheep specifically in the increase of ruminant productivity. In vitro utility test was conducted using rumen fluid of the indigenous sheep and sample of rational ration having a proportion of grass and concentrate 30%:70%, dry matter basis. The treatments implemented were three levels of MHA supplementation; T0: 0 g/day, T1: 3 g/day, and T2: 6 g/day. Variables measured were dry matter digestibility (DMD), organic matter digestibility (OMD), production of VFA, NH3, as well as total protein, and molar proportion of partial VFA of rumen fluid. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) in a completely randomized design (CRD). The 0.2% MHA supplementation increased OMD with the highest production of total protein was from 28.57 mg/g (T0) to 40.49 mg/g (T2) (P<0.05). Meanwhile, the lowest ratio of acetate : propionate was from 2.74 (T0) to 2.33 (T2) (P<0.05). Supplementation of MHA up to 6 g/day concentrate increased the performance of fermentation and/or feed utility.

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Hasnudi. "Utilization of Kepok Banana Peel Using Fermentation Technology as Sheep Feed in Medan Tuntungan Sub District." Journal of Saintech Transfer 2, no. 2 (November 22, 2019): 142–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.32734/jst.v2i2.2740.

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The cost of feed is the highest expenditure on animal husbandry management. One solution to reduce the high cost of feed is by utilizing local feed ingredients or abundant horticulture waste. Waste from bananas namely banana peel can be used as small ruminant animal feed so that feed efficiency can be achieved both in terms of cost, nutrition and feed formulation. Abundant banana skin waste that has not been used optimally so that it is feared can cause environmental pollution. To prevent the accumulation of horticultural waste, one of which is by giving cattle as feed used in the dry season. The method used in the first community service program is to approach, interview and deepen problems and find solutions to problems later. Secondly, learning methods by using teaching media in the form of a book of community service activities and ways of fermented kepok banana peels, giving brochures or leaflets and demonstration using media aids and banners that attract farmers' interests. The results that have been achieved have shown that increasing farmers' knowledge and income related to fermentation technology as animal feed by utilizing agricultural waste

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Liu, Xulei, Fuyao Liu, Tianhai Yan, Shenghua Chang, Metha Wanapat, and Fujiang Hou. "Cistanche deserticola Addition Improves Growth, Digestibility, and Metabolism of Sheep Fed on Fresh Forage from Alfalfa/Tall Fescue Pasture." Animals 10, no. 4 (April 12, 2020): 668. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10040668.

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This study is targeted at evaluating whether C. deserticola addition promotes digestion, nitrogen and energy use, and methane production of sheep fed on fresh forage from alfalfa/tall fescue pastures. The sheep feeding trial was conducted with four addition levels with C. deserticola powder, and a basal diet of fresh alfalfa (Medicago sativa) and tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea). Addition levels of 4% and 6% improved average body weight gain (BWG) by 215.71 and 142.86 g/d, and feed conversion ratio (FCR) by 0.20 and 0.14, respectively. Digestibility of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and ether extract (EE) was 62.25%, 65.18%, 58.75%, and 47.25% under the addition level of 2%, which is greater than that in the control group. C. deserticola addition improved energy utilization efficiency, while addition levels of 2% and 4% increased nitrogen intake and deposited nitrogen. Overall, C. deserticola has the potential to improve growth performance, digestion of sheep, so it has suitability to be used as a feed additive.

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Pent, Gabe J. "192 Towards Year-Round Grazing in the Southeastern U.S." Journal of Animal Science 98, Supplement_2 (November 1, 2020): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz397.153.

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Abstract Winter feeds costs for small ruminants exceeds 50% of the total cost of most small ruminant production systems in the Southeastern U.S. Keeping these feed costs low is one of the most effective and time-tested ways to improve farm profitability. While maintaining an appropriate stocking rate will be critical for sustaining long-term farm productivity, a suite of other management practices is available to assist in this objective. Installing appropriate fence and watering system infrastructure for managing grazing will be critical for improving harvest efficiency and stockpiling forages for utilization when forage growth is limited. Filling gaps in forage production may also be achieved through the strategic use of a number of forage species, including warm-season or cool-season forages and annual or perennial forages. Managing stored forages appropriately during storing and feeding will help minimize feed losses, while producing quality hay will reduce the need for supplementary feeds. With the adoption of these proven practices, sheep and goat production may be optimized by allowing them to harvest their own feed almost year-round in the Southeastern U.S.

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Adeleye, I. O. A., and U. J. Ikhatua. "THE EFFECT OF VARYING CONCENTRATE: GRASS HAY RATIOS ON FEED INTAKE AND NUTRIENT DIGESTIBILITY BY GROWING WEST AFRICAN FOREST SHEEP." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 4, no. 1 (January 16, 2021): 53–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v4i1.2205.

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Twelve ram lambs of the West African Forest type of between 15.7 and 24.6 kg were divided into four groups of 3 animals each. A group was assigned to one of four diets consisting of the following concentrate: grass hay ratios - 20 : 80 (A), 40 : 60 (B), 60 : 40 (C) and 80 : 20 (D). Feed intake, nutrient digestibilities and efficiency of feed utilization were measured. As the level of concentrate increased, the contents of crude protein ether extract, nitrogen-free extract (NFE) and gross energy of the diets increased, while the crude fibre and ash contents decreased almost linearly. Voluntary feed intake increased with increasing levels of concentrate, with diet C having a significantly higher (P 0.01) Relative Intake (RI) value than the other diets. Both the Nutritive Value Index (NVI) and Digestible Energy (DE) intake values were significantly higher (P. 0.01) in diets C and D than the other diets. Generally, the digestion coefficients for the gross energy, crude protein, crude fibre and nitrogen free extract increased with increasing levels of concentrate, the values being significantly higher (P 0.01) in diets C and D, while diet A showed a significantly lower (P 0.05) dry matter digestion coefficient value when compared with either diets. Although a similar trend was observed in the digestion coefficient for ether extract, the differences were not significant (P 0.05). With the exception of animals on diet C which had the highest daily weight gains, average daily weight gains and efficiency of feed utilization increased with successive substitution of concentrate for grass hay.

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Liu, Hongjin, Tianwei Xu, Shixiao Xu, Li Ma, Xueping Han, Xungang Wang, Xiaoling Zhang, et al. "Effect of dietary concentrate to forage ratio on growth performance, rumen fermentation and bacterial diversity of Tibetan sheep under barn feeding on the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau." PeerJ 7 (August 5, 2019): e7462. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.7462.

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This study aimed to research the effects of different dietary concentrate to forage (C:F) ratio on growth performance, rumen fermentation and bacteria diversity of barn feeding Tibetan sheep. The experiment contains fiver treatments (HS1, HS2 HS3, HS4 and HS5; n = 8, respectively) based on dietary C:F ratios 0:100, 15:85, 30:70, 45:55, and 60:40, respectively. The ruminal bacterial community structure was investigated through high-throughput sequencing of 16S rRNA genes in V4 hypervariable region. The results showed that increasing dietary concentrate feed level from 0% to 60% exerted a positive effect on DMI, BW gain, gain rate and feed conversation ratio (FCR) in Tibetan sheep. The increases dietary concentrate feed level elevatedNH3-N, propionate and valerate concentrations, whereas, reduced molar ratio of acetate to propionate (A/P ratio) (P < 0.05). For rumen bacterial diversity, increases in dietary concentrate content contributed to lower alpha diversity indexes including Shannon wiener, Chao1 and observed species, meanwhile, significantly increased the abundances of the phylum Bacteroidetes and the genus Prevotella_1 (P < 0.05). In conclusion, increases dietary concentrate content improved the growth performance and Tibetan sheep fed diets of 45% concentrate obtained a better performance; the inclusion of concentrate in feed changed rumen fermentation from acetate fermentation to propionate fermentation, and improved the energy utilization efficiency of Tibetan sheep; the increased in concentrate content significantly reduced rumen bacteria diversity and changed the abundance of some core bacteria.

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Stojkovic, J., Z. Ilic, S. Ciric, B. Ristanovic, M. P. Petrovic, V. Caro-Petrovic, and V. Kurcubic. "Efficiency of zeolite basis preparation in fattening lambs diet." Biotehnologija u stocarstvu 28, no. 3 (2012): 545–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/bah1203545s.

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The paper presents the results of a research on the impact of products based on natural zeolite on the production results of fattening lambs. The experiment involved two groups of lambs (the control - C and experimental - E groups), each consisting of 15 heads, for a period of 90 days. The meal was made from sheep milk, feed mixtures for fattening lambs and meadow hay. The test group lambs, unlike the ones from the control group, were given mixtures based on natural zeolite. Min-a-Zel S mixture (in the form of 25% composite) was fed to lambs from birth till their 14th day of life, directly into the mouth, once a day (before the morning feed), in the amount of 10 ml. Min-a-Zel Plus was given to them from their 15th day of life, together with the feed mixture (0.5%). Feeding was at will. The average weight of lambs at the end of the experiment, in accordance with the sequence of treatments (C:E) was 24.40:26.94 kg (P <0.01). Daily weight gain of lambs, during the experiment, was 229:256 g and in the experimental group it was by 27g or 11.79% higher (P <0.01). The test group lambs had a better utilization of dry matter, protein and energy, which justifies the use of products based on natural zeolite in fattening lambs.

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Trotta, Ronald J., David L. Harmon, James C. Matthews, and Kendall C. Swanson. "Nutritional and Physiological Constraints Contributing to Limitations in Small Intestinal Starch Digestion and Glucose Absorption in Ruminants." Ruminants 2, no. 1 (December 23, 2021): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ruminants2010001.

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Increased efficiency of nutrient utilization can potentially be gained with increased starch digestion in the small intestine in ruminants. However, ruminants have quantitative limits in the extent of starch disappearance in the small intestine. The objective is to explore the nutritional and physiological constraints that contribute to limitations of carbohydrate assimilation in the ruminant small intestine. Altered digesta composition and passage rate in the small intestine, insufficient pancreatic α-amylase and/or small intestinal carbohydrase activity, and reduced glucose absorption could all be potentially limiting factors of intestinal starch assimilation. The absence of intestinal sucrase activity in ruminants may be related to quantitative limits in small intestinal starch hydrolysis. Multiple sequence alignment of the sucrase-isomaltase complex gives insight into potential molecular mechanisms that may be associated with the absence of intestinal sucrase activity, reduced capacity for intestinal starch digestion, and limitations in the efficiency of feed utilization in cattle and sheep. Future research efforts in these areas will aid in our understanding of small intestinal starch digestion and glucose absorption to optimize feeding strategies for increased meat and milk production efficiency.

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ADEBOWALE, E. A., and A. A. TAIWO. "UTILIZATION OF CROP RESIDUES AND AGRO-INDUSTRIAL BY-PRODUCTS AS COMPLETE DIETS FOR WEST AFRICAN DWARF SHEEP AND GOATS." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 23, no. 2 (January 12, 2021): 153–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v23i2.2339.

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Two experiments consisting of three dietary treatments each were conducted on the use of crop residues and agro-industrial wastes for formulating complete diets for growing West production. African dwarf sheep and goats. Growth Performance and digestibility studies were carried out with the animals, In experiment Crude protein (CP), ash and gross energy levels increased from diet 1 to diet 3 while the crude fibre contents decreased progressively. Sheep consumed more nutrients (P<0.01) than goats. In the streep, the highest dry matter intake (DMI) was on diet 2 (74.1y/kyw 0.75). However,the intakes of CP and energy on diets 2 and 3 d were similar (P1.05). Energy intake was highest in diet 3 for goats, while DMI (47.6g/kW0.75 .) was comparable (P>0.05) to those on diets 1and 2 (50.5 and 45.0y/kyW0.75 respectively. Various strategies Sheep and goats digested DM, CP and energy similarly (P>0.05). Diet 3 was the most digestible (P<0.01) for energy in both species. Digestibility of DM and CP was best in diet 3 for sheep. The highest (P<0.05) weight gain of 60.3y/day was for sheep on diet 3. The best feed conversion efficiency (FCE) was also recorded for the same diet for sheep (10.0%) and goat (9.2%). In Experiment 2, crude protein levels fibre decreased from diets 1 to 3. Concentrations of HCN (16.7 and 19.3mg/kgfor primary diets 1 and 2 respectively) were low. Sheep consumed more (P<0.05) DM than goats (83.8 and 79.5g/kg w respectively) while CP was consumed similarly (P>0.05), Goats digested DM (68.2% better (P<0.05) than sheep (59.6%). Diets did not influence (P>0.05) the DM digestibility within the two species. The highest (P<0.05) weight changes were recorded on diet in 3 for sheep and goats (112.4 and 55.2g/dey

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Akerejola, O. O., L. H. Harbers, and J. L. Noordsy. "Effects of Infusing and Feeding Antibiotic on Growth and Nutrient Balance in Sheep." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 2, no. 2 (January 15, 2021): 285–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v2i2.2171.

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TWO growth trials and nutrient digestibility studies were done using 12 Hampshire Rambouillet crossbred lambs given antibiotic orally or abomasally. Daily gain and efficiency of feed utilization were lower in the abomasally-infused animals. Crude fibre, protein, dry and organic matter digestibility was significantly lower [P<0.05] in those on oral antibiotics, as was the statistically significant difference in phosphorus intake [P<0.05). A 2-way analysis of variance showed that antibiotic administered orally or intra-abomasally did not significantly effect any changes in serum calcium and phosphorus balance. The average daily gain obtained in the second growth trial when the abomasally-infused group was switched on to oral antibiotic was the same as those on oral antibiotic from the start. These data indicate that oral route of antibiotic administration is preferable.

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Wang, Jie, Guohong Zhao, Yimin Zhuang, Jianmin Chai, and Naifeng Zhang. "Yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) Culture Promotes the Performance of Fattening Sheep by Enhancing Nutrients Digestibility and Rumen Development." Fermentation 8, no. 12 (December 8, 2022): 719. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fermentation8120719.

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Paraprobiotics are potential agents for improving animal health and performance. This experiment investigated the effect of dietary supplementation of yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) culture (YC) on the growth performance, nutrient digestibility, rumen development and microbiome of fattening sheep. Ninety male Hu sheep weighed 38 ± 1.47 kg were randomly assigned to three treatments: CON diet (basal diet), LYC diet (basal diet supplied with 10 and 20 g/d yeast culture at the early and late stages, respectively), and HYC diet (basal diet supplied with 20 and 40 g/d yeast culture at the early and late stages, respectively). Treatments (LYC or HYC) were sprinkled on the feed surface according to the required dosage before feeding the basal diet to each sheep throughout the trial. The trial included early (60 days) and later (30 days) fattening periods. The results showed that average daily gain and feed efficiency were higher (p < 0.05) in the LYC group compared with CON in later and whole stages. Digestibility of DM, OM, CP, NDF and ADF were higher (p < 0.05) in LYC and HYC compared with CON. The retained N, the utilization efficiency of N and the biological value of N were higher (p < 0.05) in LYC compared with CON and HYC. Rumen NH3-N was higher (p < 0.05) in LYC and HYC. The papillary height of the rumen was higher (p < 0.05) in LYC when compared with CON and HYC, whereas rumen wall thickness and muscular layer thickness were higher (p < 0.05) in HYC compared with CON and LYC. The dressing percentage of LYC and HYC was higher (p < 0.05) compared with CON. The diversity, richness and structure of rumen microbiota showed no significant difference (p > 0.05); however, still observed remarkable increases in the relative abundance of several specific genera including Succiniclasticum and Fibrobacter with increasing doses of yeast culture. In addition, at the ASV level, ASV83, ASV123 (Succiniclasticum), and ASV148, ASV250 (Fibrobacter) were increased in YC groups. In conclusion, we confirmed that the supplementation of YC in diet could improve the growth and slaughter performance of fattening Hu sheep through improving nutrient digestion, especially nitrogen utilization, rumen microbial environment and the development of rumen epithelium, which proves the benefits of paraprobiotics in animal production.

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Tariq, Muhammad. "Opportunities for Improving Feed Use Efficiency for Sustainable Dairy Production in Pakistan." Proceedings 73, no. 1 (December 2, 2020): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ieca2020-08826.

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Buffalo and cattle are main dairy animals of Pakistan, making 30% of the total livestock. Out of total milk produced in the country, buffalo contributes about 68%, followed by cattle (27%), rest (5%) by sheep, goats, and camels. They are kept both in rural as well as peri-urban dairy production systems. These dairy animals mostly strive on low-quality feed stuffs including roughages and crop-residues with poor nutritive value resulting in poor production and reproduction performance. Recent investigations and published data show that there is also an issue of unjustified feeding without considering the production and physiological stages of dairy animals, resulting in overfeeding of non-productive and under-feeding of productive animals, leading to poor feed use efficiency. There is also no separate feeding system for different classes of dairy animals. Furthermore, in the prevailing dairy production scenario, there is absence of an efficient feeding system especially devised for growing heifers (kept as replacement herd) keeping in view their feeding requirements that could reduce their age at puberty with a significant reduction in the cost of feeding. Similarly, the introduction of milk replacer and early weaning of calves are very effective ways without any adverse effects on growth when given free access to good quality calf starter, and it could add to dairy economics. Fodder scarcity during the winter months (November to January) and summer (May–June) in Pakistan is another big constraint toward sustainable dairying. It is concluded that more efficient feed utilization in these dairy production systems could be achieved by developing innovative approaches and solutions (hay and silage making) to fight these scarcity periods and developments in dairy nutrition, like the establishment of nutrient requirements for dairy animals for local dairy breeds, adopting group feeding practices of dairy animals according to the stage of lactation and production status, and proper feeding systems for growing heifers and effective milk replacer feeding for calves. These practical and innovative steps could effectively lead to sustained dairy production in Pakistan.

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NSAHLAI, I. V., N. N. UMUNNA, and P. O. OSUJI. "Complementarity of bird-resistant and non-bird-resistant varieties of sorghum stover with cottonseed cake and noug (Guizotia abyssinica) cake when fed to sheep." Journal of Agricultural Science 130, no. 2 (March 1998): 229–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859697005182.

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A study was conducted to examine whether oilseed cakes (cottonseed cake (CSC) or noug (Guizotia abyssinica) cake (NSC)) are complementary to the bird-resistant (BR) and non-bird-resistant (NBR) varieties of sorghum stover and whether sheep select against morphological fractions containing high concentrations of tannins or proanthocyanidins (PA). Either 24 (growth study) or 16 (metabolism study) Ethiopian Menz sheep were used in a randomized complete block design to study the interaction of variety of sorghum stover with type of oilseed cake on feed selection, intake, digestibility, microbial protein synthesis, nitrogen (N) retention and growth. The degradability of the feeds and refusals was also determined. The NBR variety was more degradable than the BR variety during the early hours of incubation. NSC degraded faster, although to a lesser extent than CSC. Stover variety had no effect on ruminal ammonia concentration (RAC) while CSC induced a higher RAC than NSC did. Sheep given the NBR variety had more dust, less heads, less leaf, less sheath and more stem in their ingesta than those fed on the BR variety. It was seen that the sheep discriminated against the stems, since the ratio of stem in ingesta to stem on offer was <1. Since PA are more highly concentrated in the sheath than in any of the other plant fractions, it appears that the choice of the morphological composition of the ingesta by sheep was not determined by PA. Sheep selected a diet which was 2–5% or 5–11% more degradable than the offered or refused feeds, respectively. Relative to NSC, CSC enhanced the intake of N, N bound to neutral detergent fibre (NDF), digestibility and N retention and tended to increase (P<0·06) liveweight gain (LWG) and organic matter (OM) intake but had no effect on microbial protein synthesis. Compared with the NBR variety, the BR variety depressed N digestibility and N retention, had no effect on microbial protein synthesis and on LWG, but depressed the efficiency of LWG by c. 30%. Sheep given the BR+NSC diet had the lowest daily gain but excreted copious amounts of urine, probably in an attempt to eliminate toxic waste substances. Since sorghum is a crop of the semi-arid regions, it is quite likely that, although the bird resistance trait increases crop yield, it has resulted in a feed that is rather less suitable for livestock in this production environment, where water shortages are frequent. In-depth studies on the consequences of water shortage on the utilization of bird-resistant sorghum stover are required.

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Horadagoda, A., W. J. Fulkerson, I. Barchia, R. C. Dobos, and K. S. Nandra. "The effect of grain species, processing and time of feeding on the efficiency of feed utilization and microbial protein synthesis in sheep." Livestock Science 114, no. 1 (March 2008): 117–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2007.04.016.

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Adeleye, I. O. A. "THE EFFECT OF SODIUM HYDROXIDE SPRAY TREATMENTS OF MAIZE COBS ON CONSUMPTION AND DIGESTIBILITY BY THE WEST AFRICAN DWARF SHEEP." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 7, no. 2 (January 14, 2021): 132–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v7i2.2122.

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A Sodium Hydroxide spray treatment of ground maize cobs was evaluated in a feeding trial with West African Dwarf rams. NaOH solution of 6% concentration was sprayed on ground maize cobs at the rate of 50 litres per 100 kg, representing a 3% NaOH treatment level. The treated maize cobs were air dried before being incorporated into the experimental diets. The apparent digestibility coefficients for dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), crude fibre (CF) and gross energy (GE) were significantly higher in the diet containing NaOH — treated maize cobs (diet B) than the diet containing the untreated maize cobs (diet A). Addition of sucrose (purified cane sugar) at 37 level to the NaOH-treated maize cobs (diet C) produced a slight increase in voluntary feed consumption but did not have any significant effect on nutrient digestibility when compared with diet B. Relative intake (RI), nutritive value index (NVI) and digestible energy (DE) intake values were significantly higher in diets B and C. Average daily weight gains were also significantly higher in the diets containing NaOH-treated maize cobs (diets B and C), while the efficiency of feed utilization values were closely related to the daily weight gains.

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Mir, P. S., and Z. Mir. "Growth of and digestibility by sheep fed diets comprising mixtures of grass and legume hay compared with those fed high-grain diets." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 73, no. 1 (March 1, 1993): 101–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas93-009.

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A digestibility trial with 24 mature wethers and a growth trial with 54 weaned lambs were conducted to evaluate the utilization of ground diets containing varying proportions of grass and legume hay relative to a 90% grain diet. The forage and grain diets were (1) 100% crested wheatgrass hay (CWG); (2) 75% CWGand25% alfalfa hay (AA); (3) 50% CWGand50% AA; (4) 25% CWGand75% AA; (5) 100% AA; and (6) 90% barley and 10% barley straw. Even though apparent digestibility of dry matter (DM) and fiber fractions of AA-containing diets was lower than that of the grain diet and the 100% CWG diet, weight gain was similar for all diets. Consumption of the grain and 100% CWG diet was lower (P < 0.05) than that of the 100% AA diet. Conversion of feed DM to liveweight gain for lambs fed the grain diet was only 4.9 and was lower (P < 0.05) than that of the forage diets, which ranged between 6.1 and 7.0. Dressing percentages of lambs at slaughter for the animals fed the grain and 100% AA diet were 45.0 and 43.2%, respectively, which were higher (P < 0.05) than that of animals fed the CWG-containing diets. These data suggest that inclusion of AA in CWG diets did not result in the expected positive associative effect on growth and feed efficiency in sheep. Key words: Sheep, crested wheatgrass, alfalfa, digestibility, growth

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Godinez, Josue, Alejandro Plascencia, Francisco Castrejón-Pineda, Juan Carlos Ramírez-Orejel, and Luis Corona. "PSX-36 Effect of forage neutral digestion fiber level for feedlot lambs: growth performance." Journal of Animal Science 97, Supplement_3 (December 2019): 451. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz258.888.

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Abstract The main objective of sheep production in Mexico is the production of meat. The greater demand of sheep meat in relation to the offer generated an attractive market that favored the intensification of the fattening, to take advantage of the growth of lambs in its different stages, and reduce the days of fattening. Thirty-two lambs (28.50± 2.67 kg initial shrunk weight) were used in a 63-day feeding trial (4 pens per treatment, randomized complete block design) to evaluate neutral detergent fiber level (4, 8, 12, and 16% diet DM) on finishing-phase growth performance, dietary energetics and carcass traits. Dietary treatments consisted of a cracked corn-based diet in which the NDF concentration of diet was manipulated by replacing cracked corn grain by corn stubble. Dietary NDF level showed a quadratic response on average daily gain and gain efficiency, being those maximal at 8% NDF level. Lambs fed 8% NDF level tended (P = 0.07) to shown greater dry matter intake than others treatments. The ratio of observed-to-expected dietary net energy was 3% lower (0.97) for lambs fed 4% NDF, while the ratio of observed-to-expected dietary net energy for lambs that were fed with 8, 16 and 16% NDF were closely to 1.00. Hot carcass weight (HCW) and dressing percentage (DP) were maximal for the lambs fed 8% NDF level (quadratic effect, P ≤ 0.03); beyond this level, HCW and DP percentage decreased as NDF level increased. Using corn stubble as source of NDF in growing-finishing diets for lambs, the optimal NDF level was 8%. Fiber level below 8% decreases net energy utilization, and this may be cause by digestive disorders. Fiber levels upper 8% did not affect energy utilization; however, affect negatively average daily gain, feed efficiency and carcass characteristics by effect of high levels of fiber on energy dilution of diet.

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Adeleye, A. M., A. B. J. Aina, and I. F. Adu. "The use of "kaun" (Local Potash) as a mineral source in the diet of West African Dwarf sheep." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 31, no. 2 (January 7, 2021): 220–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v31i2.1817.

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The study was conducted for 48 days to assess the use of kaun as a source of mineral for Hest African Dwarf sheep. The study was in two parts. Experiment l involved the use of milled kaun mixed with formulated concentrate consisting of wheat offal (50%), palm kernel cake (25%) and dried brewer's grains (25%). Experiment II was the use of dissolved kaun administered to the animals in form / drenching. Each group of animals in experiment 1 was allocated to experimental diet containing milled kaun (0.00, 0.14, 0.28, 0.45 and 0.56g/kg body weight/ram. day) and to kaun solution (0,2,4,6 and 8g: 10ml of water/ram/day) in experiment II. In Experiment I, significant (P<0.05) effects of the diets were observed on average daily gain, dry matter intake and water consumption. The rams on D3 significantly (P<0.05) performed better in daily gain, dry matter intake and feed efficiency than those on other dietary treatment. Water consumption increased with increasing level of kaun in the diets. Animals on D5 had the highest water consumption. No significant (P>0.05) effects of the diets were observed on faecal and urinary mineral outputs of the rams fed kaun supplemented diet. The concentration of these minerals was higher at the end of the experiment than at the beginning thereby giving positive balance. Significant (P<0.05) negative mineral balance was noticed between serum mineral before and after the experiment. This could suggest that mineral utilization was encouraged by kaun inclusion in the concentrate feed. In Experiment II, there were significant (P<0.05) effects of the test diets on average daily gain, dry matter intake and water consumption. Diet 4 (g/10ml of water/ram/day) and D5 (8g:10ml of water/ram/day) performed better with an average daily gain of 100g/d and 92.9g/d; dry matter intake, 70g W0.7kg and 66g/W0.75kg; feed efficiency 0.700 and 0.710, respectively. Water consumption also increased with increase in the concentration of kaun solution but water consumption in treatment groups was lower than in the control (0.10L/kg body weight). The results of this study suggest that 0.28g kaun kg body weight ram/d) promoted better performance in experiment / while 6g kaun/10ml of water, or 8g kaun 10ml of water/ram/d promoted better performance in experiment II. These levels of kaun as a source of mineral in sheep production are therefore recommended for optimum performance.

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Ghafouri-Kesbi, F. "(Co)variance components and genetic parameters for growth rate and Kleiber ratio in fat-tailed Mehraban sheep." Archives Animal Breeding 56, no. 1 (October 10, 2013): 564–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.7482/0003-9438-56-055.

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Abstract. The aim of the present study was to estimate (co)variance components and genetic parameters for average daily gain from birth to weaning (ADGa), weaning to 6 months (ADGb), weaning to 9 months (ADGc), 6 months to 9 months (ADGd) and corresponding Kleiber ratios (KRa, KRb, KRc and KRd) in Mehraban sheep. A derivative-free algorithm combined with a series of six univariate linear animal models was used to estimate phenotypic variance and its direct, maternal and residual components. In addition, bivariate analyses were done to estimate (co)variance components between traits. Estimates of direct heritability (h2) were 0.10, 0.11, 0.16, 0.09, 0.13, 0.13, 0.15 and 0.08 for ADGa, ADGb, ADGc, ADGd, KRa, KRb, KRc and KRd, respectively and indicate that in Mehraban sheep genes contribute very little to the variance of the growth rate and Kleiber ratio. Estimates of maternal heritability (m2) were 0.10, 0.08 and 0.05 for ADGa, KRa and KRb, respectively. Direct additive genetic correlations ranged from −0.32 (KRa-KRd) to 0.99 (ADGb-KRb) and phenotypic correlations ranged from −0.53 (ADGa- ADGd) to 0.99 (ADGa-KRa). Estimates of direct heritability and genetic correlations show that genetic improvement in efficiency of feed utilization through selection programmes is possible, though it would generate a relatively slow genetic progress.

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Geenty, K. G., and A. R. Sykes. "Effect of herbage allowance during pregnancy and lactation on feed intake, milk production, body composition and energy utilization of ewes at pasture." Journal of Agricultural Science 106, no. 2 (April 1986): 351–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600063954.

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SUMMARYIn two experiments Dorset ewes were offered low (LP) or high (HP) herbage allowances during pregnancy to induce light (45–50 kg) or heavy (60–65 kg) post-partum body weights, respectively. During the first 6 weeks of lactation three herbage allowances were offered in a 2 x 3 factorial design: 2 (LL), 5 (ML) and 8 (HL) kg D.M./ewe per day. In the first experiment (Expt 1) lambs were removed and ewes machine-milked twice daily. In the second (Expt 2) they were suckled by two lambs; a further group on the ML allowance (MML) was machine-milked. Ewes were slaughtered during early pregnancy, post-partum and after 6 weeks of lactation for determination of body composition. Diet selection and faecal output were measured during lactation.Absolute level of milk production was not affected by pregnancy nutrition when rearing two lambs and producing 2·0–2–7 kg milk/day or at 30–50% lower milk production when machine-milked. When expressed as g/kg W0·75 per day milk production was 14% greater in LP than in HP ewes. Milk fat content was higher at low allowances and was positively related to rate of body fat mobilization. Milk protein concentration was lower in suckled than in machine-milked ewes (40 ν. 47 g/kg) though total milk protein secreted (g/day) was similar. Milk production was 11–13% greater in ewes bearing twin lambs compared with those bearing singles whether machine-milked or suckling two lambs.Mean intakes during the 6 weeks of lactation were 58, 69 and 73 g DOM/kg W0·75 per day, respectively, for LL, ML and HL groups when machine-milked and 51, 75 and 83 g DOM/kg W0·75/day, respectively, for ewes rearing two lambs. LP ewes consumed 13% (Expt 1) and 17% (Expt 2) more feed (g DOM/kg W0·75/day) during lactation than HP ewes, though in absolute terms (kg D.M./day) there was no difference. The difference in OMD between herbage offered (OMD = 0·77) and consumed ranged from 0 when sheep grazed to a residual herbage mass of 910 kg D.M./ha to + 0·04 when residual herbage was < 1600 kg D.M./ha.All sheep, irrespective of pregnancy nutrition, milk production or herbage allowance, were in negative body energy balance during lactation. Mobilization of body fat during lactation averaged 40 g/day for machine-milked and 150 g/day for suckled ewes and was greatest in HPLL groups (92 and 219 g/day in Expts 1 and 2, respectively). In LP groups body protein loss during pregnancy was 10 and 16 g/day in Expts 1 and 2, respectively, and little further net protein loss occurred during lactation. The maximum rate of body protein loss in HP groups was 30 g/day in ewes rearing two lambs on the low herbage allowance.Maintenance energy requirement during lactation averaged 0·238 MJ ME/kg W per day for ewes in both experiments; efficiency of use (Kl, (t)) of total energy available above maintenance for milk synthesis (namely, milk energy/ME intake - estimated energy requirement for maintenance (MEm + mobilized tissue energy) decreased from 0·84 to 0·51 with increasing rate of tissue energy mobilization. There was a positive relationship between Kl(t) and the proportion of mobilized energy derived from body protein.The overall energy requirement of lactating ewes well-fed during pregnancy was similar to previous estimates (Agricultural Research Council, 1980) but that of sheep undernourished during pregnancy was 10–20% greater.

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Mitsushima, Shigenori, Takuma Terao, Yoshiyuki Kuroda, and Kensaku Nagasawa. "Wet Gas Water Feed of Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Electrolyzer for Simultaneous Hydrogenation of Organic Chemical Hydride Energy Carrier and Water Decomposition." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 44 (October 9, 2022): 1666. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-02441666mtgabs.

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To utilize renewable electricity with fluctuation and localization, large-scale energy storage and transportation technologies using hydrogen energy carrier have been expected. In order to improve hydrogen energy carrier synthesis, we have studied one-step electrolysis for toluene electrohydrogenation and water decomposition using proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolysis. This process has 1.09 V of theoretical decomposition voltage for simultaneous water electrolysis and toluene hydrogenation. As shown in Figure 1, anode reaction produces oxygen and proton, and proton transports cathode electrocatalyst layer through the PEM with water molecular. Water inhibits toluene transportation to reaction side and hydrogen evolution occurs as side reaction. We have reported electrolyzers that has cathode side of PEFC’s MEA like structure using PtRu/C and anode side of industrial electrolyzer like structure using mesh shape of DSE® electrode for oxygen evolution reaction, and sulfuric acid solution feeds as anolyte that is not only reactant but also for water management. Water back diffusion from cathode to anode enhances with sulfuric acid concentration. In addition, current efficiency with mesh type anode was higher than that with sintered fiber sheet type anode. The mesh shape of electrode makes current distribution that affects mass transfer pass distribution to improve current efficiency, although sheet type anode is lower overpotential because of large surface area [1 – 3]. As practical system, water transportation from anode to cathode should be supressed without sulfuric acid utilization, and electrochemical surface- area of anode should extend to reduce overpotential. In this study, we have investigated wet gas water feed for PEM electrolysis to reduce water transfer to cathode, because water transfer would control by relative humidity of wet gas that feed to anode for oxygen evolution reaction. Here, PEM water electrolysis type anode catalyst layer with ionomer was employed to reduce anode overpotential and to maintain ionic conduction in catalyst layer. Figure 1 shows the schematic drawing of toluene direct hydrogenation electrolyzers with water splitting. Figure 1 (a) is our conventional electrolyzer of H2SO4 solution feed, and Figure 1 (b) is wet air feed in this study. The anode side for wet air feed had polymer electrolyte fuel cell type serpentine gas flow channel. Anode catalyst layer was 1.0 mg cm-2 of IrOx (TKK) with Nafion ionomer. The porous transport layer was platinum plated sintered titanium sheet. PEM was Nafion 117 (Du Point), cathode catalyst layer was 0.5 mg cm-2 of PtRu/C with Nafion ionomer supported on a porous flow field of a carbon paper that was loaded 0.02 mg cm-2 platinum for chemical reaction of toluene and hydrogen. 5 mL min-1 of toluene or 10% toluene – methylcyclohexane and 1.0 L min-1 of wet air fed to cathode and anode, respectively. Operation temperature was 80oC. After the 100 % RH feed electrolysis, there is no product except methylcyclohexane in the liquid phase and water transportation from anode to cathode reduced one twentieth from the conventional electrolyzer fed 1 M H2SO4 operation at 60oC. In this condition, IR free cell voltage of the wet gas fed electrolyzer was significantly smaller than that of the conventional one because of high surface area anode. Internal resistance of the wet gas feed determined by AC impedance method was about two times higher than that of the conventional, and current efficiency maintained in the low current density region. The internal resistance increased in the high current density region where the membrane and ionomer dry up with electro osmosis water. In this region, current efficiency also decreases. In summary, wet gas feed water electrolysis for electrohydrogenation of toluene using a PEM electrolyzer is an interesting technology that combines water electrolyzer with water purification system and manages water feed to reduce water transportation to cathode to maintain current efficiency of with accurate control of relative humidity and gas feed amount. Acknowledgement This study was based on results obtained from the Development of Fundamental Technology for Advancement of Water Electrolysis Hydrogen Production in Advancement of Hydrogen Technologies and Utilization Project (P14021) commissioned by the New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO). References Nagasawa, K. Tanimoto, J. Koike, K. Ikegami, S. Mitsushima, J Power Sources, 439, 227070 (2019). Oi, K. Nagasawa, T. Takamura, Y. Misu, K. Matsuoka, S. Mitsushima, ECS Meeting Abstracts, MA2021-02, 1737 (2021). Mitsushima, Y. Sugita, J. Koike, Y. Kuroda, K. Matsuoka, Y. Sato, K. Nagasawa, ECS Meeting Abstracts, MA2020-02, 2494 (2020). Figure 1

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Panigrahi, S., L. A. Bestwick, R. H. Davis, and C. D. Wood. "The nutritive value of stackburned yellow maize for livestock: tests in vitro and in broiler chicks." British Journal of Nutrition 76, no. 1 (July 1996): 97–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn19960012.

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Differences in the nutritive value of four grades of stackburned yellow maize, obtained from a single storage unit in Mozambique, were examined. Samples were analysed for chemical composition, and subjected to the following in vitro assays for estimating digestibility: total dietary fibre and pancreatin for non-ruminants, and gas production using sheep rumen fluid for ruminant livestock. Samples were also fed to broiler chicks at 600 g/kg diet in a growth trial. There were no significant differences in crude protein contents of the maize samples, but there was evidence for the development of Maillard reaction products. Detectable amino acids were lower in discoloured maize, with decreases of 52% in lysine, 35% in arginine, and 15% in glycine concentration in the most severely discoloured sample compared with control. Total starch, reducing sugar, acid-detergent fibre a d amylase-neutral-detergent fibre values increased, while total non-reducing sugar content decreased with increased discolouration. Total dietary fibre and pancreatin assays indicated a lowering in digestibility of maize with increasing discolouration. Weight gain of chicks (P=0·0228), efficiency of feed utilization (P=0·0009) and the metabolizable energy value of diets decreased (P<0·0001) with increasing stackburn discolouration. There were no significant effects on N retention of diets. In vitro fermentation using sheep rumen fluid showed a linear decrease in gas production with increasing maize discolouration, indicating a reduction in rumen degradability with stackburn

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Rabee, Alaa Emara, Amr A. Sayed Alahl, Mebarek Lamara, and Suzanne L. Ishaq. "Fibrolytic rumen bacteria of camel and sheep and their applications in the bioconversion of barley straw to soluble sugars for biofuel production." PLOS ONE 17, no. 1 (January 7, 2022): e0262304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0262304.

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Lignocellulosic biomass such as barley straw is a renewable and sustainable alternative to traditional feeds and could be used as bioenergy sources; however, low hydrolysis rate reduces the fermentation efficiency. Understanding the degradation and colonization of barley straw by rumen bacteria is the key step to improve the utilization of barley straw in animal feeding or biofuel production. This study evaluated the hydrolysis of barley straw as a result of the inoculation by rumen fluid of camel and sheep. Ground barley straw was incubated anaerobically with rumen inocula from three fistulated camels (FC) and three fistulated sheep (FR) for a period of 72 h. The source of rumen inoculum did not affect the disappearance of dry matter (DMD), neutral detergent fiber (NDFD). Group FR showed higher production of glucose, xylose, and gas; while higher ethanol production was associated with cellulosic hydrolysates obtained from FC group. The diversity and structure of bacterial communities attached to barley straw was investigated by Illumina Mi-Seq sequencing of V4-V5 region of 16S rRNA genes. The bacterial community was dominated by phylum Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes. The dominant genera were RC9_gut_group, Ruminococcus, Saccharofermentans, Butyrivibrio, Succiniclasticum, Selenomonas, and Streptococcus, indicating the important role of these genera in lignocellulose fermentation in the rumen. Group FR showed higher RC9_gut_group and group FC revealed higher Ruminococcus, Saccharofermentans, and Butyrivibrio. Higher enzymes activities (cellulase and xylanase) were associated with group FC. Thus, bacterial communities in camel and sheep have a great potential to improve the utilization lignocellulosic material in animal feeding and the production of biofuel and enzymes.

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Charmley, E., K. A. Winter, K. B. McRae, and S. A. E. Fillmore. "Effect of inoculation on silage quality and performance of steers fed grass and cereal silages either alone or in combination." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 76, no. 4 (December 1, 1996): 571–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas96-085.

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Two first-cut silages were prepared from orchardgrass/white clover cut at the end of June and ensiled with or without a silage inoculant containing 1 × 10 CFU g−1Lactobacillus casei, L. plantarum, and Streptococcus lactis at an application rate of 1 × 10 CFU g−1 crop. A further two silages were prepared from whole-crop wheat cut in the third week of August and ensiled with or without the same silage inoculant at the same application rate. The objectives of the study were to evaluate the effectiveness of a silage inoculant on silage fermentation, silage quality and animal response. Although inoculation increased lactic acid bacteria numbers in grass at ensiling, there were few observed differences in fermentation characteristics of the silages. Silages were used in a 16-wk feeding trial with 48 steers (initial BW 267 kg). Control and inoculated silages were fed either as 100% grass silage, 50% grass and 50% wheat silage mixture (dry matter basis), or as 100% wheat silage. All steers received a barley/soybean meal supplement at 2 kg d−1 (as-fed basis). Overall, DM intake was similar in control and inoculated silages, but there was an interaction (kg d−1P = 0.051; g kg−1 BW, P = 0.037) between crop and inoculant use indicating that intake was increased by inoculant use in grass silages only. Body weight gain was improved by 10% when inoculant was used (P = 0.006). This resulted in improved feed efficiency in wheat silage treated with inoculant (interaction, P = 0.023). Body weight gain decreased linearly as the proportion of wheat silage in the diet increased (P < 0.001), irrespective of inoculant use. Apparent digestibility of DM and components determined in sheep was higher for grass than wheat silage (P < 0.05), but there was no effect of inoculation on digestibility of either crop type. In this study, the application of inoculant to grass silage improved intake, while its application to wheat silage improved efficiency of feed utilization. Key words: Steer, inoculant, gain, grass silage, wheat silage

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NORTON, B. W., and J. H. AHN. "A comparison of fresh and dried Calliandra calothyrsus supplements for sheep given a basal diet of barley straw." Journal of Agricultural Science 129, no. 4 (December 1997): 485–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859697004917.

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Leaves from the tropical tree legume calliandra (Calliandra calothyrsus) were harvested and fed either fresh frozen (F) or dried (D) as a supplement (200 g dry matter (DM)) to sheep (n=4) given barley straw ad libitum in metabolism cages in a controlled-environment animal house. Sheep given these diets were intra-ruminally infused (0·5 litres/day) with either water or a solution containing 100 g/l polyethylene glycol (PEG). These treatments were administered in a randomized complete block design, and the results statistically analysed. Drying significantly increased the cell wall (cellulose, hemicellulose) and lignin contents, but decreased the condensed tannin (butanol-HCl method) content (F=35·7, D=21·7 g/kg DM). Both drying and PEG infusion significantly (P<0·05) increased straw organic matter (OM) intake, but the effects of drying plus PEG were not additive. Organic matter digestibility of the diets was significantly (P<0·05) increased by drying (F=433 g/kg, D=486 g/kg), but not by the infusion of PEG. Total nitrogen (N) digestibility was significantly (P<0·05) increased by drying (F=207 g/kg, D=316 g/kg) in the absence of PEG, and by PEG for both frozen (−PEG=207 g/kg, +PEG=392 g/kg) and dried (−PEG=316 g/kg, +PEG=434 g/kg) calliandra. PEG infusion significantly increased the proportion of feed N degraded in the rumen (−PEG=0·41, +PEG=0·52) and rumen ammonia concentrations (−PEG=63, +PEG=103 mgN/l), but had no significant effect on the rate or efficiency of microbial protein synthesis in the rumen. PEG infusions significantly increased the amount and proportion of N intake absorbed from the lower digestive tract, but had no significant effect on overall N balance. Drying decreased the tannin losses (as % intake) occurring in the rumen (F=37·3%, D=24·2%), and PEG infusion increased these losses for both frozen (−PEG=37·3%, +PEG=72·5%) and dried (−PEG=24·2%, +PEG=68·7%) calliandra supplements. It was concluded from these studies that the presence of tannins in fresh (frozen) calliandra depressed feed utilization, and that drying was an effective means of improving the nutritive value of calliandra when fed as a supplement to low quality straws.

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Charmley, E., P. Savoie, K. B. Mcrae, and X. Lu. "Effect of maceration at mowing on silage conservation,voluntary intake, digestibility and growth rate of steers fed precision chopped or round bale silages." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 79, no. 2 (June 1, 1999): 195–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/a98-084.

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Four silages were made from the primary growth of an orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata)/white clover (Trifolium repens) sward in mid-June. Precision chopped (PC) and round bale (RB) silages were made from wilted forage that had been cut either with a regular mower conditioner (CON) or a mower macerator (MAC). Silages were fed to growing steers in a 10-wk feeding trial using a 2 × 2 factorial design. To determine apparent digestibility, silages were fed to wether sheep and ruminally incubated in nylon bags using two canulated cows. The DM concentration of silages ranged between 273 and 362 g kg−1 and was higher in RB than PC silage. Maceration increased fibre concentration in RB silage but had little influence on PC silage. Nitrogen and its fractions were not influenced by treatment. Maceration increased total acid concentration in PC silages but lowered it in RB silage. Lactic acid accounted for a higher proportion of total acids in macerated silages than in control silages. Steers fed RB silage consumed 35% more DM than those fed PC silage (P < 0.001). Maceration reduced intake of PC silage by 18% but did not affect intake of RB silage (interaction; P < 0.05). Maceration had no effect on BW gain in steers fed PC silage, but in RB silage gains were increased from 0.87 kg d−1 to 1.09 kg d−1 (interaction; P < 0.05). Feed utilization efficiency was poorer for RB than PC silage (P < 0.001) and maceration improved feed utilization (P < 0.001). The DM, OM and NDF digestibility coefficients were reduced by maceration in RB but not in PC silage (interaction; P < 0.05); a similar trend was observed for ADF (interaction; P < 0.10). Apparent N digestibility was less in MAC than CON silage (P < 0.01). Dry matter disappearance from nylon bags was not influenced by maceration in PC silage but was higher in RB-MAC than RB-CON silage. It is concluded that influences of maceration on intake and gain is dependent upon the physical form of the silage. Key words: Maceration, silage, round bale, precision chop, growth, beef

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Beaulieu, R., J. R. Seoane, P. Savoie, D. Tremblay, R. Thériault, and G. F. Tremblay. "Effects of dry-matter content on the nutritive value of individually wrapped round-bale timothy silage fed to sheep." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 73, no. 2 (June 1, 1993): 343–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas93-036.

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Thirty-two sheep (30.0 kg avg. BW) were used to study the effects of dry-matter (DM) content at harvest on the nutritive value of timothy grass silages conserved as round bales of high (52.1%, DM50), medium (39.9%, DM40) and low (23.1%, DM25) DM. Chopped grass of 24.4% DM conserved in a horizontal silo (HS) was used as a control. Gross energy, crude protein (CP) and acid detergent fibre (ADF) contents were similar for all silages (P > 0.05). Neutral detergent fiber (NDF) contents decreased as DM of the silages decreased (P < 0.05). Acid detergent lignin and ash contents were highest in HS and lowest in DM40 silages (P < 0.05). Silage pH and water-soluble carbohydrates decreased with decreasing DM of the silages (P < 0.05), while ammonia-N and lactate levels increased (P < 0.05). Acetate concentrations in round bales were lower than in HS silage (P < 0.05). Significant butyrate concentrations were detected only in DM25 silage. Round-bale silages were chopped before feeding and fed ad libitum. DM intake was 14.5% higher for DM50 and DM40 silages than for DM25 and HS silages (P < 0.001). Average daily gain and feed efficiency were higher for high-DM silages than for DM25 and HS silages (P < 0.01). Apparent digestibilities of NDF, cellulose and crude fiber of the silages were similar, but DM, organic matter, energy and hemicellulose digestibilities were higher for HS than for DM25 silage. Apparent digestibilities of ADF and CP were higher for high-DM silages than for DM25 and HS silages (P < 0.04). The results indicate that to obtain good-quality silage, the DM content of round bales should be 40–50%. The better performance obtained with high-DM silages was indicative of a more efficient utilization of metabolizable energy for gain. Key words: Round-bale silage, timothy, forage

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Machado, F. S., N. M. Rodríguez, L. C. Gonçalves, J. A. S. Rodrigues, M. N. Ribas, F. P. Pôssas, D. G. Jayme, L. G. R. Pereira, A. V. Chaves, and T. R. Tomich. "Energy partitioning and methane emission by sheep fed sorghum silages at different maturation stages." Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia 67, no. 3 (June 2015): 790–800. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-4162-7177.

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Energy partitioning and methane production by sheep fed silages of three commercially available sorghum hybrids (BRS 610, BR 700 and BRS 655) harvested at three maturation stages (milk, soft dough and floury) were evaluated in open circuit respiration chambers. A complete randomized design was used in a 3 × 3 (hybrids × maturity stages) factorial arrangement, and the means were compared by the Student-Newman-Keuls (SNK) test (P<0.05). The intake of dry matter, digestible dry matter, gross energy, digestible energy and metabolizable energy were not affected by maturation stage, but were influenced by hybrid. The net energy intake was influenced by maturity and sorghum genetics. The fecal output represented the main source of energy loss, as percentage of gross energy intake (48% to 52%), followed by heat increment (10% to 19%), methane emissions (4% to 6%) and urine (1% to 2%). There were no differences (P>0.10) among the treatments for the apparent digestibility of gross energy and metabolizability (qm). An interaction (P<0.05) between sorghum hybrid and maturation stages was observed for the efficiency of metabolizable energy utilization for maintenance (km), which ranged between 0.53 and 0.78. No differences (P>0.10) among treatments occurred in the daily methane production. There is substantial genetic diversity within sorghum species, determining different nutritional values. Sorghum genetics and maturity at harvest should not be an opportunity to reduce the contribution of agriculture to methane emissions.

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Coombe, JB. "Rape and sunflower seed meals as supplements for sheep fed on oat straw." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 36, no. 5 (1985): 717. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9850717.

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Rapeseed meal (RSM), sunflower meal (SFM) and formaldehyde-treated (F) forms of these were compared with urea- and formaldehyde-treated casein (FCAS) as N supplements for sheep fed pelleted diets containing c. 80% oat straw. Sufficient supplement was added to bring the N content of each diet to c. 1.7%, and starch was added to the urea and FCAS diets to make all supplements equal in metabolizable energy content. Based on an assumed fractional outflow rate from the rumen of 0.06 h-1, the ruminal degradability of dietary N varied from a mean of 0.42 for diets containing formaldehydetreated supplements to 0.74 for non-treated supplements. The diets were fed to Crossbred wethers weighing c. 40 kg in a production experiment lasting 12 weeks, and in a metabolism experiment. In the production experiment, penned sheep fed the urea diet ate 1300 g DM day-1, gained 30 g Day-1 and grew 4.5 g clean dry wool (CDW) day-1 . Each of the protein supplements increased DM intake (mean 1860g day-1 P < 0-0l), liveweight gain (mean 148 g day -I, P < 0-001) and wool growth (mean 10.5 g CDW day-1; P < 0.01). Intake and liveweight gain were higher, and wool growth rate lower, on the SFM than on the RSM diet, while formaldehyde treatment of both meals stimulated intake, gain and wool growth although these differences were not always significant. Efficiency of wool growth, expressed as g CDW per g N digested, was least for the urea and SFM diets (mean 0.30), higher for the FCAS, RSM and FSFM diets (mean 0.40) and highest for the FRSM diet (0.48, P < 0.05). Mean digestibilities of organic matter (OM) and cell wall constituents for all diets were 0.47 and 0.44 respectively, with few significant differences between diets. Apparent N digestibility varied from 0.41 to 0.61 for the FRSM and FCAS diets respectively, while estimated true N digestibility varied from 0.72 to 0.88 for the same two diets. Nitrogen balance for the protein-supplemented diets (mean 2.68 g day-1) was higher (P < 0.001) than for the urea diet (-3.77 g day-1). During 6 h post-feeding, the mean rumen pH (6.50) and volatile fatty acid levels (60.9 mM ) showed few differences between diets, whereas rumen ammonia concentrations were significantly reduced by formaldehyde treatment of the protein supplements. It was concluded that RSM and SFM were effective supplements for sheep offered straw, with little difference between them except for wool growth. Formaldehyde treatment to confer resistance to ruminal degradation reduced N digestibility, but increased the efficiency of utilization of digested N for wool growth.

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KELLY, J. M., and R. J. CHRISTOPHERSON. "THE APPARENT DIGESTIBILITIES OF DRY MATTER, ORGANIC MATTER AND NONAMMONIA NITROGEN IN THE FORESTOMACH, SMALL INTESTINE, AND LARGE INTESTINE OF WETHERS EXPOSED TO A COLD ENVIRONMENT." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 69, no. 4 (December 1, 1989): 911–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas89-105.

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Eight shorn yearling Suffolk wethers cannulated in the rumen, abomasum, and terminal ileum were exposed to temperatures of 0 to + 2 °C or 21–25 °C in a crossover experiment to determine effects on the apparent digestibilities of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM) and nonammonia nitrogen (NAN) in the forestomach and small intestine. Animals were housed in metabolic crates and fed 1600 g d−1 chopped bromegrass hay. After 30 d acclimation, feed, ruminal, abomasal, terminal ileal and fecal samples were acquired for the determination of DM, OM, cell wall constituents (CWC), acid detergent fiber (ADF) and NAN. Rumen volatile fatty acid composition was also determined. Digesta flows at the abomasum and terminal ileum were estimated from the dilution of 103ruthenium-phenanthroline and 51chromium-EDTA during continuous infusion of these markers into the rumen. Dry matter (P < 0.10), OM (P < 0.05) and NAN (P < 0.05) flows to the abomasum were increased during cold exposure. The apparent digestibilities of DM (P < 0.10), OM (P < 0.05) and NAN (P < 0.05) in the rumen were decreased during cold exposure but the apparent digestibilities of these components did not change in the small intestine. Consequently, during cold exposure the proportion of OM and NAN digested in the small intestine relative to OM digested in the entire gastrointestinal tract was increased. Total ruminal VF A concentration was not affected by temperature; however, the molar proportion of acetate declined (P < 0.05) and that of propionate increased (P < 0.01). This, together with a greater proportion of the digestion taking place in the small intestine, may improve the efficiency of utilization of metabolizable energy and partly compensate for the decreased ruminal digestion of OM during cold exposure. Key words: Organic matter, nitrogen, digestion, sheep, cold environment

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Oosting, S. J., J. Van Bruchem, and X. B. Chen. "Intake, digestion and small intestinal protein availability in sheep in relation to ammoniation of wheat straw with or without protein supplementation." British Journal of Nutrition 74, no. 3 (September 1995): 347–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn19950140.

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The effects of ammoniation of wheat straw with or without supplementation of protein sources of either high (casein) or relatively low (potato protein) rumen degradability on intake and digestion were studied with four sheep in a 4 × 4 Latin square design. Rations offered were: (1) untreated wheat straw (UWS), (2) ammoniated wheat straw (AWS), (3) AWS supplemented with 3·2 g casein/kg live weight (W)0·75 per d (AWSC) and (4) AWS supplemented with 3·9 g potato protein/kg W0·75per d (AWSP). Straw was offered ad lib. and all rations were supplemented with sugarbeet pulp and a mineral mixture. NH3 treatment increased intake and digestion. Supplementation of AWS with potato protein increased total digestible organic matter intake (DOMI) compared with AWS whereas supplementation with casein did not affect total DOMI. Protein supplementation of AWS significantly reduced rumen digestion of cellulose, and when the supplementation was with casein it reduced rumen digestion of neutral-detergent fibre and hemicellulose also. This lower rumen digestion was compensated by a higher proportion of digestion occurring in the hindgut for hemicellulose (P<0·05 for AWSC, P>0·05 for AWSP), but not for cellulose. Across all rations, rumen fluid volume increased with increasing cell-wall intake. The efficiencies of microbial protein synthesis were (average of three different methods of estimation) 23·3, 26·2, 34·8 and 31·7gN/kg apparently-rumen-degraded organic matter for UWS, AWS, AWSC and AWSP respectively. The difference between UWS and AWS was not significant, but values for AWSC and AWSP were significantly higher than that for AWS. The rumen digestion of feed aimno acid-N (AA-N) was significantly higher for AWSC than for the other rations. The apparent small-intestinal digestion of AA-N and N was significantly higher for AWSP than for the other rations. The true small-intestinal digestion values were 0·86, 0·84 and 0·68 for AA-N, N and non-protein-N respectively. Heal endogenous losses of AA-N were approximately 6 mg/g duodenal non-protein dry-matter flow. Linear relationships were observed between DOMI and N balance and truly absorbed AA-N, indicating that DOMI could have been limited by small-intestinal amino acid availability. Regression of N balance v. truly absorbed AA-N resulted in an estimate of net efficiency of utilization of truly absorbed AA-N of 0·54.

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Lascano, Carlos E., Juan E. Carulla, and Juan De Jesus Vargas. "Strategies for Reducing Methane Emissions from Ruminants (Estratégias para a Redução da Emissão de Metano por Ruminantes)." Revista Brasileira de Geografia Física 4, no. 6 (April 19, 2012): 1315. http://dx.doi.org/10.26848/rbgf.v4i6.232794.

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Há fortes evidências que as atividades humanas estão afetando o clima global por meio da produção de Gases de Efeito Estufa (GEE), dos quais o metano (CH4) tem elevado potencial de aquecimento. A fermentação entérica e o esterco dos ruminantes representam cerca de 30 a 40% do total das emissões antropogênicas de CH4. Este artigo traz um resumo de tecnologias existentes para reduzir as emissões de CH4 entéricas dos ruminantes, com ênfase à manipulação dietética e ruminal, à seleção/reprodução animal e à melhoria dos sistemas de produção. As diferenças na produção de CH4 entérica entre as espécies animais com base na anatomia do trato gastrointestinal, fisiologia digestiva, fermentação ruminal e nos hábitos de pastejo também são discutidas. A inibição da emissão de CH4 entérica é possível por meio do uso de ionóforos, ácidos orgânicos e óleos. Plantas alimentares contendo metabólitos secundários (taninos e saponinas i.e.) também podem reduzir a produção de CH4. O uso de animais reprodutores para melhorar a eficiência de conversão alimentar (menor consumo residual) pode contribuir com a redução da emissão total de CH4, além de reduzir a emissão por unidade de produto. Resultados utilizando o modelo IPCC nível II prevê que caprinos e vacas de elevada produção leiteira podem apresentar menor emissão de CH4 por unidade de produto em comparação com animais zebuínos e ovinos, enquanto os pequenos ruminantes (caprinos e ovinos) produzem menos CH4 por unidade de ganho de peso corporal (carne), em relação aos bovinos. A melhoria da qualidade das forragens e a implementação de práticas eficientes de uso das pastagens (sistema de pastejo e taxas de lotação) podem na maioria dos casos promover maior produção animal e incrementar a emissão absoluta de CH4, mas também reduzir a emissão de CH4 por unidade de produto animal. Palavras - chave: mudanças climáticas, gases do efeito estufa, bovinos, ovinos, caprinos, manipulação da dieta, manipulação ruminal, criação de animais, intensificação, modelagem. Estratégias para a Redução da Emissão de Metano por Ruminantes A B S T R A C T There is irrefutable evidence that human activities are affecting the global climate through the production of Green House Gases (GHG) of which methane (CH4) has a high warming potential. Enteric fermentation and manure from ruminants represent about 30 to 40% of the total anthropogenic CH4 emissions. This paper summarizes existing technologies to reduce enteric CH4 emissions in ruminants given emphasis to dietary and rumen manipulation, animal selection/ breeding and improvement of production systems. Differences in enteric CH4 production among animal species based on anatomy of the GI tract, digestive physiology, rumen fermentation and grazing habits are also discussed. Inhibition of enteric CH4 emission is possible through the use of ionophores, organic acids and oils. Feeding plants containing secondary metabolites (i.e. tannins and saponins) can reduce CH4 production. Breeding for improved feed conversion efficiency (lower residual feed intake) is likely to reduce total and per unit product CH4 emissions. Results using the IPCC Tier II model predict that goats and high producing dairy cattle can potentially produce less CH4 emissions per unit of milk than Cebu cattle or sheep, while small ruminants (goats and sheep) produce less CH4 per unit of live weight gain (meat) than cattle. The introduction of improved high quality forages and the implementation of efficient pasture utilization practices (grazing system and stocking rate) can result in most cases in improved animal production and in increased absolute CH4 emissions, but in reduced CH4 per unit of animal product. Keywords: climate change, greenhouse gases, cattle, sheep, goats, dietary manipulation, rumen manipulation, animal breeding, intensification, modelling

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Liu, Yuwei, Yilin Tian, Yingzhi Gao, Dong Cui, Wei Zhang, Ziwei Jiao, Fulong Yao, Zhenxing Zhang, and Haijun Yang. "The Impacts of Different Anthropogenic Disturbances on Macroinvertebrate Community Structure and Functional Traits of Glacier-Fed Streams in the Tianshan Mountains." Water 14, no. 8 (April 15, 2022): 1298. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14081298.

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Macroinvertebrates are sensitive to environmental disturbances, however, the effects of human activities on macroinvertebrate community structures and functional traits in glacier-fed streams are concerning. To elucidate the effects of horse, cattle and sheep grazing, hot spring scenic development, and historic iron ore mine development on macroinvertebrate communities, we conducted a study in three glacier-fed streams of the Tianshan Mountains in northwest China in April 2021. Our results showed that the species richness and density significantly decreased due to grazing (p < 0.05). There were more taxa with resilience traits such as “small size at maturity” in the grazing stream. The EPT richness and density affected by hot spring scenic development significantly decreased compared to the undisturbed point (p < 0.05). There was a significant increase in taxa with resistance traits such as “bi-or-multivoltine” in the hot spring stream. The stream affected by historic mine development is currently in the self-recovery stage following the closure of the mine ten years ago. Additionally, the species richness, EPT richness, and density at the mining site were significantly higher than the source site (p < 0.05), reflecting that the habitat fragmentation caused by previous mining activities prevented the upward dispersal of macroinvertebrates. The taxa in the mining stream were also characterized by higher resistance traits such as “abundant occurrence in drift”. These results were attributed to the impacts of human disturbance on habitat stability, habitat heterogeneity, water quality, and material cycling of stream ecosystems, indicating human disturbance on the efficiency of resource utilization and functional diversification. In addition, our results showed that functional indicators of macroinvertebrate communities are helpful for monitoring and evaluating habitat conditions.

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Amdi, C., A. R. Williams, S. K. Maloney, A. H. Tauson, S. A. Knott, and D. Blache. "Relationship between behavioural reactivity and feed efficiency in housed sheep." Animal Production Science 50, no. 7 (2010): 683. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an09142.

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In this study we test the hypothesis that selecting sheep for a low behavioural reactivity to stressful situations will improve their metabolic efficiency, and thereby feed efficiency, during a controlled trial in an animal house. Twenty-four Merino wethers were used, 12 each from lines selected for high (HBR) and low (LBR) behavioural reactivity to stressful stimuli (human presence and social isolation). The sheep were habituated to the experimental procedures for 10 days, followed by 45 days during which voluntary feed intake was measured so that total daily energy intake was quantified. The sheep were weighed twice weekly before daily feeding. Feed efficiency was determined by measuring net feed intake, average daily weight gain and body condition score. Our hypothesis was not supported by the results of this study. There was no difference between LBR and HBR sheep in average daily weight gain or body condition score. The net feed intake of HBR sheep was lower than that of LBR sheep (P = 0.02), indicating that under the conditions of our experiment, HBR sheep were actually more feed efficient than LBR sheep. This study was carried out on sheep with steady intakes and in familiar surroundings. It is possible that LBR sheep may be more efficient than HBR sheep in more stressful situations.

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Posbergh, Christian, and Daniel Schaub. "375 Genomic Approaches for Feed Efficiency in Sheep." Journal of Animal Science 100, Supplement_3 (September 21, 2022): 183–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skac247.337.

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Abstract United States seedstock sheep producers have selected sheep for higher weaning and post-weaning weights using estimated breeding values for approximately forty years. Despite this, little work has investigated if the increased performance has inadvertently resulted in increased feed intakes, increasing total feed costs for the producer. Eighty range-breed ewe lambs (forty Targhee and forty Rambouillet) were enrolled in a residual feed intake (RFI) trial shortly after weaning at approximately four months of age. Feed intake was recorded utilizing a GrowsafeTM feeding system modified for sheep. Following a two-week adaption period, feed intakes were recorded daily for forty-two days. Body weights were collected at the beginning, end, and weekly throughout the trial period. Residual feed intake was calculated utilizing mid-trial body weights and feed intake measurements. Six ewes were removed from the trial due to failure to adapt to the feeding system. Linear regressions were utilized to determine the association between post-weaning weight estimated breeding values and RFI and body weight. As expected, there was a significant relationship (p< 0.05) between post-weaning estimated breeding value and body weight during the trial. No statistically significant relationship between post-weaning weight estimated breeding value and RFI was identified, indicating selection for increased body weight has not resulted in decreased feed efficiency during the growth phase. Additional feed efficiency measures will be collected on these same ewes at a later life stage to represent the maintenance phase of production as opposed to the growth phase. In addition, genetic and rumen microbial analysis is ongoing. Together these approaches will aid in the construction of a framework for eventual genetic and genomic selection of feed efficiency in U.S. range sheep.

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Ellison, Melinda J., Gavin C. Conant, William R. Lamberson, Kathleen J. Austin, Edward van Kirk, Hannah C. Cunningham, Daniel C. Rule, and Kristi M. Cammack. "Predicting residual feed intake status using rumen microbial profiles in ewe lambs1." Journal of Animal Science 97, no. 7 (May 15, 2019): 2878–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz170.

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AbstractIncluding feed efficiency as a trait for selection has gained interest in the sheep industry because it can result in reduced feed inputs or improve stocking rates, both of which translate into increased profitability for the producer. It is of interest whether the feed efficiency status of a testing population of sheep could be predicted using rumen microbial profiles associated with divergent feed efficiency status in a training population of sheep. Two populations of ewes were fed the same diet, and each group was evaluated for feed efficiency. A total of 20 animals in the testing population were selected for prediction assessment using feed efficiency, including the 6 top-ranked, the 6 bottom-ranked, and 8 middle-ranked ewes stratified over the distribution. Rumen fluid samples were collected and DNA was extracted for sequencing. Using a rumen microbial profile associated with diverging feed efficiency created from the training population, multiple discriminant analyses were performed using the DISCRIM procedure of SAS to determine the probability of correctly identifying lambs in the testing population as low, medium, or high feed efficiency using their microbial profiles. A profile of 6 rumen microbial species were used to correctly (P < 0.001) predict all testing population ewes into their actual feed efficiency status. A regression analysis using the same microbial profile was used to predict feed efficiency values, which were strongly correlated (r = 0.71; P < 0.001) with actual feed efficiency values. These results indicate that specific rumen microbial species may play a role in feed efficiency, and that a microbial profile could be used to rank sheep for feed efficiency.

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TAIT, R. M., R. M. BEAMES, and J. LITSKY. "GRAIN SCREENINGS AS A DIETARY COMPONENT FOR PIGS AND SHEEP. II. ANIMAL UTILIZATION." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 66, no. 2 (June 1, 1986): 483–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas86-050.

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The digestibility of four types of grain screenings, No. 1 screenings, rapeseed screenings, mixed feed oats and refuse screenings was measured with pigs, rats and sheep. For the pig diets, hammermilled screenings replaced 60% of a complete basal diet, with the exception of the rapeseed screenings, where replacement level was 10% (hammermilled) and 20% (whole). Digestibility values were determined by difference. In the rat diets screenings were incorporated to provide 1.5 g N 100 g−1 dry matter (DM) and the biological value (BV) of the protein was also measured. In the sheep diets, all screenings except rapeseed were provided as the sole dietary component, with the No. 1 feed screenings and the mixed feed oats pelleted without prior grinding and the other screenings ground before pelleting. For rapeseed screenings, incorporation in the sheep diets was at a level of 30%. For No. 1 screenings, apparent digestibility of organic matter (OMD) and nitrogen (ND) for pigs was 82.3 and 83.2%, respectively; BV for rats was 77.4%, while OMD and ND for sheep was 73.9 and 72.7%, respectively. For rapeseed screenings, OMD and ND for pigs for the hammermilled screenings were 46.1 and 50.7%, respectively, and for the whole screenings were 30.3 and 11.5%, respectively. Biological value (rats) was 80.0%, while for sheep OMD and ND it was 63.9 and 77.4%, respectively. For mixed feed oats, OMD and ND for pigs were 63.8 and 82.6%, respectively; BV (rats) was 61.1% and OMD and ND for sheep were 64.2 and 73.4%, respectively. For refuse screenings, OMD and ND for pigs were 63.8 and 65.4%, respectively; BV (rats) was 83.8%, while OMD and ND for sheep were 59.9 and 65.3%, respectively. Number 1 feed screenings are of a high nutritive value and are suitable as a grain for both pigs and sheep. Unprocessed rapeseed screenings are unpalatable for pigs with both dry matter and protein poorly utilized. With sheep, pelleted rapeseed screenings are readily accepted, and the nitrogen is well digested. If mixed feed oats are ground, protein is well digested by both species although dry matter digestibility is low. Refuse screenings appear to be suitable only for ruminant diets. Key words: Grain, wheat, barley, oats, rapeseed, screenings

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45

Wei, Mian, Hui Zhou, Jiliang Ma, Nawab Khan, Jianmin Cao, and Xiangdong Hu. "Research on Technical Efficiency of Feed Use for Sustainable Beef Cattle Breeding in China: Evidence from 169 Beef Cattle Farmers." Sustainability 14, no. 24 (December 8, 2022): 16430. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142416430.

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Sustainable green development, cost saving, and efficiency improvement have become the main theme of the high-quality development of China’s animal husbandry and the problem of overuse of feed should be paid more attention. Based on the 3-year input–output data of 169 beef cattle farmers, a trans-logarithmic stochastic frontier function was used to study the relationship between feed utilization efficiency and beef cattle breeding scale. The results showed that the average technical efficiency of feed utilization was 0.56, and the technical efficiency of feed utilization increased year by year. Simultaneously, it showed that Chinese beef cattle farmers pay more attention to feed utilization efficiency at this stage; the feed utilization efficiency of retail and medium-sized beef cattle farmers was in the best state in 2015 and 2016. In 2017, the feed utilization efficiency of small-scale beef cattle farmers was the best; the technical efficiency of beef cattle breeding will increase with the expansion of scale. The technical efficiency of beef cattle breeding will increase with the expansion of the scale, and the feed utilization efficiency of large-scale farmers is also better than that of retail farmers, and the scale of beef cattle breeding can bring better benefits. However, from the perspective of feed utilization efficiency, it is not the largest scale that represents the best efficiency, and from the perspective of breeding technology efficiency, the gap between various scales is gradually narrowing. This should also prove that under the condition of hard resource constraints, the large-scale development of beef cattle breeding is in line with the basic national conditions of China at this stage.

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46

Rustamadji, B. "The Partial Efficiency of Acetate Utilization in Sheep." Buletin Peternakan, no. - (April 4, 2004): 191. http://dx.doi.org/10.21059/buletinpeternak.v0i-.5075.

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47

Zulfahmi. "The Utilization of Fermented Kepok Banana Peels on Feed Againts The Percentage of Non Carcass of Local Male Sheep." Jurnal Peternakan Integratif 7, no. 3 (December 31, 2019): 9–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.32734/jpi.v7i3.3386.

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This research aims to determine the effects of fermented kepok banana peel as feed by EM4 against the percentage of male local sheep non carcass. This research was conducted in Praditya Rahardja’s Farm, Jalan Bunga Rinte, Kecamatan Medan Tuntungan, Kota Medan from Jully to October 2019. The design used was a completely randomized design (CRD) with 4 treatments and 5 replications so that 20 experimental units. While the sheep were cut for parameter of non carcass as much as 2 from each treatment to produce 8 sheep. The treatments given are P0 (40% kepok banana peel without fermentation in feed), P1 (20% fermented of kepok banana peel in feed), P2 (40% fermented of kepok banana peel in feed), and P3 (60 % fermented of kepok banana peel in feed). The parameters used were percentage of head weight without skin, feet without skin, skin, tail without skin, trachea and lungs, heart, liver, blood, intestine and compound stomach male local sheep. The result showed that the utilization of fermented kepok banana peel as feed for local sheep had no signoificant effect on percentage of weight the head without skin, feet without skin, skin, tail without skin, trachea and lungs, hearts, and liver. But had significant effect on percentage of weight the blood, intestine, and compound stomach male local sheep.

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48

Zulfahmi. "The Utilization of Fermented Kepok Banana Peels on Feed Againts The Percentage of Non Carcass of Local Male Sheep." Jurnal Peternakan Integratif 7, no. 3 (December 31, 2019): 9–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.32734/jpi.v7i3.3386.

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Анотація:

This research aims to determine the effects of fermented kepok banana peel as feed by EM4 against the percentage of male local sheep non carcass. This research was conducted in Praditya Rahardja’s Farm, Jalan Bunga Rinte, Kecamatan Medan Tuntungan, Kota Medan from Jully to October 2019. The design used was a completely randomized design (CRD) with 4 treatments and 5 replications so that 20 experimental units. While the sheep were cut for parameter of non carcass as much as 2 from each treatment to produce 8 sheep. The treatments given are P0 (40% kepok banana peel without fermentation in feed), P1 (20% fermented of kepok banana peel in feed), P2 (40% fermented of kepok banana peel in feed), and P3 (60 % fermented of kepok banana peel in feed). The parameters used were percentage of head weight without skin, feet without skin, skin, tail without skin, trachea and lungs, heart, liver, blood, intestine and compound stomach male local sheep. The result showed that the utilization of fermented kepok banana peel as feed for local sheep had no signoificant effect on percentage of weight the head without skin, feet without skin, skin, tail without skin, trachea and lungs, hearts, and liver. But had significant effect on percentage of weight the blood, intestine, and compound stomach male local sheep.

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49

Gogic, Petar. "Economic competitiveness of different ways of pasture utilization." Journal of Agricultural Sciences, Belgrade 49, no. 2 (2004): 259–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jas0402259g.

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A family farm model was used in order to study the economic importance of pasture utilization in sheep breeding and cattle fattening during the summer period. The model was based on real technological, organizational and economic conditions of a farm in the hill and mountain regions of eastern Serbia. The economic competitiveness of different ways of pasture utilization was studied based on the processing price of green feed obtained from pastures. Under the given economic conditions, a higher processing price of feed may be expected in cattle fattening. Thus, from the economic standpoint farms involved in cattle fattening would have a justifiable production. However, due to the changing market conditions it was necessary to determine the processing prices at different price levels of fattened cattle, animals for fattening and the production value per breeding ewe. A special diagram was constructed enabling a rapid and easy determination of the processing price of feed in practice taking into account different market conditions of sheep breeding and cattle fattening. In addition using the same diagram it was possible to determine the relationship between the production value per breeding ewe and the price of fattened cattle at different price levels of animals for fattening inducing the same processing price of pasture feed.

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50

Legates, J. E. "Efficiency of Feed Utilization in Holsteins Selected for Yield." Journal of Dairy Science 73, no. 6 (June 1990): 1533–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(90)78821-2.

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