Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Shared appreciation mortgages"

The institutions for financing owner-occupied housing have not progressed as they should, and the financial innovation that has followed the financial crisis of 2007-2009 has not been focused on improving the risk management of individual homeowners. This paper lists a number of barriers to housing finance innovation, and in light of these barriers, the problems of some major innovations of the past and future: self-amortizing mortgages, price-level adjusted mortgages (PLAMs), shared appreciation mortgages (SAMs), housing partnerships, and continuous workout mortgages (CWMs).

Purpose The purpose of this paper is twofold: first, it derives the optimal loan-to-value (LTV)-ratio for a mortgagor that maximizes the return to home equity when considering the capital structure of housing investment. Second, it analyses the demand-side contribution to mortgage market variability across monetary policy regimes. Design/methodology/approach The paper endogenizes both the relation between the LTV ratio and the mortgage rate and the relation between LTV and the rate of appreciation. When we consider LTV-variance and the demand-side contribution to mortgage market variability, three stylized regimes is considered. Findings The paper finds an intuitive ranking of the optimal LTV-ratios across regimes, and the optimal LTV-ratio peaks during a housing boom. When, however, monetary policy ignores asset inflation the demand-side contribution to market variability is highest during normal market conditions. Hence, there is a potentially hump-shaped relation between the risk exposure of individual mortgagors and the demand-side contribution to mortgage market variability. Originality/value The paper finds a potentially hump-shaped relation between the risk exposure of individual mortgagors and the demand-side contribution to mortgage market variability, which, to the best of our knowledge, is novel. The paper shows how macro-prudential and monetary policy are complementary tolls for preserving financial stability.

Reverse mortgages generally have open maturity dates. The variability of the exact termination time of a mortgage is one of the most important risks faced by the lenders and mortgage insurers. This paper analyzes the termination experience of reverse mortgages in the United States (US). We find that reverse mortgages can be terminated by three distinct events: refinancing, mortality and mobility. Using the Federal Housing Administration (FHA) insured Home Equity Conversion Mortgage (HECM) loan data, we estimate the probability of the termination through individual events. The results show that refinance termination and other termination events are driven by different factors. Refinances are mainly driven by macroeconomic conditions, such as the appreciation of the house value and decline in interest rate, and usually done in the beginning years of the loan origination. Mortality terminations follow closely the US mortality tables, which are governed by age and gender. Mobility termination shares a similar pattern with mortality termination, especially in the later years of the loan life. Meanwhile, the initial cash drawdown pattern has significant but different impacts on each type of termination. By separating refinance termination from the two other types of terminations, we show that refinance termination slows down when the interest rate starts to rise. Without separating refinance termination, HECM investors could over-project the number of future HECM terminations in a rising interest rate scenario and result in loss of funds.

AbstractI analyze optimal loan modification schemes in a stochastic home price and stochastic interest-rate environment. Lenders maximize loan values by managing the borrower’s option to default on the loan and prepayment option. Given negative equity, controlling for the borrower’s ability to pay, rate reductions and maturity extensions result in a higher probability of redefault by homeowners even after modification of their loans. In contrast, loan write-downs (the Principal Principle), not a favored recipe, are value maximizing for the lender. A shared-appreciation mortgage enhances the ability to pay, mitigates adverse selection, and reduces the present value of expected deadweight foreclosure costs.

The thesis examines the consequences of household and individual financial decision making in three different areas: mortgages, superannuation and family businesses. The questions posed in each case cannot be tackled using conventional financial databases. I therefore address each case by applying survey methods. First, I examine the socioeconomic impacts of households choosing to take out shared appreciation mortgages (SAMs). Tax and regulatory barriers have impeded the development and use of SAMs in many mortgage markets. Empirical studies on household impacts stemming from SAMs have therefore also been limited. However, the State Government of South Australia has implemented SAMs as a means of enabling and encouraging low-income homeownership, thereby creating a unique dataset of SAM financed households. I survey this population, finding that SAM borrowers benefit from increased budgetary expenditure on discretionary items following take-up, while simultaneously saving on some non-discretionary items relative to control samples of renters and other homeowners from the general population. Furthermore, SAM homeownership also appears to be associated with increased levels of neighbourhood satisfaction and community involvement for borrowers. The results from this study indicate that SAM financed homeownership leads to changes in household behaviour and deserves further consideration by the housing industry and research community. Second, I examine the influence of investor knowledge and the cognitive bias which arises from overconfidence on the advice seeking behaviour of investors in self-managed superannuation funds (SMSFs). I trace whether overestimating one’s own technical and financial abilities can hinder the willingness to seek advice. I identify a subset of investors who are not knowledgeable and yet do not seek advice to compensate for this. These investors appear to be overconfident in their ability to manage their SMSF, despite holding under-diversified and less financially sophisticated portfolios when compared to their peers. Given the global rise in investors choosing to manage their own retirement funds and the importance of seeking advice in this context, there are direct policy implications from these findings. They suggest a need to identify and target self-managed retirement investors who display overconfidence since they are the most likely to manage under-performing SMSFs in the longer term. Third, I examine links between the succession planning decisions, operational management and financial performance of small-to-medium sized agricultural enterprises (SMAEs). I differentiate between written, verbal and other succession arrangements to investigate how each type embeds within the broader operational environment of SMAE households. Further tests are performed to see if differences in financial outcomes can be linked with a particular approach to succession. The results indicate that succession planning decisions are positively associated with the use of written business plans and crop insurance, but that this is only true for SMAEs with professionalised written succession arrangements. This was also the only cohort associated with improved return on assets relative to peer agricultural businesses with alternative succession arrangements in place. Given the critical role of succession in the long-term sustainability of family business households, these results have direct implications for farmers and practitioners advising the private agricultural sector. They suggest that the value in planning succession at least partly lies in the value of going down pathways for professionalization.
Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, Business School, 2015

碩士
國立清華大學
計量財務金融學系
100
Shared appreciation mortgage(SAM) is an innovative financial products under the background of a long-term acceleration in inflation and higher market interest rates. The originator of SAM lends the house owner at a below-market mortgage rate in order to obtain a certain percentage of the appraised value on the collateralized property. In view of the failure of SAM development under asymmetric information in United Kingdom during 1996 to 1998, this article intends to use the basic nature of SAM, based on the past literature about pricing model, to distribute the SAM contract into two parts, which can help explain the inadequacy of market information. First part is Credit Facility, given the variable assumptions and limitations, which goal is establishing a loan covenants related factor model. The second part is the use of binomial tree method and adding of other effective factor like moral hazard, in order to obtain the value of early exercise, default and the loan covenant. Furthermore, we will include inflation rate, market interest rate among the above basic model, then we will make an analysis of the impact of these macroeconomic variables for the contract value of SAM, the expiration date of SAM, the payment of each month and the ratio of shared appreciation.

Research Doctorate - Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
While the 2007-2008 global financial crisis (GFC) began as a localised financial disturbance due to the collapse of the US real estate boom, it quickly transformed into a global economic downturn due to the inter-connectivity of the international financial system. The aim of this study has been to analyse the underlying causes of the 2007–2008 GFC through a stock-flow-consistent macroeconomic modelling approach (SFC). Economists following the Post-Keynesian tradition believe that the slackening aggregate demand in both the US and in many other nations has been caused by policies of continual fiscal withdrawal, aggravated by the decades-long decline of wage share in the GDP, which in combination has led the non-government sector into cumulative deficits and rising indebtedness. The key contribution of this study has been an investigation into the impact of this coupling of real wage repression and declining government, complemented by an analysis of financial behaviour on the part of private sector agents (e.g. credit rationing, asset price appreciation), which was seen to have undermined financial and macroeconomic stability in the US (and elsewhere). To this end, a tractable, and parsimonious stock-flow-consistent macroeconomic model (SFC) with four-sectors (household, production firm, commercial bank and consolidated government) was constructed. Three independent sets of simulations, focusing, respectively, on: (i) government-expenditure and wage-share shocks; (ii) wage-share, interest-rate and-house-price shocks, and, (iii) marginal propensity to consume (MPC), interest-rate, and-house-price shocks were analysed by examining the aftershock paths of most of the key growth variables, both the short run and long run. The first and second set of simulations had similar consequences for the economy. However, due to the presence of capital gains from house price appreciation, in the second set, the increasing net wealth of the households boosted autonomous consumption. The third set featured growth of consumption induced by income. In summary, policies aimed at promoting a consistent and rapid appreciation of asset prices, as pursued by many nations, were shown to be associated with burgeoning private debt, ultimately, with recessionary consequences. Hopefully, this thesis will contribute to a better understanding the downside for policies of this kind, which characterise the current era of New Capitalism—one marked, in particular, by consumption-related expenditure that has become more autonomous in relation to disposable income. The findings can also be applied to the evaluation of more sustainable policy alternatives—including those associated with a currency-sovereign government exploiting its freedom to engage in fiscal policy directed at the maintenance of overall macroeconomic and financial stability.