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Статті в журналах з теми "Shape dependence"

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Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 14 березня 2023

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1

Li, Ying, Yongfeng Li, and Tianxing Wang. "The Size and Shape Dependence of Ferromagnetism in Nanomagnets." Journal of Nanomaterials 2012 (2012): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/897203.

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The size and shape dependence of dynamic behaviors of nanomagnets is studied by the kinetic Monte Carlo method based on the transition state theory. We analyze the hysteresis curves of the nanomagnet systems with different shapes (or spin array patterns) in the presence of an external magnetic field. The results show that the magnetization of the chain-shaped nanomagnet is more sensitive to the applied field than that of the oblong-shaped or bulk-shaped systems. For the same magnetic nanostructure, the coercive field presents an exponential decay with temperature. Moreover, the coercive field is found to be strongly dependent on the effective coordination number, which has different values corresponding to those systems of different size and shapes (spin array patterns).

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2

Jenison, Rick L., and Richard A. Reale. "The Shape of Neural Dependence." Neural Computation 16, no. 4 (April 1, 2004): 665–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/089976604322860659.

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The product-moment correlation coefficient is often viewed as a natural measure of dependence. However, this equivalence applies only in the context of elliptical distributions, most commonly the multivariate gaussian, where linear correlation indeed sufficiently describes the underlying dependence structure. Should the true probability distributions deviate from those with elliptical contours, linear correlation may convey misleading information on the actual underlying dependencies. It is often the case that probability distributions other than the gaussian distribution are necessary to properly capture the stochastic nature of single neurons, which as a consequence greatly complicates the construction of a flexible model of covariance. We show how arbitrary probability densities can be coupled to allow greater flexibility in the construction of multivariate neural population models.

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3

Wu, Qiong, Hairui Zhang, Wei Zhao, and Xilu Zhao. "Shape Optimum Design by Basis Vector Method Considering Partial Shape Dependence." Applied Sciences 10, no. 21 (November 5, 2020): 7848. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10217848.

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Regarding the case of complicated structural shape optimization, there are cases where there are partial shapes such as holes and irregularities inside the structure. Concerning the complex structural optimization shape, the relationship between the external boundary shape and the internal local shape should be maintained, and how to change the internal partial shape while maintaining a subordinate relationship with the external form has become an important issue. Currently, there is no good solution to this kind of problem using general optimization design software. Therefore, this paper proposes to use the basic vector method to solve the local shape dependency problem of partial shapes. First, this paper classifies the subordinate problems of partial shape into three primary patterns, theoretically proving a method for controlling subordinate relationships of partial forms, respectively. Then, the research also provides two classical application examples: shape optimization of a steam turbine implantation section and stress distribution optimization of an engine mount bracket. The results show that the optimization method is effective for the partial shape subordination problem in complex structural shape optimization problems. Finally, the study examines the problem of making a vectorial vector, a correlation between the basis vector and the remeshing problem of the analysis model in shape optimization, and further substantiates the validity of the method proposed by the body using the analysis result of the actual structural shape optimization case.

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4

Arteca, Gustav A., and Paul G. Mezey. "Configurational dependence of molecular shape." Journal of Mathematical Chemistry 10, no. 1 (1992): 329–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01169181.

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5

Vázquez-Martín, Sandra, Thomas Kuhn, and Salomon Eliasson. "Shape dependence of snow crystal fall speed." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 21, no. 10 (May 18, 2021): 7545–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-7545-2021.

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Abstract. Improved snowfall predictions require accurate knowledge of the properties of ice crystals and snow particles, such as their size, cross-sectional area, shape, and fall speed. The fall speed of ice particles is a critical parameter for the representation of ice clouds and snow in atmospheric numerical models, as it determines the rate of removal of ice from the modelled clouds. Fall speed is also required for snowfall predictions alongside other properties such as ice particle size, cross-sectional area, and shape. For example, shape is important as it strongly influences the scattering properties of these ice particles and thus their response to remote sensing techniques. This work analyzes fall speed as a function of particle size (maximum dimension), cross-sectional area, and shape using ground-based in situ measurements. The measurements for this study were done in Kiruna, Sweden, during the snowfall seasons of 2014 to 2019, using the ground-based in situ instrument Dual Ice Crystal Imager (D-ICI). The resulting data consist of high-resolution images of falling hydrometeors from two viewing geometries that are used to determine particle size (maximum dimension), cross-sectional area, area ratio, orientation, and the fall speed of individual particles. The selected dataset covers sizes from about 0.06 to 3.2 mm and fall speeds from 0.06 to 1.6 m s−1. Relationships between particle size, cross-sectional area, and fall speed are studied for different shapes. The data show in general low correlations to fitted fall speed relationships due to large spread observed in fall speed. After binning the data according to size or cross-sectional area, correlations improve, and we can report reliable parameterizations of fall speed vs. particle size or cross-sectional area for part of the shapes. For most of these shapes, the fall speed is better correlated with cross-sectional area than with particle size. The effects of orientation and area ratio on the fall speed are also studied, and measurements show that vertically oriented particles fall faster on average. However, most particles for which orientation can be defined fall horizontally.

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6

Antoniammal, Paneerselvam, and Dakshanamoorthy Arivuoli. "Size and Shape Dependence on Melting Temperature of Gallium Nitride Nanoparticles." Journal of Nanomaterials 2012 (2012): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/415797.

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The study of variation of the size and shape effect on the melting property of gallium nitride nanoparticles with their spherical and cylindrical geometrical feature is theoretically explored. A numerical thermodynamical model has been devoted for the study. A comparative investigation is made between the two shapes, at the range of ~3 nm dia. The cylindrical GaN nanoparticles, whose melting point has been reported to decrease with decreasing particle radius, become larger than spherical-shaped nanoparticles. The melting temperature obtained in the present study is in line with the function of radius of curvature.

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7

Vázquez-Martín, Sandra, Thomas Kuhn, and Salomon Eliasson. "Shape Dependence of Falling Snow Crystals’ Microphysical Properties Using an Updated Shape Classification." Applied Sciences 10, no. 3 (February 9, 2020): 1163. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10031163.

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We present ground-based in situ snow measurements in Kiruna, Sweden, using the ground-based in situ instrument Dual Ice Crystal Imager (D-ICI). D-ICI records dual high-resolution images from above and from the side of falling natural snow crystals and other hydrometeors with particle sizes ranging from 50 μ m to 4 mm. The images are from multiple snowfall seasons during the winters of 2014/2015 to 2018/2019, which span from the beginning of November to the middle of May. From our images, the microphysical properties of individual particles, such as particle size, cross-sectional area, area ratio, aspect ratio, and shape, can be determined. We present an updated classification scheme, which comprises a total of 135 unique shapes, including 34 new snow crystal shapes. This is useful for other studies that are using previous shape classification schemes, in particular the widely used Magono–Lee classification. To facilitate the study of the shape dependence of the microphysical properties, we further sort these individual particle shapes into 15 different shape groups. Relationships between the microphysical properties are determined for each of these shape groups.

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8

Burrage, Clare, Edmund J. Copeland, Adam Moss, and James A. Stevenson. "The shape dependence of chameleon screening." Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics 2018, no. 01 (January 31, 2018): 056. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1475-7516/2018/01/056.

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9

van Dijk, W., M. W. Kermode, and S. A. Moszkowski. "Shape dependence of the deuteron radius." Physical Review C 49, no. 2 (February 1, 1994): 895–900. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevc.49.895.

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10

Buff, Frank P. "Shape dependence of the grand potential." International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 22, S16 (June 19, 2009): 671. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/qua.560220864.

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11

Nara, S. "On the Shape Dependence of the Kubo Effect and Polyhedral Shapes." physica status solidi (b) 129, no. 1 (May 1, 1985): 287–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pssb.2221290128.

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12

Rock, Irvin, Charles Schreiber, and Tony Ro. "The Dependence of Two-Dimensional Shape Perception on Orientation." Perception 23, no. 12 (December 1994): 1409–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/p231409.

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While it is true that in daily life we generally recognize objects regardless of their orientation, previous experiments involving novel shapes indicate a decline in recognition when these are tested in altered orientation. Here the question is raised of whether there is a component of shape perception based purely on the geometry of an object, independent of orientation. By means of two tests designed to eliminate awareness of change of orientation, one more stringent than used heretofore, it was found that shape perception is dependent on orientation. The apparent contradiction between these findings and the apparent orientation-free character of recognition in daily life is discussed.

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13

Yin, Fuxing, Susumu Takamori, Yoshiaki Ohsawa, and Kohji Kawahara. "The damping behavior of a Ni-50 at.%Ti shape memory alloy." International Journal of Materials Research 94, no. 9 (September 1, 2003): 1021–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijmr-2003-0185.

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Abstract In order to utilize the shape memory alloys (SMAs) for prospective damping applications, a near equiatomic NiTi alloy was investigated on a dynamic mechanical analyzer in the infrasonic frequency range. A high damping capacity stable to the variation of temperature can be obtained during a two-stage phase transformation and in the martensite state approaching to the martensite-parent phase transformation temperature in the NiTi SMA. The transient damping peaks associated with the phase transformation in the NiTi SMA shows a strong frequency dependence in both solutionized and annealed specimens. The frequency dependence parameter, n, was found to be in the range 0.3 – 0.6. For the applied strain amplitudes from 8.5 × 10–6 to 5.0 × 10 –5 a clear strain amplitude dependence was not observed in the damping peaks, except for the solutionized specimens. While the damping capacity of the martensite state, characterized at 300 K, showed obvious frequency dependences in both the solutionized and annealed specimens, only the annealed specimens manifested the strain amplitude dependence. The different damping behavior was attributed to the internal structure of martensite, including dislocations, the twinning types and variant interfaces, changeable with the prior thermomechanical treatments.

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14

OMORPHOS, SAVVAS C., CHRISTINE M. HAWKEY, and CATHERINE RICE-EVANS. "Dependence of erythrocyte shape on membrane properties." Biochemical Society Transactions 13, no. 4 (August 1, 1985): 776–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst0130776.

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15

Klarsfeld, S., J. A. Oteo, and D. W. L. Sprung. "Shape dependence in low-energy NN scattering." Journal of Physics G: Nuclear and Particle Physics 15, no. 10 (October 1, 1989): 1627. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0954-3899/15/10/512.

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16

Klarsfeld, S., J. A. Oteo, and D. W. L. Sprung. "Shape dependence in low-energy NN scattering." Journal of Physics G: Nuclear and Particle Physics 15, no. 6 (June 1, 1989): 849–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0954-3899/15/6/014.

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17

Sittner, P., V. Novák, M. Takakura, and M. Tokuda. "Transformation History Dependence of Shape Memory Effects." Le Journal de Physique IV 07, no. C5 (November 1997): C5–573—C5–578. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/jp4:1997591.

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18

Karman, G. P., G. S. McDonald, J. P. Woerdman, and G. H. C. New. "Excess-noise dependence on intracavity aperture shape." Applied Optics 38, no. 33 (November 20, 1999): 6874. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.38.006874.

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19

CHRISTOU, CHRIS G., and JAN J. KOENDERINK. "Light Source Dependence in Shape from Shading." Vision Research 37, no. 11 (June 1997): 1441–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0042-6989(96)00282-9.

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20

Saint-Cyr, B., K. Szarf, C. Voivret, E. Azéma, V. Richefeu, J. Y. Delenne, G. Combe, et al. "Particle shape dependence in 2D granular media." EPL (Europhysics Letters) 98, no. 4 (May 1, 2012): 44008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1209/0295-5075/98/44008.

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21

Sheng, Wei-Dong. "Shape-dependence of magnetotransport through quantum dots." Zeitschrift für Physik B Condensed Matter 104, no. 1 (January 1997): 131–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002570050429.

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22

Backers, S. A., A. P. Heberle, J. R. A. Cleaver, and K. Köhler. "Shape Dependence of Emission from Microdisk Lasers." physica status solidi (b) 204, no. 1 (November 1997): 581–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1521-3951(199711)204:1<581::aid-pssb581>3.0.co;2-n.

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23

Carmi, Dean. "On the shape dependence of Entanglement Entropy." Journal of High Energy Physics 2015, no. 12 (December 2015): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/jhep12(2015)043.

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24

McNaughton, James, Tom Crick, and Shamus Smith. "Resolving display shape dependence issues on tabletops." Computational Visual Media 4, no. 4 (October 27, 2018): 349–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s41095-018-0124-x.

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25

Mendonca, Joseph, Kimberly Strong, Debra Wunch, Geoffrey C. Toon, David A. Long, Joseph T. Hodges, Vincent T. Sironneau, and Jonathan E. Franklin. "Using a speed-dependent Voigt line shape to retrieve O<sub>2</sub> from Total Carbon Column Observing Network solar spectra to improve measurements of XCO<sub>2</sub>." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 12, no. 1 (January 3, 2019): 35–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-12-35-2019.

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Abstract. High-resolution, laboratory, absorption spectra of the a1Δg←X3Σg- oxygen (O2) band measured using cavity ring-down spectroscopy were fitted using the Voigt and speed-dependent Voigt line shapes. We found that the speed-dependent Voigt line shape was better able to model the measured absorption coefficients than the Voigt line shape. We used these line shape models to calculate absorption coefficients to retrieve atmospheric total columns abundances of O2 from ground-based spectra from four Fourier transform spectrometers that are a part of the Total Carbon Column Observing Network (TCCON). Lower O2 total columns were retrieved with the speed-dependent Voigt line shape, and the difference between the total columns retrieved using the Voigt and speed-dependent Voigt line shapes increased as a function of solar zenith angle. Previous work has shown that carbon dioxide (CO2) total columns are better retrieved using a speed-dependent Voigt line shape with line mixing. The column-averaged dry-air mole fraction of CO2 (XCO2) was calculated using the ratio between the columns of CO2 and O2 retrieved (from the same spectra) with both line shapes from measurements taken over a 1-year period at the four sites. The inclusion of speed dependence in the O2 retrievals significantly reduces the air mass dependence of XCO2, and the bias between the TCCON measurements and calibrated integrated aircraft profile measurements was reduced from 1 % to 0.4 %. These results suggest that speed dependence should be included in the forward model when fitting near-infrared CO2 and O2 spectra to improve the accuracy of XCO2 measurements.

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26

Watanabe, Norimichi, Akiyoshi Nakayama, Susumu Abe, Sho Kawai, Yohei Nishi, and Koji Masuda. "The shape dependency of two-dimensional magnetic field dependence of a Josephson junction." Journal of Applied Physics 103, no. 7 (April 2008): 07C707. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2830839.

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27

Zhang, Yao, Lingzhi Xie, Peng Zhao, and Bo He. "Study of the quantitative effect of the depositional layering tendency of inclusions on the elastic anisotropy of shale based on two-step homogenization." Geophysical Journal International 220, no. 1 (October 3, 2019): 174–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggz431.

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SUMMARY Shale anisotropy is related to numerous small-scale factors, including the transverse isotropy of clay particles, clay shape aspect ratio, shape preference orientation, pore/crack alignment, infilling materials and the depositional distribution and shape aspect ratio of inclusion minerals. Although a depositional layering tendency of inclusions due to sedimentation has been observed, few studies of its effect on shale anisotropy have been carried out. In this work, the effect of the depositional layering tendency of inclusions on the elastic anisotropy of shale is quantitatively analysed along with three other factors (i.e. the inclusion fraction, the orientation dependence of clay elastic properties, where ‘oriented’ refers to transverse isotropic clay and ‘non-oriented’ refers to isotropic clay, and the clay elastic moduli) based on analysis of variance and the two-step homogenization of shale by assuming that shale is a composite of clay and inclusions. The results show that the depositional layering tendency of inclusions of this type of shale has a relatively limited effect on the elastic anisotropy of intact shale, while the orientation dependence of the elastic properties of the clay has a predominant influence.

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28

Grigoriev, A. Ya. "Scale dependence of shape of engineering surface irregularities." Journal of Friction and Wear 36, no. 5 (September 2015): 363–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s1068366615050050.

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29

Fukazawa, T., K. Wada, Y. Tosaki, Y. Nagata, and T. Aoi. "Shape dependence of magnetoresistive element suppressing Barkhausen noise." Journal of the Magnetics Society of Japan 11, no. 2 (1987): 95–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3379/jmsjmag.11.95.

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30

Feldhacker, Juliana D., Megan Bruck Syal, Brandon A. Jones, Alireza Doostan, Jay McMahon, and Daniel J. Scheeres. "Shape Dependence of the Kinetic Deflection of Asteroids." Journal of Guidance, Control, and Dynamics 40, no. 10 (October 2017): 2417–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/1.g002270.

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31

Byron, M., J. Einarsson, K. Gustavsson, G. Voth, B. Mehlig, and E. Variano. "Shape-dependence of particle rotation in isotropic turbulence." Physics of Fluids 27, no. 3 (March 2015): 035101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4913501.

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32

Prudnikov, Oleg N., Sung Tae Shin, and Byoung-Ho Cheong. "Laser pulse shape dependence of poly-Si crystallization." AIP Advances 7, no. 12 (December 2017): 125102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4998221.

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33

Habak, C., F. Wilkinson, and H. R. Wilson. "Spatial frequency dependence in contextual modulation of shape." Journal of Vision 4, no. 8 (August 1, 2004): 667. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/4.8.667.

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34

Patel, A., N. Kylstra, and P. Knight. "Ellipticity and pulse shape dependence of localised wavepackets." Optics Express 4, no. 13 (June 21, 1999): 496. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.4.000496.

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35

Park, S. J., S. W. Jun, A. R. Kim, and Y. H. Ahn. "Terahertz metamaterial sensing on polystyrene microbeads: shape dependence." Optical Materials Express 5, no. 10 (September 8, 2015): 2150. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ome.5.002150.

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36

Kwiatkowski, Grzegorz. "Domain shape dependence of semiclassical corrections to energy." Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and Theoretical 50, no. 30 (June 29, 2017): 305202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1751-8121/aa768a.

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37

Kawaguchi, H., and T. Honma. "Consideration on shape dependence of wake field accelerators." IEEE Transactions on Magnetics 31, no. 3 (May 1995): 2135–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/20.376468.

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38

Tarr, Michael J., and Steven Pinker. "Mental rotation and orientation-dependence in shape recognition." Cognitive Psychology 21, no. 2 (April 1989): 233–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0010-0285(89)90009-1.

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39

Melikyan, Armen, Hayk Minassian, Valeri G. Grigoryan, and Michael Springborg. "Shape dependence of optical properties of sodium clusters." Applied Physics B 112, no. 2 (April 7, 2013): 177–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00340-013-5414-5.

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40

Schulz, F. M., K. Stamnes, and J. J. Stamnes. "Shape dependence of the optical properties in size-shape distributions of randomly oriented prolate spheroids, including highly elongated shapes." Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 104, no. D8 (April 1, 1999): 9413–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/1998jd200107.

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41

Cui, Zi-xiang, Ya-nan Feng, Yong-qiang Xue, Juan Zhang, Rong Zhang, Jie Hao, and Jia-yi Liu. "Shape dependence of thermodynamics of adsorption on nanoparticles: a theoretical and experimental study." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 20, no. 47 (2018): 29959–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8cp04895a.

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42

Richards, David M., and Robert G. Endres. "Target shape dependence in a simple model of receptor-mediated endocytosis and phagocytosis." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 22 (May 16, 2016): 6113–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1521974113.

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Phagocytosis and receptor-mediated endocytosis are vitally important particle uptake mechanisms in many cell types, ranging from single-cell organisms to immune cells. In both processes, engulfment by the cell depends critically on both particle shape and orientation. However, most previous theoretical work has focused only on spherical particles and hence disregards the wide-ranging particle shapes occurring in nature, such as those of bacteria. Here, by implementing a simple model in one and two dimensions, we compare and contrast receptor-mediated endocytosis and phagocytosis for a range of biologically relevant shapes, including spheres, ellipsoids, capped cylinders, and hourglasses. We find a whole range of different engulfment behaviors with some ellipsoids engulfing faster than spheres, and that phagocytosis is able to engulf a greater range of target shapes than other types of endocytosis. Further, the 2D model can explain why some nonspherical particles engulf fastest (not at all) when presented to the membrane tip-first (lying flat). Our work reveals how some bacteria may avoid being internalized simply because of their shape, and suggests shapes for optimal drug delivery.

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43

Шишулин, А. В., В. Б. Федосеев та А. В. Шишулина. "К вопросу о плавлении наночастиц фрактальной формы (на примере системы Si-Ge)". Журнал технической физики 89, № 9 (2019): 1420. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/jtf.2019.09.48069.88-19.

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In this paper, thermodynamical approach has been used to simulate the influence of shape on phase equilibria in the two-phase-region between liquidus and solidus temperatures in case of Si-Ge alloy nanoparticles. Volumes and shapes of considered nanoparticles have been described by their effective radii and fractal dimensions, the dependence of fractal dimensions on temperature has been obtained using a simple geometrical model. It has been shown that decreasing the volume of a nanoparticle and its fractal dimension (which corresponds to nanoparticles of a more complicated shape) leads to narrowing down the temperature range of the heterogeneous region and changes the phase transition temperatures and equilibrium compositions of co-existing phases. At different temperatures, the dependences of the composition of the liquid phase differ which is explained by implementing different mechanisms of reducing the surface energy.

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Georgiou, Christos, Nora Elisa Chisari, Maria Cristina Fortuna, Henk Hoekstra, Konrad Kuijken, Benjamin Joachimi, Mohammadjavad Vakili, et al. "GAMA+KiDS: Alignment of galaxies in galaxy groups and its dependence on galaxy scale." Astronomy & Astrophysics 628 (July 31, 2019): A31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201935810.

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Intrinsic galaxy alignments are a source of bias for weak lensing measurements as well as a tool for understanding galaxy formation and evolution. In this work, we measure the alignment of shapes of satellite galaxies, in galaxy groups, with respect to the brightest group galaxy (BGG), as well as alignments of the BGG shape with the satellite positions, using the highly complete Galaxy And Mass Assembly (GAMA) spectroscopic survey and deep imaging from the Kilo Degree Survey. We control systematic errors with dedicated image simulations and measure accurate shapes using the DEIMOS shape measurement method. We find a significant satellite radial alignment signal, which vanishes at large separations from the BGG. We do not identify any strong trends of the signal with galaxy absolute magnitude or group mass. The alignment signal is dominated by red satellites. We also find that the outer regions of galaxies are aligned more strongly than their inner regions, by varying the radial weight employed during the shape measurement process. This behaviour is evident for both red and blue satellites. BGGs are also found to be aligned with satellite positions, with this alignment being stronger when considering the innermost satellites, using red BGGs and the shape of the outer region of the BGG. Lastly, we measure the global intrinsic alignment signal in the GAMA sample for two different radial weight functions and find no significant difference.

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Nelli, Diana, Cesare Roncaglia, Samuel Ahearn, Marcel Di Vece, Riccardo Ferrando, and Chloé Minnai. "Octahedral Growth of PtPd Nanocrystals." Catalysts 11, no. 6 (June 9, 2021): 718. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal11060718.

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PtPd nanoparticles are among the most widely studied nanoscale systems, mainly because of their applications as catalysts in chemical reactions. In this work, a combined experimental-theoretical study is presented about the dependence of growth shape of PtPd alloy nanocrystals on their composition. The particles are grown in the gas phase and characterized by STEM-HRTEM. PtPd nanoalloys present a bimodal size distribution. The size of the larger population can be tuned between 3.8 ± 0.4 and 14.1 ± 2.0 nm by controlling the deposition parameters. A strong dependence of the particle shape on the composition is found: Pd-rich nanocrystals present more rounded shapes whereas Pt-rich ones exhibit sharp tips. Molecular dynamics simulations and excess energy calculations show that the growth structures are out of equilibrium. The growth simulations are able to follow the growth shape evolution and growth pathways at the atomic level, reproducing the structures in good agreement with the experimental results. Finally the optical absorption properties are calculated for PtPd nanoalloys of the same shapes and sizes grown in our experiments.

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Marshall, D., L. Rezac, P. Hartogh, Y. Zhao, and N. Attree. "Interpretation of heliocentric water production rates of comets." Astronomy & Astrophysics 623 (March 2019): A120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201833959.

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Aims. We investigate the influence of three basic factors on water production rate as a function of heliocentric distance: nucleus shape, the spin axis orientation, and the distribution of activity on a comet’s surface. Methods. We used a basic water sublimation model driven by solar insolation to derive total production rates for different nuclei shapes and spin axis orientations using the orbital parameters of 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. We used known shape models derived from prior missions to the Jupiter Family and short period comets. The slopes of production rates versus heliocentric distance were calculated for the different model setups. Results. The standard (homogeneous) outgassing model confirms the well-known result regarding the heliocentric dependence of water production rate that remains invariant for different nuclei shapes as long as the rotation axis is perpendicular to the orbital plane. When the rotation axis is not perpendicular, the nucleus shape becomes a critically important factor in determining the water production curves as the illuminated cross section of the nucleus changes with heliocentric distance. Shape and obliquity can produce changes in the illuminated cross section of up to 50% over an orbit. In addition, different spin axis orientations for a given shape can dramatically alter the pre- and post-perihelion production curves, as do assumptions about the activity distribution on the surface. If, however, the illuminated cross section of the nucleus is invariant, then the dependence on the above parameters is weak, as demonstrated here with the 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko shape. The comets Hartley 2 and Wild 2 are shown to yield significantly different production curve shapes for the same orbit and orientation as 67P/CG, varying by as much as a factor of three as a result of only changing the nucleus shape. Finally, we show that varying just three basic parameters, shape, spin axis orientation, and active spots distribution on the surface can lead to arbitrary deviations from the expected inverse square law dependence of water production rates near 1 au. Conclusions. With the results obtained, we cannot avoid the conclusion that, without prior knowledge of basic parameters (shape, spin axis orientation, activity locations), it is difficult to reveal the nature of cometary outgassing from the heliocentric water production rates. Similarly, the inter-comparison of water production curves of two such comets may not be meaningful.

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Krevet, Berthold, and Manfred Kohl. "Thermodynamic Modelling of Ferromagnetic Shape Memory Actuators." Materials Science Forum 635 (December 2009): 175–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.635.175.

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We present a thermodynamic Gibbs free energy model for the finite element simulation of the coupled thermo-magneto-mechanical behavior of ferromagnetic shape memory alloys (FSMAs). Starting from a free energy model for the conventional shape memory effect, additional terms are included to take into account the magnetic anisotropy and the geometry-dependent magnetostatic energy. Different functions are considered for the strain dependence of the anisotropy energy in order to describe the experimentally found strong dependence of the anisotropy energy on the ratio of short and long crystallographic axis c/a. The resulting energy landscape is used to calculate the transition probabilities between three martensite variants and the austenite state under applied stress and external magnetic field. The magnetic shape memory effect is simulated for different loading conditions and sample geometries. We demonstrate the influence of the c/a dependence of the anisotropy energy as well as the influence of twinning strain and elastic modulus on the transition between martensite variants. The model calculations are compared with experimental results on Ni-Mn-Ga single crystals.

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BURYI, Grigory, and Ilya POTERYAEV. "Determination of the optimal strength and speed of soil digging of a single-bucket hydraulic excavator with a spherical shape bucket." Sustainable Development of Mountain Territories 14, no. 2 (June 30, 2022): 321–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.21177/1998-4502-2022-14-2-321-329.

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Introduction. The paper describes the scope and purpose of single-bucket hydraulic excavators. The method of digging a single-bucket excavator with a bucket of spherical shape, which allows to increase productivity, is considered. The urgency of increasing the productivity of these machines is formulated. The purpose of the work: to determine the optimal strength and speed of digging the soil of a single-bucket hydraulic excavator with a spherical bucket. Research methodology. To confirm the effectiveness of the proposed bucket design, a diagram of the forces acting on it during digging is presented. The rheological model of the process of digging with a bucket of spherical shape is considered. A mathematical model in the form of a system of second-order differential equations has been compiled on the basis of the force scheme and the rheological model. Research results. A mathematical model has been identified that makes it possible to calculate the dependence of the speed and optimal force when digging the soil with a spherical bucket of a single-bucket hydraulic excavator, depending on the design parameters of the bucket and the parameters of the soil. The dependence for determining the friction force of the soil inside the bucket arising during digging is given. The dependencies for determining the weight of the soil in the bucket and the bucket itself are described. The dependence for calculating the lateral pressure of the soil using a stabilometer is given. The dependences of the calculation of the friction force of the external soil on the bucket and the friction force of the external soil on the soil in front of the bucket edge are presented. A dependence for determining the normal force from the external soil to the compacted soil in front of the bucket edge is proposed. The concept of a "compacted core of the soil" in front of the bucket edge is given and the dependence for determining its depth is given, however, a more precise definition of the latter requires additional research. A dependence is proposed for determining the mass of soil located in front of the bucket edge. The conditions for the possibility of digging the soil are accepted, in which the digging speed is greater than zero, and the digging force is minimal. An algorithm is described that allows you to select the minimum force for the digging process based on the dependencies given in the work. A block diagram of the algorithm for selecting the minimum force for the process of digging with a spherical bucket is given. The selection of the minimum digging force will confirm the effectiveness of a single-bucket hydraulic excavator with a spherical bucket.

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Zhang, Jianjun, Pei Sun, and Kunyuan Qiao. "Wining and Dining Government Officials: What Drives Political Networking in Chinese Private Ventures?" Management and Organization Review 16, no. 5 (October 21, 2020): 1084–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/mor.2020.37.

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ABSTRACTManagerial networking with political actors has long been recognized as a crucial co-option strategy to navigate the challenging institutional environment in emerging economies. However, we know much less about what drives the variation of political networking investment by private ventures. Drawing on resource dependence theory, we unpack the dyadic business-government relations and identify the key organizational and environmental factors that shape the power dependence relationships between private ventures and the government. By examining power imbalance and mutual dependence in this dyadic relationship and considering both the necessity and the capability of political networking, we develop hypotheses regarding the ways in which size-, connection-, and location-based dependencies affect firms’ political networking intensity. These hypotheses are tested through a unique survey of Chinese private ventures. Our study finds that political networking intensity (1) has an inverted U-shaped relationship with firm size, (2) is negatively associated with the presence of embedded political ties while positively associated with that of achieved political connections, and (3) is smaller when the focal firm is located in business development zones. This research bears rich implications for our understanding of corporate political activity in emerging economies from a resource dependence lens.

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Moon, Junghwan, Joonmyung Choi, and Maenghyo Cho. "Programmed shape-dependence of shape memory effect of oriented polystyrene: A molecular dynamics study." Polymer 102 (October 2016): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2016.08.096.

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