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Zolkover, Andrii, and Venelin Terziev. "The Shadow Economy: A Bibliometric Analysis." Business Ethics and Leadership 4, no. 3 (2020): 107–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/bel.4(3).107-118.2020.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The article deals with the analysis of the areas of research related to the shadow economy. The results of analyses show that financial market and financial intermediates become an essential part of the issues and that the topic of the problem of poverty among the urban population, low income, drugs abuse and problems of female employment, gender inequity in income in the papers which analyzed the shadow economy issues are very popular. The aim of the paper is to analyze the tendency in the scientific literature on the shadow economy to identify future research directions. For the analysis, the tools of VOSviewer, Scopus and Web of Science (WoS) analyses were used. This study is based on 5361 papers from Scopus and 3773 papers from Web of Science. The time sample of research was not limited for analysis. Time analysis showed that in 2014-2015 the number of papers dealing the shadow economy began to increase. At the same time, the focal point of research moved from general issues (estimation of shadow sector, impact on labour market etc.) to problem of transition from the informal to the formal Economy. In 2019 the number of papers which analyzed the the shadow economy was increased by 95 % compared with the 2014 year, according to Scopus database – by 29%. Mostly the papers with keyword “shadow” (informal, hidden etc.) economy were published under the following subject area, according to Scopus: Social science; Economics, Econometrics and Finance; Business, Management and Accounting; Environmental Science; Arts and Humanities, and according to WoS: Business Economics; Sociology; Public Administration; Government Law; Development Studies; Social Sciences Other Topics; Environmental Sciences Ecology; Area Studies. Most articles focused on shadow economy were published by the scientists from the USA, United Kingdom, India, Germany and South Africa. In 2019 considering the findings from Scopus the high ranked Studies in Systems Decision and Control, Journal of Business Ethics, Journal of Contemporary Asia, Cities stated to publish papers devoted to shadow economy. Such results prove that informal economy theme and its transition to formal is in the ongoing trends of the modern regulation. The findings from VOSviewer identified six clusters of the papers which investigate the shadow economy from the different points of views. The first most significant cluster merged the paper which contained the keywords as follows: informal sector, informal economy, unemployment, gender, urban economy, labour market, corruption etc. The papers in the second largest cluster deal with poverty among urban population, low income, drugs abuse and problems of female employment, gender inequity in income. The third biggest cluster focuses on criminal and ecological aspects of shadow economy. Keywords: Shadow Economy, Shadow Sector of Economy, Informal Economy, Informal Sector of Economy, Underground Economy, Underground Sector of Economy, Hidden Economy, Hidden Sector of Economy.
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Pedersen, Adam Sebastian, Agneta Snoer, Mads Barloese, Anja Petersen, and Rigmor Højland Jensen. "Prevalence of pre-cluster symptoms in episodic cluster headache: Is it possible to predict an upcoming bout?" Cephalalgia 41, no. 7 (January 20, 2021): 799–809. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0333102421989255.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Background Early symptoms prior to a cluster headache bout have been reported to occur days or weeks before the actual beginning of the cluster headache bouts. This study aimed to describe the prevalence of pre-cluster (premonitory) symptoms and examine the predictability of an upcoming cluster headache bout. Methods 100 patients with episodic cluster headache were included in this retrospective cross-sectional study. All patients underwent a semi-structured interview including 25 questions concerning pre-cluster symptoms. Results Pre-cluster symptoms were reported by 86% of patients with a mean of 6.8 days (interquartile range 3–14) preceding the bout. An ability to predict an upcoming bout was reported by 57% with a mean 4.6 days (interquartile range 2–7) before the bout. Occurrence of shadow attacks was associated with increased predictability (odds ratio: 3.06, confidence interval: 1.19–7.88, p-value = 0.020). In remission periods, 58% of patients reported mild cluster headache symptoms and 53% reported occurrence of single shadow attacks. Conclusions The majority of episodic cluster headache patients experienced pre-cluster symptoms, and more than half could predict an upcoming bout, suggesting the significant potential of early intervention. Furthermore, the experience of mild cluster headache symptoms and infrequent shadow attacks in remission periods is common and suggest an underlying pathophysiology extending beyond the cluster headache bouts.
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Shang, Tao, and Shui Peng Zhang. "Research on High-Quality Soft Shadow of Building Based Shadow Map." Applied Mechanics and Materials 174-177 (May 2012): 1927–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.174-177.1927.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Image rendering of shadow faces a problem existed for a long time,that is the contradiction of quality and performance. Variant algorithms are presented to ameliorate this problem,shadow map is the one which is representative for that. Even though shadow maps have been widely used for the shadow of Three-dimensional scene,some imperfection still exist in this method like aliasing problem.So,the focus of the paper is introduce an algorithm which layering the data sets of the large scale building's shadow rapidly and intelligently based shadow map. First, we ascertain the fragment which create the shadow by shadow mapping's two scan. Second, we process the float data in the depth buffer by using uniformization and render the two depth data in the texture.Then use Gauss Filter to blur.Finally,use the algorithm of BIRCH cluster the uniformization data to improve the obscure and tweened effect.This method brings reduction of aliasing problem with low overhead as well as performance to a certain extent .
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Leisch, Friedrich. "Neighborhood graphs, stripes and shadow plots for cluster visualization." Statistics and Computing 20, no. 4 (June 27, 2009): 457–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11222-009-9137-8.
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Jiao, Zixi, Anlin Zhang, Longhuan Du, Yang Yang, and Hua Fan. "Numerical Study of the Effect of Perforation Friction and Engineering Parameters on Multicluster Fracturing in Horizontal Wells." Geofluids 2021 (August 31, 2021): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/9969112.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Simultaneous multiple-fracture treatments in horizontal wellbores have become one of the key methods for economically and efficiently developing oil and gas resources in unconventional reservoirs. However, field data show that some perforation clusters have difficulty propagating fractures due to the internal mechanism of competing initiation and propagation among the fractures. In this paper, the physical mechanisms that influence simultaneous multiple-fracture initiation and propagation are investigated, and the effects of engineering parameters and in situ conditions on the nonuniform development of multiple fractures are discussed. A 3D fracture propagation model was established with ABAQUS to show the influence of the stress shadow effects and dynamic partitioning of the flow rate by simulating the propagation of multiple competing fractures generated in the perforation clusters. Based on the results of these simulations, simultaneous flow in multiple fractures can propagate evenly. Through adjusting the number of perforations in each cluster or the perforation diameter, the effect of the stress shadow can be significantly reduced by increasing the perforation friction, and the factors that affect the development of multiple fractures are changed, from the stress shadow effect to the dynamic partitioning of the flow rate. When the stress shadow effect is dominant, increasing the fracturing fluid viscosity promotes the uniform development of multiple fractures and increases the fracture width. When the dynamic partitioning of the flow rate is dominant, increasing the injection rate greatly affects the uniform development of multiple fractures.
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Lizina, Olga M., and Dinara A. Bistyakina. "THE MAIN DIRECTIONS OF DEACTIVATION OF THE RUSSIAN SHADOW ECONOMY." EKONOMIKA I UPRAVLENIE: PROBLEMY, RESHENIYA 5, no. 11 (2021): 69–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.36871/ek.up.p.r.2021.11.05.010.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The shadow economy has become one of the main threats to the national security of many states. Its negative impact on economic, political, social and cultural processes requires the development of an effective mechanism for deactivating shadow economic relations. In this regard, it is very important to take into account the peculiarities and specifics of the manifestation of the shadow economy, the causes and con-sequences of its functioning. To identify the factors contributing to the growth of shadow economic activity and its consequences in the national economy, a sociological study was conducted. To compare the results of the study of the influence of factors on the level of the shadow economy, economic modeling was also carried out using the method of typological regression, implying the construction of multiple regression models in homogeneous groups iden-tified by multidimensional classification based on cluster or discriminant analysis. Based on the results of the study, general and specific factors contributing to the growth of shadow economic activity were identified. They are significant when choosing a strategy and forming a system of measures aimed at deactivating the shadow economy. Summarizing the data obtained in the course of the study on the factors, causes and consequences of the shadow economy in Russia, a number of recommendations are formulated aimed at countering shadow economic activity in two directions: tougher penalties and the actual legalization of certain forms of shadow economic activity.
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Maršík, Martin, and Daniel Kopta. "Use of the cluster analysis for assessment of economic situation of an enterprise." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 61, no. 2 (2013): 405–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201361020405.
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The aim of the paper was to discuss the disadvantages of enterprises in dry areas compared to enterprises farming in similar production area outside a rain shadow. The analysis was based on the sample of 45 enterprises; twelve of which farming in the area of a rain shadow. In the first step, enterprises were sorted by the cluster analysis into groups farming in the same area, at a similar altitude, with the same structure in a similar manner, and under comparable financial conditions – (such as debt ratio, liquidity and activity ratio). The results of this step showed a different method of farming within enterprises in disadvantaged areas. Such enterprises have created two distinct, separate clusters differing from the average in the use of fixed assets, technical equipment of labour, labour productivity and income structure. In the second step, the way how the return on assets of such enterprises is different from the average profitability of the enterprise was assessed. Testing differences in mean values of profitability was performed using the Student t–test. Due to the high variability of the Return on assets (ROA), the difference between standard and disadvantaged enterprises has not been proved.
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Vo, A. V., and D. F. Laefer. "A BIG DATA APPROACH FOR COMPREHENSIVE URBAN SHADOW ANALYSIS FROM AIRBORNE LASER SCANNING POINT CLOUDS." ISPRS Annals of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences IV-4/W8 (September 23, 2019): 131–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-iv-4-w8-131-2019.
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<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> Because of the importance of access to sunlight, shadow analysis is a common consideration in urban design, especially for dense urban developments. As shadow computation is computationally expensive, most urban shadow analysis tools have to date circumvented the high computational costs by representing urban complexity only through simplified geometric models. The simplification process removes details and adversely affects the level of realism of the ultimate results. In this paper, an alternative approach is presented by utilizing the highest level of detail and resolution captured in the geometric input data source, which is an extremely high-resolution airborne laser scanning point cloud (300 points/m2). To cope with the high computational demand caused by the use of this dense and detailed input data set, the Comprehensive Urban Shadow algorithm is introduced to distribute the computation for parallel processing on a Hadoop cluster. The proposed comprehensive urban shadow analysis solution is scalable, reasonably fast, and capable of preserving the original resolution and geometric detail of the original point cloud data.</p>
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Xie, Jun, Haoyong Huang, Yu Sang, Yu Fan, Juan Chen, Kan Wu, and Wei Yu. "Numerical Study of Simultaneous Multiple Fracture Propagation in Changning Shale Gas Field." Energies 12, no. 7 (April 8, 2019): 1335. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12071335.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Recently, the Changning shale gas field has been one of the most outstanding shale plays in China for unconventional gas exploitation. Based on the more practical experience of hydraulic fracturing, the economic gas production from this field can be optimized and gradually improved. However, further optimization of the fracture design requires a deeper understanding of the effects of engineering parameters on simultaneous multiple fracture propagation. It can increase the effective fracture number and the well performance. In this paper, based on the Changning field data, a complex fracture propagation model was established. A series of case studies were investigated to analyze the effects of engineering parameters on simultaneous multiple fracture propagation. The fracture spacing, perforating number, injection rate, fluid viscosity and number of fractures within one stage were considered. The simulation results show that smaller fracture spacing implies stronger stress shadow effects, which significantly reduces the perforating efficiency. The perforating number is a critical parameter that has a big impact on the cluster efficiency. In addition, one cluster with a smaller perforating number can more easily generate a uniform fracture geometry. A higher injection rate is better for promoting uniform fluid volume distribution, with each cluster growing more evenly. An increasing fluid viscosity increases the variation of fluid distribution between perforation clusters, resulting in the increasing gap between the interior fracture and outer fractures. An increasing number of fractures within the stage increases the stress shadow among fractures, resulting in a larger total fracture length and a smaller average fracture width. This work provides key guidelines for improving the effectiveness of hydraulic fracture treatments.
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Chen, Yantong, Yuyang Li, and Junsheng Wang. "Remote Aircraft Target Recognition Method Based on Superpixel Segmentation and Image Reconstruction." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2020 (February 14, 2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/6087680.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Satellite images are always with complex background and shadow areas. These factors can lead to target segmentation break up and recognition with a low accuracy. Aiming at solving these problems, we proposed an aircraft recognition method based on superpixel segmentation and reconstruction. First, we need to estimate the orientation of an aircraft by using histograms of oriented gradients. And then, an improved Simple Linear Iterative Cluster (SLIC) superpixel segmentation algorithm is provided. By comparing texture feature instead of color feature space, we cluster the pixels that are with the same features. Last, through target template images and orientation, we reconstruct the superpixels. Also, the lowest error matching ratio is the recognized target. The test results show that the algorithm is robust to noise and recognize more aircrafts. Especially, when the satellite images with complex background and shadow areas, our method recognizes accuracy better than other methods. It can satisfy the demand of satellite image aircraft recognition.
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Zeng, Qingdong, and Jun Yao. "Production calculation of multi-cluster fractured horizontal well accounting for stress shadow effect." International Journal of Oil, Gas and Coal Technology 23, no. 3 (2020): 293. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijogct.2020.105773.
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Zeng, Qingdong, and Jun Yao. "Production calculation of multi-cluster fractured horizontal well accounting for stress shadow effect." International Journal of Oil, Gas and Coal Technology 23, no. 3 (2020): 293. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijogct.2020.10027313.
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Ma, Jun. "Security Issues of Wireless Sensor Networks Based on Target Tracking." International Journal of Online Engineering (iJOE) 12, no. 10 (October 31, 2016): 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3991/ijoe.v12i10.6211.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 10pt; -ms-layout-grid-mode: line; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">In this paper the dynamic point target tracking is studied, and a message driven target tracking algorithm based on non-ranging is proposed by combining the actual sensor node characteristics. By tissue tracking around the target sensor nodes collaborate to establish a tracking cluster and the cluster head node for data fusion to accurately locate the target and thus formed a kind of efficient and precise distributed dynamic tracking cluster algorithm of DTC. The tracking cluster can follow the target as a shadow, and it can realize the management of the cluster itself and constantly report to the sink node to the target location. The protocol is especially suitable for the use of large scale wireless sensor networks with low node cost.</span>
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Ren, Min, Zhihao Wang, and Guangfen Yang. "A Self-Adaptive Weighted Fuzzy c-Means for Mixed-Type Data." International Journal of Computational Intelligence and Applications 19, no. 04 (October 8, 2020): 2050030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1469026820500303.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The influence of features on each cluster is not the same in a mixed-type dataset. Based on the rough set and shadow set theories, the fuzzy distribution centroid was defined to represent the clustering center of the discrete feature so that the fuzzy c-means algorithm (FCM) could be extended to cluster the data with both continuous and discrete features. Then, considering the different contributions of the features to each cluster, a new weighted objective function was constructed in accordance with the principles of fuzzy compactness and separation. Because the learning feature weight is the key step in feature-weighted FCM, this paper regarded the feature weight as a variable optimized in the clustering process and put forward a self-adaptive mixed-type weighted FCM. The experimental results showed that the algorithm could be effectively applied to a heterogeneous mixed-type dataset.
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Mirtskhulava, Illona. "Role of Cluster Policy in the Socio-Economic Development of Abkhazia." Regionalnaya ekonomika. Yug Rossii, no. 3 (October 2019): 51–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/re.volsu.2019.3.6.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The economy of Abkhazia is experiencing a systemic crisis caused by political, economic, social, demographic difficulties of the last quarter of the century and is characterized by low living standards, regional development imbalance, subsidized budgets of different areas, and a significant share of the shadow economy. The analysis of the main indicators of the socio-economic situation shows that the economy of Abkhazia is developing by inertia, having exhausted the potential of the previous stage of development. The relevance of the work lies in finding new economic tools and social technologies, which will allow to take the post-war Abkhazia out of the recession. New approaches are required for sustainable development. The purpose of this article is to study and search for mechanisms that will help in modernizing the socio-economic situation of Abkhazia in terms of informational economy. The author suggests implementing cluster associations in the Republic of Abkhazia as an effective form of economic interaction between economic entities. The article describes economic actors of a cluster organization, the role of entities and the conditions of forming economic and institutional clusters, as well as the competitive advantages of the national economy of Abkhazia. The author of the article proposes tools for implementing cluster policy, describes its advantages and expected results. The proposed approach will make it possible to minimize the risks of imbalances, create conditions for economic growth and improve the quality of life of the population of Abkhazia.
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Fedotov, D. Yu. "Tax burden and shadow economy growth in Russian regions." Journal of Tax Reform 7, no. 3 (2021): 284–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.15826/jtr.2021.7.3.104.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The study is devoted to verification the hypothesis that a higher tax burden does not necessarily lead to the growth in the shadow economy in Russian regions. The cross-regional comparative analysis was undertaken to measure the influence of the tax burden on the shadow economy. The analysis used Rosstat workforce surveys data about the number of informal workers nationwide and by sector from 2007 to 2019. Stochastic factor analysis was used to examine the relationship between the share of informal workers and such factors as the tax burden, GRP per capita, advanced production technologies, innovation activities of organizations, industrial sectors’ and social sectors’ contribution to GRP. To determine the strength of the relationship between the factors and the resultant indicator, a correlation and cluster analysis were conducted. It has shown that there is an inverse correlation between the tax burden and informal employment. Regions with a lower tax burden tend to have higher rates of informal employment (in 2019, the correlation coefficient was –0.4274). A similar inverse correlation is observed for the level of informal employment and the macro-economic indicators – GRP per capita, innovation, and the contribution of industrial sectors to GRP. There is a direct correlation between informal employment and the contribution of social sectors to GRP. These findings shed light on the key factors conducive to the growth in the shadow economy: what matters most is the economic and innovation lag in the development of certain regions. The results of this research can be useful for policy-makers seeking to address the problem of the shadow economy in regions.
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Cherkashyna, T. "Clusterization of post-communist countries of the Central and Eastern Europe by income inequality level." Galic'kij ekonomičnij visnik 72, no. 5 (2021): 41–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.33108/galicianvisnyk_tntu2021.05.041.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Using level of income inequality, the clustering of post-communist countries of the Central and Eastern Europe is carried out by the following indicators: Gini index, share in the national income of the second quintile group, share in the national income of the third quintile group, share in the national income of the fourth quintile group, share in the national income of 10% of the poorest, share in the national income of 20% of the richest.,Сluster analysis (k-means method), in the programming environment Statistica is used as analysis tool and five clusters are obtained. The first cluster includes 8 countries (Albania, Hungary, Poland, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Czech Republic, Сroatia, Russia, Slovakia) is characterized by sufficiently low level of income inequality and can be explained by flow of foreign investment and business transnationalization contributing to the increase of incomes of the main population groups of these countries. The second cluster includes 4 countries (Belarus, Slovenia, Ukraine, Moldova) and is characterized by comparatively low level of income inequality, but high level of property inequality due to heredity, аccumulated wealth та concentration of physical and financial capital by so called «oligarchic clans». The third cluster includes 5 countries (Bulgaria, Montenegro, Macedonia, Romania, Serbia) and is characterized by medium level of income inequality. The fourth and fifth clusters include so called «Baltic tigers» (Latvia, Lihuania, Estonia) and is characterized by high level of income inequality as the result of the occurrence of «excess profits» of financial assets owners. In order to decrease the income inequality in the investigated countries, the following measures are proposed: for the countries of the first cluster to accelerate deconcentration of capital ownership by «spaying» (redemption) of privatized enterprises shares by all categories on preferential terms (so called «ESOP programs»); for the countries of the second cluster to implement progressive tax scale where the tax rate for different groups of population vary depending on the income received and citizens with the lowest incomes (at the level of subsistence minimum or minimum wage) do not pay individual taxes at all; for the countries of the third cluster to cope with «shadow» economy and informal unemployment; for the counties of the fourth and fifth clusters to decrease tax burden on private entrepreneurs and thus stimulate self-employment.
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Nolte, Christof, Tim Jinks, Xinghao Wang, María Teresa Martinez Pastor, and Robb Krumlauf. "Shadow enhancers flanking the HoxB cluster direct dynamic Hox expression in early heart and endoderm development." Developmental Biology 383, no. 1 (November 2013): 158–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ydbio.2013.09.016.
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Levine, D. A., I. F. Akyildiz, and M. Naghshineh. "A resource estimation and call admission algorithm for wireless multimedia networks using the shadow cluster concept." IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking 5, no. 1 (1997): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/90.554717.
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Caruso, Francesco, Andrea Bellacicca, and Paolo Milani. "High-throughput shadow mask printing of passive electrical components on paper by supersonic cluster beam deposition." Applied Physics Letters 108, no. 16 (April 18, 2016): 163501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4947281.
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Liu, Xiaoqiang, Vamegh Rasouli, Tiankui Guo, Zhanqing Qu, Ying Sun, and Branko Damjanac. "Numerical simulation of stress shadow in multiple cluster hydraulic fracturing in horizontal wells based on lattice modelling." Engineering Fracture Mechanics 238 (October 2020): 107278. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.engfracmech.2020.107278.
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Wang, Runnan, Xuewei Yan, Zhonglin Li, Qingyan Xu, and Baicheng Liu. "Effect of Construction Manner of Mould Cluster on Stray Grain Formation in Dummy Blade of DD6 Superalloy." High Temperature Materials and Processes 36, no. 4 (April 1, 2017): 399–409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/htmp-2016-0138.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractA dummy blade of Ni-based single crystal (SX) superalloy was modelled to investigate the stray grain (SG) defect by both experiment and simulation. Three construction manners of mould cluster (CMMC) with 0°, 45° and 90° assembling angle were considered. The experimental results reveal a strong dependence of SG sensitivity upon CMMC. Profuse SGs took place in the case of 0°, but almost no one shown in those of 45° and 90°. The FEM simulation results indicate that SG occurrence is not only determined by critical nucleation undercooling, but also the geometrical characteristic, shape of liquidus isotherm and other three important effects (shadow effect, channel effect and dimension effect). The tendency of SG formation increases with the increase of number of these effects. By means of the combination effect consisting of the above three effects, SG occurrence can be qualitatively predicted and process window is more accurately modified.
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Yang, L., L. Shi, P. Li, J. Yang, L. Zhao, and B. Zhao. "THE LOW BACKSCATTERING OBJECTS CLASSIFICATION IN POLSAR IMAGE BASED ON BAG OF WORDS MODEL USING SUPPORT VECTOR MACHINE." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-3 (April 30, 2018): 2089–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-3-2089-2018.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Due to the forward scattering and block of radar signal, the water, bare soil, shadow, named low backscattering objects (LBOs), often present low backscattering intensity in polarimetric synthetic aperture radar (PolSAR) image. Because the LBOs rise similar backscattering intensity and polarimetric responses, the spectral-based classifiers are inefficient to deal with LBO classification, such as Wishart method. Although some polarimetric features had been exploited to relieve the confusion phenomenon, the backscattering features are still found unstable when the system noise floor varies in the range direction. This paper will introduce a simple but effective scene classification method based on Bag of Words (BoW) model using Support Vector Machine (SVM) to discriminate the LBOs, without relying on any polarimetric features. In the proposed approach, square windows are firstly opened around the LBOs adaptively to determine the scene images, and then the Scale-Invariant Feature Transform (SIFT) points are detected in training and test scenes. The several SIFT features detected are clustered using K-means to obtain certain cluster centers as the visual word lists and scene images are represented using word frequency. At last, the SVM is selected for training and predicting new scenes as some kind of LBOs. The proposed method is executed over two AIRSAR data sets at C band and L band, including water, bare soil and shadow scenes. The experimental results illustrate the effectiveness of the scene method in distinguishing LBOs.
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Samanta, Soumya, Kulkarni Gayatri, P. Murugavel, B. Balaji, N. Malap, Y. Jaya Rao, S. M. Deshpande, S. M. Sonbawne, P. Suneetha, and Thara V. Prabha. "Case Study of a Convective Cluster Over the Rain Shadow Region of Western Ghats Using Multi-platform Observations and WRF Model." Pure and Applied Geophysics 177, no. 6 (November 5, 2019): 2931–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00024-019-02360-8.
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Blanton, Elizabeth L., Craig L. Sarazin, Brian R. McNamara, and T. E. Clarke. "ChandraObservation of the Central Region of the Cooling Flow Cluster A262: A Radio Source That Is a Shadow of Its Former Self?" Astrophysical Journal 612, no. 2 (September 10, 2004): 817–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/422677.
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Huang, Junjie, Zhiling Wang, Huawei Liang, Linglong Lin, Biao Yu, Fei Dong, and Yan Xu. "Lane Marking Detection Based on Segments with Upper and Lower Structure." International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence 34, no. 02 (June 14, 2019): 2055005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218001420550058.
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An effective and accurate lane marking detection algorithm is a fundamental element of the intelligent vehicle system and the advanced driver assistant system, which can provide important information to ensure the vehicle runs in the lane or warn the driver in case of lane departure. However, in the complex urban environment, lane markings are always affected by illumination, shadow, rut, water, other vehicles, abandoned old lane markings and non-lane markings, etc. Meanwhile, the lane markings are weak caused by hard use over time. The dash and curve lane marking detection is also a challenge. In this paper, a new lane marking detection algorithm for urban traffic is proposed. In the low-level phase, an iterative adaptive threshold method is used for image segmentation, which is especially suitable for the blurred and weakened lane markings caused by low illumination or wear. In the middle-level phase, the algorithm clusters the candidate pixels into line segments, and the upper and lower structure is used to cluster the line segments into candidate lanes, which is more suitable for curve and dashed lane markings. In the high-level phase, we compute the highest scores to get the two optimal lane markings. The optimal strategy can exclude interference similar to lane markings. We test our algorithm on Future Challenge TSD-Lane dataset and KITTI UM dataset. The results show our algorithm can effectively detect lane markings under multiple disturbance, occlusions and sharp curves.
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Malyshko, Y. О. "The Ways to Improve the Mechanism of the State Regulation of the Compulsory Accumulative Pension Provision." Business Inform 12, no. 515 (2020): 347–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.32983/2222-4459-2020-12-347-354.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The article is aimed at identifying the ways to improve the mechanism of the State regulation of compulsory accumulative pension provision. Both the effective development and the ways to improve the introduction of compulsory accumulative pension provision are analyzed. A financial cluster of the subjects of pension system is built up. The association of pension system subjects of Ukraine into a financial cluster will accelerate the full functioning of all levels of pension provision. The core of the cluster is the levels of the pension system. The main risks on the ways to improve the mechanism of the State regulation of compulsory accumulative pension provision are identified, namely: long-term investment; diversification of sources of coverage of the risk of disability; ensuring financial sustainability and balance; valuation of assets; corruption schemes of money laundering of pension assets; shadow economy of Ukrainian enterprises; audit and actuarial evaluation; procedure for accrual and the level of pension payments. The hierarchy of risk impact on the ways to improve the mechanism of the State regulation of compulsory accumulative pension provision is built up, where the risk of long-term investment holds the highest level. The following ways of improving the mechanism of the State regulation of compulsory accumulative pension provision are proposed: monitoring of elements of accumulative, redistribution and the State-based funding; introduction of the possibility of using investment projects of the financial market; improvement of the current system of the non-State pension provision, focused on protecting pension savings from the risks of a non-State pension fund; reducing socio-economic risks by increasing employment, increasing incomes of citizens, exercising the State supervision and controlling the diversification of financial instruments, balancing the financial resources of citizens through the reduced administrative costs.
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Li, Kexin, Jun Wang, and Dawei Qi. "Damage Diagnosis of Reactive Powder Concrete under Fatigue Loading Using 3D Laser Scanning Technology." Algorithms 12, no. 12 (December 4, 2019): 260. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/a12120260.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Damage mechanisms of Reactive Powder Concrete (RPC) under fatigue loading are investigated using the 3D laser scanning technology. An independently configured 3D laser scanning system is used to monitor the damaging procedure. Texture analysis technique is also applied to enhance the understanding of the damage mechanisms of RPC under fatigue loading. In order to obtain the characteristic parameters of point cloud data, a point clouds projection algorithm is proposed. Damage evolution is described by the change of point cloud data of the damage in the 2D plane and 3D space during fatigue loading. The Gray Level Co-occurrence Matrix (GLCM) method is used to extract the characteristic parameters to evaluate the statue of the structural. Angular Second Moment and Cluster Shadow of typical sensitive characteristic indexes is screened by using the Digital Feature Screening. The reliability of the damage index was verified by image texture analysis and data expansion. Indexes extracted in this paper can be used as a new structural health monitoring indicator to assess health condition.
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Mataloni, Gabriela, Luciana Burdman, Valeria Casa, Daniela Gonzalez, and María Clara Masetti. "Hydrology-driven seasonal changes in the phytoplankton of a subtropical river (Riacho Formosa, Argentina)." Boletín de la Sociedad Argentina de Botánica 53, no. 2 (July 6, 2018): 183–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.31055/1851.2372.v53.n2.20575.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The Riacho Formosa is one of many autochtonous watercourses running along the subtropical region of the Wet Chaco Plains and draining into Paraguay River. Their typical hydrological cycle is characterized by a late winter low phase and a high phase throughout the warm season. As part of a baseline characterization, the composition and structure of the phytoplankton were studied in relation to river depth, water temperature, pH, conductivity and transparency through 4 seasonal samplings between June 2015 and March 2016. A rich phytoplankton community (338 taxa) was revealed in this study. A few species of Cryptophyceae and Euglenophyceae dominated the community, especially during low waters. A cluster analysis showed that community compositions were more dissimilar over time than along the watercourse, and were spatially more homogeneous during high waters. A canonical correspondence analysis showed that environmental features significantly explained 42.6% of the total variance of species data (p= 0.004). We conclude that phytoplankton responds to hydrological changes through a high species turnover, with dominance peaks of euryhaline, shadow adapted and organic matter exploiting taxa during low waters.
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Li, Zhe, Chen Ma, and Tian-Fan Zhang. "Depth Data Reconstruction Based on Gaussian Mixture Model." Cybernetics and Information Technologies 16, no. 6 (December 1, 2016): 207–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cait-2016-0089.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Depth data is an effective tool to locate the intelligent agent in space because it accurately records the 3D geometry information on the surface of the scanned object, and is not affected by factors like shadow and light. However, if there are many planes in the work scene, it is difficult to identify objects and process the resulting huge amount of data. In view of this problem and targeted at object calibration, this paper puts forward a depth data calibration method based on Gauss mixture model. The method converts the depth data to point cloud, filters the noise and collects samples, which effectively reduces the computational load in the following steps. Besides, the authors cluster the point cloud vector with the Gaussian mixture model, and obtain the target and background planes by using the random sampling consensus algorithm to fit the planes. The combination of target Region Of Intelligent agent (ROI) and point cloud significantly reduces the computational load and improves the computing speed. The effect and accuracy of the algorithm is verified by the test of the actual object.
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Hummell, Ann K., and David C. Ferree. "Interaction of Crop Level and Fruit Cluster Exposure on `Seyval Blanc' Fruit Composition." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 123, no. 5 (September 1998): 755–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.123.5.755.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
`Seyval blanc' grapevines (Vitis spp.) were cluster thinned 7 days after full bloom to 20, 40, and 80 clusters per vine to create light, moderate, and heavy crop levels. Vines were also shoot positioned at veraison to create exposed, partially shaded, and densely shaded cluster microclimates to examine the interactions between crop level and light exposure on fruit composition during stage III of berry development. Clusters were harvested using one of two criteria: on the same date or at similar soluble solids concentrations. Cluster mass and berries per cluster decreased with increasing crop level regardless of harvesting criterion. When harvested on the same date, soluble solids concentration, pH and malic acid concentration of juice decreased with increasing crop level. When harvested at similar soluble solids concentrations, increasing crop level delayed harvest and reduced titratable acidity (TA), tartaric acid, and malic acid. As cluster light exposure increased, soluble solids and pH increased and TA and malic acid decreased when clusters were harvested on the same date. When harvested at similar soluble solids concentration, increasing light exposure advanced harvest date and pH, TA, tartaric acid, and malic acid decreased. If clusters were harvested on the same date, significant interactions were found between crop level and light exposure for soluble solids concentration and the hue angle of berries. Significant interactions were found for berry mass, pH, TA, and tartaric acid when clusters were harvested at similar soluble solids. When harvested on the same date in 1995, soluble solids concentration of densely shaded clusters declined as crop level increased, whereas the soluble solids of exposed and partially shaded clusters declined as cluster number increased from 20 to 40 clusters per vine but remained constant from 40 to 80 clusters. In 1995, the hue angles of exposed clusters decreased with increasing crop level, while those of partially shaded and densely shaded clusters increased. When harvested at similar soluble solids concentration, berry mass of exposed and partially shaded clusters was similar across crop levels, whereas berry mass of densely shaded clusters declined as crop levels increased. Based on contribution to treatment error, crop level influenced pH more, and TA less, than did light exposure if harvested at the same date. Conversely, crop level influenced TA more, and pH less, than did light exposure if harvest was done at similar soluble solids concentrations. Regardless of harvest criterion, crop level influenced yield components, and soluble solids concentration to a greater extent and hue angle to a lesser extent than did light exposure.
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Hummell, Ann K., and David C. Ferree. "Influence of Crop Load and Cluster Microclimate on Yield and Fruit Quality in `Seyval Blanc'." HortScience 31, no. 4 (August 1996): 575a—575. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.31.4.575a.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A 2-year field study was initiated in 1994 to examine the interactions between crop load and cluster exposure and their influences on the yield and fruit quality of mature, own-rooted `Seyval blanc' grapevines. Light, moderate, and heavy crop loads were established near bloom by cluster-thinning vines planted at 2.6 × 3.0-m spacing to around 20, 40, and 80 clusters per vine, respectively. At veraison, three clusters per vine were given one of three natural shaded treatments: fully exposed, partially shaded, and densely shaded. Vines with the heavy crop load produced higher yields per vine and lower cluster and berry weights. Heavy vine clusters tended to be more green in 1994 and possessed lower pH and soluble solid concentrations in both years compared to other crop loads. Compared to densely shaded clusters, fully exposed clusters had smaller average cluster and berry weights, lower titratable acidity, higher pH and soluble solid concentrations, and more yellow coloration. In 1994, no significant interactions were found for any fruit quality or yield characteristics. In 1995, significant interactions were found for soluble solids and hue angle, but not for yield, pH, or titratable acidity. These results suggest that the crop load of the vine and microclimate around the cluster, in addition to their individual effects, sometimes interact to affect fruit quality in `Seyval blanc' wine grapes.
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Yi, Sophie, Chu-Hsiang Wu, and Mukul M. Sharma. "Optimization of Plug-and-Perforate Completions for Balanced Treatment Distribution and Improved Reservoir Contact." SPE Journal 25, no. 02 (October 14, 2019): 558–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/194360-pa.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Summary Heel-dominated treatment distribution among multiple perforation clusters is frequently observed in plug-and-perforate (plug-and-perf) stages, causing small propped surface areas, suboptimal production, and unexpected fracture hits. A multifracture simulator with a novel wellbore-fluid and proppant-transport model is applied to quantify treatment distribution among multiple perforation clusters in a plug-and-perf operation. A simulation base case is set up on the basis of a field treatment design with four clusters. Simulation results show that the two toe-side clusters screened out early in the treatment and the two heel-side clusters were dominant. The simulated proppant placement is consistent with distributed-acoustic-sensing observations. The impact of different perforating strategies and pumping schedules on final treatment distribution is investigated. Two criteria are defined that quantify the proppant distribution and fracture area: the weighted average (WA) and standard deviation (SD) of the final fluid and proppant distribution, as well as the hydraulic surface area (HSA) and propped surface area (PSA) of the created fractures. An optimal plug-and-perf design is defined as one that minimizes the SD of the treatment distribution among perforation clusters, and maximizes the PSA. Both perforating strategy and pumping schedule are found to affect the final treatment distribution significantly, and uniform treatment distribution is shown to create more PSA. Having fewer perforations per cluster was found to promote uniform fluid and proppant placement. Other helpful strategies include reducing the number of perforations near the heel and using small, lightweight proppant. The stress shadow effect is accounted for using the displacement discontinuity method (DDM) and was found to play a smaller role than perforation friction and proppant inertia in most cases. An automated process is developed to optimize plug-and-perf completion design with multiple decision variables using a genetic algorithm (GA). Thirteen parameters are optimized simultaneously. The optimal design solution creates an almost even treatment distribution and more than doubles the PSA compared with the base case. The multifracture model presented in this paper provides a way to quantify fluid and proppant distribution for any perforating strategy and pumping schedule, and provides more insight into the physics relevant to plug-and-perf treatment distribution. The perforation and pumping schedule recommendations presented in this paper provide directional guidance for the design of fracturing jobs with balanced treatment distribution and large PSA.
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Akiyama, Kazunori, Antxon Alberdi, Walter Alef, Juan Carlos Algaba, Richard Anantua, Keiichi Asada, Rebecca Azulay, et al. "First Sagittarius A* Event Horizon Telescope Results. III. Imaging of the Galactic Center Supermassive Black Hole." Astrophysical Journal Letters 930, no. 2 (May 1, 2022): L14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ac6429.
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Abstract We present the first event-horizon-scale images and spatiotemporal analysis of Sgr A* taken with the Event Horizon Telescope in 2017 April at a wavelength of 1.3 mm. Imaging of Sgr A* has been conducted through surveys over a wide range of imaging assumptions using the classical CLEAN algorithm, regularized maximum likelihood methods, and a Bayesian posterior sampling method. Different prescriptions have been used to account for scattering effects by the interstellar medium toward the Galactic center. Mitigation of the rapid intraday variability that characterizes Sgr A* has been carried out through the addition of a “variability noise budget” in the observed visibilities, facilitating the reconstruction of static full-track images. Our static reconstructions of Sgr A* can be clustered into four representative morphologies that correspond to ring images with three different azimuthal brightness distributions and a small cluster that contains diverse nonring morphologies. Based on our extensive analysis of the effects of sparse (u, v)-coverage, source variability, and interstellar scattering, as well as studies of simulated visibility data, we conclude that the Event Horizon Telescope Sgr A* data show compelling evidence for an image that is dominated by a bright ring of emission with a ring diameter of ∼50 μas, consistent with the expected “shadow” of a 4 × 106 M ⊙ black hole in the Galactic center located at a distance of 8 kpc.
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KORNIEIEVA, Iuliia. "Evaluating the system of factors influencing the investment decision under postindustrial transformations." Naukovi pratsi NDFI 2020, no. 3 (December 4, 2020): 128–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.33763/npndfi2020.03.128.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The article analyzes the prerequisites for systematic use of Big Data sources by government agencies as a tool for forecasting systemic financial risks during investment decision processes at the state level as well as for the formation of public investment policy. The author made a comprehensive assessment of the system of factors that influence the investment decision-making process in terms of post-industrial transformations. The author proposes to solve the problem of forming investment activity information risks based on empowerment of big data analytics. The proposed model assesses the institutional framework by analyzing a wide range of factors such as the level of shadow economy, corruption and economic freedom, including government integrity, property rights, investment freedom, that influence the process of investment decision. Based on indices analysis expands the limited capabilities of risk assessment models of financial instruments based on market data, that reflect the components of expectations, covering the behavioral factor - speculative behavior. Cluster assessment of investment inflows to Ukraine was conducted based on econometric modeling using VAR analysis revealed no significant impact of indicators that reflect the presence of institutional barriers for investors concerning FDI from offshore countries (Cyprus, British Virgin Islands), the impact was limited to an average of 5%. Along with economic factors, the determinants of FDI inflows from developed countries (Germany, Great Britain, United States of America, Austria, the Netherlands) were institutional ones influencing the formation of compliance risks, the impact of which ranged within 30%.
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Wang, Yongliang, Yang Ju, Haomin Zhang, Shichao Gong, Jinxin Song, Yang Li, and Jun Chen. "Adaptive Finite Element–Discrete Element Analysis for the Stress Shadow Effects and Fracture Interaction Behaviours in Three-Dimensional Multistage Hydrofracturing Considering Varying Perforation Cluster Spaces and Fracturing Scenarios of Horizontal Wells." Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering 54, no. 4 (February 3, 2021): 1815–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00603-021-02364-8.
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Markov, A. K., P. P. Shmakov, Y. N. Egorov, and E. E. Mozhaev. "ASSESSMENT OF THE SOCIAL COMPONENT IN THE ORGANIZATIONAL AND ECONOMIC MECHANISM ENSURING THE QUALITY OF ECONOMIC GROWTH IN AGRICULTURE." Scientific Review: Theory and Practice 10, no. 10 (October 30, 2020): 2180–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.35679/2226-0226-2020-10-10-2180-2188.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Agriculture is one of the largest sectors of the domestic economy. However, along with the economic significance of agriculture, its social significance plays an important role. Rural settlements lag significantly behind cities in the development of social infrastructure and people’s life quality. A narrow-sectoral agrarian approach, including in areas with limited agricultural potential, has led to a one-sided agrarian development in rural areas and often an irrational distribution of productive forces on them, as well as underdeveloped social infrastructure and other serious problems. The authors propose to adhere to two main approaches in the development of rural areas: forming socio-cultural objects around the core of the cluster, or preservation of each settlement. The social component is analyzed by assessing the quality of life, which takes into account the following groups of indicators: socio-demographic (life expectancy, morbidity, fertility, mortality); economic activity of the population (level of unemployment, migration); social tension (dynamics of crime, the share of the shadow economy in GDP, participation in strikes and political actions); the level of development of the social sphere (the share of spending on education, science, health care, culture in GDP, the number of schoolchildren and students, and others); environmental (the content of harmful substances in the atmosphere, soil, water, food, environmental costs in GDP, contribution to environmental protection, rational use of natural resources); minimum wage, living wage, provision of the population with social infrastructure facilities. We concluded that the gross regional product does not have a strong influence on the size of the social component, and social expenses that determine the quality of life are distributed, most likely, without taking into account the growth of GRP. The data on the social infrastructure facilities provision can be used to substantiate minimum social standards with priority state support for the development of rural settlements provided with jobs.
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Rao, Mekala Srinivasa, Sagenela Vijaya Kumar, Rambabu Pemula, and Anil Kumar Prathipati. "Change detection of pulmonary embolism using isomeric cluster and computer vision." IAES International Journal of Artificial Intelligence (IJ-AI) 11, no. 2 (June 1, 2022): 787. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijai.v11.i2.pp787-798.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
<p>Visual change detection functions in X-ray analytics and computer vision attempt to divide X-ray images toward front and backside areas. There are various difficulties in change detection such as weather changes and shadows; real-time processing; intermittent object motion; lighting variation; and diverse object forms. Traditionally, this issue has been addressed via backdrop modeling methods and the creation of custom features. We present a new feature descriptor called pulmonary embolism detection using isomeric cluster (PEDIC), uses the concept of isomerism. The isomeric and cluster isomerism characteristics of the PEDIC are distinguish it from other graphs. At isomeric thetical orientations, the cluster pattern corresponds to consecutive differences in pixel intensity between the two images. Also, the clusters are oppositely orientated, and both clusters conform to a specified isomeric feature. The local area's lines and corner point information are identified and recorded using the PEDIC in several different directions. We introduced multiresolution PEDIC, which incorporates the multiresolution Gaussian filter to achieve increased resilience in the system. We expanded our research to include rotation-invariant characteristics. We also proposed inter-PEDIC and intra-PEDIC to identify motion changes in X-ray sequences, which allowed them to extract spatiotemporal characteristics.</p>
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Афанасьев, Олег, and Oleg Afanasev. "The tourist complex of Northern Moscow Region: The resource component of Klinskiy, Dmitrovskiy, Taldomskiy, Solnechnogorskiy, Sergievo-Posadskiy and Pushkinskiy districts." Service & Tourism: Current Challenges 9, no. 2 (June 15, 2015): 32–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/11393.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The article provides an overview of the resource component of the tourist complex of municipal districts of the Northern Moscow region. The statistical data on the proportion of the cultural heritage on the territory of all m unicipalities of the Northern Moscow region. It was found that the most prosperous cultural heritage are Sergievo-Posadskiy, Dmitrovskiy Klinskiy and Solnechnogorskiy districts. The region has a large number of places of folk arts and crafts.
For the development of mass tourism in a particular region (tourist center) requires a certain concentration of the elements of culture. This condition is executed on the space of the Northern Moscow region, defined as a priority area of tourism development. The quantitative measurement of tourism and recreation base in the region is quite comparable with individual countries. Therefore, the region has a special importance and position among the tourist centers of Moscow region, a priority in its positioning on domestic and international tourism markets. But while the «shadow» of Moscow-city, rich tourist and recreation base near Moscow is not enough demand in the domestic market of tourist services. This is the problem of the need to find ways and means of attracting new tourists to the region, to ensure a stable dynamics of quantitative growth.
Depending on the distribution of tourists and the development potential we have identified areas of specialization of the tourist complex of each municipal area, all of which allows you to determine the range of tourist services, which can be their specialty.
The review of attractions and tourist complex resource component Klinskiy, Dmitrovskiy, Taldomskiy, Solnechnogorskiy districts. The conclusion about the importance of and the need for close cooperation between the municipal administrations and representatives of the scientific and practical sphere. It is of great importance in the development of software and integrated strategies for the development of regional tourist complex in order to integrate them into a single regional tourism cluster.
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Kolesnikov, A. V., S. V. Semenova, V. N. Vyrovoy, and V. Ya Kersh. "ANALYSIS OF THERMAL EFFECTS WITH MULTI-FOCI STRUCTURING." Bulletin of Odessa State Academy of Civil Engineering and Architecture, no. 85 (December 28, 2021): 89–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.31650/2415-377x-2021-85-89-99.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract. The possibility of a thermal imaging technique for studying the setting of composite materials in the light of the paradigm of multifocal structure formation is analyzed. Since thermal violated observations are characterized by a high thermal sensitivity to temperature gradients up to hundredths of degrees, they make it possible to distinguish the temperature differences arising in the adjacent sections of the hardening binding. A technique for obtaining thermal images (thermograms) of a hardening composite binder is implemented. A series of thermograms of setting processes was obtained, for two of them a quantitative study was carried out, including the temperature gauge and the construction of several types of graphic mappings of the obtained patterns ‒ the normalized frequency of the distribution of the area of the binder for those temperatures and two types of densitograms ‒ radial and circular, allowing to visualize the structure of thermal foci arising in a binder. The hardening of binding materials is considered as a multistage exothermic process, in which hydration processes is accompanied by heating. The speed of heterogeneous processes associated with hydration depends, in turn, on the characteristics of the forming structure of binding materials. The observed thermal processes are considered as an indirect response, "shadow" of structure formation processes. The information consisting in this indirect response, however, is enough to make a number of conclusions on the nature of the emerging structure. The study revealed a high probability of the formation of foci near the macroscopic boundaries of the section (walls and bottom of the form), inconsistency of the structural processes, the occurrence of diverse foci of structure formation corresponding to temperature foci. The interpretation of the data obtained is the conclusion about formation of the regions of high plastic deformations near the boundaries of the contact of the foci. This regions are considered as a cluster of microscopic boundaries of the section, cracks and pores, which give rise to the structure of the destruction of the hardened material. The emergence of such areas is associated with nonynchronouspassage of structuring in different parts of the binder.
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Wang, Haiyan, Junhua Shi, and Xiguang Luo. "Swimmer’s Posture Recognition and Correction Method Based on Embedded Depth Image Skeleton Tracking." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2022 (February 10, 2022): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/8775352.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
With the continuous emergence of depth image recognition technology, human motion recognition technology has gradually come to life. However, because the current technology of image recognition and skeletal tracking is too backward, people cannot use gesture recognition robots to perform gesture recognition and correction with high accuracy for athletes. In this study, the skeletal tracking depth image is obtained through the Kinect sensor. When using the Kinect sensor to acquire images, the requirements for the environment around the measured object are very low, and it will not be affected by conditions such as light, shadow, and object occlusion, and the pose can be segmented in real time in a complex background. In this study, the depth map feature and the bone information feature are selected for fusion. The HOD feature is difficult to deal with the occlusion problem, and it is not easy to detect the excessive range of the human body gesture or the change of the object direction. Based on this, the HOD feature is improved in many places to form a new 3D-HOD feature and DMM-HOG feature. In this study, the technical research on posture recognition and correction of swimmers in the experiment has realized posture collection, posture segmentation, posture analysis, posture modeling, and posture recognition. In this study, random forests are combined with HOD features to classify pixel-by-pixel points in depth images. The accuracy of training pixel classification is as high as 85%, and the average recognition time of the decision tree for each pose is about 9% higher than that of random forests. The use of Meanshift algorithm to cluster the classified pixels to form skeletal joint points is fast and efficient, and can quickly and accurately find joint points. It has also achieved good experimental effects on human motion recognition and continuous motion recognition, is more suitable for real life, and has commercial practical value.
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Ma, Guo Qiang, and Xiao Juan Wang. "Segmentation of Marrow Cells Images Based on Fuzzy C-Means Clustering." Applied Mechanics and Materials 263-266 (December 2012): 2160–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.263-266.2160.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
When a person watches different marrow-cell images he or she can identify every type of cells easily. In this process, human’s visual system has ability to adapt the different shades of the color marrow cells images. We propose a segmentation method for marrow-cell images based on fuzzy c-means clustering (FCM). Firstly, the count of cluster is calculated out using the shades of the R-matrix of a RGB formatted marrow cells image. Secondly, the fuzzy c-means clustering method is done on the R-matrix. Finally, the pixel of G-matrix and B-matrix are divided into some clusters by “one to one correspondence” of the position of pixels that belong to R-matrix, G-matrix or B-matrix. This paper’s contribution could be summarized into three points: 1) a frame work of the fuzzy c-means clustering for marrow-cell images segmentation is proposed. 2) Using FCM and the R- matrix component of a RGB formatted marrow-cell images to generate the count of clustering. 3) This method could adaption different shades of different marrow-cell images.
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Plank, Cassandra M., Edward W. Hellman, and Thayne Montague. "Light and Temperature Independently Influence Methoxypyrazine Content of Vitis vinifera (cv. Cabernet Sauvignon) Berries." HortScience 54, no. 2 (February 2019): 282–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci13634-18.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Methoxypyrazines (MPs) are fruit-derived extractable compounds that contribute to cultivar-specific aroma traits in wine, and greater concentrations can contribute to unpleasant vegetative aromas. Both light exposure and temperature have been reported to influence MP content in developing wine grapes, but individual effects of light and temperature are confounded. A novel method of manipulating light exposure with light-emitting diodes (LEDs) was used to impose light treatments with little or no effect on cluster temperature. Three treatments were imposed on developing fruit of Vitis vinifera (cv. Cabernet Sauvignon): 1) clusters exposed to direct sunlight, 2) clusters shaded by the grapevine canopy, and 3) clusters shaded by the canopy and exposed to supplemental LED light. Experiments were conducted over 3 years across pre- and postveraison periods of fruit development. A second experiment imposed the same light exposure treatments to ripening clusters on vines experiencing continual shoot growth during the postveraison period. Light exposure reduced 3-isobutyl-2-methoxypyrazine (IBMP) concentration of developing grape berries in the preveraison period independently of berry heating from solar radiation. Berry IBMP responded less to postveraison light levels, except on vines with active shoot growth, suggesting IBMP synthesis was continued during active vine growth but was suppressed by light. An inverse relationship of growing degree days (GDDs) with berry IBMP was observed, indicating high temperatures also reduce berry IBMP concentration. Response to temperature could result from either radiant heating of light-exposed clusters or from high ambient air temperature. Canopy management should consider the impact of both light and temperature on IBMP, and vine management practices should be adjusted appropriately to regional growing conditions and grape cultivars.
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Catelan, Márcio, Aldo A. R. Valcarce, and Allen V. Sweigart. "Globular clusters as laboratories for stellar evolution." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 5, S266 (August 2009): 281–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921309991153.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractGlobular clusters have long been considered the closest approximation to a physicist's laboratory in astrophysics, and as such a near-ideal laboratory for (low-mass) stellar evolution. However, recent observations have cast a shadow on this long-standing paradigm, suggesting the presence of multiple populations with widely different abundance patterns, and—crucially– with widely different helium abundances as well. In this review we discuss which features of the Hertzsprung–Russel diagram may be used as helium-abundance indicators, and present an overview of available constraints on the helium abundance in globular clusters.
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Nath, Bibhash, Wenge Ni-Meister, and Mutlu Özdoğan. "Fine-Scale Urban Heat Patterns in New York City Measured by ASTER Satellite—The Role of Complex Spatial Structures." Remote Sensing 13, no. 19 (September 22, 2021): 3797. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13193797.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Urban areas have very complex spatial structures. These spatial structures are primarily composed of a complex network of built environments, which evolve rapidly as the cities expand to meet the growing population’s demand and economic development. Therefore, studying the impact of spatial structures on urban heat patterns is extremely important for sustainable urban planning and growth. We investigated the relationship between surface temperature obtained by the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER, at 90 m spatial resolution) and different urban components based on high-resolution QuickBird satellite imagery classification. We further investigated the relationships between ASTER-derived surface temperature and building footprint and land use information acquired by the New York City (NYC) Department of City Planning. The ASTER image reveals fine-scale urban heat patterns in the NYC metropolitan region. The impervious-medium and dark surfaces, along with bright covers, generate higher surface temperatures. Even with highly reflective urban surfaces, the presence of impervious materials leads to an increased surface temperature. At the same time, trees and shadows cast by buildings effectively reduce urban heat; on the contrary, grassland does not reduce or amplify urban heat. The data aggregated to the census tract reveals high-temperature hotspots in Queens, Brooklyn, and the Bronx region of NYC. These clusters are associated with industrial and manufacturing areas and multi-family walk-up buildings as dominant land use. The census tracts with more trees and higher building height variability showed cooling effects, consistent with shadows cast by high-rise buildings and trees. The results of this study can be valuable for urban heat island modeling on the impact of shadow generated by building heights variability and trees on small-scale surface temperature patterns since recent image reveals similar hotspot locations. This study further helps identify the risk areas to protect public health.
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Zakharov, Alexander F. "Tests of gravity theories with Galactic Center observations." International Journal of Modern Physics D 28, no. 13 (October 2019): 1941003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218271819410037.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
An active stage of relativistic astrophysics started in 1963 since in this year, quasars were discovered, Kerr solution had been found and the first Texas Symposium on Relativistic Astrophysics was organized in Dallas. Five years later, in 1967–1968 pulsars were discovered and their model as rotating neutron stars (NSs) had been proposed, meanwhile Wheeler claimed that Kerr and Schwarzschild vacuum solutions of Einstein equations provide an efficient approach for astronomical objects with different masses. Wheeler suggested to call these objects black holes. NSs were observed in different spectral band of electromagnetic radiation. In addition, a neutrino signal had been found for SN1987A. Therefore, multi-messenger astronomy demonstrated its efficiency for decades even before observations of the first gravitational radiation sources. However, usually, one has only manifestations of black holes in a weak gravitational field limit and sometimes a model with a black hole could be substituted with an alternative approach which very often looks much less natural, however, it is necessary to find observational evidences to reject such an alternative model. At the moment, only few astronomical signatures for strong gravitational field are found, including a shape of relativistic iron [Formula: see text] line, size and shape of shadows near black holes at the Galactic Center (GC) and M87, trajectories of bright stars near the GC. After two observational runs, the LIGO–Virgo collaboration provided a confirmation for a presence of mergers for 10 binary black holes and one binary NS system where gravitational wave signals were found. In addition, in the last years, a remarkable progress has been reached in a development of observational facilities to investigate a gravitational potential, for instance, the number of telescopes operating in the Event Horizon Telescope network is increasing and accuracy of a shadow reconstruction near the GC is improving, meanwhile largest VLT, Keck telescopes with adaptive optics and especially GRAVITY facilities observe bright IR stars at the GC with perfect accuracy. More options for precision observations of bright stars will be available with creating extremely large telescopes Thirty Meter Telescope (TMT) and E-ELT. It is clear that the GC (Sgr [Formula: see text]) is a specific object for observations. Our solar system is located at a distance around 8 kpc from the GC. Earlier, theorists proposed a number of different models including exotic ones for GC such as boson star, fermion ball, neutrino ball, a cluster of NSs. Later, some of these models were ruled out or essentially constrained with consequent observations and theoretical considerations. Currently, a supermassive black hole with mass around [Formula: see text] is the most natural model for GC. Using results of observations for trajectories of bright stars in paper [A. F. Zakharov, P. Jovanović, D. Borka and V. B. Jovanović, J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 05 (2016) 045] the authors got a graviton mass constraint which is comparable and consistent with constraints obtained recently by the LIGO–Virgo collaboration. Later, we consider opportunities to improve current graviton mass constraints with future observations of bright stars [A. F. Zakharov, P. Jovanović, D. Borka and V. B. Jovanović, J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 04 (2018) 050]. Similarly, from an analysis of bright star trajectories, one could constrain a tidal charge which was predicted by a gravity theory with an additional dimension [A. F. Zakharov, Eur. Phys. J. C 78 (2018) 689].
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Raja Sabaradin, Raja Zubaidah, and Rozita Osman. "Evaluation of evidence value of car primer using pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (Py-GC-MS) and chemometrics." Science Letters 15, no. 1 (January 3, 2021): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.24191/sl.v15i1.11796.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The car paint system consisted of four different layers; namely cathodic electrodeposition (CED), primer, the basecoat, and clear coat. Each of these layers may offer valuable information in an analysis of car paint. However, the recovery of a small amount of car paint from a crime scene may not consist of all four layers. Thus, this study is conducted to evaluate the evidence value of car primer in the presence of basecoat and absence of clear coat. In this study, 80 car paint samples, consisting of eight different red basecoats and ten types of primers were analyzed using Py-GC-MS to evaluate the contribution of the primer layer in the analysis of car paint sample. The chromatographic dataset obtained was subjected to chemometric techniques namely principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis (CA). 22 principal components were rendered from PCA with a total variance of 81.23%. CA’s three clusters are cluster 1 and 3 which was based on the shades of red basecoat while cluster 2 was based on the type of primer. This observation showed that the car primer might have a significant contribution to the analysis of car paint using Py-GC-MS.
Keywords: Car primer, car paint analysis, Py-GC-MS, chemometric
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Sobieck*, Patricia A., and Bruce P. Bordelon. "Effects of Sunlight Exposure on Cluster Monoterpene Levels of `Traminette' Grapes." HortScience 39, no. 4 (July 2004): 827C—827. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.39.4.827c.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Monoterpenes are organic compounds found in high quantities in certain wine grape varieties, such as Riesling, Gewürztraminer, and muscat-flavored varieties. These compounds exist in free and glycosidic form, and produce the characteristic aromas of such varieties. Traminette, released in 1996 as NY65.0533.13, is a cross between Joannes Seyve 23.416 and Gewürztraminer. This variety may be an alternative to Gewürztraminer in areas where cold temperatures prevent cultivation of such cold-tender varieties. The objective of this study is to determine the extent of which sunlight exposure influences monoterpene production in `Traminette'. Various exposure levels were obtained through synthetic coverings and ambient shading. Fully exposed clusters on a vertically shoot positioned canopy received 55% of ambient light whereas clusters with 50 and 70% shade cloth received 14.7 and 5.3%, respectively. Heavily shaded clusters (3+ leaf layers) received 2% of ambient light, and fully covered clusters received no light from véraison to harvest. Despite large differences in exposure level, cluster temperatures did not differ significantly between treatments. Results of monoterpene quantification show potentially volatile terpene (PVT) levels were 10-fold greater than free volatile terpene (FVT) levels in all treatments. PVT levels differ significantly between exposure groups in all locations at harvest, with exposed fruit having the highest concentration (6.5-7.5 mg L-1). Heavy and moderate shade fruit had 25% lower PVT levels compared to exposed fruit. Fully covered clusters had 34% less PVT, whereas 50 and 70 shade cloth clusters were 20% lower than exposed. Subsequent years of research will further validate preliminary findings of this study.
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Jamieson, Peter Andrew, and Jonathan Rose. "Enhancing the Area Efficiency of FPGAs With Hard Circuits Using Shadow Clusters." IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems 18, no. 12 (December 2010): 1696–709. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tvlsi.2009.2026651.
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Men, Shaoyang, Pascal Chargé, and Sébastien Pillement. "A Robust and Energy Efficient Cooperative Spectrum Sensing Scheme in Cognitive Wireless Sensor Networks." Network Protocols and Algorithms 7, no. 3 (November 30, 2015): 140. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/npa.v7i3.8254.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Cooperative spectrum sensing (CSS) is able to effectively solve the hidden terminal, depth attenuation, multipath shadows and other issues which are not addressed by the single-user sensing. Therefore, it has attracted a large amount of interest and several CSS algorithms have been proposed. However, they are not specifically tailored for cognitive wireless sensor networks (CWSNs) where transmission reliability, power management and interference avoidance are critical issues. In this paper, we propose a robust and energy efficient CSS scheme in CWSNs. Firstly, taking into account the limited energy of sensor node, especially the mobile node, we introduce the nodes of the network into multiple clusters for the CSS in order to save energy consumed in reporting results and exchanging information and extend the lifetime of the network. Secondly, we consider that some cognitive nodes may not work as expected. Hence, facing the problem of faulty nodes in clusters, we propose an evaluation method which considers simultaneously the node reliability and the mutually supportive degree among different nodes to support adapted decisions. Finally, after removing the node of low credibility, the energy efficiency and reliability of each cluster are improved significantly. Simulation results allow to validate that the proposed method outperforms the state of the art in energy efficiency and detection reliability, even in presence of faulty nodes.