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Статті в журналах з теми "Shadow cluster"
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Zolkover, Andrii, and Venelin Terziev. "The Shadow Economy: A Bibliometric Analysis." Business Ethics and Leadership 4, no. 3 (2020): 107–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/bel.4(3).107-118.2020.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The article deals with the analysis of the areas of research related to the shadow economy. The results of analyses show that financial market and financial intermediates become an essential part of the issues and that the topic of the problem of poverty among the urban population, low income, drugs abuse and problems of female employment, gender inequity in income in the papers which analyzed the shadow economy issues are very popular. The aim of the paper is to analyze the tendency in the scientific literature on the shadow economy to identify future research directions. For the analysis, the tools of VOSviewer, Scopus and Web of Science (WoS) analyses were used. This study is based on 5361 papers from Scopus and 3773 papers from Web of Science. The time sample of research was not limited for analysis. Time analysis showed that in 2014-2015 the number of papers dealing the shadow economy began to increase. At the same time, the focal point of research moved from general issues (estimation of shadow sector, impact on labour market etc.) to problem of transition from the informal to the formal Economy. In 2019 the number of papers which analyzed the the shadow economy was increased by 95 % compared with the 2014 year, according to Scopus database – by 29%. Mostly the papers with keyword “shadow” (informal, hidden etc.) economy were published under the following subject area, according to Scopus: Social science; Economics, Econometrics and Finance; Business, Management and Accounting; Environmental Science; Arts and Humanities, and according to WoS: Business Economics; Sociology; Public Administration; Government Law; Development Studies; Social Sciences Other Topics; Environmental Sciences Ecology; Area Studies. Most articles focused on shadow economy were published by the scientists from the USA, United Kingdom, India, Germany and South Africa. In 2019 considering the findings from Scopus the high ranked Studies in Systems Decision and Control, Journal of Business Ethics, Journal of Contemporary Asia, Cities stated to publish papers devoted to shadow economy. Such results prove that informal economy theme and its transition to formal is in the ongoing trends of the modern regulation. The findings from VOSviewer identified six clusters of the papers which investigate the shadow economy from the different points of views. The first most significant cluster merged the paper which contained the keywords as follows: informal sector, informal economy, unemployment, gender, urban economy, labour market, corruption etc. The papers in the second largest cluster deal with poverty among urban population, low income, drugs abuse and problems of female employment, gender inequity in income. The third biggest cluster focuses on criminal and ecological aspects of shadow economy. Keywords: Shadow Economy, Shadow Sector of Economy, Informal Economy, Informal Sector of Economy, Underground Economy, Underground Sector of Economy, Hidden Economy, Hidden Sector of Economy.
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Pedersen, Adam Sebastian, Agneta Snoer, Mads Barloese, Anja Petersen, and Rigmor Højland Jensen. "Prevalence of pre-cluster symptoms in episodic cluster headache: Is it possible to predict an upcoming bout?" Cephalalgia 41, no. 7 (January 20, 2021): 799–809. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0333102421989255.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Background Early symptoms prior to a cluster headache bout have been reported to occur days or weeks before the actual beginning of the cluster headache bouts. This study aimed to describe the prevalence of pre-cluster (premonitory) symptoms and examine the predictability of an upcoming cluster headache bout. Methods 100 patients with episodic cluster headache were included in this retrospective cross-sectional study. All patients underwent a semi-structured interview including 25 questions concerning pre-cluster symptoms. Results Pre-cluster symptoms were reported by 86% of patients with a mean of 6.8 days (interquartile range 3–14) preceding the bout. An ability to predict an upcoming bout was reported by 57% with a mean 4.6 days (interquartile range 2–7) before the bout. Occurrence of shadow attacks was associated with increased predictability (odds ratio: 3.06, confidence interval: 1.19–7.88, p-value = 0.020). In remission periods, 58% of patients reported mild cluster headache symptoms and 53% reported occurrence of single shadow attacks. Conclusions The majority of episodic cluster headache patients experienced pre-cluster symptoms, and more than half could predict an upcoming bout, suggesting the significant potential of early intervention. Furthermore, the experience of mild cluster headache symptoms and infrequent shadow attacks in remission periods is common and suggest an underlying pathophysiology extending beyond the cluster headache bouts.
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Shang, Tao, and Shui Peng Zhang. "Research on High-Quality Soft Shadow of Building Based Shadow Map." Applied Mechanics and Materials 174-177 (May 2012): 1927–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.174-177.1927.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Image rendering of shadow faces a problem existed for a long time,that is the contradiction of quality and performance. Variant algorithms are presented to ameliorate this problem,shadow map is the one which is representative for that. Even though shadow maps have been widely used for the shadow of Three-dimensional scene,some imperfection still exist in this method like aliasing problem.So,the focus of the paper is introduce an algorithm which layering the data sets of the large scale building's shadow rapidly and intelligently based shadow map. First, we ascertain the fragment which create the shadow by shadow mapping's two scan. Second, we process the float data in the depth buffer by using uniformization and render the two depth data in the texture.Then use Gauss Filter to blur.Finally,use the algorithm of BIRCH cluster the uniformization data to improve the obscure and tweened effect.This method brings reduction of aliasing problem with low overhead as well as performance to a certain extent .
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Leisch, Friedrich. "Neighborhood graphs, stripes and shadow plots for cluster visualization." Statistics and Computing 20, no. 4 (June 27, 2009): 457–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11222-009-9137-8.
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Jiao, Zixi, Anlin Zhang, Longhuan Du, Yang Yang, and Hua Fan. "Numerical Study of the Effect of Perforation Friction and Engineering Parameters on Multicluster Fracturing in Horizontal Wells." Geofluids 2021 (August 31, 2021): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/9969112.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Simultaneous multiple-fracture treatments in horizontal wellbores have become one of the key methods for economically and efficiently developing oil and gas resources in unconventional reservoirs. However, field data show that some perforation clusters have difficulty propagating fractures due to the internal mechanism of competing initiation and propagation among the fractures. In this paper, the physical mechanisms that influence simultaneous multiple-fracture initiation and propagation are investigated, and the effects of engineering parameters and in situ conditions on the nonuniform development of multiple fractures are discussed. A 3D fracture propagation model was established with ABAQUS to show the influence of the stress shadow effects and dynamic partitioning of the flow rate by simulating the propagation of multiple competing fractures generated in the perforation clusters. Based on the results of these simulations, simultaneous flow in multiple fractures can propagate evenly. Through adjusting the number of perforations in each cluster or the perforation diameter, the effect of the stress shadow can be significantly reduced by increasing the perforation friction, and the factors that affect the development of multiple fractures are changed, from the stress shadow effect to the dynamic partitioning of the flow rate. When the stress shadow effect is dominant, increasing the fracturing fluid viscosity promotes the uniform development of multiple fractures and increases the fracture width. When the dynamic partitioning of the flow rate is dominant, increasing the injection rate greatly affects the uniform development of multiple fractures.
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Lizina, Olga M., and Dinara A. Bistyakina. "THE MAIN DIRECTIONS OF DEACTIVATION OF THE RUSSIAN SHADOW ECONOMY." EKONOMIKA I UPRAVLENIE: PROBLEMY, RESHENIYA 5, no. 11 (2021): 69–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.36871/ek.up.p.r.2021.11.05.010.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The shadow economy has become one of the main threats to the national security of many states. Its negative impact on economic, political, social and cultural processes requires the development of an effective mechanism for deactivating shadow economic relations. In this regard, it is very important to take into account the peculiarities and specifics of the manifestation of the shadow economy, the causes and con-sequences of its functioning. To identify the factors contributing to the growth of shadow economic activity and its consequences in the national economy, a sociological study was conducted. To compare the results of the study of the influence of factors on the level of the shadow economy, economic modeling was also carried out using the method of typological regression, implying the construction of multiple regression models in homogeneous groups iden-tified by multidimensional classification based on cluster or discriminant analysis. Based on the results of the study, general and specific factors contributing to the growth of shadow economic activity were identified. They are significant when choosing a strategy and forming a system of measures aimed at deactivating the shadow economy. Summarizing the data obtained in the course of the study on the factors, causes and consequences of the shadow economy in Russia, a number of recommendations are formulated aimed at countering shadow economic activity in two directions: tougher penalties and the actual legalization of certain forms of shadow economic activity.
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Maršík, Martin, and Daniel Kopta. "Use of the cluster analysis for assessment of economic situation of an enterprise." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 61, no. 2 (2013): 405–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201361020405.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The aim of the paper was to discuss the disadvantages of enterprises in dry areas compared to enterprises farming in similar production area outside a rain shadow. The analysis was based on the sample of 45 enterprises; twelve of which farming in the area of a rain shadow. In the first step, enterprises were sorted by the cluster analysis into groups farming in the same area, at a similar altitude, with the same structure in a similar manner, and under comparable financial conditions – (such as debt ratio, liquidity and activity ratio). The results of this step showed a different method of farming within enterprises in disadvantaged areas. Such enterprises have created two distinct, separate clusters differing from the average in the use of fixed assets, technical equipment of labour, labour productivity and income structure. In the second step, the way how the return on assets of such enterprises is different from the average profitability of the enterprise was assessed. Testing differences in mean values of profitability was performed using the Student t–test. Due to the high variability of the Return on assets (ROA), the difference between standard and disadvantaged enterprises has not been proved.
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Vo, A. V., and D. F. Laefer. "A BIG DATA APPROACH FOR COMPREHENSIVE URBAN SHADOW ANALYSIS FROM AIRBORNE LASER SCANNING POINT CLOUDS." ISPRS Annals of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences IV-4/W8 (September 23, 2019): 131–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-iv-4-w8-131-2019.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> Because of the importance of access to sunlight, shadow analysis is a common consideration in urban design, especially for dense urban developments. As shadow computation is computationally expensive, most urban shadow analysis tools have to date circumvented the high computational costs by representing urban complexity only through simplified geometric models. The simplification process removes details and adversely affects the level of realism of the ultimate results. In this paper, an alternative approach is presented by utilizing the highest level of detail and resolution captured in the geometric input data source, which is an extremely high-resolution airborne laser scanning point cloud (300 points/m2). To cope with the high computational demand caused by the use of this dense and detailed input data set, the Comprehensive Urban Shadow algorithm is introduced to distribute the computation for parallel processing on a Hadoop cluster. The proposed comprehensive urban shadow analysis solution is scalable, reasonably fast, and capable of preserving the original resolution and geometric detail of the original point cloud data.</p>
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Xie, Jun, Haoyong Huang, Yu Sang, Yu Fan, Juan Chen, Kan Wu, and Wei Yu. "Numerical Study of Simultaneous Multiple Fracture Propagation in Changning Shale Gas Field." Energies 12, no. 7 (April 8, 2019): 1335. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12071335.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Recently, the Changning shale gas field has been one of the most outstanding shale plays in China for unconventional gas exploitation. Based on the more practical experience of hydraulic fracturing, the economic gas production from this field can be optimized and gradually improved. However, further optimization of the fracture design requires a deeper understanding of the effects of engineering parameters on simultaneous multiple fracture propagation. It can increase the effective fracture number and the well performance. In this paper, based on the Changning field data, a complex fracture propagation model was established. A series of case studies were investigated to analyze the effects of engineering parameters on simultaneous multiple fracture propagation. The fracture spacing, perforating number, injection rate, fluid viscosity and number of fractures within one stage were considered. The simulation results show that smaller fracture spacing implies stronger stress shadow effects, which significantly reduces the perforating efficiency. The perforating number is a critical parameter that has a big impact on the cluster efficiency. In addition, one cluster with a smaller perforating number can more easily generate a uniform fracture geometry. A higher injection rate is better for promoting uniform fluid volume distribution, with each cluster growing more evenly. An increasing fluid viscosity increases the variation of fluid distribution between perforation clusters, resulting in the increasing gap between the interior fracture and outer fractures. An increasing number of fractures within the stage increases the stress shadow among fractures, resulting in a larger total fracture length and a smaller average fracture width. This work provides key guidelines for improving the effectiveness of hydraulic fracture treatments.
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Chen, Yantong, Yuyang Li, and Junsheng Wang. "Remote Aircraft Target Recognition Method Based on Superpixel Segmentation and Image Reconstruction." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2020 (February 14, 2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/6087680.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Satellite images are always with complex background and shadow areas. These factors can lead to target segmentation break up and recognition with a low accuracy. Aiming at solving these problems, we proposed an aircraft recognition method based on superpixel segmentation and reconstruction. First, we need to estimate the orientation of an aircraft by using histograms of oriented gradients. And then, an improved Simple Linear Iterative Cluster (SLIC) superpixel segmentation algorithm is provided. By comparing texture feature instead of color feature space, we cluster the pixels that are with the same features. Last, through target template images and orientation, we reconstruct the superpixels. Also, the lowest error matching ratio is the recognized target. The test results show that the algorithm is robust to noise and recognize more aircrafts. Especially, when the satellite images with complex background and shadow areas, our method recognizes accuracy better than other methods. It can satisfy the demand of satellite image aircraft recognition.
Дисертації з теми "Shadow cluster"
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Карнаушенко, В. П., and А. В. Бородин. "Field Programmable Counter Arrays Integration with Field Programmable Gates Arrays." Thesis, NURE, MC&FPGA, 2019. https://mcfpga.nure.ua/conf/2019-mcfpga/10-35598-mcfpga-2019-004.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Field Programmable Counter Arrays (FPCAs) have been recently introduced to close the gap between Field Programmable Gates Arrays (FPGA) and Application Specified Integrated Circuits (ASICs) for arithmetic dominated applications. FPCAs are reconfigurable lattices that can be embedded into FPGAs to efficiently compute the result of multi-operand additions.
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Viking, Jakob. "Identifying Machine States and Sensor Properties for a Digital Machine Template : Automatically recognize states in a machine using multivariate time series cluster analysis." Thesis, Mittuniversitetet, Institutionen för informationssystem och –teknologi, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-42295.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Digital twins have become a large part of new cyber-physical systems as they allow for the simulation of a physical object in the digital world. In addition to the new approaches of digital twins, machines have become more intelligent, allowing them to produce more data than ever before. Within the area of digital twins, there is a need for a less complex approach than a fully optimised digital twin. This approach is more like a digital shadow of the physical object. Therefore, the focus of this thesis is to study machine states and statistical distributions for all sensors in a machine. Where as majority of studies in the literature focuses on generating data from a digital twin, this study focuses on what characteristics a digital twin have. The solution is by defining a term named digital machine template that contains the states and statistical properties of each sensor in a given machine. The primary approach is to create a proof of work application that uses traditional data mining technologies and clustering to analyze how many states there are in a machine and how the sensor data is structured. It all results in a digital machine template with all of the information mentioned above. The results contain all the states a machine might have and the possible statistical distributions of each senor in each state. The digital machine template opens the possibility of using it as a basis for creating a digital twins. It allows the time of development to be shorter than that of a regular digital twin. More research still needs to be done as the less complex approach may lead to missing information or information not being interpreted correctly. It still shows promises as a less complex way of looking at digital twins since it may become necessary due to digital twins becoming even more complex by the day.
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Piyathilake, Darshi. "The role of airports in national civil aviation policies." Thesis, Cranfield University, 2016. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/12383.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The concept of a hub airport has evolved widening its scope as a national civil aviation policy-making tool, due to the ability to deliver wider socio-economic benefits to a country. However, not all airports can be converted into hubs. This research proposes a methodological approach to structural analysis of the airport industry, that could be applied to determine the competitive position of an airport in a given aviation network and devise airport strategies and national policy measures to improve the current position of the airport. This study presents a twelve-group taxonomy of airports, which analyses the changing geography of the airport industry in the East (Asia and The Middle East). Multivariate data have been used in a two-step Agglomerative Hierarchical Clustering exercise which represents three airport strategies: namely, degree-of-airport-activity (size and intensity of operations), network strategies (international and domestic hub), and the market segmentation strategies (service and destination orientation). Principal Component Analysis has been utilised as a data reduction tool. The study confirms the general hypothesis that a sound macro environment and liberalised approach to economic regulation in the air transport industry are important for successful hub operations. In addition, it sheds light on the fact that while the factors of geographical advantage, economic development, urbanisation, tourism and business attractiveness, physical and intellectual infrastructure, and political and administrative frameworks, are all basic prerequisites (qualifiers) for successful hubbing in the region, those factors would not necessarily guarantee a hub status unless the governments are also committed to develop the sector and take timely decisions (differentiators) to allow airports to benefit from the first mover advantage. Application of the proposed taxonomy was tested on a case study of the major international airport of Sri Lanka, to provide policy inputs to develop the airport that is currently identified as being overshadowed by the mega hubs in the region.
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Love-Raoul, Nteziryayo. "Food web structure of a Pantanal shallow lake revealed by stable isotopes." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Tema vatten i natur och samhälle, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-97702.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Food webs are good ecological macro-descriptors and their study is important in ecology in understanding nutrient cycles, tracing and quantifying energy and in describing trophic interactions within an ecosystem. The knowledge of food web finds applications in various natural sciences disciplines but also in many productive sectors. This study investigated the structure of the food web of a shallow lake in the Pantanal flood plain. The food web included two macrophytes, six aquatic insects, four crustaceans and 24 fish species. Sources of carbon for the various organisms living in the lake were identified through the values of δ13C exhibited by the organisms. The δ15N signature was used to estimate the trophic position of each organism. A cluster analysis based on the two isotopic signatures revealed six different feeding guilds and emphasized on the broad occurrence of omnivory among animals living in the lake. This study revealed that the use of food carbon was the most important factor that structured the lake community. Very low values of δ13C in zooplankton, benthic dwellers and bottom-feeder organisms as well as similarities between the gradient of δ13C and that of use of methane oxidizing bacteria informed on the possible use of biogenic methane as a source carbon and energy for the lake biota.
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Mancini, Marco. "Structure et evolution des mousses savonneuses." Phd thesis, Université de Cergy Pontoise, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00010304.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Pour des mousses 2D(et 3D sphériques) sèches à l'équilibre nous montrons une équivalence étoile-triangle. Cette équivalence affirme que chaque bulle ayant trois bulles voisines peut être considérée comme une décoration des prolongements des côtés externes qui la rejoignent. Cette propriété, déjà connue dans une des ses applications, nous la démontrons en utilisant des méthodes de dualisation, de géométrie projective et l'invariance des mousses 2D par homographies. Plus en général, nous prouvons l'invariance par transformations conformes des mousses 2D. En considérant des mousses en incidence normale sur une paroi, nous avons montré comment les lois d'équilibre en 3D impliquent celles en 2D sur la surface de contact. Ces lois nous permettent d'étudier théoriquement les récentes expériences où une mousse monodisperse est mise entre deux plaques de verre courbes non parallèles. Dans la limite de petit interstice, nous relions le profil à l'application conforme observée expérimentalement. La contribution de la courbure des films dans la direction orthogonale aux plaques est décisive pour corriger des prédictions erronées de la géométrie 2D.
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韓昊名. "Characterization and applicability of Bn cluster ion implantation in fabricating shallow junction." Thesis, 2004. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/00506938272005502817.
Повний текст джерелаКниги з теми "Shadow cluster"
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Riordan, Michael, and David N. Schramm. The Shadows of Creation: Dark Matter and the Structure of the Universe. W H Freeman & Co (Sd), 1992.
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Luo, Liang. The White Snake in Hong Kong Horror Cinema: from Horrific Tales to Crowd Pleasers. Edinburgh University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474424592.003.0003.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Considered one of the four legends in the Chinese oral tradition, the legend of the White Snake and its theatrical and popular cultural metamorphoses played an important role in the pre-cinematic origins of Hong Kong horror cinema. This chapter surveys the changing representation of gender and horror in a series of films based on the White Snake legend from the 1920s to the 1970s. Centred on a very horrific concept (a monstrous snake disguised as a beauty and married to a human male), these films nonetheless enrich or even challenge our understanding of the genre of horror cinema in their service to a wide range of other genres: operatic performance, romantic melodrama, fantasy adventure, slapstick comedy, and social and political commentary. In addition to challenging the very concept of horror, this cluster of White Snake films poses further challenges to the idea of “Hong Kong cinema,” as it ranges from a Tokyo production, a Shanghai production, a Hong Kong-Japan coproduction, to a production based in Hong Kong with South Asian distributors, and a Hong Kong-Taiwan coproduction with a Shaw Brothers director.
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van der Hoeven, Frank, and Alexander Wandl. Hotterdam: How space is making Rotterdam warmer, how this affects the health of its inhabitants, and what can be done about it. TU Delft Open, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.47982/bookrxiv.1.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Heat waves will occur in Rotterdam with greater frequency in the future. Those affected most will be the elderly – a group that is growing in size. In the light of the Paris heat wave of August 2003 and the one in Rotterdam in July 2006, mortality rates among the elderly in particular are likely to rise in the summer. METHOD The aim of the Hotterdam research project was to gain a better understanding of urban heat. The heat was measured and the surface energy balance modelled from that perspective. Social and physical features of the city we identified in detail with the help of satellite images, GIS and 3D models. We determined the links between urban heat/surface energy balance and the social/physical features of Rotterdam by multivariable regression analysis. The crucial elements of the heat problem were then clustered and illustrated on a social and a physical heat map. RESULTS The research project produced two heat maps, an atlas of underlying data and a set of adaptation measures which, when combined, will make the city of Rotterdam and its inhabitants more aware and less vulnerable to heat wave-related health effects. CONCLUSION In different ways, the pre-war districts of the city (North, South, and West) are warmer and more vulnerable to urban heat than are other areas of Rotterdam. The temperature readings that we carried out confirm these findings as far as outdoor temperatures are concerned. Indoor temperatures vary widely. Homes seem to have their particular dynamics, in which the house’s age plays a role. The above-average mortality of those aged 75 and over during the July 2006 heat wave in Rotterdam can be explained by a) the concentration of people in this age group, b) the age of the homes they live in, and c) the sum of sensible heat and ground heat flux. A diverse mix of impervious surfaces, surface water, foliage, building envelopes and shade make one area or district warmer than another. Adaptation measures are in the hands of residents, homeowners and the local council alike, and relate to changing behaviour, physical measures for homes, and urban design respectively.
Частини книг з теми "Shadow cluster"
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Bornik, Alexander, Wolfgang Knecht, Markus Hadwiger, and Dieter Schmalstieg. "Clustered Deep Shadow Maps for Integrated Polyhedral and Volume Rendering." In Advances in Visual Computing, 314–25. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-33179-4_31.
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Reinberger, Marie-Laure, and Walter Daelemans. "Is Shallow Parsing Useful for Unsupervised Learning of Semantic Clusters?" In Computational Linguistics and Intelligent Text Processing, 304–13. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-36456-0_31.
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Karepova, Evgeniya, and Ekaterina Dementyeva. "Solution of Assimilation Observation Data Problem for Shallow Water Equations for SMP-Nodes Cluster." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 444–51. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-23178-0_39.
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Idler, Annette. "Non-State Order and Security." In Borderland Battles, 31–65. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190849146.003.0002.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Chapter 2 presents a theoretical framework to systematically trace how interactions among violent non-state groups influence people’s security. The first part theorizes behavioral patterns among violent non-state groups as forms of non-state order. It offers a typology of violent non-state group interactions with eight types that fall into three clusters: the “enmity” cluster, in which groups fight each other; the “rivalry” cluster, involving unstable short-term arrangements among groups with unpredictable outbreaks of violence; and the “friendship” cluster that consists of relatively stable long-term arrangements. These clusters emerge from distinct distrust-reducing mechanisms employed by the groups. The second part of the chapter introduces the analytical lens of citizen security. This lens accounts for both observed and perceived insecurity, and for repercussions of these on the state-society relationship. It highlights why and how specific violent non-state group interactions are conducive to distinct security outcomes, including violence, the erosion of social fabric, and shadow citizenship.
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Wang, Shilin, Alan Wee-Chung Liew, Wing Hong Lau, and Shu Hung Leung. "Lip Region Segmentation with Complex Background." In Visual Speech Recognition, 150–71. IGI Global, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-60566-186-5.ch005.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
As the first step of many visual speech recognition and visual speaker authentication systems, robust and accurate lip region segmentation is of vital importance for lip image analysis. However, most of the current techniques break down when dealing with lip images with complex and inhomogeneous background region such as mustaches and beards. In order to solve this problem, a Multi-class, Shapeguided FCM (MS-FCM) clustering algorithm is proposed in this chapter. In the proposed approach, one cluster is set for the lip region and a combination of multiple clusters for the background which generally includes the skin region, lip shadow or beards. With the spatial distribution of the lip cluster, a spatial penalty term considering the spatial location information is introduced and incorporated into the objective function such that pixels having similar color but located in different regions can be differentiated. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm provides accurate lip-background partition even for the images with complex background features.
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Patrick, Stuart, Gordon Kennedy, and David MacLeod. "Escaping the shadow of the upas tree." In Transforming Glasgow, 39–60. Policy Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781447349778.003.0003.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Glasgow experienced several decades of deindustrialization and the collapse of a closely connected manufacturing and heavy engineering “cluster “resulting in massive job losses and the physical scars of industrial dereliction. Since the early 1980s through a series of public / private partnerships the city has focused heavily on building a more diverse economic structure based largely on a range of sectors in the service and knowledge based economies as well as more traditional approaches to inward investment, physical regeneration, skills and business growth. As a result Glasgow has experienced a significant economic recovery with sustained growth in employment since the mid 1990s and a strong rebound from the 2008 crash. The city now has a more diverse sectoral structure with much of the recovery based on the continuing strength of the city centre and the skill base of the population.
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Wells, H. G. "The Thing in the Forest." In The Island of Doctor Moreau, edited by Darryl Jones. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/owc/9780198702665.003.0009.
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I strode through the undergrowth that clothed the ridge behind the house, scarcely heeding whither I went, passed on through the shadow of a thick cluster of straight-stemmed trees beyond it, and so presently found myself some way on the other side of the ridge, and descending towards a streamlet that ran through a narrow valley. I paused and listened. The distance I had come, or the intervening masses of thicket, deadened any sound that might be coming from the enclosure. The air was still. Then with a rustle a rabbit emerged, and went scampering up the slope before me. I hesitated, and sat down in the edge of the shade.
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Dickens, Charles. "The Night Shadows." In A Tale of Two Cities. Oxford University Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/owc/9780199536238.003.0005.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A wonderful fact to reflect upon, that every human creature is constituted to be that profound secret and mystery to every other. A solemn consideration, when I enter a great city by night, that every one of those darkly clustered houses encloses its...
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Ridao, Marcela, and Jorge Horacio Doorn. "Automatic Detection of Semantic Clusters in Glossaries." In Encyclopedia of Organizational Knowledge, Administration, and Technology, 711–27. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-3473-1.ch052.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
To define the services that a software system will provide, in terms of the business process needs, is a rather important task. As a first step, the requirements engineer must deeply understand the peculiarities of the context in which the future software system will run. There have been proposed several approaches to elicit and model such knowledge. The research whose main results are presented in this chapter, was carried out in a process that models all the information acquired in natural language. The advantages of the use of natural language are somehow shadowed by its ambiguity and the way models are arranged. This chapter deals with some techniques developed to visualize hidden information in this sort of models. This is mainly done by means of the use of directed graphs and the finding of clusters on them. This chapter enhances a previous one, by improving the visualization technique and by adding an automatic cluster detection technique.
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Bose, Mahua, and Kalyani Mali. "Application of Fuzzy Sets and Shadowed Sets in Predicting Time Series Data." In Handbook of Research on Investigations in Artificial Life Research and Development, 297–315. IGI Global, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-5396-0.ch014.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In recent years, several methods for forecasting fuzzy time series have been presented in different areas, such as stock price, student enrollments, climatology, production sector, etc. Choice of data partitioning technique is a central factor and it highly influences the forecast accuracy. In all existing works on fuzzy time series model, cluster with highest membership is used to form fuzzy logical relationships. But the position of the element within the cluster is not considered. The present study incorporates the idea of fuzzy discretization and shadowed set theory in defining intervals and uses the positional information of elements within a cluster in selection of rules for decision making. The objective of this work is to show the effect of the elements, lying outside the core area on forecast. Performance of the presented model is evaluated on standard datasets.
Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Shadow cluster"
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Sintorn, Erik, Viktor Kämpe, Ola Olsson, and Ulf Assarsson. "Per-triangle shadow volumes using a view-sample cluster hierarchy." In the 18th meeting of the ACM SIGGRAPH Symposium. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2556700.2556716.
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Bhagyaveni, Macharla, and Subbaiah Shanmugavel. "Performance of shadow cluster resource reservation mechanism in ad hoc networks." In ITCom 2001: International Symposium on the Convergence of IT and Communications, edited by Edwin K. P. Chong. SPIE, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.434464.
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Coca, Dan-Andrei, and Andreea Nistor. "Digital Shadow Economy – Literature Review." In World Lumen Congress 2021, May 26-30, 2021, Iasi, Romania. LUMEN Publishing House, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18662/wlc2021/13.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The virtual environment is a phenomenon that has grown exponentially in recent years, changing the way the economy evolves. Through e-commerce, social media platforms, online stores, or websites, financial resources are rolled both legally and illegally. Thus, some transactions are not accounted for or taxed, and also the concept of the digital shadow economy, defined as economic shadow activities conducted in electronic space, with no physical contact is increasingly present today. This paper aims to review and systematically analyze, through bibliometric analysis, using the Web of Science scientific platform and the VOSviewer software, the notion of digital shadow economy, determining the current state of knowledge in the field. Also, a comparative research was performed between digital shadow economy and the traditional shadow economy. The main findings reveal that digital shadow economy has a novelty character that refers to an economy based on digitized services and products, which escapes the official estimates of the GDP and the main research tendencies concern the conceptualization of the term and its main activity channels, aspects that distinguish it from traditional shadow economy. Furthermore, a thematic cluster, containing links to the digital shadow economy term can be noticed to be around cybercrimes.
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Keun-Ho Lee, Sang-Bum Han, Heyi-Sook Suh, and Chong-Sun Hwang. "Directional Shadow Registration Algorithm for Efficient Cluster Mobility in Ad Hoc Networks." In 8th International Conference on Advanced Communication Technology. IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icact.2006.206000.
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Intarasothonchun, Silada, Sakchai Thipchaksurat, and Ruttikorn Varakulsiripunth. "Effect of Shadow Cluster on Predictive User Mobility Behavior Scheme in Cellular Networks." In 2009 Fourth International Conference on Computer Sciences and Convergence Information Technology. IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iccit.2009.199.
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Lecampion, B., J. Desroches, X. Weng, J. Burghardt, and J. E. E. Brown. "Can We Engineer Better Multistage Horizontal Completions? Evidence of the Importance of Near-wellbore Fracture Geometry from Theory, Lab and Field Experiments." In SPE Hydraulic Fracturing Technology Conference. SPE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/spe-173363-ms.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract There is accepted evidence that multistage fracturing of horizontal wells in shale reservoirs results in significant production variation from perforation cluster to perforation cluster. Typically, between 30 and 40% of the clusters do not significantly contribute to production while the majority of the production comes from only 20 to 30% of the clusters. Based on numerical modeling, laboratory and field experiments, we investigate the process of simultaneously initiating and propagating several hydraulic fractures. In particular, we clarify the interplay between the impact of perforation friction and stress shadow on the stability of the propagation of multiple fractures. We show that a sufficiently large perforation pressure drop (limited entry) can counteract the stress interference between different growing fractures. We also discuss the robustness of the current design practices (cluster location, limited entry) in the presence of characterized stress heterogeneities. Laboratory experiments highlight the complexity of the fracture geometry in the near-wellbore region. Such complex fracture path results from local stress perturbations around the well and the perforations, as well as the rock fabric. The fracture complexity (i.e., the merging of multiple fractures and the reorientation towards the preferred far-field fracture plane) induces a strong nonlinear pressure drop on a scale of a few meters. Single entry field experiments in horizontal wells show that this near-wellbore effect is larger in magnitude than perforation friction and is highly variable between clusters, without being predictable. Through a combination of field measurements and modeling, we show that such variability results in a very heterogeneous slurry rate distribution; and therefore, proppant intake between clusters during a stage, even in the presence of limited entry techniques. We also note that the estimated distribution of proppant intake between clusters appears similar to published production log data. We conclude that understanding and accounting for the complex fracture geometry in the near-wellbore is an important missing link to better engineer horizontal well multistage completions.
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Liu, Xinghui, Jiehao Wang, Amit Singh, Margaretha Rijken, Larry Chrusch, Dean Wehunt, Faraj Ahmad, and Jennifer Miskimins. "Achieving Perfect Fluid and Proppant Placement in Multi-Stage Fractured Horizontal Wells: A CFD Modeling Approach." In SPE Hydraulic Fracturing Technology Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/204182-ms.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Multi-stage plug-n-perf fracturing of horizontal wells has proven to be an effective method to develop unconventional reservoirs. Various studies have shown uneven fluid and proppant distributions across all perforation clusters. It is commonly believed that both fracturing fluid and proppant contribute to unconventional well performance. Achieving uniform fluid and proppant placement is an important step toward optimal stimulation. This paper discusses how to achieve such uniform placement in each stage via a CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) modeling approach. CFD models in several lab scales were built and calibrated using experimental data of proppant transport through horizontal pipes in several laboratory configurations. A field-scale model was then built and validated using perforation erosion data from downhole camera observations and the same model parameters calibrated in the lab-scale model. With the field-scale model validated, CFD simulations were performed to evaluate the impact of key parameters on fluid and proppant placement in individual perforations and clusters. Some key parameters investigated in this study included perforation parameters (size, orientation, number), cluster spacing, cluster count per stage, fluid properties, proppant properties, pumping rates, casing sizes, and stress shadow effects, etc. Both lab and CFD results show that bottom-side perforations receive significantly more proppant than top-side perforations due to gravitational effects. Lab and CFD results also show that proppant distribution is increasingly toe-biased at higher rates. Proppant concentration along the wellbore from heel to toe generally varies significantly. Gravity, momentum, viscous drag, and turbulent dispersion are key factors affecting proppant transport in horizontal wellbores. This study demonstrates that near-uniform fluid and proppant placement across all clusters in each stage is achievable by optimizing perforation, cluster, and other treatment design factors. Validated CFD modeling plays an important role in this design optimization process.
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Levine, David A., Ian F. Akyildiz, and Mahmoud Naghshineh. "The shadow cluster concept for resource allocation and call admission in ATM-based wireless networks." In the 1st annual international conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/215530.215565.
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Hammawa, Hassan, Ahmed S. Aleid, Heba N. Alsoqair, and Jana T. Alfaraj. "Estimation of Pressure-Dependent Permeability Modulus of Tight Sand Reservoir from Multiple Pressure Build-Ups and Its Impact on Production Forecast." In International Petroleum Technology Conference. IPTC, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2523/iptc-22494-ms.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract During hydraulic fracturing process of the Permian Basin in North America, the cluster spacing has been shortened to 3m, and stress shadow can no longer be ignored. Many scholars have studied the influence of stress shadows to optimize cluster spacing. For reservoirs with natural fractures, how to activate more natural fractures through hydraulic fracturing has become the purpose. However, few scholars have studied changes in the activation law of natural fractures under stress shadow conditions. This paper establishes stress change value around single fracture according to Sneddon formula, and calculates the maximum and minimum principal stress according to plane principal stress calculation formula. Considering attenuation of net pressure, stress field of multiple fractures is established, and influence of various factors on stress re-orientation is studied. Finally, considering attenuation of net pressure with distance, according to discriminant formulas of tension & shear activation, the proportion of natural fractures that are easily activated is calculated. By designing orthogonal experiments, the influence of different factors on the proportion of activated natural fractures was studied. The stress increase in the direction of the minimum principal stress is much greater than the increase in the direction of the maximum principal stress. The stress increases in the direction of the maximum principal stress at the tip of the hydraulic fracture. The tip position between hydraulic fractures is "neutralized" due to the superposition of shear stress. Stress-fracture angle and the in-situ stress difference are the common main influencing factors for both tensile and shear activation, but the net pressure has little effect on the tensile activation of natural fracture. The fracture spacing has little effect on the activation of natural fractures. When formulating the fracturing scheme, we should pay more attention to the net pressure rather than the fracture spacing.This article provides a fast calculation method for the activation state of natural fractures considering the stress shadow, which provides a reference index for activating more natural fractures and increasing the production of a single well.
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Wu, Yinghui, Robert Hull, Andrew Tucker, Craig Rice, Peter Richter, Ben Wygal, Mahmoud Farhadiroushan, Kirk Trujillo, and Craig Woerpel. "Hydraulic Fracturing Diagnostics Utilizing Near and Far-Field Distributed Acoustic Sensing DAS Data Correspondences." In SPE Hydraulic Fracturing Technology Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/204205-ms.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Distributed fiber-optic sensing (DFOS) has been utilized in unconventional reservoirs for hydraulic fracture efficiency diagnostics for many years. Downhole fiber cables can be permanently installed external to the casing to monitor and measure the uniformity and efficiency of individual clusters and stages during the completion in the near-field wellbore environment. Ideally, a second fiber or multiple fibers can be deployed in offset well(s) to monitor and characterize fracture geometries recorded by fracture-driven interactions or frac-hits in the far-field. Fracture opening and closing, stress shadow creation and relaxation, along with stage isolation can be clearly identified. Most importantly, fracture propagation from the near to far-field can be better understood and correlated. With our current technology, we can deploy cost effective retrievable fibers to record these far-field data. Our objective here is to highlight key data that can be gathered with multiple fibers in a carefully planned well-spacing study and to evaluate and understand the correspondence between far-field and near-field Distributed Acoustic Sensing (DAS) data. In this paper, we present a case study of three adjacent horizontal wells equipped with fiber in the Permian basin. We can correlate the near-field fluid allocation across a stage down to the cluster level to far-field fracture driven interactions (FDIs) with their frac-hit strain intensity. With multiple fibers we can evaluate fracture geometry, the propagation of the hydraulic fractures, changes in the deformation related to completion designs, fracture complexity characterization and then integrate the results with other data to better understand the geomechanical processes between wells. Novel frac-hit corridor (FHC) is introduced to evaluate stage isolation, azimuth, and frac-hit intensity (FHI), which is measured in far-field. Frac design can be evaluated with the correlation from near-field allocation to far-field FHC and FHI. By analyzing multiple treatment and monitor wells, the correspondence can be further calibrated and examined. We observe the far-field FHC and FHI are directly related to the activities of near-field clusters and stages. A leaking plug may directly result in FHC overlapping, gaps and variations in FHI, which also can be correlated to cluster uniformity. A near-far field correspondence can be established to evaluate FHC and FHI behaviors. By utilizing various completion designs and related measurements (e.g. Distributed Temperature Sensing (DTS), gauges, microseismic etc.), optimization can be performed to change the frac design based on far-field and near-field DFOS data based on the Decision Tree Method (DTM). In summary, hydraulic fracture propagation can be better characterized, measured, and understood by deploying multiple fibers across a lease. The correspondence between the far-field measured FHC and FHI can be utilized for completion evaluation and diagnostics. As the observed strain is directly measured, completion engineering and geoscience teams can confidently optimize their understanding of the fracture designs in real-time.