Статті в журналах: "Sexually Transmittes Infections"

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Alves de Alcântara, Lilian, Amanda Rayane Alves, Carla Rayanne Bento Ferreira, Mara Evellyn Cândido de Vasconcelos, Valdeane Vieira Magalhães, Marlene Menezes de Souza Teixeira, Ana Paula Ribeiro de Castro, and Katia Monaisa de Sousa Figueiredo. "INFECÇÕES SEXUALMENTE TRANSMISSÍVEIS: CONHECER PARA PREVENIR." Revista Interfaces: Saúde, Humanas e Tecnologia 7, no. 1 (July 23, 2019): 231–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.16891/2317-434x.v7.e1.a2019.pp231-237.

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Alexandrovich Sizov, Alexander, Irina Vladimirovna Pashina, Natalya Gennadievna Lischuk, Marina Evgenievna Alferova, Andrew Vladimirovich Lyaskovets, Ramiz Fizulievich Shahbazov, and Nina Alexandrovna Andreeva. "Medico-Legal Aspects of Containment of the Spread of Sexually Transmitted Infections." Journal of Social Sciences Research, no. 55 (May 10, 2019): 1005–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.32861/jssr.55.1005.1009.

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Sexually transmitted infections are a group of diseases that include syphilis, gonorrhea, chlamydial and mycoplasma infections, trichomoniasis, herpes and HPV infections of the genital organs. In addition, sexually transmitted human immunodeficiency virus, causing a disease called acquired immune deficiency syndrome. According to the World Health Organization, every year more than 340 million people aged 15-49 suffer from sexually transmitted infections worldwide. The basis for the prevention of the spread of sexually transmitted infections and infection with the human immunodeficiency virus should be considered the presence of internal moral attitudes. The motive for the start of sexual life should be your own conscious decision, and not pressure from a partner, fear of losing him, desire to please him and preserve the relationship. Despite the rather wide spread of sexually transmitted infections and the occurrence of infection with human immunodeficiency virus, the implementation of the simplest recommendations guarantees the safety of intimate life and preservation of health. A clear legal regulation of actions of a sexual nature, associated with the risk of infection or entailing infection with sexually transmitted infections, helps to curb their distribution. It is essential for maintaining the sexual health of people of young and mature age, which is an important resource of any country.

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Nicolle, LE. "Sexually Transmitted Infections." Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology 16, no. 1 (2005): 9–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2005/958678.

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Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) other than HIV have reappeared as an important public health problem in developed countries (1). In the late 1970s and early 1980s, research and treatment of the 'classic' STIs - gonorrhea, syphilis and chlamydia - were a major focus of infectious diseases practice and research. There were large outbreaks of syphilis in parts of Canada (2), penicillin-resistantNeisseria gonorrhoeaewas a concern (3), and high rates ofChlamydia trachomatisinfection with complications of pelvic inflammatory disease and ectopic pregnancy were being reported (4,5). Then, HIV infection emerged, with its spectre of a wasting, early death. There was no effective treatment, and safe sexual practices were embraced and adhered to by high-risk populations as the only effective way to avoid infection. These practices effectively prevented other STIs; rates of syphilis, gonorrhea and chlamydia infection plummeted in developed countries (5). For at least a decade, it appeared that HIV might be an end to all STIs, at least for some parts of the world. STIs continued unabated in developing countries, as many epidemiological and therapeutic studies explored the association of STIs with HIV infection.

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Marschalkó, Márta, Katinka Pónyai, and Sarolta Kárpáti. "Sexually transmitted coinfections. HIV coinfections." Orvosi Hetilap 156, no. 1 (January 2015): 4–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/oh.2015.30076.

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Coinfections of sexually transmitted infections are frequent due to the same transmission routes which may facilitate the transmission of other sexually transmitted infections. Sexually transmitted coinfections are associated with atypical and generally more severe clinical features, more complications, resistency to treatment, unfavourable outcome, and worse prognosis. Sexually transmitted infections may increase the likelihood of acquiring and transmission of HIV infection. The authors summarize the most important characteristics of sexually transmitted infections (such as HIV and hepatitis B virus, HIV and hepatitis C virus, HIV and syphilis, HIV and gonorrhoeae, HIV and chlamydia coinfections). These infections are more frequent in HIV infected patients than in the normal population. The shared transmission routes, impairment of the immune response, elevated cytokine levels and the associated inflammatory milieu produce local tissue damage, breaches in mucosal epithelium, which increases the risk of human immunodeficiency virus infection. Regular screening for sexually transmitted infections, use of more sensitive diagnostic methods, improved reporting and avoidance of unsafe sexual behaviour among certain subpopulations as well as education are essential in the prevention of sexually transmitted coinfections. Orv. Hetil., 2015, 156(1), 4–9.

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Narayan, S., and E. Galanis. "Les infections entériques sont-elles transmises sexuellement en Colombie-Britannique?" Relevé des maladies transmissibles au Canada 42, no. 2 (February 4, 2016): 27–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.14745/ccdr.v42i02a01f.

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Sirait, Lenny Irmawaty. "PERILAKU SEKSUAL BERISIKO INFEKSI MENULAR SEKSUAL." Jurnal Ilmiah PANNMED (Pharmacist, Analyst, Nurse, Nutrition, Midwivery, Environment, Dentist) 16, no. 1 (May 10, 2021): 150–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.36911/pannmed.v16i1.1024.

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Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) are various infections that can be transmitted from one person to another through sexual contact. The spread of STIs to women and men (90%) occurs through sexual intercourse, both vaginal, anal and oral, the rest through blood products or tissue transfer that has been exposed to pathogens or can be transmitted through medical devices, as well as from mother to fetus in the womb or while birth process. This study aims to determine the relationship between sexual intercourse patterns and the incidence of sexually transmitted infections in women of reproductive age at the Makassar District Health Center, East Jakarta 2019. This research method is a type of quantitative research with a cross-sectional research design, using the inclusion and exclusion criteria for a sample of 55 people, the type of data. primer, measuring instrument questionnaire and laboratory results, analysis of chi square test data. The results showed that out of 46 women of childbearing age who had a poor pattern of sexual relations and sexually transmitted infections were 41 people (89.1%) and 5 people (10.9%) had sexually transmitted infections while 9 people had a pattern of sexual intercourse. well and sexually transmitted infections were 1 person (11.1) and sexually transmitted infections were 8 people (89.9%) pvalue = 0.01 (p <0.05). Conclusion The Relationship between Sexual Relationship Patterns and the Incidence of Sexually Transmitted Infection in Women of Fertile Age at the Makassar District Health Center 2019 (p value = 0.01)

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Manapova, E. R., V. H. Fazylov, and A. T. Beshimov. "SEXUALLY-TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS IN HIV INFECTED PATIENTS." HIV Infection and Immunosuppressive Disorders 11, no. 1 (April 7, 2019): 71–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.22328/2077-9828-2019-11-1-71-74.

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Sexually-transmitted infections are among the most well-known risk factors for HIV infection. The problem of combined diseases of STIs and HIV in infected people is represented by few works in the domestic scientific literature, therefore further study of this issue is required. Objective: to identify the prevalence of sexually transmitted infections in HIV-infected patients at the time of registration. Materials and methods. 49 clinical histories of patients with HIV infection were analyzed and studied at the Republican Center for the Prevention and Control of AIDS and Infectious Diseases of the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Tatarstan. Results. STIs with the prevalence of urogenital chlamydia, ureaplasmosis and mycoplasmosis in the oligosymptomatic clinical course were registered in 63% of patients (predominantly women — 67% of cases) with HIV infection in the natural infectious process course. Patients with HIV infection and syphilis showed lower level of CD4 lymphocytes and high levels of HIV RNA viral load.

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MacLean, R. "Ressources pour lutter contre la stigmatisation liée à la sexualité, à la toxicomanie et aux infections transmissibles sexuellement et par le sang." Relevé des maladies transmissibles au Canada 44, no. 2 (February 1, 2018): 69–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.14745/ccdr.v44i02a05f.

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Calinescu, Gina, Roxana Elena Bohiltea, Andra Magdalena Balan, Tiberiu Augustin Georgescu, Nicolae Bacalbasa, Irina Balescu, Bianca Margareta Mihai, et al. "Modern investigation of cervico-vaginal infections (from microbiome disorders to pelvic inflammatory disease)." Romanian Medical Journal 68, S6 (December 30, 2021): 99–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.37897/rmj.2021.s6.15.

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Vaginitis is the general term for disorders of the vagina caused by infection, inflammation, or changes in the normal vaginal flora, while cervicitis refers to inflammation of the uterine cervix. Symptoms of vaginitis include vaginal discharge, pruritus, odor, and/or discomfort. Women with cervicitis may have presenting symptoms such as purulent or mucopurulent (yellow) vaginal discharge, intermenstrual or postcoital bleeding, dysuria, vulvovaginal irritation and dyspareunia. The initial evaluation typically consists of a medical history, physical examination, microscopy examination of vaginal swab, and cervical tests for sexually transmitted infections. Evaluation of patient risk factors is important and should include a detailed discussion about the sexual history (number of partners, type of sexual activity, condom use, new sex partner, sex partner with a diagnosed sexually transmitted infection, sex partner with concurrent sex partners), vaginal hygiene (douching), and age (< 25). All women with symptoms suggestive of cervicitis or vaginitis undergo a physical examination that includes pelvic and vaginal evaluations. Vaginitis is often the result of the presence of infectious agents. The most common infections, such as bacterial vaginosis, Candida vulvovaginitis and trichomoniasis, account for over 90 percent of the vaginal infections. Cervicitis, typically acquired from sexually transmitted infections such as gonorrhea, chlamydia, and mycoplasma, can present with nonspecific vaginal symptoms.

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Santa-Bárbara, Raquel Casado, César Hueso-Montoro, Adelina Martín-Salvador, María Adelaida Álvarez-Serrano, María Gázquez-López, and María Ángeles Pérez-Morente. "Association between Sexual Habits and Sexually Transmitted Infections at a Specialised Centre in Granada (Spain)." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 18 (September 21, 2020): 6881. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186881.

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Sexually transmitted infections are an important public health issue. The purpose of this study is to analyse the association between different sexual habits and the prevalence of sexually transmitted infections in the population of Granada who consult with a specialised centre. An observational, cross-sectional study was conducted based on the medical records of 678 people from the Sexually Transmitted Diseases and Sexual Orientation Centre of Granada, who were diagnosed positively or negatively with a sexually transmitted infection, during the 2000−2014 period. Sociodemographic and clinical data, as well as data on frequency and type of sexual habits, frequency of condom use and sexually transmitted infection positive or negative diagnosis were collected. Univariate and bivariate analyses were conducted. The most popular sexual habits were vaginal intercourse, oral sex (mouth–vagina and mouth–penis) and the least popular were anus–mouth and anal sex. The use of condom is frequent in vaginal and anal sex and less frequent in oral sex. Sexually transmitted infection is associated with mouth–penis (p = 0.004) and mouth–vagina (p = 0.023) oral sex and anal sex (p = 0.031). It is observed that there is a relationship between the presence of STIs and oral sex practices, people having such practices being the ones who use condoms less frequently. There is also a relationship between anal sex and the prevalence of STIs, although in such sexual practice the use of condom does prevail.

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Jin, Hyunwoo, Dong Hyeok Kim, and Kyung Eun Lee. "Human Papillomavirus Prevalence in Urine Samples of Asymptomatic Male Sexual Partners of Women with Sexually Transmitted Diseases." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 21 (November 8, 2021): 11706. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182111706.

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Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection in males is associated with various cancers, including cervical cancer in women and penile and bladder cancers in men. However, there is limited research on the prevalence and prevention of male HPV infection. Moreover, a rapid test that can prevent the increase in HPV infection is needed. In this study, the prevalence of sexually transmitted pathogen (STP) and HPV infection was analyzed using real-time polymerase chain reaction assay in random urine samples collected from asymptomatic male sexual partners of women with sexually transmitted diseases. Among 130 men, 65 (50.0%) had STP and 12 (9.23%) had HPV infection. There was no association between STP and HPV infection. Among 12 cases of HPV infection, three were HPV-16 single infections, six were multiple infections, including HPV-16, and three of other high-risk HPV infections. Our results suggest the need for STP testing, including HPV testing, in sexual partners of high-risk women with sexually transmitted diseases, even in men without clinical symptoms (asymptomatic). Further research should be conducted by diversifying urine samples. We report the most convenient method for HPV detection, and it is expected to be widely applied to prevent sexually transmitted diseases in men and women.

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Fitriasih, Yuli, Yuli Fitriasih, Nurhalim Shahib, and Farid Husin. "Hubungan Faktor Demografi dan Perilaku Seksual Terhadap Kejadian Infeksi Menular Seksual pada Wanita Pekerja Seks." Viva Medika: Jurnal Kesehatan, Kebidanan dan Keperawatan 10, no. 1 (March 8, 2018): 32–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.35960/vm.v10i1.388.

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Abstract Sexually transmitted infections are infections that can be spread through vaginal, anal or oral. Female sex workers particularly at risk for sexually transmitted infections. Preliminary studies in Cilacap district STI clinic in 2011 showed that the incidence of sexually transmitted infections is still quite high (60.81%). Complex causal factors cause the difficulty of breaking the chain of IMS. This study aims to analyze the relationship between demographic factors and high-risk sexual behavior of high risk on the incidence of sexually transmitted infections and the risk factors on the incidence of sexually transmitted infections in female sex workers. Analytic survey research through case-control study (case-control) with a total sampling on 70 female sex workers in brothels Slarang conducted during the month of November 2013. Questionnaire as a means of collecting research data. Univariate analysis to determine the frequency distribution of incidence of STIs. Bivariate analysis using contingency coefficient test. Multivariate analysis using logistic regression. The results showed that there is a significant association between the incidence of STIs in high- risk demographic factors with r value (0.239) and p-value (0.040), there is a significant association between the incidence of STIs in high- risk sexual behavior factors with values â€‹â€‹of r (0.307; 0.230) and the p-value ( 0.007; 0.048) respectively. Multivariate analysis showed that condom use is not routine is that most risk factors on the incidence of sexually transmitted infections in female sex workers with OR value 5.835. Conclusions of the study: female sex workers who do not regularly use condoms have 5.835 times greater risk for sexually transmitted infections. A total of 65% the proportion of female sex workers suffer preventable sexually transmitted infection, if condom use. Keywords : female sex workers, demographic factors, sexual behavior factors, sexually transmitted infections

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Siregar, Isroni Azhari. "HUBUNGAN PENGETAHUAN DAN SIKAP DENGAN TINDAKAN PENCEGAHAN PENYAKIT MENULAR SEKSUAL PADA ANAK BUAH KAPAL DI PELABUHAN BELAWAN 2019." JURNAL KEBIDANAN KESTRA (JKK) 2, no. 1 (October 30, 2019): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.35451/jkk.v2i1.231.

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The act of the prevention sexually transmitted infections disease is one of to reduce the spread of sexually transmitted to live a sex safety and health life style. According to A recent survey of beginning was conducted at Port Health Office of Medan in 2018, that knowledge and attitude of the crews still less about the use of contraseptives and the act of not doing a check health routinely. This study is an analitic research disign it is the cross section aimed analize ascertaining the knowledgeand attitudes of the prevention sexually transmitted infections disease. The population for this study were 254 crew. Samples were taken 72 crew. Data analysis is done by using chi-square with 95 % confidece level. The result of study revealed that there was a correlation of knowledge with the act of prevention sexually transmitted infection at Belawan port in 2019 (p=0,002<0,05), and there was a correlation of attitude with the act of prevention sexually transmitted infection at Belawan port in 2019 (p=0,000 <0,05) It was suggested that it is expected that Health Officer in Port Health Belawan will increase the socialization sexual transmitted infection disease, distribute brochurs or leaflet to crew member. It was also suggest to crew member that to increase knowledge and attitude regarding prevent of sexually transmitted infections, namely by attending counseling from port health officer, reading books and magazines related to sexually transmitted infections and through other media access so that prevention efforts are more optimal, so as to avoid themselves from contracting sexually transmitted infections. .

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CHUNG, R. Y., G. M. LEUNG, B. J. COWLING, and C. M. SCHOOLING. "Patterns of and hypotheses for infection-related cancers in a Chinese population with rapid economic development." Epidemiology and Infection 140, no. 10 (December 6, 2011): 1904–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268811002469.

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SUMMARYWith economic development, non-communicable diseases replace infectious diseases as the leading cause of death; how such transition occurs for infectious diseases with long latency has rarely been considered. We took advantage of a Chinese population with rapid economic development in the mid-20th century to study changing patterns of infection-related cancers. We used sex-specific Poisson regression to estimate age, period and cohort effects on adult deaths 1976–2005 from eight infection-related cancers in Hong Kong. Cervical, head and neck, and oesophageal cancers, associated with sexually transmitted infections, decreased for the first birth cohorts with sexual debut in a more developed environment. Leukaemia and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, associated with vertically transmitted infections, decreased for the first cohorts born into a more developed environment. Birth cohort patterns were unclear for nasopharyngeal, stomach and liver cancers. Mortality rates for cancers related to early infections may depend on population history, with delayed reductions for some infection-related cancers.

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McIlhaney, Joe S. "Sexually transmitted infection and teenage sexuality." American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 183, no. 2 (August 2000): 334–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1067/mob.2000.108086.

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de Coul, ELM Op, TD Warning, and FDH Koedijk. "Sexual behaviour and sexually transmitted infections in sexually transmitted infection clinic attendees in the Netherlands, 2007–2011." International Journal of STD & AIDS 25, no. 1 (July 19, 2013): 40–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956462413491736.

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Downing, Martin J., Mary Ann Chiasson, and Sabina Hirshfield. "Recent anxiety symptoms and drug use associated with sexually transmitted infection diagnosis among an online US sample of men who have sex with men." Journal of Health Psychology 21, no. 12 (July 9, 2016): 2799–812. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1359105315587135.

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The extent to which mental health problems, including current anxiety and depressive symptoms, may co-occur, or are associated, with the acquisition of sexually transmitted infections other than HIV remains largely unexplored among men who have sex with men. In a cross-sectional survey of 8,381 US men who have sex with men recruited from a sexual networking website, 15 percent reported a past 60-day sexually transmitted infection diagnosis. Among HIV-negative men, increased odds of reporting a sexually transmitted infection were associated with current anxiety symptoms and past 60-day drug use. Findings underscore the need to better understand causal pathways among anxiety, drug use, and sexually transmitted infection acquisition and transmission among men who have sex with men.

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Yiltok, Esther Simon, Augustine Odo Ebonyi, and Emeka Uba Ejeliogu. "Sexual and reproductive health in HIV-positive adolescents." Annals of Medical Research and Practice 1 (November 2, 2020): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.25259/anmrp_18_2020.

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Objectives: Adolescents grow to experience both emotional and sexual changes that occur at this stage in life. During this stage, these adolescents have increased experimentation, including sexuality, this also affects HIV-positive adolescents. The aim of this study was to evaluate the sexual and reproductive health of HIV-positive adolescents. Material and Methods: A semi-structured interviewer-administered questionnaire was used to obtain relevant information from adolescents who were enrolled into the study over a 6 months period. Information obtained included the bio-data, menstruation, sexual activity, HIV status of partner, use of contraceptives, abortion, and treatment of sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Data were analyzed using SPSS version 23. Results: One hundred and forty-seven HIV-positive adolescents were recruited into the study, males were 56 (38.1%), while females were 91 (61.9%). Fifty-nine (64.8%) of the females have started menstruating, out of which nine (6.1%) of them were sexually active. All those that were sexually active did not know the HIV status of their partners. Four (44.4%) of those who were sexually active use contraceptives, while three became pregnant out of wedlock and one had an abortion. Three (33.3%) of the sexually active adolescents had sexually transmitted infection. None of the 46 early adolescents was sexually active, but three out of the 71 middle adolescents and 6 out of the 30 late adolescents were sexually active. Conclusion: HIV-positive adolescents engage in sexual activities which are sometimes risky, just like other adolescents. The consequences of such acts include unplanned pregnancies and abortions in addition to sexually transmitted infections. Therefore, additional programs/interventions should be put in place to address these observations as well as prepare them as they transit to adulthood.

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Sunuwar, Urmila. "Knowledge and Attitude towards Sexually Transmitted Disease and HIV/AIDS among Secondary Level School Students." KMC Research Journal 3, no. 3 (June 13, 2019): 159–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/kmcrj.v3i3.35723.

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Adolescent sexuality leads to adolescent pregnancy, unsafe abortion, reproductive tract infections, sexually transmitted infections and HIV/AIDS.The study objective is to assess the knowledge and attitude towards sexually transmitted disease and HIV/AIDs among secondary level school students of Kathmandu metropolitan city. Descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted by using self-administered questionnaires. The study population was school adolescent students. They were selected by using random sampling method. After data collection, descriptive statistics were used to analyse the collected data. Knowledge and attitude towards sexual transmitted disease is significantly varied with student’s background characteristics. Around 95% of study population had heard about sexually transmitted disease and almost 99% heard about HIV/AIDS. Majority 85.6% of students reported that they “agreed” that HIV/AIDS is a major problem in Nepal however 14.4% students were not agreed on it. 73% respondents reported that teachers are the main source of knowledge regarding sexual transmitted disease and HIV/AIDS.It is clear that students need a specific package of education about sexual and reproductive health in school curriculum so that they could gain more information about sexually transmitted disease and HIV/AIDS.

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Osinska, T. V. "PREVALENCE OF HUMAN PAPILLOMA VIRUS AMONG PATIENTS WITH SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS." Dermatology and Venerology, no. 1-2 (2022): 17–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.33743/2308-1066-2022-1-2-17-20.

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The affinity of sources of infection, dominance of sexual transmission, as well as the contingent of persons at risk of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and human papilloma virus (HPV), determines the possibility of simultaneous infection with pathogens of these diseases. The aim of the study was to study the prevalence of highly oncogenic (HO) types of human papilloma virus among sick women with sexually transmitted infections and opportunistic flora (UTI). Materials and methods. The frequency of detection of highly oncogenic human papillomavirus types and their genotypes was assessed in 44 women (mean age 32.6 years) with chronic endocervicitis of mixed etiology using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results. The initial prevalence (59.1%) of highly oncogenic human papillomavirus genotypes (16, 18, 31, 35, 45, 56, 58, 59, 66, 68, 82) was found among women of childbearing age with endocervicitis of Trichomonas etiology in combination with other (68.2%) sexually transmitted infections (chlamydia – 18.1%, ureaplasmosis – 25%) and opportunistic flora (86.4%), with a predominance of human papilloma virus type 16 (18.1%) and type 45 (15.9%). Conclusions. Diagnosing co-infection with sexually transmitted infections, opportunistic pathogens, and highly oncogenic types of human papillomavirus is an important factor in detecting cervical cancer.

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Jones, C. "Cervical cancer: is herpes simplex virus type II a cofactor?" Clinical Microbiology Reviews 8, no. 4 (October 1995): 549–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cmr.8.4.549.

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In many ways, cervical cancer behaves as a sexually transmitted disease. The major risk factors are multiple sexual partners and early onset of sexual activity. Although high-risk types of human papillomaviruses (HPV) play an important role in the development of nearly all cases of cervical cancer, other sexually transmitted infectious agents may be cofactors. Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) is transmitted primarily by sexual contact and therefore has been implicated as a risk factor. Several independent studies suggest that HSV-2 infections correlate with a higher than normal incidence of cervical cancer. In contrast, other epidemiological studies have concluded that infection with HSV-2 is not a major risk factor. Two separate transforming domains have been identified within the HSV-2 genome, but continued viral gene expression apparently is not necessary for neoplastic transformation. HSV infections lead to unscheduled cellular DNA synthesis, chromosomal amplifications, and mutations. These observations suggest that HSV-2 is not a typical DNA tumor virus. It is hypothesized that persistent or abortive infections induce permanent genetic alterations that interfere with differentiation of cervical epithelium and subsequently induce abnormal proliferation. Thus, HSV-2 may be a cofactor in some but not all cases of cervical cancer.

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Bruno, Victoria V. "Risky Sexual Behavior of Modern Teenagers in Russia. Part I." Sociologicheskaja nauka i social naja praktika 6, no. 4 (2018): 117–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/snsp.2018.6.4.6089.

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The article is devoted to the consideration of risky sexual behavior of adolescents and young people. The first part of the article presents an overview of statistical data from Rosstat and the Ministry of Health on the problem of the incidence of adolescents with sexually transmitted infections and HIV. It has been shown that despite a noticeable decrease in the incidence of sexually transmitted infections among children and adolescents in recent years, this age population is a vulnerable risk group. The main trend – against the general decrease in the incidence of sexually transmitted infections, an increase in the incidence of viral sexual infections and their hidden forms is observed. It has been revealed that the age structure among newly diagnosed HIV patients has changed: over the past two decades, there has been a decrease in the incidence of HIV infection among adolescents, and the epidemic is migrating to older age groups. Based on a review of various studies, as well as the results of our own surveys of high school students and college students, the peculiarities of adolescent sexual activity were considered: the prevalence of early sexual intercourse, the use of contraception, awareness of sexual hygiene and sexually transmitted infections. It was revealed that the rate of decline in the average age of sexual debut that has lasted over the last decades has slowed down, but the proportion of sexually active minors is quite large, while many adolescents do not use means of protection, having certain prejudices about their use, and awareness of infections is not satisfactory.

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Nugrahani, Nur Wulan, Arie Udijono, Lintang Dian Saraswati, and Arie Wuryanto. "SEXUAL BEHAVIOR AT RISK OF SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS IN PRISON: A DESCRIPTIVE STUDY AT SEMARANG CLASS I PENITENTIARY." Journal of Public Health for Tropical and Coastal Region 3, no. 1 (September 1, 2020): 17–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jphtcr.v3i1.8382.

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High-risk behavior placed inmates to be one of certain population to be vulnerable to sexually-transmitted infections (STI) due to the discontinuity of sexual needs in imprisonment. The purpose of this study is to describe the history of STIs-risked sexual behavior of inmates before and during imprisonment. This research was an observational study with a cross sectional study design. The samples were 100 male inmates in Semarang Class I Penitentiary. Univariate data analyzed and presented in frequency distribution. Characteristics of respondents in this study include the majority of respondents aged less than 40 years (70%), completed high school (42%), and married (48%). Sexual orientation before and during imprisonment were all heterosexual (100%). Historical description of STIs-risked sexual behavior with a high risk category were 53%, while during imprisonment were 71%. Based on sexual behavior in prison, 54% doing masturbation involving genital stimulation and pornography, 13% touching intimate parts in the visiting room, 5% had intercourse with the opposite sex in prisons. This findings implied that the sexual needs of inmates in prison are real and need to be channeled in a healthy manner.

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Daryaswanti, Putu Intan, Priyo Utomo, and Ni Made Diah Pusparini Pendet. "Pengetahuan Remaja tentang Infeksi Menular Seksual di SMA Negeri 1 Singaraja." Jurnal Kesehatan Medika Udayana 7, no. 2 (October 31, 2021): 124–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.47859/jmu.v7i02.93.

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Background: Sexually Transmitted Infections are diseases that are transmitted through sexual contact. Most of the sufferers of this disease are adolescents aged 15-24 years. The high risk factor for this disease is adolescents because of the usual premarital sexual behavior. Sexuall transmission disease are still a health problem in various countries. One of the reasons is the relatively low level of adolescent knowledge. The purpose of this study was to describe the level of adolescent knowledge about sexually transmitted infections in SMA Negeri 1 Singaraja. Method: This research uses descriptive method with survey approach. The population in this study were teenagers in SMA Negeri 1 Singaraja with a sample of 293 samples. The sampling technique used in this study was simple random sampling. The measuring instrument in this study used a closed questionnaire with 30 questions. The data is then processed using SPSS. The data analysis method in this research is qualitative data analysis method. Results: The results of the 293 respondents, the knowledge of adolescents about sexually transmitted infections were mostly in the good category. Adolescents with a good level of knowledge were 260 respondents (88.7%), 30 respondents (10.2%) in moderate category, and 3 respondents (1.0%) in poor category. Conclusion: The majority of adolescents' knowledge level about sexually transmitted infections in SMA Negeri 1 Singaraja was in the good category as many as 260 respondents (88.7%). The results of this study are expected to be input for adolescents to always pay attention to their health and as an effort to prevent sexually transmitted infections.

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Désormeaux, André, Rabeea F. Omar, and Michel G. Bergeron. "Topical Microbicides for the Prevention of Sexually Transmitted Diseases and HIV." Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases 10, suppl c (1999): 41C—48C. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/1999/932936.

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The development of novel compounds to reduce the sexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), herpes and other pathogens causing sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) has become a topic of great interest. Condom use is the only readily available measure to reduce successfully the propagation of these infectious agents. To reduce significantly the probability of acquiring infection, condoms should be used during all risky sexual intercourse. More attention is being given to female-controlled methods for the prevention of HIV infection because many women are unable to negotiate condom use with their sexual partners. The development of topical microbicides constitutes one of the most priori tized research areas in the field of prevention of STDs/HIV for the World Health Organization, the National Institutes of Health and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Because the number of women infected with HIV, herpes and other pathogens causing STDs is growing dramatically worldwide, there is an urgent need to develop innovative preventive measures that can reduce the transmission of these pathogens with minimal mucosa! irritation, and minimal effects on the vaginal flora and pH. Some of the existing products as well as promising new topical microbicicles for the prevention of sexually transmitted infections are reviewed.

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Caswell, RJ, and K. Manavi. "Emerging sexually transmitted viral infections: Review of human T-lymphotropic virus-1 disease." International Journal of STD & AIDS 31, no. 2 (January 21, 2020): 92–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956462419886940.

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Human T-lymphotropic virus-1 is a preventable sexually transmitted infection. In the majority of people it is asymptomatic, remaining undiagnosed and thereby contributing to its silent transmission. When it does manifest it causes significant morbidity and mortality. This review summarises the existing evidence for its role in sexual transmission and offers suggestions for those working in the area of sexual health. This is the third part of a series looking at novel sexually transmitted infections.

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Tuddenham, Susan A., Kathleen R. Page, Patrick Chaulk, Erika B. Lobe, and Khalil G. Ghanem. "Patients fifty years and older attending two sexually transmitted disease clinics in Baltimore, Maryland." International Journal of STD & AIDS 28, no. 4 (July 10, 2016): 330–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956462416646687.

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Many individuals remain sexually active into their eighth decade. Surveillance data suggest that rates of sexually transmitted infections in older patients are increasing. We compared demographics, risk behaviors, and predictors of acute infections in patients 50 years and older versus younger patients attending sexually transmitted disease clinics in Baltimore, Maryland. This was a retrospective study from a large electronic database of visits to two urban sexually transmitted disease clinics between 2005 and 2010. Proportions were compared using the Chi square test. Logistic regression was used to assess predictors of acute sexually transmitted infections in older versus younger groups. It was found that patients over 50 were more likely than younger patients to report never using condoms (32.6% [CI 0.31–0.34] versus 24.1% [CI 0.23–0.25]). The overall prevalence of acute sexually transmitted infections was 18.1% (CI 0.17–0.19) in older and 25.8% (CI 0.25–0.27) in younger patients. Older women were more likely to be diagnosed with trichomoniasis (21.5% [CI 18.6–24.5] versus 13.1% [CI 11.5–14.8]). Black race was predictive of having an acute sexually transmitted infections in younger men (OR 2.2 [CI 1.47–3.35]) and women (OR 2.7 [CI 1.34–5.30]) but not in older men (OR 1.2 [CI 0.79–1.73]) or women (OR 1.2 [CI 0.43–3.15]). Older age was associated with a decreased risk of acute STI diagnosis in younger men and older women only, while having had sex for money or drugs in the past month was predictive only in younger women. Reporting symptoms and increasing numbers of sexual partners in the last six months was predictive of acute sexually transmitted infection diagnosis in all age groups. Older patients seeking care at sexually transmitted disease clinics engage in important risk behaviors. Race, a factor predictive of acute sexually transmitted infections in younger patients is not a significant predictor of sexually transmitted infections in older persons.

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Biro, Frank M. "Adolescents, Sexual Activity, and Sexually Transmitted Infections." Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology 20, no. 4 (August 2007): 219–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpag.2007.03.095.

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Albuquerque, Danielle Araújo de, Antônia Michele Deoclécio de Lima, Daniele Cristina Toscano Guerra Tavares, Stella Maris Castro Jimenez, and Ednaldo Cavalcante de Araújo. "Elderly’s knowledge about sexually transmitted infections." Revista de Enfermagem UFPE on line 2, no. 2 (April 1, 2008): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.5205/reuol.416-11299-1-le.0202200802.

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ABSTRACTThis is about a descriptive exploratory study, from quantitative approach, aiming at analyzing the elderly’s knowledge about sexually transmitted infections at a Health Family Unit at Camaragibe, Pernambuco (PE) - Brazil. For data collection an interview form was applied, from October to December 2007, to 50 elderly women. The data were grouped into tables, analyzed and discussed according to literature. Among the main results, it was shown that 58,0% were 69 years old, 56,2% had the incomplete primary education, 70,3% were married and 43,3% had family income from one to two minimum salaries; 65,5% began the sex life in the adolescence, 56,3% with single partner, 83,3% had answered that had sex life active, and 51,4% no had sex life active, 33,3% had answered that they were virgin. Among that who had answered that had sex life active, 50,0% answered that the sexual partners never used condoms, 63,3% were not informed about sexually transmitted infections by professionals health; they knew HIV/aids 30,5%, syphilis 21,2% and HPV 19,9%; 55,3% knew about the transmission, and the sexual intercourses 81,8%, 57,1% about signs and symptoms at 61,8%; about means of prevention, with the cited condoms use 75,0%, 57,1% did not know about the symptoms and, 65,8% consequences; 47,0% reported has been used the television and radio as means for obtaining knowledge. Given those results, proved that the elderly are vulnerable to the risks of sexually transmitted infections. Descriptors: older; knowledge; sexually transmitted infections.RESUMOEstudo descritivo exploratório, de abordagem quantitativa, com objetivo de analisar o conhecimento de idosas sobre infecções sexualmente transmissíveis em uma Unidade de Saúde da Família de Camaragibe, Pernambuco (PE) - Brasil. Um formulário de entrevista foi aplicado, entre outubro e dezembro de 2007, para a coleta de dados com 50 idosas. Os dados foram agrupados em tabelas, analisados e discutidos de acordo com a literatura. Dentre os principais resultados foi evidenciado que 58,0% tinham 69 anos, 56,2% cursaram o ensino fundamental incompleto, 70,3% eram casadas e 43,3% tinham renda familiar de um a dois salários mínimos; 65,5% iniciaram a vida sexual na adolescência, 56,3% tiveram parceiro único, 83,3% das idosas responderam que tinham vida sexual ativa, 51,4% responderam que não a tinham e, 33,3% responderam que eram virgens. Entre as que tinham vida sexual ativa, 50% referiram que os companheiros nunca usaram o preservativo; 63,3% não foram informadas sobre as infecções sexualmente transmissíveis pelos profissionais de saúde; 30,5% estavam informadas sobre o HIV/aids, a sífilis 21,2% e o HPV 19,9%; 55,3% conheciam sobre a transmissão, sendo a relação sexual por 81,8%; 57,1% sobre os sinais e sintomas e 61,8%; sobre os meios de prevenção, com prevalência no uso do preservativo masculino 75,0%; 57,1% não conheciam sobre a sintomatologia e, 65,8% as conseqüências; 47,0% referiram ter utilizado a televisão e rádio como meios para a obtenção de conhecimentos. Diante desses resultados, comprovou-se o déficit de conhecimento sobre infecções sexualmente transmissíveis pelas idosas expondo-as aos riscos de se infectarem. Descritores: idosas; conhecimento; infecções sexualmente transmissíveis.RESUMENEstudio exploratorio descriptivo, de enfoque cuantitativo, con el objetivo de analizar los conocimientos de las idosas sobre las infecciones de transmisión sexual en una Unidad de Salud de Camaragibe, Pernambuco (PE) - Brazil. Para la recolección de los datos se aplicó un formulario de la entrevista, de octubre a diciembre de 2007, a 50 idosas. Los datos se agruparon en tablas, analizados y discutidos de acuerdo a la literatura. Entre los principales resultados, se demostró que 58,0% eran entre 69 años de edad, el 56,2% tenían educación primaria incompleta, el 70,3% estaban casadas y el 43,3% tenía salarios de la familia de uno a dos salarios mínimos; 65,5% comenzó la vida sexual en la adolescencia, el 56,3% con uno companhero, el 83,3% tenían vida sexual activa, 51,4% no tenían vida sexual activa, 33,3% eran virgens. Entre las que tenían vida sexual activa, el 50,0%, los parejos sexuales nunca otilizan preservativos, 63,3% no fueron informados acerca de las infecciones de transmisión sexual por los profesionales de la salud; los que conocían el VIH/sida 30,5%, 21,2% y la sífilis, VPH 19,9% ; 55,3% tenían conocimiento de la transmisión, y el intercambio sexual 81,8%, 57,1% sobre los signos y síntomas en el 61,8%, sobre los medios de prevención, con el uso de preservativos citado 75,0%, 57,1% no sabía acerca de los síntomas y el 65,8% el consecuencias; 47,0% informó se ha utilizado la televisión y la radio como medios para la obtención de conocimientos. En vista de los resultados, demostró que las personas mayores son vulnerables a los riesgos de las infecciones de transmisión sexual. Descriptores: idosas; conocimiento; infecciones de transmisión sexual.

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Bogaards, Johannes. "Sexually transmitted infections and sexually transmitted diseases." Lancet Infectious Diseases 12, no. 6 (June 2012): 439. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1473-3099(12)70131-7.

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Choi, Woo-Hyuk, and Jun-Ho Huh. "A Survey to Reduce STDs Infection in Mongolia and Big Data Virtualization Propagation." Electronics 10, no. 24 (December 13, 2021): 3101. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10243101.

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Sexually transmitted diseases refer to clinical syndromes and infections that are acquired and transmitted through sexual activity. Worldwide, more than 340 million cases of sexually transmitted disease occur each year, placing a great burden on individuals as well as communities and countries. The proportion of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) in Mongolia is relatively high due to their inadequate treatment technologies, religious or local customs, and regional differences. It is rather difficult to grasp the exact number of patients as these diseases are considered ones that should not be disclosed to others. Therefore, this study aims to accurately identify sexually transmitted diseases in Mongolia and reduce infection through an analytic approach of big data virtualization propagation.

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Colvin, M., S. S. Abdool Karim, C. Connolly, A. A. Hoosen, and N. Ntuli. "HIV infection and asymptomatic sexually transmitted infections in a rural South African community." International Journal of STD & AIDS 9, no. 9 (September 1, 1998): 548–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/0956462981922683.

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The objective was to determine the prevalence of HIV and other sexually transmitted infections STIs in a rural community. A population based survey of adults in 110 homesteads was conducted in 1995. A questionnaire on demographics, sexual practices and history of STDs was administered. Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis infections were detected using ligase chain reaction LCR assay of urine. The seroprevalence of syphilis rapid plasma reagin RPR and Treponema pallidum haemagglutination assay TPHA and HIV infection ELISA was determined. Among 259 subjects the prevalence of HIV was 10.5 , N. gonorrhoeae 4.5 , C. trachomatis 6.1 and active syphilis 8.8 . All infections were asymptomatic. Forty per cent of sexually active men had more than one concurrent sexual partner. Only 14 of subjects had ever used condoms. The STI epidemic is being promoted by high levels of asymptomatic infections, high partner concurrency and low condom use.

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Karn, D., A. Amatya, E. R. Aryal, S. KC, and M. Timalsina. "Prevalence of Sexually Transmitted Infections in a Tertiary Care Centre." Kathmandu University Medical Journal 9, no. 2 (June 10, 2012): 44–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/kumj.v9i2.6287.

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Background The burden of sexually transmitted infections is huge and is disproportionately affecting developing nations. In Nepal, recent available data on sexually transmitted infections are mostly targeted to high risk population. A prevalence study was thus done to explore the pattern of sexually transmitted infection syndromes among general population of Nepal. Objectives To highlight the prevalence and changing pattern of sexually transmitted infections among general population. Methods A retrospective study. The study was conducted among 145 patients attending Department of Dermatology and Venerology, Dhulikhel Hospital Kathmandu University Hospital, for voluntary counseling and testing from April 2010 to April 2011. Syndromic case management approach was used for the classification and treatment of the patients. Results 106 patients were suffering from Sexually Transmitted Infections and 2 patients were positive for Human Immunodeficiency Virus. The most common diagnosis was genital viral infections (41.7%). Prevalence was highest among drivers/conductors (26.9%) and migrating workers (23.1%). Age group 20 to 24 years was the maximum sufferers (37%). Unsafe sexual activity (66.7%) was the most potential exposure and majority of the patients were not consistent in using condom. Conclusions Genital viral infections constitute the major bulk of sexually transmitted infections. Majority of the patients suffering from sexually transmitted infections were in the age group 20 to 24 years and were mostly drivers, conductors or migrating workers by occupation. In the background of few available baseline data, the results are expected to assist successful target interventions in the near future.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/kumj.v9i2.6287 Kathmandu Univ Med J 2011;9(2):44-8

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C., Dharmambal, Somasundaram A., Balachander J., and Vasanthmoorthy R. "Retrospective analysis of commonly prevailing sexually transmitted diseases among transgender who attended outpatient clinic in Govt. Vellore Medical College from 2008-2015." International Journal of Research in Dermatology 3, no. 1 (February 23, 2017): 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/issn.2455-4529.intjresdermatol20170795.

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Background: TGs are considered to constitute an important risk group for the transmission of Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) and Human Immunodeficiency Virus. High levels of STIs are predominant among TG sex workers due to unsafe sex practices. A study was conducted to describe the prevalence of sexually transmitted infection among Transgender who attended the outpatient clinic of Dermatoveneroleprology department for over 7 years and describe the contributing factors associated with sexually transmitted infections among transgender as there is a scarce data available about it.Methods: Retrospective study carried out on 123 transgender who attended the sexually transmitted disease clinic at Government Vellore Medical College and Hospital during the period 2008-2015.Results: Most of the transgender have active sexual life. 44% of them were having unprotected sex. Anal sex practice is more prevalent (88%). 25% reported one or other symptoms of sexually transmitted infection. 10.5% were reactive for syphilis and 11% reactive for HIV. Conclusions: A high reported prevalence of sexually transmitted infection exists despite many intervention policies adopted by the health system time to time. Implementation strategies to promote awareness among Transgender to access health care at the earliest time of appearance of symptoms and also periodical check-up may help to diagnose sexually transmitted infections at the early stage. Awareness and behavioral change on safe sex practices are the important needs in preventing sexually transmitted infections.

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Nasir, Jamal Abdul, Muhammad Imran, Abid Ali Chohan, and Syed Arif Ahmed Zaidi. "SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS." Professional Medical Journal 22, no. 10 (October 10, 2015): 1226–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2015.22.10.945.

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Objectives: This study aimed to uncover the trend regarding knowledge aboutsexually transmitted infections (STIs) among Pakistani women of reproductive age 15-49 as wellas evaluating the socio demographic differentials associated with STIs knowledge. Design:The secondary data sets are used of Pakistan demographic and health survey (PDHS) of evermarried women with sample size 10023and 13558.Period: PDHS 2006-07 and PDHS 2012-13.Setting: The national institute of population studies done this survey with the technical supportfrom ICF International and Pakistan bureau of statistics and the USAID supported the financially.Methods: Descriptive frame work along withbivariate analysis was performed to understandthe trend regarding STIs knowledge and evaluate the significant socio demographic factorsrespectively. Results: The awareness regarding STIs and knowledge to use always condomduring sex to reduce the risk of getting HIV/AIDSafter equating the two PDHS has improvedover time just by 3.85% and 6.50% respectively in PDHS-2012-13 compared to PDHS 2006-07.Early age group (15-19) women have sufficient lack of knowledge about STIs. Urban has moreknowledge regarding STIs compared to rural. Education, wealth index and media awarenesshave positive association with STIs knowledge. Conclusions: Socio demographic differentialssuch as age, education, location and geographical area of residence, media access, wealthindex and women occupation are found to be statistically highly significant with respect tosexually transmitted infections knowledge. These statistical outcomes will enhance thecapability in disease management and control.

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Stary, Angelika. "Sexually Transmitted Infections." JDDG 4, no. 6 (June 2006): 461–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1610-0387.2006.06762.x.

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Fortenberry, J. Dennis. "Sexually Transmitted Infections." Pediatric Annals 34, no. 10 (October 1, 2005): 803–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3928/0090-4481-20051001-12.

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Fuchs, Wolfgang, and Norbert H. Brockmeyer. "Sexually transmitted infections." JDDG: Journal der Deutschen Dermatologischen Gesellschaft 12, no. 6 (May 29, 2014): 451–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ddg.12310.

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Biro, Frank M., and Mark J. Werner. "Sexually transmitted infections." Current Opinion in Pediatrics 2, no. 4 (August 1990): 667–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00008480-199008000-00006.

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Wright, Jane. "Sexually transmitted infections." British Journal of School Nursing 5, no. 5 (June 2010): 254–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/bjsn.2010.5.5.48557.

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Hughes, Rhidian. "Sexually transmitted infections." British Journal of Healthcare Assistants 4, no. 2 (February 2010): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/bjha.2010.4.2.46518.

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Wilbanks, Sandy. "Sexually Transmitted Infections." Journal for Nurse Practitioners 9, no. 10 (November 2013): 719. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nurpra.2013.09.004.

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Wilbanks, Sandy. "Sexually Transmitted Infections." Journal for Nurse Practitioners 9, no. 10 (November 2013): e19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nurpra.2013.09.005.

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Drew,, Olivia, Yetunde Smith, and Jackie Sherrard. "Sexually transmitted infections." Medicine 35, no. 7 (July 2007): 410–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mpmed.2007.05.001.

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Pitts, Courtney J. "Sexually Transmitted Infections." Nursing Clinics of North America 55, no. 3 (September 2020): i. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0029-6465(20)30057-8.

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Jordan, Kathleen S. "Sexually Transmitted Infections." Advanced Emergency Nursing Journal 30, no. 1 (January 2008): 63–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.tme.0000311547.88032.44.

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Parratt, Jennifer R., and Daniel P. Hay. "Sexually transmitted infections." Current Obstetrics & Gynaecology 13, no. 4 (August 2003): 224–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0957-5847(03)00040-4.

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Frenkl, Tara Lee, and Jeannette Potts. "Sexually Transmitted Infections." Urologic Clinics of North America 35, no. 1 (February 2008): 33–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ucl.2007.09.003.

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Smith, Lindsay, and Michael P. Angarone. "Sexually Transmitted Infections." Urologic Clinics of North America 42, no. 4 (November 2015): 507–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ucl.2015.06.004.

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Jennings, Patricia R., and Ronald W. Flenner. "Sexually Transmitted Infections." Physician Assistant Clinics 2, no. 2 (April 2017): 207–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cpha.2016.12.004.

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