Статті в журналах: "Sex role"

1

Morgan, Michael. "Television, Sex-Role Attitudes, and Sex-Role Behavior." Journal of Early Adolescence 7, no. 3 (September 1987): 269–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0272431687073004.

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2

Lombardo, John P., Patricia L. Francis, and Susan Brown. "Sex-Role and opposite-Sex Interpersonal Attraction." Perceptual and Motor Skills 67, no. 3 (December 1988): 855–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1988.67.3.855.

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Androgynous, traditional, and undifferentiated male and female subjects indicated their attraction to three opposite-sex strangers who were described as having an androgynous, traditional, and undifferentiated sex-role. Subjects' ability to describe the sex-roles of the strangers was also measured. Androgynous strangers were most preferred, undifferentiated strangers least preferred. The least preferred undifferentiated strangers' sex-role was most accurately described. Subjects were least successful in describing the androgynous sex-role.

3

Chambless, Dianne L., and Jeanne Mason. "Sex, sex-role stereotyping and agoraphobia." Behaviour Research and Therapy 24, no. 2 (1986): 231–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0005-7967(86)90098-7.

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4

St. Lawrence, Janet S., David J. Hansen, Teresa F. Cutts, Debra A. Tisdelle, and Jean D. Irish. "Sex Role Orientation." Behavior Modification 9, no. 3 (July 1985): 387–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/01454455850093007.

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5

Arrindell, Willem A., Annemarie M. Kolk, Mary J. Pickersgill, and Willem J. J. M. Hageman. "Biological sex, sex role orientation, masculine sex role stress, dissimulation and self-reported fears." Advances in Behaviour Research and Therapy 15, no. 2 (January 1993): 103–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0146-6402(93)90018-w.

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6

Smyth, Davida S., Patrick J. Hartigan, William J. Meaney, J. Ross Fitzgerald, Claudia F. Deobald, Gregory A. Bohach, and Cyril J. Smyth. "Superantigen genes encoded by the egc cluster and SaPIbov are predominant among Staphylococcus aureus isolates from cows, goats, sheep, rabbits and poultry." Journal of Medical Microbiology 54, no. 4 (April 1, 2005): 401–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.45863-0.

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In recent years several new staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs) have been described, which currently have largely unknown frequencies of occurrence and roles in human or animal disease. One hundred and ninety-one Staphylococcus aureus isolates from cows (99), goats (39), sheep (23), rabbits (15), chickens (15) and a cat (1) were screened for SE genes sea–see, seg–seo and seq and for the tst gene encoding staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 using multiplex PCRs and individual PCRs for the seb and sek genes. One hundred and ten isolates tested positive for at least one of these 16 superantigen (SAg)-encoding genes. There were statistically significant differences in the frequencies of some of these SAg genes between isolates from different animals. No strain possessed either the sea or see gene. The sec gene was present in 51 isolates, the sed gene in eight and the seb gene in one. The seh gene was found in four strains and the sek and seq genes together in one isolate. The most common combinations of genes were the egc cluster, bearing the seg, sei, sem, sen and seo genes, in 47 isolates, the sec, sel and tst gene combination typical of the SaPIbov pathogenicity island in 44 isolates, the egc cluster lacking the seg gene in 11 isolates, the sed and sej genes in nine isolates, and the sec and tst genes without the sel gene in seven isolates. The higher frequencies of the sec and tst genes together and the lower frequencies of the egc gene cluster among the SAg gene-positive sheep or goat isolates compared to bovine isolates were statistically significant. Of 36 bovine isolates that were mitogenic for human T lymphocytes, four were negative for the 16 SAg genes tested for, while a further 14 gave borderline results in the mitogenicity assay, 12 of which were SAg gene-negative. Twenty-nine strains lacking all the SAg genes did not induce T-cell proliferation. This survey indicates that novel SE genes seg, sei, sel, sem, sen and seo along with the sec and tst genes predominate in S. aureus from animal hosts. The mitogenicity assays indicate that further uncharacterized SAgs may be present in bovine isolates.

7

Hawkins, Darryl, William G. Herron, William Gibson, Geraldine Hoban, and Mary Jane Herron. "Homosexual and Heterosexual Sex-Role Orientation on Six Sex-Role Scales." Perceptual and Motor Skills 66, no. 3 (June 1988): 863–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1988.66.3.863.

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A comparison was made of the sex roles of homosexual and heterosexual men and women on the Bern Sex Role Inventory, Personality Attributes Questionnaire, Personality Research Form Androgyny Scale, Adjective Checklist Masculinity and Femininity Scales, Extended Personality Attributes Questionnaire and Undesirable Characteristics Scale. The results indicated that homosexuals and heterosexuals differ in their response to different aspects of sex roles. The most consistent difference was the greater femininity of male homosexuals in respect to male heterosexuals. Other differences were scale-specific and the low interscale comparability indicated such scales should not be used interchangeably. Differences between results of studies comparing sex roles of the homosexuals and heterosexuals appear attributable to sample heterogeneity and distinctions between sex-role scales.

8

Chusmir, Leonard H., and Christine S. Koberg. "Dual Sex Role Identity and Its Relationship to Sex Role Conflict." Journal of Psychology 124, no. 5 (September 1990): 545–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00223980.1990.10543247.

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9

Coleman, Marilyn, and Lawrence H. Ganong. "Sex, Sex-Roles, and Irrational Beliefs." Psychological Reports 61, no. 2 (October 1987): 631–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1987.61.2.631.

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Irrational beliefs have been related to a variety of psychological distresses, some of which are thought of more in relation to one sex than the other, i.e., depression, nonassertiveness, anger. However, Ellis did not assert that there were sex differences in irrational beliefs, and few researchers have examined the effect of sex-role socialization on irrational beliefs. The present study explored the effect of sex and sex-roles on irrational beliefs for a sample of 270 college students using the Irrational Beliefs Test and Bern's scale. While the study supports the belief that sex and sex-role are not unidimensional constructs, the data suggest that differences in sex-role socialization contribute to differences in adherence to irrational beliefs. It appears, however, that a feminine sex-role orientation is related to irrational beliefs. Although study is needed, clinicians are cautioned not to assume there are no sex or sex-role differences related to irrational thinking.

10

Fullagar, Clive J., H. Canan Sumer, Magnus Sverke, and Renee Slick. "Managerial Sex-Role Stereotyping." International Journal of Cross Cultural Management 3, no. 1 (April 2003): 93–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1470595803003001112.

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11

McConaghy, Nathaniel, and Ruth Zamir. "Sissiness, Tomboyism, Sex-Role, Sex Identity and Orientation." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 29, no. 2 (June 1995): 278–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00048679509075921.

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Masculinity and femininity have been studied by self-ratings in independent areas of research: one investigating personality traits considered masculine (M) or feminine (F); the other, behaviours statistically more common in one than in the other sex (sex-linked behaviours). The two approaches were compared for the first time in the present study of 66 male and 51 female medical students. Consistent with previous findings using the second approach, male but not female subjects' opposite sex-linked “sissy” and “tom-boyish” behaviours correlated significantly with their reported ratio of homosexual to heterosexual feelings (Ho/Het). Ho/Het did not correlate with either sex's M and F scores, but high M scores in women correlated strongly with several “tomboyish” behaviours. As “tomboyish” behaviours are shown more strongly by women exposed prenatally to increased levels of opposite sex hormones compared to controls, the findings have implications for the biological theory attributing Ho/Het to such prenatal hormonal exposure.

12

Chusmir, Leonard H., and Christine S. Koberg. "Role of Age in Sex-Role Conflict." Psychological Reports 61, no. 1 (August 1987): 337–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1987.61.1.337.

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A study of 556 working women and men examined the relationship between degree of sex-role conflict and age of the individual. For both women and men, mean sex-role conflict scores were significantly greater at age 26 to 39 yr. than at age 40 and over. Women aged 25 and below also scored significantly higher than did women aged 40 and over.

13

Dambrot, Faye H., Diana C. Reep, and Daniel Bell. "Television sex roles in the 1980s: Do viewers' sex and sex role orientation change the picture?" Sex Roles 19, no. 5-6 (September 1988): 387–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00289844.

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14

Balistreri, Elizabeth, and Nancy A. Busch-Rossnagel. "Field Independence as a Function of Sex, Sex-Roles, and the Sex-Role Appropriateness of the Task." Perceptual and Motor Skills 68, no. 1 (February 1989): 115–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1989.68.1.115.

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Two experiments were conducted to explain the sex difference in field independence by reference to socialization factors. It was hypothesized that the sex-role appropriateness of the task as masculine- or feminine-typed would influence the performance of masculine and feminine women in a manner congruent with their sex-role orientation. 28 pilot subjects and 100 subjects in Study 2 were equally divided between the sexes. Both studies used the Bern Sex-role Inventory, but different versions of the Embedded Figures Test. The over-all results suggested that feminine women varied their performance according to task appropriateness, although not always in a manner congruent with their sex-role orientation. Androgynous individuals and masculine men did not alter their performance.

15

Ravinder, Shashi. "Sex-Role Salience: An Important Component in the Measurement of Sex-Role Identity." Human Relations 40, no. 11 (November 1987): 741–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001872678704001103.

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16

Brown, Jeanne A., Herbert J. Cross, and James M. Nelson. "Sex-role identity and sex-role ideology in college women with bulimic behavior." International Journal of Eating Disorders 9, no. 5 (September 1990): 571–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1098-108x(199009)9:5<571::aid-eat2260090513>3.0.co;2-l.

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17

Kuther, Tara L. "Sex and Sex-Role Differences in Locus of Control." Psychological Reports 82, no. 1 (February 1998): 188–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1998.82.1.188.

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The relations among of sex, measures of sex-role orientation, and locus of control were examined with 240 undergraduates (150 women and 90 men). Although there were no sex differences on mean locus of control scores, a significant relation between scores on sex-role orientation and locus of control was observed for women but not for men.

18

Schneck, Mary M., Thomas G. Bowers, and Maria A. Turkson. "Sex-Role Orientation and Attachment Styles of Sex Offenders." Psychological Reports 110, no. 2 (April 2012): 624–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/02.09.16.21.pr0.110.2.624-638.

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Given the increase of individuals who have a history of sexual offenses, there has been an increase in research on the etiology of sex-offending behavior. The present purpose was to evaluate the relationship between sex-role orientation and attachment styles of males who were sex offenders. Analysis yielded statistically significant differences between comparison ( n = 22) and clinical groups ( n = 21) in gender roles, with little sign of the androgynous gender type for sex offenders. The offender group showed significantly lower frequency of androgyny scores and significantly higher scores on feminine and undifferentiated orientations, supporting the theoretical view of sex offenders as being “cross-sex-typed.” In addition, the sex offender group had a significantly higher mean score on anxious-avoidant relationship attachment. Based on the present findings, there appears to be a need to help sex offenders explore how their gender roles may relate to their sex-offending behavior and assist sex offenders in the development of adaptive relationships with reduced anxiety and ambivalence.

19

Sundvik, Lilli, and Marjaana Lindeman. "Sex-role identity and discrimination against same-sex employees." Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology 66, no. 1 (March 1993): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8325.1993.tb00512.x.

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20

Doerfler, Marie Christine, and Phyllis Post Kammer. "Workaholism, sex, and sex role stereotyping among female professionals." Sex Roles 14, no. 9-10 (May 1986): 551–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00287455.

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21

Rao, V. V. Prakasa, and V. Nandini Rao. "Sex-role attitudes: A comparison of sex-race groups." Sex Roles 12, no. 9-10 (May 1985): 939–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00288096.

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22

Zaback, Thomas P., and Charles A. Waehler. "Sex of Human Figure Drawings and Sex-Role Orientation." Journal of Personality Assessment 62, no. 3 (June 1994): 552–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa6203_14.

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23

Aronoff, Derek N., and Naomi B. McCormick. "Sex, sex role identification, and college students' projective drawings." Journal of Clinical Psychology 46, no. 4 (July 1990): 460–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1097-4679(199007)46:4<460::aid-jclp2270460414>3.0.co;2-s.

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24

Reilly, David, David L. Neumann, and Glenda Andrews. "Sex and sex-role differences in specific cognitive abilities." Intelligence 54 (January 2016): 147–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.intell.2015.12.004.

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25

Lipshutz, Sara E., and Kimberly A. Rosvall. "Neuroendocrinology of Sex-Role Reversal." Integrative and Comparative Biology 60, no. 3 (May 29, 2020): 692–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icb/icaa046.

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Synopsis Females of some species are considered sex-role reversed, meaning that they face stronger competition for mates compared to males. While much attention has been paid to behavioral and morphological patterns associated with sex-role reversal, less is known about its physiological regulation. Here, we evaluate hypotheses relating to the neuroendocrine basis of sex-role reversal. We refute the most widely tested activational hypothesis for sex differences in androgen secretion; sex-role reversed females do not have higher levels of androgens in circulation than males. However, we find some evidence that the effects of androgens may be sex-specific; circulating androgen levels correlate with some competitive phenotypes in sex-role reversed females. We also review evidence that sex-role reversed females have higher tissue-specific sensitivity to androgens than males, at least in some species and tissues. Organizational effects may explain these relationships, considering that early exposure to sex steroids can shape later sensitivity to hormones, often in sex-specific ways. Moving forward, experimental and correlative studies on the ontogeny and expression of sex-role reversal will further clarify the mechanisms that generate sex-specific behaviors and sex roles.

26

Payne, R. B. "Sex-Role Effects (If Any)." Perceptual and Motor Skills 62, no. 2 (April 1986): 385–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1986.62.2.385.

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27

Mast, Dinah Levant, and William G. Herron. "The Sex-Role Antecedents Scales." Perceptual and Motor Skills 63, no. 1 (August 1986): 27–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1986.63.1.27.

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The Sex-role Antecedents Scales were constructed to classify personal and perceived parental sex-role orientations as masculine, feminine, androgynous, or undifferentiated. 28 traits are included, 11 masculine, 11 feminine, and 6 neutral, all derived from the Bern Sex-role Inventory. The new test is distinguished by the provision of interpersonal scales featuring mother and father as standards for self-comparison on masculine and feminine traits. Masculinity and femininity were depicted on separate continua shown to be orthogonal, internally consistent, and reliable. Simultaneous classification of self, mother, and father on the scales showed direct consistent relationships between their respective sex-role categories. Self-perceived identification with mother and father significantly distinguished the four sex-role categories of the 150 male and 150 female subjects.

28

Nigro, Giovanna, and Ida Galli. "Sex-Role Identity and Machiavellianism." Psychological Reports 56, no. 3 (June 1985): 863–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1985.56.3.863.

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177 Italian undergraduates (83 men and 94 women) completed the Italian version of the Spence, et al.'s Personal Attributes Questionnaire and the Italian version of the Christie's Mach IV Scale. One-way analysis of variance indicated for men that undifferentiated individuals reported significantly higher Mach scores. For women, feminine sex-typed individuals reported higher Mach scores. Low masculinity might be associated with stronger Machiavellianism. Further implications of the findings were discussed.

29

Moore, Susan M. "The Children's Sex-Role Test." Psychological Reports 57, no. 2 (October 1985): 586. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1985.57.2.586.

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30

Semmens, Viv. "Inappropriate safer sex role models." Nursing Standard 11, no. 5 (October 23, 1996): 10–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/ns.11.5.10.s25.

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31

Choi, Namok, Dale R. Fuqua, and Jody L. Newman. "The Bem Sex-Role Inventory." Educational and Psychological Measurement 68, no. 5 (February 5, 2008): 881–900. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0013164408315267.

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32

King, Lynda A., and Daniel W. King. "Sex-Role Egalitarian Ism Scale." Psychology of Women Quarterly 21, no. 1 (March 1997): 71–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.1997.tb00101.x.

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The Sex-Role Egalitarianism Scale (SRES) was developed to measure attitudes toward the equality of women and men across content domains representing marital, parental, employment, social-interpersonal-heterosexual, and educational roles. The instrument exists in four versions: two alternate 95-item full forms and two alternate 25-item abbreviated forms. Reliability indices derived from a classical test-theory approach, multifaceted generalizability procedures, and an item-response theory-based analysis all support consistency or precision of measurement. Evidence for convergent, discriminant, and nomological validity is presented, along with a series of recommendations for future psychometric and substantive research using the scale.

33

Lombardo, John P., and T. R. Kemper. "Sex Role and Parental Behaviors." Journal of Genetic Psychology 153, no. 1 (March 1992): 103–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00221325.1992.10753705.

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34

Gallacher, Fiona, and Douglas M. Klieger. "Sex Role Orientation and Fear." Journal of Psychology 129, no. 1 (January 1995): 41–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00223980.1995.9914946.

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35

Tsuge, Michiko. "Knowledge and Sex Role Attitudes." Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the Japanese Psychological Association 75 (September 15, 2011): 1PM147. http://dx.doi.org/10.4992/pacjpa.75.0_1pm147.

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36

Mahowald, Mary B. "Sex-Role Stereotypes in Medicine." Hypatia 2, no. 2 (1987): 21–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1527-2001.1987.tb01063.x.

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I argue for compatibility between feminism and medicine by developing a model of the physician-other relationship which is essentially egalitarian. This entails rejection of (a) a paternalistic model which reinforces sex-role stereotypes, (b) a maternalistic model which exclusively emphasizes patient autonomy, and (c) a model which focuses on the physician's conscience. The model I propose (parentalism) captures the complexity and dynamism of the physician-other relationship, by stressing mutuality in respect for autonomy and regard for each other's interests.

37

Halas, Mary A. "Motherhood and Sex Role Development." Women & Therapy 10, no. 1-2 (September 19, 1990): 227–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j015v10n01_19.

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38

Phillips, Betty S. "Nicknames and sex role stereotypes." Sex Roles 23, no. 5-6 (September 1990): 281–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00290049.

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39

de Klerk, Vivian, and Barbara Bosch. "Nicknames as Sex-Role Stereotypes." Sex Roles 35, no. 9-10 (November 1996): 525–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01548251.

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40

Blouin, David, Bonnie Belleau, Eleanor Kelley, Robbie Romaine, Jochen Jungeilges, and Karen Thomas. "Sex-role Differences in Appropriate Multiple-role Attire." Clothing and Textiles Research Journal 6, no. 1 (September 1987): 42–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0887302x8700600107.

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41

Cheung, Ho Kwan, Alex Lindsey, Eden King, and Michelle R. Hebl. "Beyond sex." Gender in Management: An International Journal 31, no. 1 (March 7, 2016): 43–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/gm-12-2014-0107.

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Purpose – Influence tactics are prevalent in the workplace and are linked to crucial outcomes such as career success and helping behaviours. The authors argue that sex role identity affects women’s choice of influence tactics in the workplace, but they only receive positive performance ratings when their behaviours are congruent with gender role expectation. Furthermore, the authors hypothesize that these relationships may be moderated by occupational continuance commitment. Results suggest that femininity is negatively related to the use of influence tactics overall, and this relationship is moderated by occupational continuance commitment. Design/methodology/approach – In all, 657 women working in the construction industry were surveyed for their continuance occupational commitment and sex role identity and 465 supervisors whose responses are linked with the subordinates are surveyed for the women’s influence tactics and performance ratings. Findings – Results suggested that femininity was negatively related to the use of influence tactics overall, and this relationship was moderated by occupational continuance commitment. Results also showed that women’s use of influence tactics was only positively received in terms of performance ratings when the influence tactic was congruent with gender role expectations. Research limitations/implications – The results of this current study suggest that not all women are equally likely to use influence tactics and not all tactics result in positive perceptions of performance. Feminine women in general refrain from using influence tactics unless they are driven to stay in a given occupation, but they only receive positive results when their behaviours are congruent with society’s gender role expectations. Originality/value – Past research has mostly focused on broad differences between males and females, and this study has shown that there are more nuanced differences that can more accurately describe the effects of gender disposition (i.e. sex role identity) on influence tactics. It also emphasizes the importance of occupational commitment as a boundary condition, which influences women to step out of their gender roles even though they may be penalized with lower performance ratings.

42

Robins, Clive J. "Sex role perceptions and social anxiety in opposite-sex and same-sex situations." Sex Roles 14, no. 7-8 (April 1986): 383–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00288423.

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43

KOENIG, ESTHER J., and SAMUEL JUNI. "Perceived Personnel Suitability: A Function of Job Sex Type, Sex Role, and Sex." Journal of Employment Counseling 22, no. 4 (December 1985): 166–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-1920.1985.tb00364.x.

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44

Stanziani, Marissa, Andrea K. Newman, Jennifer Cox, and C. Adam Coffey. "Role call: sex, gender roles, and intimate partner violence." Psychology, Crime & Law 26, no. 3 (September 20, 2019): 208–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1068316x.2019.1652746.

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45

SIMON, LORNA J. "SEX, SEX-ROLE, AND MACHIAVELLIANISM AS CORRELATES OF DECODING ABILITY." Perceptual and Motor Skills 71, no. 5 (1990): 243. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.71.5.243-247.

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46

Simon, Lorna J., Patricia L. Francis, and John P. Lombardo. "Sex, Sex-Role, and Machiavellianism as Correlates of Decoding Ability." Perceptual and Motor Skills 71, no. 1 (August 1990): 243–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1990.71.1.243.

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The present study examined the relationships of sex, sex-role and Machiavellianism to the ability to decode adult facial expressions. 80 undergraduates, classified into traditional, cross-sex, androgynous or undifferentiated sex-role categories based on scores on Bern's inventory, were asked to view slides of adults posing different facial expressions and asked to choose which emotion was being expressed. Subjects were given the Machiavellianism V scale to complete. Neither sex nor sex-role significantly influenced decoding ability; however, Machiavellianism was negatively related to the ability to decode facial expressions.

47

Brown, Marie Annette, and Nancy Fugate Woods. "Sex role orientation, sex typing, occupational traditionalism, and perimenstrual symptoms." Health Care for Women International 7, no. 1-2 (January 1986): 25–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07399338609515721.

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48

Vegeto, Elisabetta, Alessandro Villa, Sara Della Torre, Valeria Crippa, Paola Rusmini, Riccardo Cristofani, Mariarita Galbiati, Adriana Maggi, and Angelo Poletti. "The Role of Sex and Sex Hormones in Neurodegenerative Diseases." Endocrine Reviews 41, no. 2 (September 23, 2019): 273–319. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/endrev/bnz005.

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Abstract Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) are a wide class of disorders of the central nervous system (CNS) with unknown etiology. Several factors were hypothesized to be involved in the pathogenesis of these diseases, including genetic and environmental factors. Many of these diseases show a sex prevalence and sex steroids were shown to have a role in the progression of specific forms of neurodegeneration. Estrogens were reported to be neuroprotective through their action on cognate nuclear and membrane receptors, while adverse effects of male hormones have been described on neuronal cells, although some data also suggest neuroprotective activities. The response of the CNS to sex steroids is a complex and integrated process that depends on (i) the type and amount of the cognate steroid receptor and (ii) the target cell type—either neurons, glia, or microglia. Moreover, the levels of sex steroids in the CNS fluctuate due to gonadal activities and to local metabolism and synthesis. Importantly, biochemical processes involved in the pathogenesis of NDs are increasingly being recognized as different between the two sexes and as influenced by sex steroids. The aim of this review is to present current state-of-the-art understanding on the potential role of sex steroids and their receptors on the onset and progression of major neurodegenerative disorders, namely, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s diseases, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and the peculiar motoneuron disease spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy, in which hormonal therapy is potentially useful as disease modifier.

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Ullery, Elizabeth K. "Consideration of a Spiritual Role in Sex and Sex Therapy." Family Journal 12, no. 1 (January 2004): 78–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1066480703258710.

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50

Orlofsky, Jacob L., Ralph S. Cohen, and Mark W. Ramsden. "Relationship between sex-role attitudes and personality traits and the revised sex-role behavior scale." Sex Roles 12, no. 3-4 (February 1985): 377–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00287603.

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