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1
Ahmadi, Farajollah. "Communication and the Consolidation of the British Position in the Persian Gulf, 1860s–1914." Journal of Persianate Studies 10, no. 1 (June 1, 2017): 73–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18747167-12341308.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The scale of Britain’s industrial expansion during the nineteenth century was vast and extraordinary. On the sea, Britain dominated the industrialized world both in tonnage and distance and established the largest shipping lines in the world. With the rapid increase in international trade, Britain led the world in the development of submarine telegraph cable and steamships. Although from the early decades of nineteenth century, Britain was expanding its ascendancy in the Persian Gulf, from 1860s onward, technological developments, mainly telegraph and steamship, led to a significant change in favor of British hegemony in the region. This technological progress had great impacts on the politics and economy of the area and neighboring centuries. The present article is an attempt to examine the process of communication system development in the Persian Gulf and its role in the consolidation of British position in the region.
2
Furnham, Adrian, and Elena Farragher. "A Cross-Cultural Content Analysis of Sex-Role Stereotyping in Television Advertisements: A Comparison Between Great Britain and New Zealand." Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media 44, no. 3 (September 2000): 415–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15506878jobem4403_5.
Повний текст джерела
3
Bączyk-Rozwadowska, Kinga. "Status of a Child Born as a Result of IVF Procedure." Białostockie Studia Prawnicze 27, no. 3 (September 1, 2022): 11–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.15290/bsp.2022.27.03.01.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Due to the constant development of medicine and biotechnology, including the in vitro procedure, more and more infertile couples can fulfil their desire to have a child. Traditional rules of family law concerning the determination of status familiae of such children have then turned out to be insufficient. The situation is even more complicated when IVF procedure assumes the use of donated genetic material or the involvement of a surrogate mother. Therefore in the field of family law the intention to “create” a child starts to play quite an important role. Family law is then undergoing far-reaching transformations, especially in those countries where same-sex couples are eligible to start IVF procedures (Great Britain, USA, Germany, Austria).
4
Michael Chamarette, R. "British Psychology and the Media: Cyril Burt at the BBC." History & Philosophy of Psychology 22, no. 1 (2021): 11–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.53841/bpshpp.2021.22.1.11.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Any balanced assessment of Cyril Burt’s historical significance needs to transcend older genres of the ‘Burt Affair’ and of the ‘great man’, with their emphasis upon Burt’s agency and influence within the theory and practice of psychology in Britain in the early and mid-twentieth century. In line with more contemporary approaches, Burt provides a case study that addresses the wider question of how psychological thought and practice mediated understanding of the self, and the intersection of differing views of human nature with a range of social, economic, political and ethical issues. In particular, there are issues of the nature of psychology, the authority of its exponents, and its relevance to the anxieties and aspirations of the British public during the interwar period. Two themes exemplify this – public confusion of psychology with Freudian psychoanalysis and both with the study of sex, and secondly the role psychologists as public scientific intellectuals. Any omission of Burt from these broader considerations risks distortion of our understanding of both psychology and of Britain during this period.
5
Pocock, J. G. A. "History and Sovereignty: The Historiographical Response to Europeanization in Two British Cultures." Journal of British Studies 31, no. 4 (October 1992): 358–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/386015.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
When we were a little tiny colony of Britain(With a heigh ho, the winds and the waves)Our feckless history began to be written(And the waves break busily night and day).When first we fought in an Empire's cause(With a heigh ho, the winds and the waves)It wasn't for the loot, nor yet for the applause(And the waves break busily night and day).Then when we came to Dominion Status(With a heigh ho, the winds and the waves)Nor slump nor squeeze could alienate us(And the waves break busily night and day).These are lines in which Allen Curnow, New Zealand's most important living poet, responded in his secondary capacity, as Whim Wham, a weekly contributor of comic verse to newspapers, to the decision of Great Britain to seek entry to the European Community. He could see as everyone could that this would mean a dissolution of Britain's role in a global community and, in particular, of a relationship with Britain that had hitherto given meanings good and bad to New Zealand's history, its sense of itself, and the meaning of its existence.Sir, have you thought what it's like to be(With a heigh ho, the winds and the waves)All, all alone on a wide, wide sea?(And the waves break busily night and day).Much can happen in a very short time(With a heigh ho, the winds and the waves).A feckless history, a foolish rhyme!(And the waves break busily, night and day).
6
Goncharenko, A. V. "GREAT BRITAIN AND COLONIAL CONTRADITIONS IN THE PERIOD OF THE FIRST WORLD WAR 1914-1918 (BACKGROUND IS THE DOCUMENTS OF THE MINISTRY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS OF THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE)." Sums'ka Starovyna (Ancient Sumy Land), no. 55 (2019): 46–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/starovyna.2019.55.4.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The article investigates Britain’s position in colonial contradictions during World War I, based on the use of documents from Russia’s foreign policy department. The causes, course and consequences of the intensification of British politics in the colonial problem are described. The process of formation and implementation of London’s foreign policy initiatives in the colonial issue during the study period is examined. There are analyzed the role of Great Britain in the intensification of the colonial struggle between the great states during the First World War (1914-1918) and its perception by diplomatic representatives of the Russian Empire. During the First World War of 1914-1918, a set of problems and approaches to them were crystallized, which had a serious impact on the colonial contradictions between the great states in general and the position of Great Britain in this problem in particular. There is a considerable contrast between the methods of politics and the aspirations of the leading countries of the world at that time - Japan and Russia - on the one hand, and the United Kingdom and France - on the other. France is increasingly convinced that close co-operation in these matters with London is the only guarantee of the success of its colonialism. In addition, during the First World War, the new industrial states (Germany, Italy, and Japan) sought to capture the colonies for the sake of confirming their new status in the world, and the great colonial powers of the past (Spain, Portugal, the Netherlands) - to hold on to the rest for the sake of preservation of ephemeral international prestige, Russia - to expansion. The largest colonial empires - Great Britain and France were interested in maintaining the status quo. Whitehall’s policy on the colonial issue, at the time, can be traced to a very definite line, confirming the message of Russian diplomats linked to attempts to preserve the situation in their remote possessions and not get involved in conflicts and expensive measures where this can be avoided. In this sense, the British government has shown some flexibility and foresight - the relative weakening of the empire’s military and economic power about of the emergence of new, rapidly developing industrial powers and the achievement of colonies of certain selfsufficiency, made it necessary to revise traditional foreign policy. London was already unable to fully control the situation at sea, as well as to ensure the security of its vast possessions. Therefore, block cooperation with countries with close geopolitical interests comes to the fore, and policy in the colonies is gradually transformed from an expansionist one to a stabilization one aimed at reducing the costs of the metropolis and preventing potential conflicts in strategically important areas. In addition, Britain’s interests in the colonial issue largely coincide with the position of the United States, which also seeks to ensure “open doors” and “equal opportunities” instead of military-political contest. Key words: the Great Britain, First World War, international relationships, foreign policy, colonialism, colonial contradictions.
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KHUDAYBERDIEV, AZIZ. "Italian and British policy in Yemen between two world wars." Sharqshunoslik. Востоковедение. Oriental Studies 02, no. 02 (September 1, 2022): 83–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/os/vol-01issue-02-13.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Based on the documents of the National Archives of India, including diplomatic correspondence of the Foreign Office, the Ministry of Colonies, minutes of meetings classified as "secret", this article reveals the features of the policy of Italy and Great Britain in the south of the Arabian Peninsula in the 20-30s of the XX century. The relevance of this article topic lies in the fact that even after 100 years, in the 20s of the XXIst century, Yemen remains as the object of interference by the external actors, rivalry and attempts to divide this country. The article examines the methods used by Italy and Great Britain to expand their influence in the Red Sea, in particular, attempts to win over the ruler of Asir al-Idrisi and the ruler of Northern Yemen Imam Yahya. It was revealed that Great Britain and Italy focused their efforts on unleashing the Saudi-Yemeni war, aiming to weaken Yemen and Hijazo-Nejd. At the same time, each of the parties hoped to strengthen their own influence in the Red Sea basin. The article shows that Italy had certain economic interests in Yemen. The use of Yemen as a market for Italian products, the profitable trade of the famous Yemeni coffee, the monopoly on the sale of petroleum products in Yemen and other trade advantages provided by Imam Yahya in return for Italian aid, allowed the Italians to receive some additional profits. The reorientation of Yemeni trade from Aden to Massawa would significantly reduce the role of the British colony and increase the importance of Italian colony Eritrea. As a result of the study, it is concluded that the rivalry in the south of the Arabian Peninsula between Great Britain and Italy, in which the ruler of Northern Yemen, Imam Yahya, saw the threat of a new enslavement of Yemen, largely contributed to the choice of isolation policy, which, on the one hand, helped to preserve the independence of the country, but, on the other hand, slowed down the economic and socio-political progress of Yemen.
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Burachok, Liliia, and Mariia Demkiv. "Elizabeth II ― forming and becoming of personality." History Journal of Yuriy Fedkovych Chernivtsi National University, no. 56 (December 30, 2022): 114–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.31861/hj2022.56.114-120.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The monarchy is the oldest governing institution in Great Britain; called the British Monarchy or the Monarchy of Great Britain. It is one of the oldest European monarchies, as well as the most famous. Queen Elizabeth II is the head of state from 1952; she is also a symbol of stability and the main figure in Great Britain. Researching the stages becoming personality of queen, we see how formed her strong, unshakable character through the prism of historical events with which Elizabeth II managed to adapt to present and remain a national symbol for the Britishs. The epoch of Elizabeth II ruling (especially from the end of ХХ to beginning of XXI century) is an important period in British history. It is time for serious reforms in country and also for major changes on global: the collapse of the socialist system in Central and Eastern Europe, the collapse of the Warsaw Pact Organization, the end of the Cold War, unification of Germany, disintegration of the Soviet Union, Yugoslavia and Czechoslovakia. During the queen's reign and her life in general, many important events took place. Her Majesty has also been involved in numerous changes to the monarchy, from becoming Queen at the age of twenty-five to traveling the world more than any other monarch before her. Elizabeth II managed to unite the countries of former British colonies and create Concord of nations, that she heads by now. Analysing activity of Her Majesty, it is possible to notice that Elizabeth ІІ supports conservatism, for example, she gives preference to classic style, old books and other things like that. However, at the same time, modernity makes Queen to get used also to new realities, such as radio, television and internet. The Queen is supposed to be impartial, but she is still the head of the executive, legislature and judiciary, as well as the role of Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces and Supreme Governor of the Church of England. Elizabeth II symbolizes the sovereignty of the state and her carries out only ceremonial functions in Great Britain and in the countries of Concord, mainly carrying out only official visits, since a leading role in political life of Great Britain is played by Prime Minister. Meantime a queen cares about representativity of her country and propagandizes such values, as following and unity, supports good relationships with foreign leaders out of politics. It seems that the reign of Elizabeth II, due to the individuality of the queen and the length of her reign, may go down in history as the "New Elizabethan Era".
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Williams, Mark. "Occupational Stratification in Contemporary Britain: Occupational Class and the Wage Structure in the Wake of the Great Recession." Sociology 51, no. 6 (July 7, 2017): 1299–317. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0038038517712936.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Occupations traditionally played a central role in stratification accounts. In the wake of the Great Recession, debates regarding the extent and nature of occupational stratification have been reinvigorated. An exploration of occupational wage stratification patterns defined by both detailed occupational unit groups and the broader occupational class categories of the National Statistics Socio-Economic Classification (NS-SEC) reveals the proportion of wage inequality between occupations and occupational classes has remained broadly stable 1997 to 2015. No compelling evidence is found for growing wage inequalities between detailed occupations within NS-SEC categories. This article underlines the continued utility of occupations and particularly the NS-SEC grouping of them in describing the structure of stratification in contemporary Britain.
10
Meshcheryakov, A. N. "The perception of “insular” England in “insular” Japan." Japanese Studies in Russia, no. 1 (April 20, 2024): 98–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.55105/2500-2872-2024-1-98-110.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The insular position has serious influence on history and mentality. However, this provision “works” only in conjunction with other factors. Japan and England are island nations, but the history of England is characterized by the maximum number of foreign contacts, while that of Japan, until the middle of the 19th century, by the minimum one. The passive approach to space in Tokugawa period is explained by the following factors: high productivity of rice cultivation, lack of livestock farming, the conviction that Japan has the best climate, and the “closed country” policy. During the Meiji period, under the influence of the West (primarily Great Britain), the attitude towards space changed radically. The sea was conceptualized as a “conducting,” rather than “isolating” environment. The choice of Great Britain as a role model was determined, first of all, by its experience in the conquest of maritime space and the creation of a powerful colonial empire. The transition to a new model of “expanding space” was also justified by references to ancient times, when the Japanese had an “active” character, but the “closed country” policy “spoiled” the Japanese. As a result of military victories over China (1894–1895) and Russia (1904–1905), Japan began to be called “England of the East.” Great Britain ceased to be a role model after its withdrawal from the Japanese-British Alliance Treaty in 1922, and public discourse was directed towards justifying the uniqueness of the Japanese. The established characterization of the Japanese as adherents of tradition is dubious. The appeal to antiquity was indeed of great importance for the Japanese and, in this sense, they can be considered “traditionalists.” But, after the Meiji Revolution, they demonstrated amazing ability to embrace the “new” and destroy the “old,” but often boasted that they were “merely” recollecting their past. The concept of “traditionality” is too broad. Upon closer examination it does not provide much for understanding historical and cultural processes which require careful division into components that have an exact chronological and situational reference.
11
Leach, Christopher. "Uniforms and Commercial Culture: Constructing a Vision of Warfare in Pre-Great War Britain." Cultural History 10, no. 1 (April 2021): 31–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/cult.2021.0230.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Uniforms carry cultural meaning shaped by their interaction with military realities. They can communicate tradition but also anticipate change. Prior to the Great War, British Army uniforms had developed from the familiar red tunic to khaki, but the manner of their representation in the mass culture confirmed a continuity and correctness of the British way of war that ran against the emerging industrialization of warfare. Wearing familiar uniforms linked to the past and concurrently fighting what seemed like anachronistic ‘small wars’ in empire as reported in the press, what awaited the volunteers of 1914–15 could not have been anticipated by those consumers of the commercial culture. This article uses a variety of sources, from the illustrated adult and juvenile press, paintings, and toys, to reveal the link between uniforms and the representation of warfare in the fifty years prior to the Great War. In that representation we see not just the glorification of war that cultural historians attach to gendered, imperialist, or nationalist meanings. This article argues that the role of uniforms in the representation of warfare was a means by which to make it knowable and worthwhile for the consumer public. But by representing past and contemporary uniforms quite accurately, the writers and artists imposed a sense of military continuity at a time when war was changing.
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Shumilov, M. M. "Engagement of European Countries in the Implementation of the US Indo-Pacific Strategy (Part 1)." Administrative Consulting, no. 11 (December 7, 2023): 25–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.22394/1726-1139-2023-11-25-45.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Globalization has contributed to the development of economic relations between Europe and the Indo-Pacific. However, after 2011 they were influenced by the American “pivot to Asia” and the shift of US attention from countering international terrorism to rivalry with the “revisionist” powers — Russia and China. In 2019, with the adoption of the US Indo-Pacific Strategy, China became their main regional rival. The rivalry with him provided for the Americans to unite their Asian allies in a network of managed formal alliances, as well as to connect Great Britain and France to solving strategic tasks. On February 11, 2022, a new Indo-Pacific strategy of the United States appeared. This document emphasized the strategic value and increasing role of Great Britain, France, the EU and NATO in Indo-Pacific and set the task of building bridges between the Indo-Pacific and Euro-Atlantic regions. The main role in its solution was assigned to AUKUS, a trilateral military alliance of the United States, Great Britain and Australia, created on September 15, 2021. At about the same time, France, Germany, the Netherlands and the European Union approved their own strategies in Indo-Pacific. They had in common an unwillingness to see China as the main opponent in the context of the US-Chinese rivalry. At the same time, the documents did not indicate that Europe was equidistant from global rivals. On the one hand, being part of the collective West, the EU demonstrated its support to America, on the other, being the most important economic partner of the Celestial Empire, it refused to see it as an existential threat to its security. Against this background, a similar British document published in March 2021 stood out, characterized by a hostile attitude towards China. However, significant differences in the strategies of European countries were offset by their membership in NATO. At the Alliance summit in Madrid in June 2022 the Europeans, together with other allies, proclaimed a strategic course for “systemic rivalry” with the PRC in the context of the interconnection of the security of the Euro-Atlantic and the development of the situation in the Indo-Pacific. With the signing of the NATO-EU joint declaration in Brussels on January 10, 2023, there was a further rapprochement of the two Western structures on an anti-Chinese basis, as well as the complete subordination of Europe to the interests of American global policy.
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Shumilov, M. M. "Engagement of European Countries in the Implementation of the US Indo-Pacific Strategy (Part 2)." Administrative Consulting, no. 12 (January 7, 2024): 9–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.22394/1726-1139-2023-12-9-33.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Globalization has contributed to the development of economic relations between Europe and the Indo-Pacific. However, after 2011 they were influenced by the American “pivot to Asia” and the shift of US attention from countering international terrorism to rivalry with the “revisionist” powers — Russia and China. In 2019, with the adoption of the US Indo-Pacific Strategy, China became their main regional rival. The rivalry with him provided for the Americans to unite their Asian allies in a network of managed formal alliances, as well as to connect Great Britain and France to solving strategic tasks. On February 11, 2022, a new Indo-Pacific strategy of the United States appeared. This document emphasized the strategic value and increasing role of Great Britain, France, the EU and NATO in Indo-Pacific and set the task of building bridges between the Indo-Pacific and Euro-Atlantic regions. The main role in its solution was assigned to AUKUS, a trilateral military alliance of the United States, Great Britain and Australia, created on September 15, 2021. At about the same time, France, Germany, the Netherlands and the European Union approved their own strategies in Indo-Pacific. They had in common an unwillingness to see China as the main opponent in the context of the US-Chinese rivalry. At the same time, the documents did not indicate that Europe was equidistant from global rivals. On the one hand, being part of the collective West, the EU demonstrated its support to America, on the other, being the most important economic partner of the Celestial Empire, it refused to see it as an existential threat to its security. Against this background, a similar British document published in March 2021 stood out, characterized by a hostile attitude towards China. However, significant differences in the strategies of European countries were offset by their membership in NATO. At the Alliance summit in Madrid in June 2022 the Europeans, together with other allies, proclaimed a strategic course for “systemic rivalry” with the PRC in the context of the interconnection of the security of the Euro-Atlantic and the development of the situation in the Indo-Pacific. With the signing of the NATOEU joint declaration in Brussels on January 10, 2023, there was a further rapprochement of the two Western structures on an anti-Chinese basis, as well as the complete subordination of Europe to the interests of American global policy.
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Shkrobtak, Igor. "Perspectives of Great Britain’s defense policy in 2020–2030s." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. International relations 16, no. 1 (2023): 67–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu06.2023.104.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This study is devoted to the study of the main directions of the development of British defense and security policy. The article analyzes the main directions of the strategy of this sphere of activity of the United Kingdom, examines the situation of the British military-industrial complex and the main challenges facing the national defense and security of London. The paper explores the main directions of defense and security policy, the vision of challenges by the British political and military leadership. The turn of the United Kingdom’s priorities in defense and security from “hybrid threats” to the possibility of confrontation with the regular forces of major military powers and its causes are revealed. One of the most important observations in the article is the role of the withdrawal of Allied troops from Afghanistan and its consequences in the British defense strategy. The importance of the Ukrainian conflict since February 24, 2022 and the involvement of British military and political resources in it is emphasized. The paper also examines the possible consequences of this conflict for British defense and security. The main conclusion of the work is the thesis about the collapse of the concept of “Global Britain” due to the lack of adequate resources to control a number of regions (first of all, we are talking about the Middle East, the Black Sea basin and Central Asia) and the decline in the level of competence of the top political leadership of the United Kingdom. The crisis in the British military-industrial complex and its dependence on foreign technologies and products is stated. In addition, the study predicts a possible fundamental reformatting of British foreign policy due to the challenges facing the defense and security of London.
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Young, Paul. "THE COOKING ANIMAL: ECONOMIC MAN AT THE GREAT EXHIBITION." Victorian Literature and Culture 36, no. 2 (September 2008): 569–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1060150308080340.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
When called upon to hosta banquet celebrating the forthcoming Great Exhibition of 1851, the world's first display of international industry, the Mayor of York turned to the period's most renowned chef for the catering. The Frenchman Alexis Soyer, who had recently resigned from his position at the Reform Club in Pall Mall, had made a name for himself in Britain through a combination of extravagant culinary endeavours and popular household cookery books. The banquet at York was an important occasion; joining Prince Albert, Queen Victoria's Consort, was a long list of national luminaries from Victorian high society and the political world. Soyer did not disappoint the Mayor, or his guests. TheTimescommented that amongst the vast array of international cuisines on offer was featured “one dish, to which turtles, ortolans, and other rich denizens of land and sea had contributed, [which] cost not less than 100l.” The paper noted with satisfaction that the feast was consumed before an “emblematical device representing Britannia in her conventional attire receiving the industrial products of Europe, Asia, Africa, and America” (“The Banquet at York” 5). That this emblem provided the backdrop to such cosmopolitan fare was salient: it spoke to the way in which the production and consumption of food would become a crucial motif in the positive representation of globalisation as it was understood at the Exhibition; it also highlighted the important role that the Victorian metropolis would fulfil in the realisation of this new world order. Certainly, the internationalist bent of Soyer's cooking seemed entirely appropriate to the luminaries gathered at the York banquet, and it was no doubt with the French chef's culinary scope in their minds as well as their stomachs that the Exhibition's organisers invited Soyer to submit a tender to provide refreshments at the display itself (Soyer 197).
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Earle, Thomas Blake. "‘A sufficient and adequate squadron’: The navy, the transatlantic slave trade, and the American commercial empire." International Journal of Maritime History 33, no. 3 (August 2021): 509–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/08438714211037680.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
From its creation, the Africa Squadron, although tasked with suppressing the slave trade, did more to defend American sovereignty and expand American commercial access along the west coast of Africa. In both of these regards, Great Britain and the British Navy were the most prominent obstacles in the way of the United States achieving its goals. These tasks were among the most important imperatives that drove American foreign relations during the antebellum era. Thus the Africa Squadron is best understood as a case study of the vital role the navy played in not just conducting but also shaping American diplomacy. This article examines the circumstances surrounding the creation of the Africa Squadron, concluding that the flotilla was less concerned with actually ending the transatlantic trade in humans than with serving as a check on British power at sea.
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Dawid, Leszek. "Current status and perspectives on offshore wind farms development in the United Kingdom." Journal of Water and Land Development 43, no. 1 (December 1, 2019): 49–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jwld-2019-0062.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractThe purpose of the article is to present perspectives for the development of offshore wind farms in the leading, in this respect, country in the EU and in the world – Great Britain. Wind power plays a remarkable role in the process of ensuring energy security for Europe since in 2016 the produced wind energy met 10.4% of the European electricity demand while in 2017 it was already around 11.6%. The article analyses the capacity of wind farms, support systems offered by this country and the criteria related to the location of offshore wind farms. The research has been based on the analysis of legal acts, regulations, literature on the subject, information from websites. The article shows that in recent years, the production of energy at sea has been developing very rapidly, and the leading, in this matter, British offshore energy sector is characterised by strong governmental support.
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KOVAČEVIĆ, DUŠKO M. "POLITICS OF RUSSIA IN EUROPE 1870-1875 (END OF NEUTRALIZATION OF THE BLACK SEA. LEAGUE OF THE THREE EMPERORS)." ИСТРАЖИВАЊА, no. 29 (December 26, 2018): 110–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.19090/i.2018.29.110-124.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The Treaty of Paris signed on 30 March 1856 was humiliating for Russia. Especially grave were the articles of the Treaty that concerned the Black Sea. The provision on the neutralization of the Black Sea forbade Russia to have a fleet in its waters, as well as to build forts and infrastructure. In the Treaty of 15 April 1856 Great Britain, France and Austria pledged to supervise if Russia would honour the conditions of the Treaty of Paris, which created the “Crimea Coalition.” After the defeat in the Crimea War Russia did not “lose the status of a great country,” but it was forced to give up on its earlier role in Europe, which weakened its international position. After taking over the Ministry of Foreign Affairs Alexander Gorchakov defined the aim of the Russian external politics: “I am looking for a man who will annul the provisions of the Treaty of Paris which refer to the issue of the Black Sea… I am looking for him and I will find him.” Thus, after the Paris Congress Russian politics had a unique purpose – it intensely sought the revision of the Treaty of Paris excluding everything else. Since France was not prepared to support Russia, St. Petersburg turned to Prussia, which showed good will to change the provisions on the Black Sea. This mutual rapprochement conditioned the subsequent formation of the League of the Three Emperors between Russia, Germany and Austria.
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Cartwright, D. E. "Henry Charnock, C.B.E. 25 December 1920 — 27 November 1997." Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society 45 (January 1999): 35–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbm.1999.0004.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
From humble beginnings unconnected with the sea, Henry Charnock rose to take his place in a succession of leaders of the science of physical oceanography in Great Britain. His predecessors in this role were, from 1949 to 1971, G.E.R. (later Sir George) Deacon, F.R.S., the first director of a national institute of oceanography, and, between the World Wars, J. Proudman, F.R.S., for whom the first Chair of Physical Oceanography in this country was created at Liverpool. Leaving aside the related disciplines of marine biology and geology, physical oceanography, more conveniently termed marine physics, embraces several sub-disciplines. Deacon applied marine chemistry to deduce the three-dimensional dynamic structure of the Southern Ocean; Proudman applied advanced mathematical analysis to the tides and normal modes of oscillation of seas and oceans. Charnock was a meteorologist, whose long-term research interest was drag-stress and momentum exchange in the turbulent flow of wind over the sea. However, like his predecessors he also had wider interests, and he helped to promote the careers of many deserving students and researchers in other branches of oceanography.
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Ning, Ke, Praveetha Patalay, Jennifer L. Maggs, and George B. Ploubidis. "Early life mental health and problematic drinking in mid-adulthood: evidence from two British birth cohorts." Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 56, no. 10 (March 25, 2021): 1847–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00127-021-02063-3.
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Abstract Purpose Accumulating evidence suggests that externalising problems are consistently associated with alcohol use behaviours, but findings are inconsistent regarding the role of internalising problems. We investigate whether externalising and internalising problems are associated with problematic drinking in mid-adulthood, and whether potential associations are modified by age, sex and cohort. Methods The National Child Development Study (NCDS58, n = 17,633) and 1970 British Cohort Study (BCS70, n = 17,568) recruited new-borns in Great Britain in a single week in 1958 and 1970. Mental health was assessed with the Rutter Behaviour Questionnaire at ages 7, 11, and 16 in NCDS58 and ages 5, 10 and 16 in BCS70. Problematic drinking was measured with the CAGE questionnaire at age 33 in NCDS58 and age 34 in BCS70, and the AUDIT scale at age 44/45 in NCDS58 and age 46 in BCS70. Latent scores of externalising and internalising problems were added chronologically into lagged logistic regression models. Results Externalising and internalising problems were associated in opposite directions with problematic drinking in mid-adulthood. Externalising was a risk factor (OR [95% CI] ranging from 1.06 [1.03, 1.10] to 1.11 [1.07, 1.15] for different ages), and internalising was a protective factor (OR [95% CI] ranging from 0.95 [0.92, 0.99] to 0.90 [0.86, 0.94] for different ages). Associations between early life mental health and mid-adulthood problematic drinking did not differ by developmental timing but were stronger in males. Conclusion Our study provides new insights on links of externalising and internalising difficulties with alcohol use and has implications for public policy in the UK.
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COICAUD, JEAN-MARC. "A Brief Case Study of Germany and Japan: Emotions and Passions in the Making of World War II." Japanese Journal of Political Science 16, no. 3 (August 5, 2015): 227–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1468109915000171.
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AbstractCompeting interests among big powers played a role in the making of World War II. But, and not separated from this, another element had a serious impact: the sense of psychological insecurity experienced, each in its own way, by Germany and Japan in the context of their quest for recognition by other major powers – Great Britain, France, Russia, and the United States – and the implications this had internationally. In connection with their material conditions (internal and international) compared to other great powers, this pushed Germany and Japan to embrace policies that were ultimately self-defeating. It led them to see and assess themselves, others, and the international environment in conflicting terms and, faced with the unwillingness of other big powers to accommodate them to the extent they wanted, to overplay their hand, with lethal outcomes as a result.This article follows two previous articles published in this journal.1It is a case study that focuses on Germany and Japan, and the making of World War II. In the first section, it begins with highlighting the overall relevance of this case study in the context of the analysis of emotions and passions in international politics. In the second section, it shows that both for Germany and Japan a sense of psychological insecurity regarding their international status and their urge to catch up and compensate, put them on a collision course with the great powers of the period. In the third part, the article explains how, in time, this contributed to the fact that Germany and Japan embraced negative and exclusionary political emotions and passions that translated into belligerent policies. In the fourth section, as a way to conclude, the article touches upon how a better understanding of the nature and role of emotions and passions in international affairs can encourage a psychology of peace, and international peace altogether.
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Malkin, S. G., and A. I. Lezin. "FROM THE GREAT GAME TO THE COLD WAR: SMALL WARS ON THE EAST IN THE BRITISH AND RUSSIAN MILITARY THOUGHT IN THE FIRST THIRD OF THE 20TH CENTURY." Izvestiya of Samara Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences. History Sciences 4, no. 4 (2022): 77–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.37313/2658-4816-2022-4-4-77-81.
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The understanding of a small war as a model of a colonial insurgency was a characteristic feature of the development of the military thought of European empires that were expanding their borders. The authors see this process as a reflection of discussions about the role of military authorities in ensuring the colonial order. Comparison of the Russian and British cases in the first third of the 20th century allows us to move beyond the traditional framework of the “Great Game” in studying the peculiarities of the use of military force in the eastern outskirts of the Russian and British empires. An analysis of the evolution of the military thought of these countries demonstrates that on the eve of the Great War, their professional military communities shared common ideas about the spectrum of priority potential threats to their security in Asia, giving priority to training personnel and officers in conventional conflicts. The study proves that in the Interbellum, the attitude of the military of the Great Britain and the USSR to small wars changed under the influence of new global ideological trends (nationalism, communism, pan-Islamism). We have succeeded in proving that, despite all the differences in ideological approaches and the methodology of analysis, both British and Soviet military thought came to the conclusion that in non-European theaters of small war, military measures represent only a part of the overall policy of appeasement of a particular territory and should be combined with social, economic and political measures designed to overcome the crisis of loyalty in relations with the native population.
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Pavlov, Nikolay. "Germany in the Middle East: from Bismarck to Hitler." ISTORIYA 12, no. 12-2 (110) (2021): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840019238-0.
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Germany has always been interested in expanding its influence in the Middle East where the strategic interests of the main imperialist powers competing among one another met. For a long time this region was for Germany a territory that provided access to sea, played the role of the military and political bridgehead, was a source of raw materials and a market for German goods. Having embarked on the path of colonial conquests much later than Great Britain and France, Germany was forced not to conquer but to win back its share of the “colonial pie”. Nevertheless, Germany managed to take a leading place in relations with the countries of the Middle East, which considered it as a central European power capable of becoming a conductor of their interests in Europe. However, Germany’s defeat in two world wars led to the fact that it lost its positions in the region and two new German states needed one decade to start a new dialogue with the countries of the region in the conditions of Cold war and bloc confrontation.
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Lukic, Reneo. "Greater Serbia: A New Reality in the Balkans." Nationalities Papers 22, no. 1 (1994): 49–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/00905999408408309.
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“We Serbs must militarily defeat our enemies and conquer the territories we need.”Vojislav Maksimovic, MemberBosnian Serb Parliament“I don't see what's wrong with Greater Serbia. There's nothing wrong with a greater Germany, or with Great Britain.”Bosnian Serb LeaderRadovan KaradžićThe break-up of Yugoslavia has come about as a result of national, economic and political conflicts which by the end of 1987 had taken on unprecedented dimensions. At that point, latent political conflicts between various republics came into the open. More specifically, the conflict between Serbs and Albanians in Kosovo had turned into a low-intensity war. Under Slobodan Miloševićs leadership in Serbia, the Serbo-Slovenian conflict over Kosovo deepened, forcing other republics and provinces to take sides. The Slovenian leadership opposed a military solution to the Serbo-Albanian conflict in Kosovo. By 1990 the Serbo-Slovenian conflict had spilled over into Croatia, completely polarizing the Yugoslav political elite into two distinct camps; one encompassed Slovenia and Croatia, the other Serbia and Montenegro, with Macedonia and Bosnia-Herzegovina playing the role of unsuccessful mediators.
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Chevelіuk, Marianna. "THE LANGUAGE EDUCATION IN PRIMARY SCHOOL IN GREAT BRITAIN AT THE BEGINNING OF THE SECOND HALF OF THE TWENTIETH CENTURY." Academic Notes Series Pedagogical Science 1, no. 191 (2020): 246–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.36550/2415-7988-2020-1-191-246-249.
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In public schools, the English language has long been subordinated to the classics. The first schools for the poor focused on teaching children to read the Bible. Later, they aimed to teach them the minimum skills of reading, writing, and encryption that would suit them for modest and rewarding employment in the short term before they went to work. Spoken language plays a central role in learning. By talking to their children, parents help them find words to express their needs, feelings and experiences. With the help of language, children can turn their active reaction to the environment into a more accurate form and learn to manipulate it more economically and effectively. Schools tried to make speaking a separate subject, a conversation lesson, and a period of "news"; there were many schools where the day was played in games, accompanied by conversations between the teacher and the children, both individuals and groups, and sometimes the whole class. Traditionally, one of the first tasks of primary school was to teach children to read, because reading was the key to most learning and to the possibility of independent learning. In many primary schools, reading and writing were treated as an extension of spoken language. The children were introduced to reading the daily events and the atmosphere in the classroom. Notices of return home, letters to sick children, signs to return materials and tools to the proper place - all encouraged reading and writing. The children, together with the teachers, developed homemade books, which they then read individually or in small groups. These books helped them see the meaning of reading and understand the purpose of written writings. As for modern languages, for many years in primary schools there have been sporadic, individual and rather inconsistent attempts to teach children, almost always French. The age at which boys in independent preparatory schools started Latin and French showed that there were no fundamental difficulties in learning a second language, at least for some younger students. It was unknown whether a second language could be taught to all or most children. Typically, these experiments were dedicated to the most gifted children in the fourth year of primary school, and were conducted through the appearance among the staff of someone who was well "fluent" or "loved" the French language.
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Avery-Quash, Susanna, and Lucy Davis. "New perspectives on Rubens’ landscapes: Separation and reunion of Het Steen and The rainbow landscape." Oud Holland – Journal for Art of the Low Countries 136, no. 2-3 (September 6, 2023): 70–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18750176-1360203002.
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The articles in this Oud Holland special issue ‘New perspectives on Rubens’ landscapes’ reassess Peter Paul Rubens’ late landscapes from a number of new perspectives. The occasion for this was the landmark exhibition Rubens: Reuniting the great landscapes held at the Wallace Collection, London from 3 June to 15 August 2021, preceded by a conference ‘Rubens’ great landscapes’ held at the Wallace Collection on 17-18 May 2021. The exhibition was in fact a reunion of A view of Het Steen in the early morning (c. 1636) from the National Gallery, London and The rainbow landscape (c. 1636) from the Wallace Collection – two great panoramic landscapes that were created as a pendant pair, but which had been separated for more than two hundred years. This introductory essay explores the journeys and changing ownership of the two paintings from after their separation in 1803 to the time of their reunion in 2021. It investigates the growing fame of the companion pieces in Britain in the nineteenth century, where the greatest proportion of Rubens’ landscapes were already to be found. It focuses on the decisive moment in the history of the two paintings: the auction of the collection of the third Earl of Orford in 1856, when the chance was lost to reunite the pair at the National Gallery, and the negative press that consequently ensued against the winning bid (4th Marquess of Hertford) and the outbid (the leading national collection of old masters) alike. The authors investigate the fate of Het Steen, from its acquisition by Lady Margaret Beaumont that effectively separated the pair, its role in Sir George Beaumont’s collection and its brief reunion with its companion piece at the British Institution of 1815. As part of the Beaumont Gift, it is one of the foremost paintings within the earliest collection of the National Gallery. The rainbow landscape, on the other hand, passed through a succession of private collections, where it became increasingly visible, engraved and discussed as one of Britain’s greatest masterpieces. The 1856 purchase was a possible turning point for Lord Hertford, the reclusive collector, who at this stage was considering what to do with his collection after his death. This essay charts the trajectory of Rubens’ two great landscapes from the ownership of dealers, to private collectors, exhibitions, and finally to public museums, with increased visibility at each stage of their journey. Originally painted by Rubens for his own collection, to be displayed either on the walls of his manorial castle, Het Steen, itself or his Antwerp home, they would have been seen by a range of visitors, including artists and collectors. Two centuries later, they were to be found on the walls of Coleorton Hall and Wolterton Hall, two grand country houses in England. During periods of leisure spent at the invitation of the owners of these homes, later artists were able to contemplate these works and the surrounding landscapes and draw inspiration from them, and formulate their own artistic responses, in much the same spirit of ‘otium’ as outlined by Corina Kleinert in her essay. In keeping with the themes of this special issue, their history in Britain encompasses both the ‘prosaic’, transactional account of how they were sold, and the ‘poetic’ account of how artists travelled some distance to see the works in situ, to copy and be inspired by them. The pattern therefore complements the earlier provenance of these works, as part of a story of a gradual transferral from the private to the public domain.
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Stilling, Robert. "WARRAMOU’S CURSE: EPIC, DECADENCE, AND THE COLONIAL WEST INDIES." Victorian Literature and Culture 43, no. 3 (May 29, 2015): 445–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1060150315000029.
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Despite the recent revival of interest in the Victorian epic, poems from the colonial periphery have played only a small role in the revised narrative of the epic's persistence across the nineteenth century. Part of the explanation for this may lie in the centralized imperial geography of the archives that inspired both nineteenth-century scholars and epoists. As Adelene Buckland and Anna Vaninskaya remark, “Britain was certainly the place to be for a nineteenth-century aficionado of epic poetry” (163). While scholars flocked to Oxford, Cambridge, the British Museum, and the Bodleian Library to pour over the texts of Gilgamesh or old Icelandic sagas, a number of nineteenth-century poets began to see the epic itself as a tool for excavating a more geographically and archeologically localized national story. As Simon Dentith notes, “the nationalism of the nineteenth century seized upon epics – especially the old vernacular primary epics . . . and made them an expression of the national spirit (Epic 67). William Morris's Sigurd the Volsung, for example, revives the mythology of the Old North to make a “Great Story” for the race of northern Europeans what the “Tale of Troy was to the Greeks” (Dentith, “Morris” 239).
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Sabaydash, Marina Vladislavovna. "Retrospective analysis of commercial sea ports operation during first five-year plans and their role in USSR economic industrialization (1928-1940)." Vestnik of Astrakhan State Technical University. Series: Economics 2020, no. 4 (December 30, 2020): 83–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.24143/2073-5537-2020-4-83-97.
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The article highlights the general regularities of the economic development of commercial sea ports in the USSR and defines their role in industrialization of the country. For the first time there has been carried out a comparative analysis of sea port cargo turnover dynamics in relation to the ports of Great Britain, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, the USA and France. The rates of port cargo turnover growth are investigated in comparison with the rates of industrial production growth, the volume of railway and inland water transport. The changes in the main cargo flows connected to the industrialization of the economy in all sea basins of the USSR have been studied. The dynamics of different types of cargo transshipment has been investigated. There has been stated the increasing rate of coastal cargo transshipment against the significant decrease in the export-import cargo transshipment due to the policy of self-reliance. The structure of foreign commercial cargos has been studied, a significant excess of exports over imports has been revealed. It has been found that the high growth rates of cargo turnover in the Soviet ports were due to the increase in the volume of oil cargo transshipment in the ports of the Caspian Sea. There have been calculated the average age and deadweight of Soviet ships in 1939, compared to the similar average international parameters and figures of the previous years. It was determined how the port's technical characteristics and lack of funding influenced these parameters. Investments to the seaports were hundreds of times less than investments to heavy industry and railway transport, and dozens of times less in inland waterways, since the seaports were not the priority objects in the program of economic industrialization. As a result, plans were not fulfilled, ships were idling in the ports, and labor productivity was low. It has been inferred that the activity of seaports during the first five-year plans was not profitable. There have been studied the specific features of the state system of seaports management during the first five-year plans.
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DRĂGHICI, Lucian. "1946. The “Straits Crisis” as Reflected in the Intelligence Reports of the Romanian Military Attaché to the Republic of Türkiye Office’s Secretary." Romanian Military Thinking 2023, no. 1 (March 2023): 198–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.55535/rmt.2023.1.11.
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"The “Straits Question” has long been a factor of tension in the Black Sea area, because of Russia and later the Soviet Union’s desire to control the Bosporus and Dardanelles, mainly with the aim of turning the Black Sea into a “Russian lake”. After the end of the Second World War, in full ascension as a victorious country and in the tradition of Tsarist Russia, the Soviet Union tried to take control of the Straits through political and military pressure to the detriment of Türkiye, although the Soviet Union had signed the Montreux Convention in 1936, which established the predominant role of the Republic of Türkiye in the control of naval traffic in the Straits, especially in wartime. The atmosphere so heavy with tension from the autumn of 1946, when the outbreak of a war between the USSR and Türkiye seemed inevitable, is reflected in the intelligence reports prepared by the secretary of the Office of the Romanian military attaché to the Republic of Türkiye. The documents include the first defence measures taken by Türkiye at a political and military level, the effects of the “Straits Crisis” on the Turkish population and the beginning of the process of Türkiye’s rapprochement with the USA and the Great Britain, a process that ended with the accession of the Republic of Türkiye to NATO in 1952."
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DRĂGHICI, Lucian. "1946. „Criza strâmtorilor” reflectată în rapoartele informative ale secretarului biroului atașatului militar român în Republica Turcia." Gândirea Militară Românească 2023, no. 1 (March 2023): 218–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.55535/gmr.2023.1.11.
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"The “Straits Question” has long been a factor of tension in the Black Sea area, because of Russia and later the Soviet Union’s desire to control the Bosporus and Dardanelles, mainly with the aim of turning the Black Sea into a “Russian lake”. After the end of the Second World War, in full ascension as a victorious country and in the tradition of Tsarist Russia, the Soviet Union tried to take control of the Straits through political and military pressure to the detriment of Türkiye, although the Soviet Union had signed the Montreux Convention in 1936, which established the predominant role of the Republic of Türkiye in the control of naval traffic in the Straits, especially in wartime. The atmosphere so heavy with tension from the autumn of 1946, when the outbreak of a war between the USSR and Türkiye seemed inevitable, is reflected in the intelligence reports prepared by the secretary of the Office of the Romanian military attaché to the Republic of Türkiye. The documents include the first defence measures taken by Türkiye at a political and military level, the effects of the “Straits Crisis” on the Turkish population and the beginning of the process of Türkiye’s rapprochement with the USA and the Great Britain, a process that ended with the accession of the Republic of Türkiye to NATO in 1952."
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Kirillov, V. N., Y. A. Savinov, and A. E. Gudzenko. "The Growing Role of Re-export in International Trade." MGIMO Review of International Relations 14, no. 5 (November 1, 2021): 187–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2021-5-80-187-202.
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The article aims to determine the essence, role, and significance of re-export in international trade using its opportunities to develop Russian exports and imports.The authors define re-export and its key characteristics, analyze the main factors of re-export trade development, study re-export dynamics compared to the commodity supplies dynamics within the framework of ordinary exports. When exporting highly differentiated goods, it is the role of knowledge about the terms, forms, and trading methods on the international market that increases. Specialized trading companies possess this knowledge; they create large transport and logistics centers in the countries crossing international trade routes, including extensive consignment warehouses.The article studies the dynamics of re-export flows and makes calculations, based on which it concludes that the volume of these commercial operations is growing faster in the world market. At the same time, large re-export operations are now performed not only by small states located at the intersection of sea roads but also by large, industrialized states: the USA, Great Britain, Italy, etc.The authors conclude that an essential factor in the development of re-export was the growth of trade restrictions imposed primarily for political reasons. Such restrictions apply in trade relations between India and Pakistan, Israel and the Arab countries, between some states of the Persian Gulf, etc. The anti-Russian sanctions adopted in the United States and other Western states inadvertently contribute to the development of re-exports, since many trading companies, including Western ones conducting international commercial operations, do not consider themselves bound by unilateral decisions of the anti-Russian part of the US government. Many US trading companies themselves are actively involved in re-export operations without disclosing partners. Given the undesirability of disseminating information on re-export operations, many countries actively involved in re-export have stopped submitting data on their re-exports to international statistical agencies.The authors concentrate on the re-export operation of the United Arab Emirates, where are thousands of trading firms with transport and logistics infrastructure and consignment warehouses. Russia is involved in re-export trade, mainly through the UAE companies, carrying on export and import operations on the world market. The authors conclude that expanding the practice of re-export increases sales of national products in the world market.
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Konrad, Franz-Michael. "Early Childhood Education." History of Education Quarterly 49, no. 2 (May 2009): 238–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-5959.2009.00200.x.
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As a historian of early childhood education in German-speaking Europe, I am struck by the outstanding role that Friedrich Froebel, or rather his ideas, played in all the countries described in the six essays. This is not really new since even the first historiographic articles in German-speaking countries already pointed out Froebel's role internationally. The worldwide spread of Froebel's educational teachings remains the subject of German research to this day. And yet it is still so remarkable to see how Froebel's philosophy of education—which had its origins in the spirit of romanticism and which seems strange even to German audiences—has succeeded in establishing itself in different cultures and for different reasons. Just think of Italy in the second half of the nineteenth century (James C. Albisetti), of post-revolutionary Russia ruled by the Bolsheviks (Yordanka Valkanova), of Great Britain, France, and the United States. Even in Asian countries we can find evidence of Froebel's influence, for example, in Korea and in Japan (on Japan, Kathleen Uno). In spite of the differences between these countries and their cultures, Froebel's pedagogy has succeeded in playing an influential role in all of them. Extant institutions for the care and education of preschool children developed into modern kindergartens under the influence of Froebel's teachings. In the end it was always about making it possible for young children to learn and, at the same time, taking into account the very special way learning occurs in these early years as an active, action-based and almost effortless kind of learning. Froebel found an answer to this problem. With his gifts he gave the answer in a simple and yet brilliant manner which was, despite its origins in German idealism, apparently unrelated to culture.
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Techman, Ryszard. "Organizacja i przebieg repatriacji Polaków przez Szczecin z brytyjskiej strefy okupacyjnej Niemiec w latach 1945–1947." Szczecińskie Studia Archiwalno-Historyczne 7 (2024): 67–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/25443739ssah.23.003.19105.
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Organization and Course of Repatriation of Poles Through Szczecin From the British Occupation Zone of Germany in 1945–1947 The article characterizes the organization and course of the return to the country of Polish repatriates from the British occupation zone in Germany through Szczecin in the first years after the end of World War II. This planned and mass operation involved thousands of Poles, especially the so-called forced laborers sent to work in the Third Reich, prisoners of war imprisoned in camps and demobilized soldiers of the Polish Armed Forces in the West. Szczecin played a special role in this proces due to its location near the border with Germany in the new geopolitical reality, its location on an important sea route to the Baltic Sea and favorable conditions for the use of road and rail communication. Not without significance was the good preparation of Stage Point No. 2 of the State Repatriation Office in the city on the Oder River, which sometimes received several thousand people a day. The author preceded analysis of the action of return of the Polish population to their homeland with information about the negotiations on this matter between the interested authorities of Great Britain, the USSR and Poland. Repatriation carried out by road, sea and rail brought significant results, as nearly 265,000 people came to Szczecin, the vast majority of whom were then transported by train to the interior of the country, where their families were already waiting. A few remained in the city, some lived in Western Pomerania, being an addition for the population consisted of settlers arriving from the East.
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Miloiu, Silviu-Marian. "Editorial foreword." Romanian Journal for Baltic and Nordic Studies 2, no. 2 (December 15, 2010): 127–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.53604/rjbns.v2i2_1.
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This issue of Revista Română pentru Studii Baltice şi Nordice [The Romanian Journal of Baltic and Nordic Studies, RRSBN] crowns a year of steady progress in terms of number and quality of the programs and actions run by The Romanian Association for Baltic and Nordic Studies (ARSBN). The highlights of this year have been the first international conference for Baltic and Nordic Studies in Romania entitled Romania and Lithuania in the Interwar International Relations: Bonds, Intersections and Encounters, the opening of the exhibition dedicated to the 90th anniversary of the establishment of the Romanian-Finnish diplomatic relations (exhibition which has travelled since its first opening about 850 miles) and of the first Lithuanian exhibition displayed in a Romanian art gallery and the awarding of the title of Doctor Honoris Causa of Valahia University to Dr. Vladimir Jarmolenko, the Ambassador of Lithuania to Bucharest and Honorary Chairman of our Association. Besides, the members of the Association have been involved in research whose results have been disseminated in books, international and national conferences, thus contributing to the spreading of knowledge and the encouragement of debates on subjects close to its aims. The second issue of RRSBN also brings a novelty in the meaning that 2010 is the first year when the journal is published biannually as it will appear henceforth. Having been projected at the end of 2008, its first volume was published in November 2009. The articles published in this issue bring forth new documentary evidences and fresh interpretations upon a variety of topics regarding the history, the history of international relations or the history of commercial bonds of Baltic and Nordic European nations, in some cases in connection to the developments in the Black Sea area. In spite of the array of topics, some sections can be however distinguished. The first one encompasses the two articles signed by Costel Coroban and Veniamin Ciobanu regarding the role of Sweden in the international relations at the beginning of the 18th and of the 19th centuries when this power had to cope with its declining role in the international relations. After its defeat in the Battle of Poltava, Sweden gradually came to be regarded as the minor actor in the international diplomatic game in comparison with its more powerful neighbors of Britain, Russia or Napoleon’s France. The first article describes how Sweden tried to rise again to the status of Great Power with the financial support of the Jacobites and what were the international implications of the plot in which Swedish emissaries have allowed themselves to be engaged in Britain. Integrating a number of nine important archival documents, the second article proves the wide interest of Sweden regarding the international circumstances leading to the downfall of Imperial France in its attempt to adopt a wise foreign policy to compensate through the annexation of Norway for the loss of Finland to Tsarist Russia in 1809. Thus, Sweden was also looking to the developments of the Eastern Question and to the policies of Britain, France and Russia with regard to the Ottoman Empire.
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Mladenovic, Miroslav, and Milos Tomic. "Political ecology in the shadow of regional security: The case of the Essequibo region." Medjunarodni problemi 76, no. 2 (2024): 249–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/medjp2402249m.
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Continuous exploitation of natural resources within the national borders of a country, especially those intended for energy production (oil, gas, coal), inevitably raises a number of issues in the context of maintaining political, economic and social stability. Observed through the paradigm of the theoretical assumptions of political ecology, the benefits that are realized by the processing and distribution of natural resources are mostly connected with the efficiency of the entire state and social system and thus with security at the internal and external level. Therefore, the goal of this paper is a descriptive analysis of the role of natural resources in disrupting the relationship between Venezuela and Guyana, i.e. territorial dispute over the Essequibo region that has the potential to threaten regional security. Due to the complexity of the study of the historical process of ?maturing? of these states and the achievement of mutually acceptable territorial delimitation on land and sea, the paper uses the technique of content analysis, historical-comparative analysis and the technique of narrative analysis. Based on the results of the research, it can be concluded that the current political and security tensions surrounding the solution of the future status of the Essequibo region, which is rich in natural resources, do not have the capacity to develop into more serious conflicts. The state of Venezuela?s national security has not been satisfactory for many years, including partial foreign policy isolation, while on the other hand, leading Western countries (USA, Great Britain) provide significant support to the territorial integrity of Guyana as well as neighboring countries, which reduces the potential for endangering regional security.
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Marlina, Revy, Yoseph Wahyu Kurniawan, and Muhammad Rafly. "Indonesia’s Roles in Myanmar’s Rohingya Crisis: Through the Lens of Public Diplomacy." Journal of Communication & Public Relations 3, no. 1 (March 6, 2024): 63–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.37535/105003120245.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Myanmar's Rohingya crisis is one of the intractable conflicts in South East Asia that has been unsolved until now. The Rohingya, as a minority group in Myanmar, suffer from human rights violations by the majority Buddhist Rakhine population with central government support. In effect, many of them fled to neighboring countries, such as Thailand, India,Indonesia and Nepal, and other countries across the region (UN Refugees, 2022). Indonesia, as one of the founding members of ASEAN, thinks that ASEAN must solve this conflict, but the obstacle faced by ASEAN is the non-intervention principle. With the differences in ideology and national interest of ASEAN member states, this conflict is not to be the utmost priority by the ASEAN Members. Indonesia gave attention to Myanmar’s Rohingya crisis since the crisis emerged in 1948 at the same time Myanmar gained independence from Great Britain. As an ASEAN host this year, Indonesia intensified its role to be a peace broker through shuttle diplomacy and engaging key players in Myanmar. Indonesia realized that this conflict must be solved by bringing to the table the key players in Myanmar’s Rohingya conflict. This conflict matters for Indonesia, because of achance for Indonesia to be portrayed as one of the countries that enhance its reputation and want to revive its glory moment in the Soeharto era that can solve regional conflict. Public diplomacy will be used in this paper by seeing the efforts of the Indonesian government, especially during President Jokowi's second term. As Joseph S. Nye said <<soft power is the ability to affect others to obtain the outcomes one wants through attraction rather than coercion or payment>>, we can see the Indonesia effort through shuttle diplomacy, implementation of the Five-Point Consensus on Myanmar, and humanitarian aid to solve this conflict. The capacity of Indonesia to be an honest peace broker is natural because of the resources that Indonesia had in several areas, particularly in political and economic areas.
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Barkova, Kateryna. "Team formation as a component formation of a successful corporate environment." Ukrainian Journal of Applied Economics and Technology 8, no. 4 (October 25, 2023): 194–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.36887/2415-8453-2023-4-31.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The article aims to substantiate the advantages of team building development in the modern corporate environment. An analysis of the history of the origin and rooting of the philosophy of team building in personnel management was carried out with the selection of chronological stages of the development of processes and their content. The study formulated the advantages of team building for the enterprise, which can be attributed to improved communication and cooperation between employees, which leads to increased productivity and creativity; improving problem-solving skills, which allows one to see a problem from different angles and develop creative solutions; involvement and motivation of employees, provides a stable and positive morale necessary for business, which increases labor productivity; greater satisfaction and loyalty of employees, gives them a sense of stability, satisfaction, which leads to increased productivity; reducing stress and conflicts in teams, creating an environment where everyone feels valued and respected; improving teamwork, which is the key to successful work on productivity. An analysis of research in Great Britain statistically proves the influence of factors such as satisfaction with the company's culture, work-related stress, and involvement in processes for the enterprise's profitability. The article suggests methods of improving management effectiveness that can help employees work better together, regardless of the size of the company: creating the foundations for clear communication and employee trust; reducing barriers to healthy collaboration, such as corporate bureaucracy; a precise formulation of duties; increased autonomy for more experienced workers; allocation of time and resources for creative projects. Based on the study, a general conclusion was made regarding the significant role of team building in maintaining a thriving corporate environment as a guarantee for the company's acquisition of competitive advantages. Keywords: team building, team, corporate environment.
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Będźmirowski, Jerzy, Miłosz Gac, and Jakub Kufel. "Baltic Sea during the Cold War: Polish-Soviet Maritime Cooperation." Historia i Polityka, no. 48 (55) (June 6, 2024): 83–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/hip.2024.014.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The end of hostilities on the European continent brought a hot war to a close but started the Cold War. Differences in the approach to many political and military issues of the future world created a divide among the allies. Each of them wanted to play a dominant role in the new reality. The possession of dreadful new weapons, nuclear weapons, singled out two of the most important “players” in the new world – namely, the United States of America and the Soviet Union. They were quickly identified as “superpowers”. The European continent, battered by World War II, was divided into two almost equal parts (arrangements in Tehran between Great Britain and the USSR, confirmed in Yalta), with the border running through the German territory. The dynamics of political changes in Europe led to the formation of the so-called Treaty of Dunkirk. At that time the Baltic Sea was the lens in which political and military events on the European continent focused. When the temperature in the East-West relations was rising, conceptual work began on the use of NATO and Warsaw Pact naval forces in the Baltic Sea. That work was subsequently verified during exercises that both sides conducted in this water region. The Baltic Straits were the proverbial “apple of one’s eye” – controlled by NATO naval forces but craved for by the naval forces of the United Baltic Fleet, seeking to take them over. And that was the most important problem of the Cold War: what to do and how to move the naval forces of the United Baltic Fleet to the North Sea. NATO, on the other hand, contemplated what to do and how to prevent that undertaking from happening. The Warsaw Pact’s concepts included the conquest of the Baltic Straits, occupation of the Jutland Peninsula, and launch of sea and land operations in the west direction. It was also assumed that NATO naval forces could carry out operations from the sea to the coast of the Polish People’s Republic and to that of the German Democratic Republic. Therefore, those variants were analyzed and exercised within the United Baltic Fleet and under the so-called combined forces (land and air). This article has been prepared based on Polish and foreign literature as well as archival materials from the Archives of the Institute of National Remembrance in Gdańsk, the Archives of New Records in Warsaw, and the Naval Archives in Gdynia.
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Millett, T. "Sex Equality: The Influence of Community Law in Great Britain." Yearbook of European Law 6, no. 1 (January 1, 1986): 219–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/yel/6.1.219.
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Cohler, Deborah. "Sapphism and Sedition: Producing Female Homosexuality in Great War Britain." Journal of the History of Sexuality 16, no. 1 (2007): 68–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/sex.2007.0034.
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Godfrey, John, and John Taylor. "The role of bus partnerships in Great Britain." Research in Transportation Economics 69 (September 2018): 310–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.retrec.2018.05.006.
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Shepherd, Ian A. G. "The V-bored Buttons of Great Britain and Ireland." Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 75 (2009): 335–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0079497x00000396.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This paper deals with the V-bored buttons that were in use in Great Britain and Ireland during the late 3rd and early 2nd millennia BC. It presents a corpus and typology; reviews their distribution, dating, contexts, and artefactual associations; examines their possible functions and their associations by sex; and looks at their Continental origins and connections.
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Priestley, J. B. "‘Particular Pleasures’ in Performance." New Theatre Quarterly 1, no. 1 (February 1985): 19–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266464x00001391.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The recent death of J. B. Priestley, in the same year as that of the finest exponent of his plays, Sir Ralph Richardson, seems to signal the close of an era. We had hoped in an early issue of New Theatre Quarterly to arrange an interview with the playwright to coincide with his ninetieth birthday, and although generous tributes have been paid to Priestley's work in the theatre, two aspects of this work (incidentally of crucial importance to the policy of this journal) have been somewhat neglected. After the end of the Second World War, during the discussions and plans for building the new Britain (and by extension Europe) from the ruins of the old, Priestley stood for a particular kind of integrity in the British theatre: and his role in the creation of the International Theatre Institute and his own conception of the British Theatre Conference of 1947 raised many interesting questions about the social, national, and international role that theatre could play. If the intervening years have not seen developments to match that vision, our theatre nevertheless owes a great deal to the various reforms that have followed from such initiatives, and in future issues we intend to return to those ideals and ideas – to see what basis they constitute for a critique of our own time, and to assess what continuing relevance they have for our future. Any theatre journal today also owes a debt to Priestley for his pioneering championship and criticism of the various forms of popular entertainment in which he so delighted, and in which he discerned strong social values – essentially, the inspiration for a line of criticism carried forward brilliantly by Raymond Williams and others over the last three decades. Tragically, two of the great comedians who earned his admiration, Tommy Cooper and Eric Morecambe, departed before him, too far short of his own fullness of years. The world's stock of laughter has slumped since their passing and, as Priestley showed us, we have lost two innovators in the art of theatre. Tommy Cooper's deconstruction, if not demolition, of the stage was a masterly exposure of the polished sales techniques of showbusiness, and his exploitation of the art of anti-climax showed new ways through which to hold an audience and relate to them. Eric Morecambe, equally ruthless and proficient at puncturing the pretensions and posturings of glib naturalism and pseudo-aestheticism, had also the self-deflating wisdom of the true philosopher. One day, when we have grown over-familiar with the reruns of the reruns of the shows he has left behind, a retrospective examination of all the work of Morecambe and Wise will surely show that, underlying the technical brilliance of the comic playing, there is also a serious progression through the process of ageing, as brash optimism is tempered by the disillusionment of experience in the struggle to survive and extract what advantages one can from life. We learned a great deal about theatre from Tommy Cooper, and a lot about living and growing older from Eric Morecambe: they have gone leaving that education unfinished, but to commemorate them in the power of their effect, and to remind us of our debt to Priestley, we reproduce here the two pieces he wrote about them as living performers in the collection of essays Particular Pleasures, published in 1975 by Heinemann (to whom our grateful acknowledgements are extended).
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NAROVLIANSKIY, Oleksandr. "EDUCATIONAL TOURISM IN GREAT BRITAIN." Dnipro Academy of Continuing Education Herald. Series: Philosophy, Pedagogy, Vol. 2 No. 2 (2023) (December 29, 2023): 74–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.54891/2786-7013-2023-2-17.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The article is devoted to the organisation of educational excursions in the UK and their role in the educational process of secondary schools. The purpose is to analyze the existing experience of organising school trips and to identify opportunities for using this experience in modern education in Ukraine. The historical origins of educational excursions are identified. The results of surveys and other studies conducted in the UK to determine the attitude of teachers to excursions as an element of the educational process, as well as the problems that arise in their organisation, are highlighted. Current experience of conducting excursions in various subjects - history, geography, natural sciences, mathematics, social sciences, computer technology. The article identifies the most popular educational tourism sites in the UK and highlights the methods used to organise school tours (specially designed tours related to the school curriculum, master classes, workshops, etc.) It is noted that special educational and training centers have been set up at certain facilities to conduct training sessions. It is noted that in Britain, excursions to government facilities such as the Parliament, the Royal Palace, the residence of the head of government, and the court have become widespread. It is determined that most museums and other visitor attractions establish preferential conditions for receiving groups of schoolchildren or provide opportunities for free visits. The problems that hinder the development of educational tourism at the present stage of development, in particular, lack of funding, are identified. The role of charitable foundations in the development and support of school excursions and the directions of their activities are highlighted. The experience of involving business structures, in particular Hyundai, in supporting educational tourism is analyzed. The unique experience of parliamentary support for educational tourism through the development of special bills on outdoor education, which are at different stages of consideration by the parliaments of Great Britain, Scotland and Wales, is indicated. The elements of experience that can be used in domestic education are identified.
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Nos, Liubov, and Yuliana Tkachuk. "Professional teachers training in Great Britain." Visnyk of the Lviv University. Series Pedagogics, no. 39 (2023): 168–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vpe.2023.39.12043.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The system of professional teacher training in the UK is studied, its main aspects and changes that have taken place in recent decades are taken into account. The key reforms that have contributed to the current development of this system are analysed. The role of universities, colleges and other educational institutions in the process of forming teachers’ professional competences is analysed. Special attention is paid to teacher training programmes, their structure, content and methods. It is emphasised that pedagogical practice is an important component of the teacher training system. It is clearly structured. University lecturers and school staff are involved in its organisation. The role of mentors and the interaction of students with experienced teachers in the process of internships are highlighted. The main aspects of teacher training, such as the focus on the development of professional competences and the use of innovative approaches in the learning process, are considered. The factors influencing the quality of teacher training, in particular, the content of the curriculum, the role of technology in the educational process, the school environment and the process of professional adaptation of young teachers are studied. It is noted that an individual programme is developed for novice teachers at school. An approach to the evaluation of trainee teachers and their preparation for work is described. The structure of postgraduate education, which contributes to improving the professional competence of teachers, is characterized. Based on the analysis of recent studies, it is concluded that the teacher training system in the UK is characterised by innovative methods and the use of new and flexible technologies that introduce diversity and differentiation into the educational process. The importance of reforming teacher training in the context of changes in the modern educational paradigm is demonstrated. The results of the study contribute to a deeper understanding of the British experience of teacher training and may be useful for improving the system of professional training of teachers in higher pedagogical schools in Ukraine. Keywords: United Kingdom, teachers, school, students, professional training, educational process, higher education institution, pedagogical practice, professional activity.
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Rhind, D. W. "The role of the Ordnance Survey of Great Britain." Cartographic Journal 28, no. 2 (December 1991): 188–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/caj.1991.28.2.188.
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Chan, Tak Wing. "Revolving Doors Reexamined: Occupational Sex Segregation over the Life Course." American Sociological Review 64, no. 1 (February 1999): 86–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000312249906400107.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Scholars have argued that although occupational sex segregation is high in aggregate terms, women frequently move between sex-typical and sex-atypical occupations over the life course—hence the “revolving doors.” I reexamine the revolving doors thesis using career history data from Great Britain. I argue that the conventional boundaries for occupational sex types need revision, at least for Britain. Specifically, female-dominated occupations should be distinguished from heavily female-dominated occupations. I show that although the strong version of the revolving doors thesis (which rules out path dependence) does not apply to both “female” and “heavily female” occupations, a weak version describes the former better than it does the latter. This result points to a ghetto effect.
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Farnell, Damian J. J., Chern Khor, Wayne Nishio Ayre, Zoe Doyle, and Elizabeth A. Chadwick. "Initial Investigations of the Cranial Size and Shape of Adult Eurasian Otters (Lutra lutra) in Great Britain." Journal of Imaging 6, no. 10 (October 8, 2020): 106. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jimaging6100106.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Three-dimensional (3D) surface scans were carried out in order to determine the shapes of the upper sections of (skeletal) crania of adult Eurasian otters (Lutra lutra) from Great Britain. Landmark points were placed on these shapes using a graphical user interface (GUI) and distance measurements (i.e., the length, height, and width of the crania) were found by using the landmark points. Male otters had significantly larger skulls than females (P < 0.001). Differences in size also occurred by geographical area in Great Britain (P < 0.05). Multilevel Principal Components Analysis (mPCA) indicated that sex and geographical area explained 31.1% and 9.6% of shape variation in “unscaled” shape data and that they explained 17.2% and 9.7% of variation in “scaled” data. The first mode of variation at level 1 (sex) correctly reflected size changes between males and females for “unscaled” shape data. Modes at level 2 (geographical area) also showed possible changes in size and shape. Clustering by sex and geographical area was observed in standardized component scores. Such clustering in a cranial shape by geographical area might reflect genetic differences in otter populations in Great Britain, although other potentially confounding factors (e.g., population age-structure, diet, etc.) might also drive regional differences. This work provides a successful first test of the effectiveness of 3D surface scans and multivariate methods, such as mPCA, to study the cranial morphology of otters.
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Stepanova, N. A. "Great Britain in the Commonwealth of Nations." MGIMO Review of International Relations, no. 4(37) (August 28, 2014): 214–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2014-4-37-214-221.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The article is devoted to an analysis of the role of the Commonwealth of Nations in British history and politics. Having emerged at the end of the XIX c. as an informal association of Britain and dominions within the British Empire it has developed into an independent institute that includes almost all former British territories. Even though nowadays the Commonwealth is a free association of countries and manifests democratic values, this distinctive representation of imperialists stood at its origins, and at times the term itself signified the empire, though in a more progressive, democratic and human form. The author argues that for many decades the main reason for this evolution was British politicians'desire to deter regions from breaking away from within the British sphere of influence. Indeed, the Commonwealth countries belonged to one of the three most important and traditional circles of British political and economic interests, as formulated by W. Churchill, while its importance has been constantly emphasized in numerous election manifestos and government statements. However, with the weakening of Britain and growing independence within the organization, as well as because of contradictions between British national interests and the Commonwealth's founding ideals and principles, Britain has become less and less capable of impacting the organization, and its significance has declined, while some British leaders have even openly sabotaged it. Nevertheless, voices that appeal to reanimate the institution, as well as Britain's role in it, are still heard in the British political arena.
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Rojas, Graciela, Ricardo Araya, and Glyn Lewis. "Comparing sex inequalities in common affective disorders across countries: Great Britain and Chile." Social Science & Medicine 60, no. 8 (April 2005): 1693–703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2004.08.030.
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