Статті в журналах: "Sex crimes Australia Investigation"

1

Hayes, Sharon, and Bethney Baker. "Female Sex Offenders and Pariah Femininities: Rewriting the Sexual Scripts." Journal of Criminology 2014 (December 25, 2014): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/414525.

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This paper aims to analyze the way in which the media reports of sex offences tend to reinforce traditional sexual scripts and gender identities. Compared to investigations into male sex offenders, female sex offending is relatively underresearched, undertheorized, and misunderstood (Hayes and Carpenter, 2013). We argue that the media’s reinforcement of traditional scripts has hindered the development of awareness of sex offending by women, depicting them as aberrations, that is, as “female pariahs.” As Harris (2010) notes, female sex crimes cannot be explained by male theories of crime. To address this issue, we examined 487 media reports from Australia and the United Kingdom and found that, as key stakeholders in public debate, the media does indeed play a crucial role in shaping the public perceptions of female sex offenders as aberrations and pariahs. This distorted view influences approaches to understanding and acknowledging sex offending by women as well as hindering the safe and timely reporting of offences by victims.

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Cabelus, Nancy B., and Gary T. Sheridan. "Forensic Investigation of Sex Crimes In Colombia." Journal of Forensic Nursing 3, no. 3-4 (June 28, 2008): 112–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-3938.2007.tb00096.x.

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Cabelus, Nancy B., and Gary T. Sheridan. "Forensic Investigation of Sex Crimes In Colombia." Journal of Forensic Nursing 3, no. 3 (September 2007): 112–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01263942-200709000-00003.

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4

Vess, James, Brooke Langskaill, Andrew Day, Martine Powell, and Joe Graffam. "A comparative analysis of Australian sex offender legislation for sex offender registries." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Criminology 44, no. 3 (December 2011): 404–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0004865811419065.

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Australia has followed the course taken by other English-speaking countries in recent years of enacting legislation that requires convicted sexual offenders to register personal details with law enforcement agencies. These laws have been enacted to protect the public from the perceived threat posed by sex offenders, but have been written with little apparent reference to the available research literature about the nature and extent of this threat. In addition, there is no empirical evidence supporting the effectiveness of legislatively based sex offender registries to either reduce sexual offending or to enable the police to investigate sex crimes and apprehend offenders. This article compares and contrasts the current laws governing sex offender registration enacted by the various states and territories in Australia, and offers a critical analysis of their provisions in light of the research literature on sexual offending.

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Budd, Kristen M., and David M. Bierie. "Injury Matters: On Female-Perpetrated Sex Crimes." Journal of Interpersonal Violence 35, no. 19-20 (June 1, 2017): 3735–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260517711178.

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Despite the importance of studying sexual assaults perpetrated by women, the field knows very little about female sexual offenders’ (FSOs) use of violence or physical injury resulting from these assaults. This study draws more than 20 years of National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) data reported to police (1992-2014) to identify factors that distinguish between female perpetrated incidents of sexual assault that result in severe, minor, or no physical victim injuries above and beyond the sexual assault itself. Using a multinomial logistic regression model (MNLM), 15,928 incidents of FSO-perpetrated sexual assault were analyzed from the NIBRS. The results showed that the extent of victim injuries sustained during the sexual assault incidents was associated with a number of factors, including the presence of a female victim, the age of victim, a greater number of offenders, and the presence of weapons. In particular, incidents that resulted in major victim injuries were significantly associated with alcohol and drug use by the perpetrator. In general, incidents with young children were at increased risk of a sexual assault resulting in a major or minor victim injury. Although further investigation is needed to continue to better understand female sexual offending behaviors, these findings suggest that certain incident characteristics increase the likelihood of the assault to involve the use of violence by an FSO against her victims.

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Roffey, Paul, and Michelle Gahan. "Responses to Security Sensitive Biological Agents (SSBA) risks by the Australian Federal Police." Microbiology Australia 41, no. 3 (2020): 128. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ma20034.

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As Australia’s national law enforcement agency the Australia Federal Police (AFP) plays a number of roles, broadly grouped under intelligence and investigation, in supporting a whole of government approach to responding to, and mitigating, risks from Security Sensitive Biological Agents (SSBA). The AFP is responsible for coordinating the investigation of national and transnational crimes, which includes acts of bioterrorism, and preventing, countering and responding to attacks in Australia and on Australian interests overseas. This paper provides an overview of the responses to SSBA risks by the AFP.

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Shin, Sang-Hyun. "Introduction of Undercover Investigators for the Investigation of Digital Sex Crimes against Children and Juveniles." Korea Law Review 97 (June 30, 2020): 157–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.36532/kulri.2020.97.157.

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Heley, Emma, and Belinda Hewitt. "Same-sex marriage and remarriage in Australia, 2018-2020." Australian Population Studies 6, no. 1 (July 22, 2022): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.37970/aps.v6i1.96.

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Background Since same-sex marriage was legalised in Australia in December 2017, thousands of same-sex couples have married. Little Australian research to date has examined same-sex marriage trends and how they are similar or different to different-sex marriages. Aims To describe trends in same-sex marriages and remarriages in Australia for the years 2018–2020, comparing and contrasting with different-sex marriages and remarriages by age and sex. Data and methods Data come from the Australian Bureau of Statistics publication Marriage and Divorces, Australia. We use available data on different-sex and same-sex marriages and remarriages for age and sex. Results The proportion of same-sex marriages declined from 5.5% of total marriages to 3.7% between 2018 and 2020. Same-sex marriages tended to be at older ages, but the age gap between same-sex and different-sex marriages for males and females reduced over time. Similar trends were observed for remarriage. For different-sex remarriages, there was a slightly higher proportion of males remarrying than females. In contrast, for same-sex remarriages, the proportion of females remarrying was double that of same-sex males. Conclusions Early trends suggest same-sex marriages and remarriages occurred at older ages than different-sex. This age gap reduced over time, suggesting that early adopters of same-sex marriage may be a different group. Interestingly, same-sex remarriage was much more common for females. Given that same-sex marriage was not legal in Australia until late 2017, it is likely that many of their first marriages were different-sex. This has received little attention in the research literature to date and requires further investigation.

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Pranata, I. Ketut Detri Eka Adi, I Nyoman Putu Budiartha, and I. Made Minggu Widyantara. "Tindak Pidana Penganiayaan Anak oleh Orang Tua Ditinjau dari Aspek Perlindungan Anak." Jurnal Preferensi Hukum 3, no. 2 (April 30, 2022): 260–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.55637/jph.3.2.4927.260-265.

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This study aims to analyze and describe the crime of child abuse by parents in terms of child protection aspects. Current developments bring about the evils that society suffers from: violent crimes and maltreatment. One of the most common are crimes involving child victims. Such cases are known as child abuse. Two main problems arise from this declaration. That is, the regulation of criminal sanctions for criminal acts committed by parents and legal protection of children who are abused within the meaning of the Child Protection Act. This investigation uses a normative legal investigation type with a legal and conceptual approach. This research is included in normative research, which is sourced from primary legal materials. Data were collected by using literature and document study methods. The results show that. The imposition of criminal sanctions on criminal acts committed by parents if they meet the elements of Article 76C is child protection against abuse of political activities, involvement in armed conflict, involvement in social unrest, and involvement in cases. From Law. Elements of violence, involvement in war and sex crimes.

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Wittig, Petra. "Corporate Responsibility for Transnational Human Rights Violations under German Criminal Law – Review and Outlook." European Criminal Law Review 10, no. 3 (2020): 395–409. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/2193-5505-2020-3-395.

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Time and again, cases come to light in which companies in unstable regions have participated in crimes, including human rights violations. However, the economic power over these companies is regularly geographically distant, anchored in the stable regions of the world, e.g. in a corporate headquarters located in Europe, the USA, Canada or Australia, where the economic profit ultimately accrues. Starting from this imbalance, the present essay examines the question of the criminal (co-)responsibility of these power holders using the example of the German legal system. It becomes apparent that the concept of criminal law, which is still based almost exclusively on individual responsibility, leads to deficits in the investigation of the most serious economically driven crimes. Despite this need for reform, however, even de lege lata a top management based in Germany can be held (jointly) liable for distant crimes under the concept of "principal’s criminal liability" (“Geschäftsherrenhaftung”).”

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Jani, Hamid Reza Mirza, and Fatemeh Mirdad. "Ominous Phenomena such as Fraud and Forgery." Asian Social Science 13, no. 7 (June 23, 2017): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ass.v13n7p10.

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The main aim of this investigation is to examine crimes such as fraud and forgery and characteristics of convicts in a new context. To this end, prisoners are grouped in terms of their statuses in Mashhad city and some characteristics of convicts including sex ratio, marital status, educational level, and occupational status are studied. Using data analysis, proportions of the data are analyzed and the findings show that characteristic of convicts are important factors in committing crimes. That is, characteristics of convicts have influence on their fraud and forgery crimes. As well, crime management is another major issue in this research. Crime management can be not only controlling and limiting the convicts, but also informing the victims. Victims should be kept better informed of the consequences of cupidity or credulity. Therefore, the issue of characteristics of convicts is an intriguing one which can help us find strengthen and weakness of current solutions and problems.

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Zhurbenko, A. M., and E. I. Simonenko. "FEATURES OF LEGAL PRECEDING INITIATIONS ON AFFAIRS IMPLEMENTATING EXTREMIST ACTIVITY." Proceedings of the Southwest State University 21, no. 6 (December 28, 2017): 235–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.21869/2223-1560-2017-21-6-235-240.

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Study of crimes connected with implementation of extremist activity as negative social and legal phenomenon is especially significant now. Firstly it is connected with aggravation of the social conflicts in the Russian society in general, violence tendency and different illegal ways of their solution. At present stage of criminogenic situation development the number of crimes connected with extremist activity, terrorism and also with arousing hatred and hostility on the bases of sex, races, nationalities, the relations to religion, belonging to this or that social group grows in our country. Such crimes are most often committed by speech. This speech becomes proof of criminal cases connected with implementation of extremist activity. Acts provided by Art. 280, 282 2822 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation [4] belong to crimes of extremist orientation committed by means of speech. It is necessary to have special linguistic knowledge to ascertain the truth on specified cases. Such crimes are committed by means of speech - oral or written. Conclusions of experts’ researches are important not only for making decision on excitement or on refusal in initiation of legal proceedings, but also for correct qualification of criminal action. Analysis of law-enforcement practice of such crimes investigation shows that there are some problems connected with conducting linguistic examination at a stage of legal proceedings initiation. Inopportuneness of the investigator who sends material for carrying out a research which contains extremism can significantly increase time of legal proceedings initiation.

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Fəxrəddin oğlu Şükürov, Cahangir. "Computer photo imaging as one of the methods of identity identification." SCIENTIFIC WORK 66, no. 05 (May 20, 2021): 125–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.36719/2663-4619/66/125-127.

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In modern times, the change and complication of the structure of crime and civil law relations is gaining special relevance due to the emergence of new forms and mechanisms for the commission of crimes and offenses based on the use of modern computers, information, industry and other high technologies. One of the methods of identification is the identification of a person by a computer image and a vivid image and a skull. Determining the identity of an unknown person based on his skull is one of the most important issues in forensic medicine and criminology. Resolving this issue is of particular importance to the investigation and is usually the closest way to identifying the perpetrator or other circumstances. In addition to general characteristics (race, race type, sex, age, neck length), physical characteristics, traces of trauma and medical intervention are identified to identify the skull skeleton, and when taken together, they can be characterized at the individual level. If the collection of genetic traits is based on objective information about the missing person, then the identity of the suspect can be proven. Key words: identity identification, criminal association, rapper points, information technologies, photo comparison method, investigation of crimes

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14

Reynolds and Liston. "Victims as Prosecutors: England 1800–1835." Societies 9, no. 2 (April 24, 2019): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/soc9020031.

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This paper examines the role of the victim through the prism of prosecutor in the first third of the nineteenth century when England did not have a public prosecutor or national police force and most crimes were prosecuted in the courts by the victim. The selection of cases is drawn from a larger investigation of female offenders punished by transportation to New South Wales, Australia. The cases demonstrate the diversity of victims, the power they held as prosecutors and highlight the process from apprehension to conviction. Historical records of regional English Assizes and Sessions were investigated to identify the victim and record the prosecution process.

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Chopin, Julien, and Eric Beauregard. "Elderly Sexual Abuse: An Examination of the Criminal Event." Sexual Abuse 32, no. 6 (April 23, 2019): 706–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1079063219843899.

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The current study investigates the modus operandi specificities for the sexual abuse against the elderly. A comparison between sex crimes against adult and elderly victims is conducted following the criminal event approach. The comparison is based on the precrime, crime, and postcrime phases of the modus operandi, operationalized through 53 variables. The sample comes from a French national police database including a total of 1,829 cases—including 130 cases of elderly sexual abuse and 1,699 cases of sexual abuse against victims aged between 18 and 45 years. Bivariate and multivariate analyses are performed to examine the differences in the two groups. Several differences are observed between the two modus operandi. Findings indicate that the precrime phase is the most important to explain these differences, and this phase of the criminal event affects the rest of the decisions taken during the crime and postcrime phases. Specifically, we have highlighted that sexual crimes against the elderly are more violent and occur more often in the victim’s residence. This study suggests that offenders targeting the elderly use specific crime characteristics, and this allows to highlight practical implications in terms of investigation and offender management.

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Susanto, Joko, and Ali Masyhar. "Law Enforcement on Fisheries Crime After the Enactment of Law Number 45 of 2009: A Normative Analysis." Journal of Law and Legal Reform 1, no. 1 (October 31, 2019): 107–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/jllr.v1i1.35590.

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Abstract. Indonesia is one of a country which have two geographical form as the characteristics, one as archipelago and one as a mainland country. Indonesia is located between two continent, Asia and Australia Continent and also by two ocean, Pacific and Hindian Sea which are very wide. Indonesia is a big and important archipelago country with the islands. We realized that in the Indonesian region there are so many resources which can sustain life and the people of Indonesia. This potential can cause natural disaster if the management does not paying attention to the limitation of the natural capability, for example the sea exploration and exploitation with the use of unmodern tools. It is undeniable that in the management of natural fisheries resources there are still violation by the unresponsible parties in that field. The violation can cause bad for the fisheries ecosystem in our country. The impact will reduce the fisheries resource in which could have been managed for the beneficial of the people. One of the matters that will be discussed in this article is about the philosophical juridical foundation about natural resource, knowing the normative review in the field of fisheries, element of criminal liability, modes of operation in fisheries crime, as well as the knowledge about the advantages and disadvantages of fisheries law change. However, in order to protect the national wealth in form of fisheries resources it is required that the government take action in preserving natural resources. In this case the role of law is very important, especially criminal and civil law as a media to control and prevent the action that can disturb the management and preservation of the fish resources and environment. In law number 31 year 2004 jo. Law number 45 year 2009 concerning fisheries, provides clarity and legal certainty towards law enforcement for criminal offense in the field of fisheries, which includes investigation, prosecution and examination at the court hearing. Suggestion in this article are legal rules regarding the law of fisheries which is still valid at the moment must be reconstructed and renewed so that the law enforcement authorities are more able to increase the supervisition and action in the Indonesian sea. Including the need of pulic attitude and awareness towards the law especially in the field of fisheries.

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Avalos, Lisa. "Prosecuting Rape Victims While Rapists Run Free: The Consequences of Police Failure to Investigate Sex Crimes in Britain and the United States." Michigan Journal of Gender & Law, no. 23.1 (2016): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.36641/mjgl.23.1.prosecuting.

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Imagine that a close friend is raped, and you encourage her to report it to the police. At first, she thinks that the police are taking her report seriously, but the investigation does not seem to move forward. The next thing she knows, they accuse her of lying and ultimately file charges against her. You and your friend are in shock; this outcome never entered your minds. This nightmare may seem inconceivable, but it has in fact occurred repeatedly in both the United States and Britain—countries that are typically lauded for their high levels of gender equality. In Britain, where perverting the course of justice is a serious crime with a potential term of life in prison, many rape complainants have been sent to prison for two and three year terms. This five-part Article analyzes this problem and sets out recommendations for legal reform.

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18

Leon, Chrysanthi. "Book Review: Carney, T. P. (2004). Practical Investigation of Sex Crimes: A Strategic and Operational Approach. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. pp. xix, 221." Criminal Justice Review 33, no. 1 (March 2008): 128–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734016808314565.

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Davies, Gemma. "Shining a Light on Policing of the Dark Web: An Analysis of UK Investigatory Powers." Journal of Criminal Law 84, no. 5 (September 10, 2020): 407–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022018320952557.

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The dark web and the proliferation of criminals who have exploited its cryptographic protocols to commit crimes anonymously has created major challenges for law enforcement around the world. Traditional policing techniques have required amendment and new techniques have been developed to break the dark web’s use of encryption. As with all new technology, the law has been slow to catch up and police have historically needed to use legislation which was not designed with the available technology in mind. This paper discusses the tools and techniques police use to investigate and prosecute criminals operating on the dark web in the UK and the legal framework in which they are deployed. There are two specific areas which are examined in depth: the use of covert policing and hacking tools, known in the UK as equipment interference. The operation of these investigatory methods within the context of dark web investigations has not previously been considered in UK literature, although this has received greater analysis in the United States and Australia. The effectiveness of UK investigatory powers in the investigation of crimes committed on the dark web are analysed and recommendations are made in relation to both the law and the relevant Codes of Practice. The article concludes that while the UK has recently introduced legislation which adequately sets out the powers police can use during online covert operations and when hacking, the Codes of Practice need to specifically address the role these investigative tools play in dark web investigations. Highlighted as areas of particular concern are the risks of jurisdiction forum shopping and hacking overseas. Recommendations are made for reform of the Investigatory Powers Act 2016 to ensure clarity as to when equipment interference can be used to search equipment when the location of that equipment is unknown.

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20

Lancaster, Judith. "Who benefits from the equalising of age of consent provisions?: A critical analysis of the Wood Royal Commission Paedophile Inquiry recommendation for a lower minimum age of consent." Children Australia 26, no. 1 (2001): 34–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1035077200010087.

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When the Wood Royal Commission into the New South Wales Police Service released its final Report on the Paedophile Inquiry in August 1997, its recommendation to remove the distinction between heterosexual and female homosexual sex and male homosexual sex by lowering the age currently set for the latter category surprised many citizens. There was concern, firstly, about the fact that the lack of satisfactory protective mechanisms in the prevailing laws would escape investigation and, secondly, that acts previously understood to be paedophilia and pederasty would be de-criminalised, thereby increasing the vulnerability of young Australians to sexual predators.The Crimes Amendment (Sexual Offences) Bill, introduced into the New South Wales Parliament in October 1997, and reintroduced in 1999, suggests a firm determination to implement the Royal Commission recommendation on consent, notwithstanding the fact that such change would be implemented in the absence of community debate and without addressing the implications of de-criminalisation. Although the Bill was rejected in the Upper House on both occasions, it is believed that further attempts will be made in the near future and, again, it will be in the absence of broad community debate. It is also widely believed that, should a change of this nature be implemented in New South Wales, it will have implications for children in other states across Australia.This paper explores the implications of equalising at a lower rather than higher minimum age of consent.

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Tyndale-Biscoe, Hugh, and Jennifer A. Marshall Graves. "Geoffrey Bruce Sharman 1925–2015." Historical Records of Australian Science 28, no. 2 (2017): 183. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/hr17011.

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Geoff Sharman was one of the most important figures in the post-war renaissance of research into the indigenous mammals of Australia. He discovered the remarkable phenomenon of delayed development, or embryonic diapause, in kangaroos. He pioneered marsupial cytogenetics, making seminal contributions to chromosome evolution, sex determination, and X chromosome dosage compensation in female marsupials. He inspired a whole generation of younger biologists to make the investigation of Australian mammals the primary objective of their professional careers. Fifty years before he began there had been a brief but highly fruitful period of investigation into the native fauna based at the University of Sydney Medical School.1 When the four pioneers departed to Chairs in Britain and Fellowship of the Royal Society, further research in the field languished until the 1950s. Sharman's research built on that pioneering work, particularly of J. P. Hill and his associates on the reproductive anatomy and development of marsupials, and then extended it into the new field of cytogenetics.

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O'CONNOR, B. A., I. G. TRIBE, and R. GIVNEY. "A windy day in a sheep saleyard: an outbreak of Q fever in rural South Australia." Epidemiology and Infection 143, no. 2 (May 9, 2014): 391–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268814001083.

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SUMMARYIn December 2004, the Department of Human Services investigated an outbreak of Q fever in South Australia. A case-control study tested an association between attending a local saleyard and human illness. A case was defined as a person with clinical illness and evidence of seroconversion or high phase II IgM. Controls were selected from a database of community controls matched on sex, age group and postcode. Matched analysis of the first 15 cases with 45 controls indicated that contracting Q fever was associated with attending the saleyard on one particular day (adjusted odds ratio 15·3, 95% confidence interval 1·7–undefined,P = 0·014). Saleyard conditions were windy and conducive for airborne dispersal of contaminated particles. In total, 25 cases were detected. Of these, 22 cases had attended a local saleyard on the same day. This outbreak suggests cases were probably infected by a single exposure at a saleyard from infected sheep and dust. The investigation resulted in an increase in the local uptake of Q fever vaccination and extension of the Australian national vaccination programme.

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Fortington, Lauren V., Andrew S. McIntosh, and Caroline F. Finch. "Injury deaths in Australian sport and recreation: Identifying and assessing priorities for prevention." PLOS ONE 16, no. 4 (April 22, 2021): e0250199. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250199.

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Introduction Sport and recreation is beneficial for health and wellbeing but comes with a probability of loss, including occasional fatal injuries. Following high-profile injury deaths in Australia, concerns are raised regarding the safety of sport participation. To understand the scale and scope of injury deaths, and identify potential prevention opportunities, the aim of this investigation was to describe the number and nature of fatal injuries in Australian sport and recreation. Methods This is a retrospective cohort study of injury deaths reported between 1 July 2000 to 31 December 2019 using data from the National Coronial Information System, Australia. Unintentional deaths with an external cause, where the activity was recorded as sport and exercise during leisure time were included. Drowning deaths were excluded. Presented are the number and % of cases by age, sex, sport, broad cause and annual crude death rate (population). Results There were 1192 deaths, averaging 63 per year. Deaths were mostly in males (84.4%), with the largest proportion in people aged 15–24 years (23.1%). Wheeled motor (26.9%) and non-motor (16.2%) sports accounted for the highest proportion of cases. The primary mechanism of death was most commonly blunt force (85.4%), followed by piercing/penetrating force (5.0%). The years 2001 and 2005 recorded the highest crude injury death rate (2001, n = 92, 0.47 per 100,000 population; 2005, n = 95, 0.47 per 100,000 population). Conclusions On average, there is more than one injury death per week in a sport or recreation setting in Australia. Cases occurred in many sports and recreation activities, including those generally considered to be safe (e.g. individual athletic activities, team ball sports.) Detailed investigation of the coronial recommendations that are present within each case is now needed to understand and identify potential prevention opportunities.

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Ben-Arieh, Asher, and Vered Windman. "Secondary Victimization of Children in Israel and the Child's Perspective." International Review of Victimology 14, no. 3 (September 2007): 321–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026975800701400303.

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This study has three objectives: (1) to study the needs of child victims in the criminal justice system; (2) to study the attitudes, activities and provisions of investigative authorities toward child victims and their families, as perceived by the children themselves and their parents; and (3) to study the relation between the assistance received and the child victims' and the parents' willingness to cooperate with the investigative authorities. We conducted an exploratory study of children aged 14 to 18, all victims of violence and sex crimes, and their parents. All received assistance from the Israeli Child Victim Assistance Project. The study is based on self-reports of a small, nonrepresentative convenience sample. Both the children and the parents were generally satisfied with the way the complaint was received and the subsequent investigation. However, the perspective of children is not necessarily identical to that of their parents, so it is important to address the children themselves. For example, the children were considerably more satisfied than the parents during the investigation, mostly because of the respect they received, even though other important needs — for information, explanations, and support — were not met by investigative authorities. The fulfillment of these needs had an influence on victims' willingness to cooperate with the police. Thus, to reduce children's secondary victimization, authorities should institute a system that will ensure that child victims and parents are informed and receive assistance and explanation about support and services in a timely manner.

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Mason, Gail. "A Picture of Bias Crime in New South Wales." Cosmopolitan Civil Societies: An Interdisciplinary Journal 11, no. 1 (March 27, 2019): 47–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.5130/ccs.v11.i1.6402.

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Bias Crime is crime where the victim is targeted because of an aspect of their identity, including race, ethnicity, religion or sexuality. It is an extreme manifestation of cultural tension and conflict. Bias crime remains under-researched in Australia. While there has been some investigation into different types of bias crime, such as racist and homophobic offences, there is little analysis of the nature and extent of bias crime across these categories. For the first time, this article presents the results of a study into official records of bias crime held by the New South Wales Police Force. The study shows that crimes motivated by bias based on the victim’s race/ethnicity and religion are by far the most common types of bias crime reported in NSW. People from Asian, Indian/Pakistani and Muslim backgrounds are the most likely victims to report bias crime. The study also shows that there is much work to be done to encourage bias crime reporting amongst marginalised communities and improve the capacity of police to identify and accurately record bias crime. We argue that civil society has an important role to play in building partnerships with police to achieve positive change in the policing of bias crime.

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Simon-Kumar, Rachel, Janine Paynter, Annie Chiang, and Nimisha Chabba. "Sex ratios and ‘missing women’ among Asian minority and migrant populations in Aotearoa/New Zealand: a retrospective cohort analysis." BMJ Open 11, no. 11 (November 2021): e052343. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-052343.

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ObjectivesRecent research from the UK, USA, Australia and Canada point to male-favouring sex ratios at birth (SRB) among their Asian minority populations, attributed to son preference and sex-selective abortion within these cultural groups. The present study conducts a similar investigation of SRBs among New Zealand’s Asian minority and migrant populations, who comprise 15% of the population.Setting and participantsThe study focused on Asian populations of New Zealand and comparisons were made with NZ European, Māori, Pacific Island and Middle-Eastern, Latin American and African groups. Secondary data were obtained from the New Zealand historical census series between 1976 and 2013 and a retrospective birth cohort in New Zealand was created using the Stats NZ Integrated Data Infrastructure from 2003 to 2018.Primary and secondary outcome measuresThe primary outcome measure was SRBs and sex ratios between the ages 0 and 5 by ethnicity. A logistic regression was conducted and adjusted for selected variables of interest including visa group, parity, maternal age and deprivation. Finally, associations between family size, ethnicity and family sex composition were examined in a subset of this cohort (families with two or three children).ResultsThere was no evidence of ‘missing women’ or gender bias as indicated by a deviation from the biological norm in New Zealand’s Asian population. However, Indian and Chinese families were significantly more likely to have a third child if their first two children were female compared with two male children.ConclusionThe analyses did not reveal male-favouring sex ratios and any conclusive evidence of sex-selective abortion among Indian and Chinese populations. Based on these data, we conclude that in comparison to other western countries, New Zealand’s Asian migrant populations present as an anomaly. The larger family sizes for Indian and Chinese populations where the first two children were girls suggested potentially ‘soft’ practices of son preference.

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Hartono, M. Rudi, and Lilis Winantri. "Analisis Laporan Kepolisian No: B.210 /VIII/2018/JAMBI/SPKT.C Mengenai Alasan Dihentikannya Penyidikan Perkara Perkosaan Anak." Wajah Hukum 5, no. 2 (October 15, 2021): 549. http://dx.doi.org/10.33087/wjh.v5i2.705.

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The police are part of the criminal justice system as contained in the provisions of the Criminal Procedure Code and other laws, this system has the power to conduct investigations and investigations of crimes. The investigative authority is applied to the perpetrator in a criminal act or the investigative authority is enforced, and the case has been coordinated with the public prosecutor since the first wave of investigation. The same mistake. The criminal cases studied in this paper are based on the author's research data at the Directorate of General Criminal Investigation, Sub-Directorate IV of the Jambi Regional Police. This involves the Police Report Letter No: LP/B/210/VIII/2018/Jambi/SPKT “C” which contains the alleged crime of rape or intercourse with a minor. Perpetrators are threatened with articles 81 and 82 of the Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 35 of 2014 (Revised Law on Child Protection of the Republic of Indonesia Number 23 of 2002). Investigators may still encounter obstacles in investigating criminal acts of raping a suspect or having sex with a minor. Not all criminal cases of rape or sexual intercourse of minors that are handled at the investigation level can be transferred to the court by the prosecutor as a public prosecutor in the process of further investigation. In this case, investigators at Sub-Directorate IV of the Directorate of General Criminal Investigation (Ditreskrimum) of the Jambi Regional Police also have the authority to not continue the investigation process or stop the investigation (SP3) in this criminal case based on considerations that the criminal case processed is not a criminal act, lack of evidence or other legal considerations. The objectives of this study are: First of all, I want to know and analyze how investigators handle cases of child rape perpetrators (case investigation, police report number: B. 2018 / Jambi / SPKT “C”). Child rape is (Police Report Number: B.210 / VIII/2018 / Jambi / SPKT "C"). The research method used in this research is Socio Legal Research, which is studying the practice of law or legislation that applies in the social life of the community. Descriptive research specifications, namely describing and analyzing a legal event that has occurred by describing the existing events.

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Amilia, Yolla Fitri, Haryadi Haryadi, and Dheny Wahyudi. "Penyidikan Tindak Pidana Prostitusi secara Online." PAMPAS: Journal of Criminal Law 2, no. 1 (April 26, 2021): 45–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.22437/pampas.v2i1.12413.

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This article aims to find out and analyze the process of investigating criminal acts of prostitution online in the jurisdiction of the Jambi City Police and find out what are the obstacles in the process of investigating criminal acts of prostitution online in the jurisdiction of the Jambi City Police Resort. The results of the study concluded that the online prostitution crime investigation process carried out by the Jambi City Resort Police officers in overcoming online prostitution crimes, the investigators carried out the investigation process by disguising themselves and trapping the perpetrators. In this case, the operational targets of the Jambi City Resort Police are commercial sex worker service providers (pimps). Furthermore, related to obstacles in the process of investigating criminal acts of prostitution online in the jurisdiction of the Jambi City Police, in fact, investigators in the investigation process have difficulty collecting evidence, and lack of human resources such as IT experts at the Jambi City Police Resort. Abstrak Artikel ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui dan menganalisis proses penyidikan prostitusi secara online di wilayah hukum Kepolisian Resor Kota Jambi dan mengetahui apakah hambatan dalam proses penyidikan tindak pidana prostitusi secara online di wilayah hukum Kepolisian Resor Kota Jambi. Hasil penelitian disimpulkan bahwa proses penyidikan tindak pidana prostitusi secara online yang dilakukan oleh aparat Kepolisian Resor Kota Jambi dalam menanggulangi prostitusi secara online, penyidik melakukan proses penyidikan dengan cara penyamaran dan penjebakan terhadap pelaku. Dalam hal ini yang menjadi target operasi penyidik Kepolisian Resor Kota Jambi ialah penyedia jasa pekerja seks komersil (mucikari). Selanjutnya, terkait hambatan dalam proses penyidikan tindak pidana prostitusi secara online di wilayah hukum Kepolisian Resor Kota Jambi pada kenyataannya, penyidik dalam proses penyidikan kesulitan dalam mengumpulkan alat bukti, dan kurangnya sumber daya manusia seperti ahli IT di Kepolisian Resor Kota Jambi.

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Darmika, Ika. "Diversion and Restorative Justice in the Criminal Justice System of Children in Indonesia." Ijtimā'iyya: Journal of Muslim Society Research 3, no. 2 (September 28, 2018): 179–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.24090/ijtimaiyya.v3i2.1921.

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Diversity and Justice Justice is the norm in the Criminal Justice System in Indonesia, as regulated in Law Number 2012 on the System Juvenile Justice. The latest Law Number 11 Year 2012 was not available to be separated by UN Resolution Number 44.25 about Convention of the Rights which was ratified by the Indonesian Government dated January 26, January 1990 in the Presidential Decree No. 36 Year 1990. Convention on the Rights of the Children of the Republic of Indonesia was the basis of the consideration of the establishment of Law Number 11 of 2012 about Juvenile Criminal Justice System which replaced Law Number 3 1997 concerning Juvenile Court. At this time, there are a number of developed countries that have implemented diversion, among others is Australia. Australia has Act on Juvenile Crimes (The Young Offenders Act 1977).In which the Law gives the authority of lawyers (police)to do diversion child offender. This thing can be known from the purpose of the Juvenile Criminal Act Law. In Australia, the policymaking has the authority to do diversion in handling crime done by child. Authority is done with consideration: a) avoiding labeling or stigma which was caused by the effects of the system judicial justice. b) There are doubts about whether to progress from treatment to children. In Indonesia, regulated in Law Number 11 of 2012 about the Juvenile Criminal Justice System, which began after 2 years promulgated on July 30, 2012. In Law Number 11 of 2012, diversion was regulated in Article 17, Article 6 / Article 15. Regarding the restorative justice in developed countries, restorative justice not only in academic fields and practical practice and criminology North America, Australia, and some Europeans, restorative justice has been applied to all know the conventional criminal justice process, namely the investigation, prosecution, stage adjudication, and the stages of the trial. The justice-restructuring process looks for a facility dialogue between various parties affected by crime, including victims, perpetrators supporters and community are all over. Death involves the process that all parties who acted in crime were at the same time together to try to complete the scrutiny of how the negotiation after the crime has taken place Indonesia trial justice regulated in Article 1 Article 6, Article 5 (1) and Article 8 Section (1)Law Number 11 Year 2012.

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Zabuska, Anna, Jane Ginsborg, and David Wasley. "A preliminary comparison study of burnout and engagement in performance students in Australia, Poland and the UK." International Journal of Music Education 36, no. 3 (January 19, 2018): 366–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0255761417751242.

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While there is a growing body of research concerning the well-being of music students, burnout and engagement remain largely unexplored. Likewise, cross-national variations in approaches to music education, and different educational experiences of men and women may influence burnout and engagement. This preliminary study aimed to inform further research by establishing the levels of, and exploring cross-national and sex differences in burnout and engagement in music performance students at conservatoires in Australia, Poland and the UK ( n = 331). Self-reported levels of burnout were, typically, low to moderate. Nevertheless, one in ten students reported symptoms such that they could be classified as burned out. Australian and UK students displayed more burnout than students in Poland, although Australian students reported lower levels of reduced sense of accomplishment than Polish and UK students. Self-reported engagement was, typically, moderate to high. Students in Poland reported higher levels of engagement than those in the UK. Women displayed higher levels of global burnout and emotional/physical exhaustion, while men reported lower levels of reduced sense of accomplishment. Further research on burnout and engagement could build on this investigation to gain a better understanding of their impact and the influence of the educational experience on students’ music-related well-being.

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Gribunov, Oleg, Gennady Nebratenko, Evgeny Bezruchko, and Elena Millerova. "Problems of the Criminal Law Assessment of Involvement in Prostitution and the Organization of This Activity Through the Use or the Threat of Violence." Russian Journal of Criminology 13, no. 6 (December 26, 2019): 941–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.17150/2500-4255.2019.13(6).941-950.

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The authors examine the specific features of criminal law assessment of involvement in prostitution and the organization of this activity through the use or the threat of violence. At the beginning, they stress the urgency of counteracting the social phenomenon of prostitution, analyze the very concept of «prostitution», its debatable and problematic aspects, because it is impossible to offer a correct qualification of criminal actions connected with prostitution (crimes under Art. 240 and 241 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation) without determining the boundaries of providing sexual services specifically referring to the term «prostitution». It is concluded that the key problem for determining the scope of sexual actions described by the term «prostitution» is the lack of an official definition of this term in Russian legislation as well as a wide variety of services in the modern sex industry. The authors state that the understanding of prostitution as a historical social phenomenon as a situation when a woman provides sexual services to different men by performing sexual acts with them for previously discussed material compensation is outdated and does not reflect the multiple dimensions of modern prostitution. While researching the issues of qualifying criminal acts connected with prostitution and involving the use or the threat of violence within the framework of this article, the authors have analyzed the work of both Russian and foreign scholars and studied examples of investigation and court practice. They examine the problems of legal assessment of criminal law categories «violence» and «the threat of using violence» regarding publically dangerous actions connected with the involvement in prostitution and the organization of this activity. The authors present the criteria of differentiating between corpus delicti where such actions are criminally punishable and other corpus delicti, as well as the cases that require qualification for multiple crimes. The results of this research allowed the authors to work out and present recommendations on qualifying criminal actions connected with prostitution and involving the use of the threat of violence.

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Milner, Allison, Andrew Page, and Anthony D. LaMontagne. "Duration of unemployment and suicide in Australia over the period 1985–2006: an ecological investigation by sex and age during rising versus declining national unemployment rates." Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 67, no. 3 (October 23, 2012): 237–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech-2012-201594.

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Bliuc, Dana, Thach Tran, Weiwen Chen, Dunia Alarkawi, Dima A. Alajlouni, Fiona Blyth, Lyn March, Kristine E. Ensrud, Robert D. Blank, and Jacqueline R. Center. "The association between multimorbidity and osteoporosis investigation and treatment in high-risk fracture patients in Australia: A prospective cohort study." PLOS Medicine 20, no. 1 (January 17, 2023): e1004142. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1004142.

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Background Multimorbidity is common among fracture patients. However, its association with osteoporosis investigation and treatment to prevent future fractures is unclear. This limited knowledge impedes optimal patient care. This study investigated the association between multimorbidity and osteoporosis investigation and treatment in persons at high risk following an osteoporotic fracture. Methods and findings The Sax Institute’s 45 and Up Study is a prospective population-based cohort of 267,153 people in New South Wales, Australia, recruited between 2005 and 2009. This analysis followed up participants until 2017 for a median of 6 years (IQR: 4 to 8). Questionnaire data were linked to hospital admissions (Admitted Patients Data Collection (APDC)), emergency presentations (Emergency Department Data Collection (EDDC)), Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS), and Medicare Benefits Schedule (MBS). Data were linked by the Centre for Health Record Linkage and stored in a secured computing environment. Fractures were identified from APDC and EDDC, Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) from APDC, Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) investigation from MBS, and osteoporosis treatment from PBS. Out of 25,280 persons with index fracture, 10,540 were classified as high-risk based on 10-year Garvan Fracture Risk (age, sex, weight, prior fracture and falls) threshold ≥20%. The association of CCI with likelihood of investigation and treatment initiation was determined by logistic regression adjusted for education, socioeconomic and lifestyle factors). The high-risk females and males averaged 77 ± 10 and 86 ± 5 years, respectively; >40% had a CCI ≥2. Only 17% of females and 7% of males received a DXA referral, and 22% of females and 14% males received osteoporosis medication following fracture. A higher CCI was associated with a lower probability of being investigated [adjusted OR, females: 0.73 (95% CI, 0.61 to 0.87) and 0.43 (95% CI, 0.30 to 0.62); males: 0.47 (95% CI, 0.33 to 0.68) and 0.52 (0.31 to 0.85) for CCI: 2 to 3, and ≥4 versus 0 to 1, respectively] and of receiving osteoporosis medication [adjusted OR, females: 0.85 (95% CI, 0.74 to 0.98) and 0.78 (95% CI, 0.61 to 0.99); males: 0.75 (95% CI, 0.59 to 0.94) and 0.37 (95% CI, 0.23 to 0.53) for CCI: 2 to 3, and ≥4 versus 0 to 1, respectively]. The cohort is relatively healthy; therefore, the impact of multimorbidity on osteoporosis management may have been underestimated. Conclusions Multimorbidity contributed significantly to osteoporosis treatment gap. This suggests that fracture risk is either underestimated or underprioritized in the context of multimorbidity and highlights the need for extra vigilance and improved fracture care in this setting.

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Du, Wei, Danijela Gnjidic, Sallie-Anne Pearson, Sarah N. Hilmer, Andrew J. McLachlan, Fiona Blyth, Rosalie Viney, Grace Joshy, Cathy Day, and Emily Banks. "Patterns of high-risk prescribing and other factors in relation to receipt of a home medicines review: a prospective cohort investigation among adults aged 45 years and over in Australia." BMJ Open 9, no. 2 (February 2019): e027305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-027305.

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ObjectivesTo quantify the relationship between home medicines review (HMR) receipt in older adults and sociodemographic, medication-related and health factors.DesignProspective cohort analysis.Settings, participants, measurementsQuestionnaire data from a population-based cohort study of individuals aged ≥45 years, Sydney, Australia were linked with primary healthcare data, medication and hospitalisation data, to ascertain factors associated with HMR receipt during the period July 2009–June 2014. Medication-related factors included exposure to five and more medications (polypharmacy), narrow therapeutic index medicines, potentially inappropriate prescribing defined using Beers Criteria medicines, and anticholinergic and sedative drugs, defined using the Drug Burden Index (DBI). Poisson and Cox regression models were used to evaluate HMR receipt in relation to sociodemographic, behavioural and health characteristics, and time-varying factors including medication use and hospitalisations.Primary outcomeHMR receipt during the 5-year study period.ResultsOver 5 years of follow-up, 4.7% (n=6115) of 131 483 participants received at least one HMR. Five-year HMR receipt was: 1.5% in people using <5 medications at baseline, 6.8% with 5–9 medications, 12.7% with ≥10 medications, 8.8% using Narrow Therapeutic Index medicines, 6.8% using Beers Criteria potentially inappropriate medicines and 7.4% using DBI medicines. Age-sex stratified HRs for HMR receipt were 6.07 (95% CI: 5.58 to 6.59) and 12.46 (11.42 to 13.59) for concurrent use of 5–9 and ≥10 versus <5 medications, respectively. The age-sex adjusted rate ratio for HMR receipt was 2.65 (2.51 to 2.80) with poor versus good self-reported health; this association was attenuated substantially following additional adjustment for polypharmacy.ConclusionsHMR was common in individuals using multiple medications, a formal indication for general practitioner referral and, to a lesser extent, with poorer health and other markers of high-risk prescribing. Despite this, HMR use over a 5-year period was generally below 10%, even in high-risk groups, suggesting substantial potential for improvement in uptake and targeting.

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Hoare, Alexander, David P. Wilson, David G. Regan, John Kaldor, and Matthew G. Law. "Using mathematical modelling to help explain the differential increase in HIV incidence in New South Wales, Victoria and Queensland: importance of other sexually transmissible infections." Sexual Health 5, no. 2 (2008): 169. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh07099.

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Background: Since 1999 there has been an increase in the number of HIV diagnoses in Australia, predominantly among men who have sex with men (MSM), but the magnitude of increase differs between states: ~7% rise in New South Wales, ~96% rise in Victoria, and ~68% rise in Queensland. Methods: Epidemiological, clinical, behavioural and biological data were collated into a mechanistic mathematical model to explore possible reasons for this increase in HIV notifications in MSM. The model was then used to make projections to 2015 under various scenarios. Results: The model suggests that trends in clinical and behavioural parameters, including increases in unprotected anal intercourse, cannot explain the magnitude of the observed rise in HIV notifications, without a substantial increase in a ‘transmission-increasing’ factor. We suggest that a highly plausible biological factor is an increase in the prevalence of other sexually transmissible infections (STI). It was found that New South Wales required an ~2-fold increase in other STI to match the data, Victoria needed an ~11-fold increase, and Queensland required an ~9-fold increase. This is consistent with observed trends in Australia for some STI in recent years. Future projections also indicate that the best way to control the current rise in HIV notifications is to reduce the prevalence of other STI and to promote condom use, testing for HIV, and initiation of early treatment in MSM diagnosed during primary infection. Conclusions: Our model can explain the recent rise in HIV notifications with an increase in the prevalence of other STI. This analysis highlights that further investigation into the causes and impact of other STI is warranted in Australia, particularly in Victoria.

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Meuleners, Lynn B., Andy H. Lee, Delia Hendrie, and Michelle Fraser. "A population study on Indigenous hospitalisations for interpersonal violence." Australian Health Review 34, no. 1 (2010): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah09666.

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Indigenous people experience a disproportionately high burden of interpersonal violence. This paper compares the demographic characteristics and injury circumstances of male and female Indigenous Australians hospitalised due to interpersonal violence in Western Australia over a 15-year period. A population-based, retrospective study of all hospitalisations due to interpersonal violence for Indigenous people in WA was undertaken using the linked 1990–2004 data from the WA Mortality Database and the Hospital Morbidity Data System. The majority of Indigenous hospitalisations were for females (56.3%). Female victims were more likely to be admitted due to maltreatment and rape (11.9%). Age profiles, residential location and length of hospital stay were similar between both sexes. The results indicate higher rates of hospitalisation and readmissions for interpersonal violence in WA among Indigenous females than males. There may potentially be different risk factors for each sex and further investigation will have public health benefits. What is known about the topic?Indigenous people experience a disproportionately high burden of interpersonal violence compared with non-Indigenous people. In contrast to the general population, Indigenous females are hospitalised for interpersonal violence at a higher rate than their male counterparts. What does this paper add?This study used population-based data to compare the different characteristics between Indigenous male and female hospitalisations due to interpersonal violence in Western Australia. Females were hospitalised at nearly 1.3 times the rate of males and comprised the majority (65%) of hospitalisations for those admitted more than once. What are the implications for practitioners?The results provide policy makers and planners with a basis for making informed decisions on where to specifically target resources so as to reverse the increasing burden of interpersonal violence on Indigenous communities. In addition, more rigorous prospective investigation is required to determine the contributing factors of interpersonal violence hospitalisations for Indigenous people.

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Baiburin, A. A., and O. Y. Loktionova. "TRACES, INDENTIFICATION AND COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE FOOTPRINTS TAKEN AT THE CRIME OCCURANCE SITE." Proceedings of the Southwest State University 21, no. 4 (August 28, 2017): 189–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.21869/2223-1560-2017-21-4-189-205.

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The paper discusses main problems related with identification and comparative analysis of shoe prints and outlines the ways to increase the efficiency of the shoe prints inventory database use. Special focus is given to the activities of forensic departments and their work with shoe prints taken from the crime site. Forensic science plays a very important role in the struggle against crime. Forensic studies make a system of knowledge about objective laws and principles of collecting, investigating, assessing and use of the evidence. Crime traces are a part of the evidence. Their appropriate use has always occupied an essential place in forensic studies. The most typical crime traces that may be present on a crime site are the prints of fingers, hands, footprints, traces of break-in implements, vehicle tracks and biological marks. Footprints occupy the first position in the list followed by fingerprints. Investigation of footprints during a visual inspection of the place where a crime occurred permits the investigator to identify the conditions at the crime moment with the way it was committed, elicit the number of criminals and make some judgments on the criminal (-s) including sex, approximate height, movement speed and directions, presence of handicaps and the shoe type. The analysis of the shoe prints structure and inter-positioning of the footprints can help to identify the criminals’ actions and the direction of their movements. Thus the footprints make a solid informative basis of evidence to clear and prove the crime. Appropriate utilization of the footprints data as well as their subsequent identification depend on the professional skills of the crime scene team and the thoroughness of their visual inspection ways, as well as on the organizational and methodological support of all activities at the preliminary investigation stage and the quality of criminal records. The growth of crime during the last five years as well as increasing number of unsolved crimes in Russia present a serious challenge for all forensic services of the Ministry of Home Affairs and demand better efficiency of traces investigation, availability of targeted technical means and expertise in the area of crime prevention and investigation.

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Ramadhani, Erfita, and Dara Quthni Effida. "Penegakan Hukum Terhadap Tindak Pidana Prostitusi Online Anak Dibawah Umur (Studi Penelitian Kabupaten Nagan Raya)." Ius Civile: Refleksi Penegakan Hukum dan Keadilan 6, no. 1 (April 24, 2022): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.35308/jic.v6i1.4793.

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In the pandemic era, technology is one way to do activities to facilitate a human activity, the legal aspects that regulate life which aims to regulate harmonization between humans are often violated by certain elements to gain profits, apart from globalization, prostitution also participates Entering the realm of online media, there are many pimps who promote prostitution on social media. Violating online postings violate not only moral norms but also legal norms. This social disease occurs in many areas in Indonesia, including Aceh, especially Nagan Raya. This study aims to determine Law Enforcement Against the Crime of Online Prostitution of Minors in Nagan Raya Regency and the obstacles faced in law enforcement against online prostitution crimes. The method in this study is the empirical judicial method by conducting interviews with both informants and respondents who have been determined previously. The results of the study indicate that law enforcement against online prostitution in Nagan Raya Regency has been running and a series of investigations and investigations have been carried out to uncover cases of online prostitution. From the results of the investigation conducted, it is known that the perpetrators of online prostitution crimes for minors use WhatsApp as a transaction medium. For pimps, Article 506 of the Criminal Code (KUHP) states that: "Anyone who takes advantage of the obscene acts of a woman and uses it as a livelihood, is threatened with a maximum imprisonment of one year. The obstacles faced by law enforcement in dealing with online prostitution in Nagan Raya Regency are divided into 2, namely internal and external. Internal obstacles include the lack of legal instruments to ensnare perpetrators (Commercial Sex Workers) and users (consumers) of online prostitution, the lack of police personnel who can immediately follow up on the finding of the cyber team, the need for up-to-date equipment and personnel capabilities to balance the growing cyber crime, the difficulty of completing evidence and witnesses for court filings and the lack of socialization programs related to online prostitution as a preventive measure such as outreach to students. External constraints encountered include the attitude of the people who are permissive and reluctant to report online prostitution that they encounte.

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Ward, Matthew J., Laura Ruykys, Jason van Weenen, Siobhan de Little, Anika Dent, Amber Clarke, and Thalie Partridge. "Status of warru (Petrogale lateralis MacDonnell Ranges race) in the Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara Lands of South Australia. 2. Population dynamics." Australian Mammalogy 33, no. 2 (2011): 142. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am10055.

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The population dynamics of warru (Petrogale lateralis MacDonnell Ranges race) were studied in the Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara Lands, South Australia, in order to inform management and better understand the race’s conservation ecology. Mark–recapture between 2005 and 2010 at the three largest known remaining colonies, followed by POPAN modelling, indicated that population sizes were 23 at New Well and 24 at Alalka in the Musgrave Ranges, and 14 at Kalka in the Tomkinson Ranges. Taking into account recent survey results, the study confirmed that warru are ‘Endangered’ in South Australia. However, there is potential for the recovery of the race, with high average reproductive rates (in the Musgrave Ranges >90% of reproductively active females had pouch young), even sex ratios and relatively high adult survivorship (>75%). Juvenile survival (51%), however, was significantly lower than that of adults. Given that red fox (Vulpes vulpes) numbers are low at these sites, this is possibly due to predation by feral cats (Felis catus), although this needs further investigation. Juvenile survival was also positively correlated with winter rainfall, possibly indicating that access to water is important during the drier winter months. In light of these observations, it is proposed that management of remaining warru colonies focus on cat control and consider providing access to free water during winter, as well as addressing landscape-scale threats such as wildfire and the spread of exotic plants.

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Morton, Anna N., Christopher K. Fairley, Angelo M. Zaia, and Marcus Y. Chen. "Anorectal lymphogranuloma venereum in a Melbourne man." Sexual Health 3, no. 3 (2006): 189. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh06029.

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We report the first case of anorectal lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV) in a man who has sex with men (MSM) in Australia in the setting of the recent emergence of LGV among MSM in Europe and the USA. A 33-year-old man presented with a 2 month history of mild external anal discomfort. He gave a history of unprotected receptive and insertive anal intercourse with one partner in Europe during the preceding 6 months. No symptoms suggested proctitis and examination revealed two small anal fissures. An anal swab was positive for Chlamydia trachomatis; investigation for other STIs including HIV were negative. On review 6 days later, he was investigated and treated presumptively for LGV. The LGV diagnosis was confirmed by identifying the L2 serovar of C. trachomatis using a genotype test on the original anal specimen. This case is in keeping with the more recent reports of LGV from Europe, and has demonstrated the need for a high index of suspicion for asymptomatic or minimally symptomatic anorectal LGV.

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Grantham, Narelle M., Dianna J. Magliano, Allison Hodge, Jeremy Jowett, Peter Meikle, and Jonathan E. Shaw. "The association between dairy food intake and the incidence of diabetes in Australia: the Australian Diabetes Obesity and Lifestyle Study (AusDiab)." Public Health Nutrition 16, no. 2 (June 7, 2012): 339–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980012001310.

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AbstractObjectiveSeveral studies have suggested that dairy food may reduce the risk of obesity and metabolic abnormalities but few have been able to conclusively demonstrate that it reduces the risk of diabetes. The aim of the present analysis was to investigate if dairy food intake independently reduces the risk of diabetes.DesignThe Australian Diabetes Obesity and Lifestyle Study (AusDiab) is a national, population-based, prospective survey conducted over 5 years. Baseline measurements included a 121-item FFQ, anthropometrics and an oral glucose tolerance test.SettingForty-two randomly selected clusters across Australia.SubjectsAdults aged ≥25 years who participated in the baseline survey and returned to follow-up 5 years later.ResultsA total of 5582 participants with complete data were eligible for analysis, 209 of whom had incident diabetes. Compared with men in the first tertile of dairy food intake, men in the third tertile had a significantly reduced risk of developing diabetes after adjustment for age, sex, total energy intake, family history of diabetes, education, physical activity, smoking status, fasting serum TAG and HDL cholesterol, systolic blood pressure, waist circumference and hip circumference (OR = 0·53, 95 % CI 0·29, 0·96;P= 0·033). A similar non-significant association was observed in women.ConclusionsDietary patterns that incorporate high intakes of dairy food may reduce the risk of diabetes among men. Further investigation into the relationship between dairy food intake and diabetes needs to be undertaken to fully understand the potential mechanism of this observation.

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Mahmood, Hamid, Mohammad Aslam, Wasifa Gul, Ammara Waqar, Athar Khan, Yasir Hassan, Faryal Murtaza Cheema, et al. "PERCEPTION." Professional Medical Journal 23, no. 12 (December 10, 2016): 1554–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2016.23.12.1816.

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Sex discrimination in a newborn child is still present in Pakistan. It is despite relativewealth, rapid globalization, female education and socioeconomic development. Althoughmother’s education improves quality of childcare, but still it does not reduce discriminationagainst her children. The mental torture a female goes through in a life time for being femalestarts at the time of her birth and ends only with her life. These cultural bounded thinking hasovershadowed a woman’s own perception about a daughter. But some times to a family it doesnot make any difference that the child is a son or a daughter. Aims: The aim of the Researchis to discuss how mothers of a female child feel about having a daughter if they wanted tohave a son. Objectives: To explore what are the feelings of a mother upon having a daughter.To identify why they feel what they feel. To identify what are some of the reasons behindtheir thinking. To discuss how their experiences can be used in planning for interventions offuture this can help in a better understanding of our mothers and daughters requirements.Methodology: The methodology of current research is based on qualitative anthropologicalresearch method. Period: Dec 2014 to Oct 2015. Settings: The sampling is taken from differentsocioeconomic strata. It is divided into low, middle and upper socioeconomic groups. Everystratum is with a different point of view regarding the same question. Results: “In Pakistan 42percent of women accept violence as part of their fate; 33 percent feel too helpless to standup to it; 19 percent protested and 4 percent took action against it. Discussion: It is also foundthat the middle socioeconomic group is the most crushed group of all in Pakistan. This is thestrata who wanted to be modern like upper socioeconomic group but have lesser resourcesand opportunities. Females are educated equally like males in urban areas such as Lahore,Islamabad and Karachi. However, in rural areas, the education rate is substantially lower.Recommendation: For woman there must be a right to life, security and protection fromviolence which can be mental, physical, psychological and verbal. Government should ensureeffective, prompt and impartial investigations into alleged cases of crimes and other incidents,and ensure that particular attention is paid to the investigation of such crimes and incidents andthat those responsible for such acts are effectively brought to justice and, where appropriate,punished in order to avoid impunity.

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Biancani, Francesca. "Anti-Christ in Egypt: Sexual Danger, Race, and Crime in a Narrative of Imperial Crisis." International Journal of Middle East Studies 54, no. 1 (February 2022): 159–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743822000071.

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For a long time, women's crime has been quite a no-go area for feminist thinkers. With the lesser frequency of female crime seemingly encouraging quantitative-minded criminologists to dismiss a gendered approach as altogether irrelevant, theories of crime, in fact, have been mostly written by and tested on men. The emergence of a feminist perspective in criminology pluralized and decentered the disciplinary epistemology with important outcomes. On one side, it paved the way for the investigation of the distinctive ways in which individuals socialized as women commit crimes, deconstructing the die-hard stereotype of female criminals’ abnormality, that is, the idea that female offenders deviate from a female standard of nondelinquency. On the other, quoting Loraine Gelsthorpe, feminist criminology “has not only developed a critique of accumulated wisdom about female offenders and victims, but has illuminated institutionalized sexism within criminological theory, policy and practice.” Feminism has stimulated the production of criminological knowledge both empirically and theoretically. As far as empirical studies are concerned, historian Philippa Levine, in a seminal piece on prostitution, crime, and empire, remarked that prostitution, erroneously conceived as a quintessentially female crime, constituted an important exception to the unquestioned association of crime and masculinity, resulting in the neglect of serious gendered analysis of crime. Here the criminalization of commercial sex can be explained by the fact that prostitution is considered to defy the very norm at the core of the power gender system, that female sexuality has to be kept monogamous, reproductive, and conjugal to service the patriarchal social order. As Levine argues, prostitution “offers the prospect not only of women defined by their sexual nature but also of a more threatening vision of women actively putting that sexuality to work for their own benefit.” As a consequence, the agency of women exchanging sex for money promiscuously outside of wedlock has been conceptualized in two different apparently paradoxical ways: women prostitute themselves either because they are abnormal, so they act out of their deviancy, or because they are forced to do so, so they act under coercion. Completely lost to these split understandings, juxtaposing blame and compassion, was obviously the meaning of women's agency and rationality, especially when these were inscribed within a logic of survival and subsistence.

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DÜRR, S., N. K. DHAND, C. BOMBARA, S. MOLLOY, and M. P. WARD. "What influences the home range size of free-roaming domestic dogs?" Epidemiology and Infection 145, no. 7 (February 16, 2017): 1339–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095026881700022x.

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SUMMARYIn many regions of the world domestic dogs are free roaming and live in close relationship with humans. These free-roaming domestic dogs (FRDD) can cause public health problems such as dog bites and transmission of infectious diseases. To effectively control diseases transmitted by FRDD, knowledge on the dogs’ behaviour is required. To identify predictors of home range (HR) size, we collected global positioning system data from 135 FRDD living in eight Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities in Northern Australia. The core HR size ranged from 0·17 to 2·33 ha and the extended HR size from 0·86 to 40·46 ha. Using a linear mixed effect model with a Restricted Maximum Likelihood approach, the dog's sex and reproductive status were identified as predictors of roaming. Non-castrated males had the largest HRs, followed by neutered females. Also, FRDDs were found to roam further during the pre- than the post-wet season. These findings have implications for infectious disease spread. Identification of risk groups for disease spread within a population allows for more targeted disease response and surveillance. Further investigation of predictors of roaming in other FRDD populations worldwide would increase the external validity of such studies.

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Kaufman, J., S. Tosif, P. Fitzpatrick, S. Donath, S. Hopper, P. Bryant, and F. Babl. "Urine Clean Catch Collection in the Paediatric Emergency Department: Success, Time to Void and Contamination Rates." Paediatrics & Child Health 21, Supplement_5 (June 1, 2016): e94c-e95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pch/21.supp5.e94c.

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Abstract BACKGROUND: Young children frequently require investigation for urinary tract infection (UTI). Clean catch urine (CCU) is a common urine collection method in pre-continent children but can be time consuming or unsuccessful, and contaminated cultures may lead to an inability to diagnose or exclude UTI. There are few data available examining the success and time required for CCU and factors influencing contamination. We hypothesise that time taken to obtain CCU influences contamination, due to accidental contamination during collection. OBJECTIVES: To determine the time taken to obtain CCU in pre-conti-nent children, and if time to collection is related to the contamination rate. DESIGN/METHODS: Prospective observational study of CCU collection in pre-continent children aged 2-48 months at a paediatric emergency department in Australia. A standardised CCU collection protocol was used. Primary outcome was time to first void; secondary outcomes were success of obtaining (catching) CCU and contamination of urine cultures obtained. Contamination was defined as per hospital microbiology standards. Descriptive analysis of time to void included median and interquartile range (IQR). We performed a regression analysis of key factors possibly related to contamination, including age, sex and time to collection. RESULTS: Of the 218 recruited patients, 61% were male, mean age 11.4 months (SD 8.5). The main indication for CCU was: 128 fever of unknown origin (59%), 31 vomiting (14%), 27 specifically suspected UTI (12%), 32 other reason (15%). From first CCU attempt, 174 voided (80%) of which 139 were successful catches (64%) and 34 were missed on voiding (16%). 44 first CCU attempts were stopped before voiding (20%), 26 patients had 2 attempts (12%), and 2 patients had 3 CCU attempts (1%). Median time to first void was 25 minutes (IQR 8 – 49). 27 children (12%) voided <5 minutes, 33 (19%) voided >1hr. Of the 130 patients who had urine culture results available, 50 were contaminated (38%). There was no significant difference in contamination rate by age, sex or time to sample collection. Of 218 patients where ED clinicians set out to collect CCU in the emergency department, only 80 (37%) resulted in a successful CCU attempt with an uncontaminated culture. CONCLUSION: Contamination rates are high in clean catch urine, but not related to the time taken for sample collection. CCU attempts are often unsuccessful, and have a low diagnostic yield for investigation of UTI in young children in clinical practice.

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Rusdi, Satriyo. "ANALISIS PUTUSAN HAKIM PRA PERADILAN PENGADILAN NEGERI BANGIL NOMOR : 01/PID.PRA/2014/PN.BGL TGL 16 JUNI 2014 TERKAIT SURAT PERINTAH PENGHENTIAN PENYIDIKAN TINDAK PIDANA ZINA Jo PASAL 284 KUHP." Negara dan Keadilan 9, no. 2 (August 31, 2020): 136. http://dx.doi.org/10.33474/hukum.v9i2.7390.

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Didalam Putusan Hakim Pra Peradilan Pengadilan Negeri Bangil nomor : 01/Pid.Pra/2014/PN.Bgl, tertanggal 16 Juni 2014, terkait Tindak Pidana Zina mengalami perluasan makna dan tidak lagi berpatokan sepenuhnya seperti sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 284 KUHP menurut penjelasan Soesilo dalam KUHP, Persetubuhan adalah : “Perpaduan antara anggota kelamin laki laki dan perempuan yang bisa dijalankan untuk mendapatkan anak, jadi anggota kelamin laki laki harus masuk kedalam anggota kelamin perempuan sehingga mengeluarkan air mani.” Seiring berjalannya waktu perkembangan hukum mengalami perubahan sejak adanya putusan Mahkamah Agung RI no. 854/Pid/1983 yang berbunyi sebagai berikut : “seorang laki-laki terbukti telah bersama sama dengan seorang perempuan dalam satu kamar, pada satu tempat tidur merupakan petunjuk bahwa laki-laki itu telah bersetubuh dengan perempuan tersebut”, akan tetapi pada akhirnya hakim Pra Peradilan Pengadilan Negeri Bangil , memutus perkara yang terkait dengan Tindak Pidana Zinah dengan tidak lagi mengacu pada satu kamar dan satu tempat tidur lagi, melainkan menjadi “seorang laki laki terbukti telah bersama sama dengan seorang perempuan tanpa ada ikatan perkawinan yang syah dan bukan suami istri, dalam satu rumah ( terdiri : 2 ruang kamar tidur, 1 ruang kamar mandi, 1 ruang makan dan 1 ruang tamu ) merupakan petunjuk bahwa laki laki tersebut “sudah dapat dianggap” telah bersetubuh dengan perempuan tersebut”,Kata kunci: pidana, zina, putusan, penyidikan In the Bangil District Court Pre-Court Judge's Decision number: 01 / Pid.Pra / 2014 / PN.Bgl, dated June 16, 2014, related to Adultery Crimes has expanded its meaning and is no longer fully regulated as referred to in Article 284 of the Criminal Code according to Soesilo's explanation in KUHP, intercourse is: "The combination of male and female genital members that can be carried out to have children, so male genital members must enter the female genitalia so that they release semen." Over time the development of law has changed since the ruling of the Indonesian Supreme Court no. 854 / Pid / 1983 which reads as follows: "a man is proven to have been together with a woman in one room, in one bed is an indication that the man had had sex with the woman", but in the end the judge Pre The Bangil District Court, decided the case related to the Criminal Act of Zinah by no longer referring to one room and another bed, but to be "a man proven to have been together with a woman without any legal marital ties and not husband and wife, in one house (consisting of 2 bedrooms, 1 bathroom, 1 dining room and 1 living room) is an indication that the man "can be considered" having had sex with the woman ",Keywords: criminal, adultery, verdict, investigation

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Гирько, С. И., С. В. Харченко, А. А. Долгополов, and А. М. Камбаров. "Russian accelerated inquiry: modern metamorphoses of the procedural form." Penitentiary Science, no. 3(59) (September 30, 2022): 274–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.46741/2686-9764.2022.59.3.005.

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Введение: в последнее время поиск ускоренных и упрощенных форм досудебного производства как в России, так и за рубежом является проявлением тенденции гуманизации уголовного процесса. Однако анализ позиций ученых-процессуалистов в научной литературе, рассмотренный через призму международных стандартов полицейского дознания, не дает окончательного ответа о целесообразности проведения дознания в сокращенной форме. Cтавя цель исследования, авторы связывают современное состояние эффективности ускоренного дознания с определением способов оптимизации организации расследования преступлений и решением ряда проблем дифференциации процессуальной формы производства дознания. Методологическую базу исследования составила следующая совокупность теоретических и эмпирических методов научного познания действительности: теоретические познания основывались на анализе научных источников и размышлении авторов на тему законодательного регулирования ускоренной формы дознания, а эмпиризм выводился из практики применения данной формы. Обсуждение: авторами исследования оценена продолжающаяся в отечественной научной литературе дискуссия по проблеме восприятия дознания в ускоренной форме как самостоятельной процессуальной формы, введенной в российский уголовный процесс. Рассмотрено развитие гибридных моделей уголовного правосудия в двух континентальных юрисдикциях (на примере Франции и Италии). В странах англосаксонской правовой системы, таких как США, Великобритания, Австралия, упрощенная процедура, как правило, связана с заключением сделки с правосудием на стадиях и расследования, и судопроизводства. В государствах – участниках СНГ (Казахстан, Беларусь, Молдова) был избран подход к ускоренной форме досудебного производства, позволяющий только сократить его срок. Вывод: решение проблемы авторы видят в приведении отечественных практик в соответствие с международными стандартами процедур полицейского дознания. Исследование показало, что, несмотря на дискуссии ученых, модель ускоренного дознания, введенная в УПК РФ, в целом соответствует предъявляемым требованиям, а организационные меры МВД России позволят распространить эту практику. Результаты исследования расширяют знания о закрепленной в УПК РФ унифицированной процедуре и способствуют ее дальнейшему совершенствованию. Introduction: recently, the search for accelerated and simplified pre-trial proceedings both in Russia and abroad is a manifestation of the trend to humanize the criminal process. However, the analysis of the stance of procedural law scholars in the scientific literature considered through the prism of international standards of police inquiry does reveal the expediency of conducting an abbreviated inquiry. Defining the purpose of the research presented in the article, the authors link the current state of the accelerated inquiry efficiency with the definition of ways to optimize organization of crime investigation and solve a number of problems to differentiate the procedural form of inquiry. The following set of theoretical and empirical methods of scientific cognition of reality comprises the methodological basis of the research. Theoretical knowledge is based on the analysis of scientific sources and the authors’ reflection on the topic of legislative regulation of an accelerated inquiry; empiricism is derived from the practice of using this form. Discussion: the authors of the study evaluate the ongoing discussion in the Russian scientific literature on the problem to consider an accelerated inquiry as an independent procedural form introduced into the Russian criminal process. Development of hybrid models of criminal justice in two continental jurisdictions (on the example of France and Italy) is considered. In the countries of the Anglo-Saxon legal system, such as the USA, Great Britain, Australia, a simplified procedure is usually associated with the conclusion of a plea bargain both at the stage of investigation and legal proceedings. The CIS member states’ (Kazakhstan, Belarus, Moldova) approach to accelerated pre-trial proceedings only shortens its term. Conclusion: the authors see the solution to the existing problem in bringing domestic practices in line with international standards of police investigation procedures. The study shows that despite discussions of scientists, the accelerated inquiry model introduced in the Criminal Procedural Code of the Russian Federation, in general, meets the requirements, and organizational measures of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia will allow to spread this practice. The results of the study expand knowledge about the unified procedure enshrined in the Criminal Procedural Code of the Russian Federation and contribute to its further improvement.

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Babkina, O. P., and K. V. Varukha. "Diagnosis of Regional Blood Origin in Sexual Violence during Pandemic COVID-2019." Ukraïnsʹkij žurnal medicini, bìologìï ta sportu 6, no. 1 (February 26, 2021): 249–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.26693/jmbs06.01.249.

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The article indicates that Ukraine has significantly approached European standards in terms of preventing domestic violence and observing women's rights, legal assistance is provided at the legislative level. However, due to the increase in cases of domestic violence, especially sexual violence in emergency situations, including in quarantine conditions due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the issues of preventing and combating domestic violence require special attention and further solutions. The timely conduct of forensic medical examinations in order to identify the presence of injuries with the subsequent fixation of the facts of domestic violence, especially sexual violence, provides significant assistance to justice in the investigation of crimes. In cases of sexual violence against women, in addition to fixing external injuries, it is also necessary to pay attention to the study of objects of biological origin, identification by species, sex, regional, organ or cellular identity. Material and methods. The study material was dried on gauze menstrual blood, taken from practically healthy women and women who have inflammatory diseases of the external genital organs, aged 18 to 45 with a normal menstrual cycle. In forensic practice, this method is new. Results and discussion. The obtained results allowed recommending this method for the forensic medical determination of the regional origin of blood. As a result of our research, we found the dependence of PGF2α content, firstly, on the age of women, and secondly, on the regional origin of the fluid. It should be noted that the content of PGF2α in vaginal fluid, menstrual blood and capillary blood in women of reproductive age, has an age feature, its content is higher by 6-12% for women aged 30-45 years. Thus, in women 30-45 years the content of PGF2α was always, in all fluids, higher than in women 18-29 years (p <0.001): in vaginal fluid it increased by 11%; in menstrual blood it was by 6% higher; in capillary blood it increased by 3%. PGF2α was the highest in menstrual blood compared to vaginal fluid and capillary blood. Moreover, this trend was true for women of both ages: in women aged 30-45, the content of PGF2α was 2.6 times higher in menstrual blood than in capillary, and 1.4 times more than in vaginal fluid; in women aged 18-29, the content of PGF2α was 2.7 times higher in menstrual blood than in capillary, and 1.5 times higher than in vaginal fluid. Thus, we obtained statistically significant indicators that indicated the possibility of establishing the menstrual origin of the blood by the quantitative content of PG F2α. Conclusion. In our opinion, the content of PGF2α above 13.1 ng / mg of dry tissue was a reliable sign of menstrual blood, which was of great diagnostic value in the differential diagnosis of regional origin of objects of biological origin (blood) in cases of sexual violence / sexual crimes

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Lester, Emily, Conrad Speed, Dani Rob, Peter Barnes, Kelly Waples, and Holly Raudino. "Using an Electronic Monitoring System and Photo Identification to Understand Effects of Tourism Encounters on Whale Sharks in Ningaloo Marine Park." Tourism in Marine Environments 14, no. 3 (October 23, 2019): 121–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3727/154427319x15634581669992.

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In-water shark-based tourism is growing worldwide and whale sharks (Rhincodon typus) are one of the most popular targets of this industry. It is important to monitor tourism industries to minimize any potential impacts on target species. At Ningaloo, Western Australia, Electronic Monitoring Systems (EMS) have been installed on licensed tour vessels to collect information on encounters between snorkelers and whale sharks. This study combined data from the EMS with whale shark identification photographs, to assess the impact of in-water tourism on the encounter duration for individual sharks. During 2011 and 2012, 948 encounters with 229 individual sharks were recorded using EMS. Encounter durations between whale sharks and tourism vessels ranged between 1 and 59 min (mean = 11 min 42 s, SD = ±11 min 19 s). We found no evidence for a decline in encounter duration after repeated tourist encounters with individual sharks. Encounter duration varied among tourism operator vessels and were shorter when the sex of the whale shark could not be identified. Given that individual sharks were swum with on average 2.4 times per day (±SD 2.08), and up to 16 times over the course of the study, our results suggest that there is no evidence of long-term impacts of tourism on the whale sharks at Ningaloo. However, the inclusion of well-defined categories of whale shark behaviors and information regarding how interactions between tourists and whale sharks end will complement the data already collected by the EMS. This preliminary investigation demonstrates the potential for the EMS as a data resource to better understand and monitor the impacts of tourism interactions on whale sharks.

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Dudley, Michael, Norman Kelk, Tony Florio, Brent Waters, John Howard, and Darryl Taylor. "Coroners' Records of Rural and Non-Rural Cases of Youth Suicide in New South Wales." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 32, no. 2 (April 1998): 242–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00048679809062735.

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Objective: The aim of this study is to compare the frequency of certain putative risk factors for youth suicide in New South Wales (especially use of alcohol, social class, unemployment, and internal migration) in metropolitan and rural settings. Method: A review of 137 files for 10–19-year-old subjects judged by the Coroner to have committed suicide in 1988–1990 was carried out. Results: One hundred and fifteen males and 21 females were identified (one subject's sex was unavailable). The male-female ratio was higher in rural (13.0) areas than non-rural (4.9; χ2 = 12.14, p<0.01). Of 27 subjects migrating within Australia, most migrated in a rural direction, and most to rural shires. Unemployment was somewhat more common among rural (38.5%) than non-rural (28.9%) subjects (χ2 = 0.75, p = 0.39). Eleven of 50 non-rural parents of the deceased, but none of the 11 rural parents, were ranked as being in social classes 2 or 3. Alcohol consumption appeared more common in rural shires (44%) than metropolitan areas (32.9%), but this was not statistically significant. Medical services were less utilised prior to death in rural (15%) than non-rural (25%) areas (χ2 = 1.69, p = 0.19), and a psychiatric diagnosis was recorded more commonly in non-rural areas. Conclusions: Incomplete coronial file data and relatively small numbers limit this study's conclusions. Male suicides, principally by firearms, predominated in rural areas. Youth firearm access remains highly relevant to rural communities. Possible trends among rural subjects toward rural migration, higher unemployment, lower social class and lower medical attendance may point to resource deprivation among this group; these matters require further investigation.

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