Статті в журналах: "Sewerage Purification Biological treatment"

1

Bischof, Franz, Wolfgang Schulz, Ralph Teckenberg, and Peter Nitsch. "Increase of purification capacity in small treatment units." Water Science and Technology 33, no. 10-11 (May 1, 1996): 161–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1996.0672.

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Especially in rural regions most of the costs for wastewater treatment arise from the sewerage system due to the long distances between the different smaller communities and the centralized treatment station. Meanwhile, there are a lot of different systems available for smaller communities like trickling filter systems or activated sludge treatment systems, respectivly. In general, these smaller treatment units can fulfill the demands for the purification efficiency given by the law. But especially in the range of about 200 to 1000 population equivalents there are hardly any systems known which can serve for a controlled denitrification process. Normally two single, locally distinguishable, basins are erected to allow for the biological demands of the denitrification process. This results in pumping an enormous amount of wastewater with dissolved nitrate within the treatment station, the so-called internal recirculation. In this paper, a novel reactor is described where the nitrification zone was set above the denitrification zone in one tank. Both regions are separated by an intermediate bottom. Stirring and aeration in the different zones are carried out simultaneously by two different-sized hyperboloid stirrers. The paper will give an introduction in the working principle of this novel system which was developed for community sizes lower than 1000 population equivalents. It can demonstrate the visualization of the flow field and the exchange of water between the two different zones.

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2

Merchán-Sanmartín, Bethy, Maribel Aguilar-Aguilar, Fernando Morante-Carballo, Paúl Carrión-Mero, Jaime Guambaña-Palma, Diego Mestanza-Solano, and Edgar Berrezueta. "Design of Sewerage System and Wastewater Treatment in a Rural Sector: A Case Study." International Journal of Sustainable Development and Planning 17, no. 1 (February 28, 2022): 51–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.18280/ijsdp.170105.

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The accelerated growth of the population in recent years presents, as a great consequence, a significant increase in wastewater, which, on many occasions, is not discharged properly. This work aims to design a sewerage and wastewater treatment system in Las Mercedes commune in southern Ecuador based on geological, topographic, hydrological, geochemical and demographic parameters. All this focused on reducing pollution and complying with current national and international regulations, meeting the needs of the rural population studied. The methodology used consists of four phases: i) collection, inventory and processing of the base information ii) design of the sewerage system, ii) design of a wastewater treatment system and iv) environmental impact assessment and referential budget. The sewerage system consists of 3.2 km long PVC pipes that transport wastewater to a purification system of water pretreatment and facultative and maturation ponds. The designed system complies with a total purification of 636.27 MPN/100 ml of faecal coliforms (99.994%) and 35.30 mg/l of BOD5 (88%). The proposed design contributes to wastewater management and environmental education research, defining a combined model of a sewerage system with stabilisation ponds replicable in communities with similar conditions.

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3

Bortenschlager, Peter. "The Vienna Sewerage System." Water Science and Technology 22, no. 5 (May 1, 1990): 235–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1990.0034.

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After the practice for many decades had been to introduce waste waters into the nearest receiving bodies, i.e. Wien River, Donaukanal, and Danube, a multitude of intercepting sewers and a central treatment plant were built from 1969 to 1980. Subsumed under the working title “WABAS 80 -- Wiener Abwasserbeseitigungssysteme 1980”, these facilities guaranteed that all effluent produced in Vienna was brought to the central treatment plant for purification. Since 1986 a programme has been in effect to expand the existing sewage system and improve obsolete sewers, the aim being to preserve groundwater quality. Providing also for the construction of relief interceptors along the Donaukanal and the Wien River as well as the enlargement of the central treatment plant, the programme was designed not only to preserve but also to improve water quality in the Donaukanal and the Danube itself. The City has set apart AS 12 000 million for this project, which is to be completed by 2000.

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4

Chipiga, L. A., A. V. Vodovatov, I. A. Zvonova, A. A. Stanzhevsky, A. V. Petryakova, E. E. Anokina, K. S. Velichkina, and S. A. Ryzhov. "Management of biological waste of patients after radionuclide therapy." Radiatsionnaya Gygiena = Radiation Hygiene 15, no. 2 (June 25, 2022): 19–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.21514/1998-426x-2022-15-2-19-30.

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Radioactive waste management is a modern-day issue in terms of radiation safety due to the development of radionuclide therapy, the emergence of new radiopharmaceuticals, radionuclides, and treatment methods, which allow for radionuclide therapy in a day hospital. According to the current domestic regulatory and methodological support biological wastes generated during the patient’s metabolic activity after injection of the radiopharmaceuticals for the therapy refer to the liquid radioactive waste. These wastes must be collected and kept for decay in hospitals to the safe levels before being spilled into the municipal sewerage. It requires additional expenses to the hospital for making the special sewerage. To increase the availability of radionuclide therapy, it is necessary to update the requirements of the liquid radioactive waste management in nuclear medicine departments, considering the volume activities of different diagnostic and therapeutic radionuclides in wastes generated after the injection of radiopharmaceuticals to the patients. On the basis of findings, it is possible to evaluate the feasibility of the binding requirement for the availability of special sewerage in the departments of the radionuclide therapy. In this work, excretion of the radiopharmaceuticals used in therapy: 89Sr-dichloride, 223Ra-dichloride, 131I-MIBG, 177Lu-PSMA, and 225Ac-PSMA was studied based on published data to determine the activity levels of radionuclides in waste of patients. As a results of preliminary computations, some nuclear medicine procedure will not lead to generation of liquid radioactive waste from biological waste of patients in sewerage system in usual operating condition and special sewerage is not strictly necessary. For example, estimations of radionuclide activity in wastes showed the volume of current sewerage system in a small hospital with a limitation of 50 beds can be enough to reduce the level of specific activity of radionuclides in wastewater from one patient a day after radionuclide therapy with 89Sr-chloride and 223Ra-dichloride. In order to revision of requirements to special sewerage in each department of radionuclide therapy and to development of differentiated approach to the management of biological waste of patient in nuclear medicine departments, which ensure environment protection and radiation safety of people, it is necessary to continue the research including development and modeling of realistic scenario of staff and patient radiation exposure confirmed experimental results.

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5

KINOSHITA, Isao. "Biological Corrosion of Concrete in Sanitary Sewerage Systems and Treatment Plants." Journal of the Society of Materials Science, Japan 47, no. 10 (1998): 1031–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2472/jsms.47.1031.

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6

Belecciu, Liliana. "The legality of the “share” in the billing of the public water supply and sewage service." Supremacy of Law, no. 1 (September 2021): 129–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.52388/2345-1971.2021.1.12.

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The public water supply and sewerage service includes the totality of activities of public utility and general economic and social interest carried out for the purpose of the collection, treatment, transportation, storage and distribution of drinking water on the territory of the administrative-territorial unit, as well as for the purpose of the collection and purification of wastewater. This service is regulated, in particular, by the Law on public water supply and sewerage service No. 303/2013. The object of the law represents the creation of the legal framework for the establishment, organization, operation, regulation and monitoring of the public drinking water supply and sewerage service in the conditions of accessibility, availability, reliability, continuity, competitiveness, transparency, respecting quality, safety and environmental protection. Everything that exceeds these activities is not subject to the regulation of the Law No. 303/2013. And the application of the “share” is an illegal activity that is punishable in accordance with the legislation in force.

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7

Kaczor, Grzegorz B., Krzysztof Chmielowski, and Piotr Bugajski. "Influence of extraneous waters on the quality and loads of pollutants in wastewater discharged into the treatment plant." Journal of Water and Land Development 33, no. 1 (June 1, 2017): 73–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jwld-2017-0021.

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Abstract The aim of the study was to analyze an influence of an inflow penetrating into two selected small sewerage systems during a rainy weather on pollutant concentration and load in raw sewage. Studies were conducted in 2010–2015 on two small sewerage systems in Małopolska province. The studies confirmed that the inflow penetrating into the sewerage systems resulted in a decrease of pollutant concentrations in sewage. However, they also showed that this dilution was not constant for all types of pollutants. The most important outcome of the study was demonstrating that despite its diluting effect on pollutants, the intense inflow into a sewerage system resulted in an increase of a sewage pollutant load. This increase was not regular, but it was rising dramatically when the inflow share in sewage exceeded 50%. The study indicated that the inflow penetrating into the sewerage system should not be disregarded, as it actually presented a significant threat to the wastewater treatment process and in consequence to the quality of recipient waters.

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8

ISHIKAWA, SUSUMU. "Purification of municipal sewerage water by high-functional pre-treatment equipment and aerobic filter bed." Journal of Environmental Conservation Engineering 25, no. 3 (1996): 140–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5956/jriet.25.140.

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9

Tebai, Larbi, and Ioannis Hadjivassilis. "Soft Drinks Industry Wastewater Treatment." Water Science and Technology 25, no. 1 (January 1, 1992): 45–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1992.0008.

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Soft drinks industry wastewater from various production lines is discharged into the Industrial Effluent Treatment Plant. The traditional coagulation/flocculation method as first step, followed by biological treatment as second step, has been adopted for treating the soft drinks industry wastewaters. The performance of the plant has been evaluated. It has been found that the effluent characteristics are in most cases in correspondence with the requested standards for discharging the effluent into the Nicosia central sewerage system.

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10

Prăjanu, Costel-Cătălin, Daniel Toma, Cristina-Mihaela Vîrlan, and Nicolae Marcoie. "Studies Related to the Biological Treatment of Wastewater within the Wastewater Treatment Plant of Iași City." Ovidius University Annals of Constanta - Series Civil Engineering 20, no. 1 (December 1, 2018): 57–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ouacsce-2018-0006.

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Abstract This paper includes an analysis of the biological treatment process existing within the water supply and sewerage of Iași City. The main objective of biological treatment is the removal of solid organic substances from wastewater, the stabilization of sludge, the reduction of nutrients loads etc. The Iași City Wastewater Treatment Plant was developed in several stages since year 1968. Nowadays, the facility operates at a design flow rate of 4 m3/s during dry weather and 8 m3/s during heavy rainfalls. This study is focused on the following aspects: wastewater treatment plant’s diagram, the wastewater parameters inside the treatment plant, the biological treatment process analysis and a few conclusions.

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11

van der Graaf, J. H. J. M. "Interactions of Sewerage and Waste-Water Treatment: Practical Examples in The Netherlands." Water Science and Technology 27, no. 5-6 (March 1, 1993): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1993.0481.

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Various interactions of sewerage and waste-water treatment are discussed for the typical situation in the Netherlands. Sewerage and waste-water treatment are no longer necessary when each house has its own integrated waste-water system; however, costs seem to be high. The same applies for small-scale waste-water treatment versus centralisation. However, centralized waste-water treatment plants suffer from specific problems due to high fluctuations, not only in hydraulic but also in biological load. With stringent effluent standards the need increases for complete treatment instead of by-passing the peak flows. Besides, the application of buffering tanks may change in favour of an increase in the hydraulic capacity of the waste-water treatment plant. Finally, a new, integrated, attitude on water-cycle problems must be advocated.

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12

Bruyako, Michail, and Larisa Grigoreva. "Mobile plants for plasma chemical water treatment." MATEC Web of Conferences 170 (2018): 04004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201817004004.

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Water is a valuable natural resource. It provides an exceptional role in metabolic processes, which are the basis of life. The negative factor of human activity is pollution of the environment, including water resources. Municipal sewage treatment is an urgent environmental problem. It exists both in Russia and abroad. Despite all the measures and methods used to treat wastewater, pollutants continue to flow into water bodies. The most dangerous pollutants are heavy metals, organic substances (proteins, fats, carbohydrates). To solve this problem, both traditional and modern methods are proposed. The purpose of this study is to develop an energy-efficient, eco-friendly mobile device for water purification based on the action of low-temperature nonequilibrium plasma. The developed installation has a small weight of 20 to 50 kg, occupies a small area. To move it you can use any vehicle. Model samples and samples from the municipal sewerage network were prepared as experimental samples. The effect of low-temperature plasma showed a high degree of purification with a single exposure at low values of electric energy consumption per unit of water to be purified. Reduction of the concentration of ammonium-ion and ammonium nitrogen reaches 96-98%.

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13

Kalyuzhnyi, S., M. Gladchenko, E. Starostina, S. Shcherbakov, and A. Versprille. "Combined biological and physico-chemical treatment of baker's yeast wastewater." Water Science and Technology 52, no. 1-2 (July 1, 2005): 175–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2005.0514.

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The UASB reactor (35 oC) was quite efficient for removal of bulk COD (52–74%) from the raw and diluted cultivation medium from the first separation process of baker's yeasts (the average organic loading rates varied in the range 3.7–16 g COD/l/d). The aerobic-anoxic biofilter (19–23 °C) can be used for removal of remaining BOD and ammonia from anaerobic effluents; however, it had insufficient COD to fulfil the denitrification requirements. To balance COD/N ratio, some bypass of raw wastewater (∼10%) should be added to the biofilter feed. The application of iron (III)-, aluminium- or calcium-induced coagulation for post-treatment of aerobic effluents can fulfil the limits for discharge to sewerage (even for colour mainly exerted by hardly biodegradable melanoidins), however, the required amounts of coagulants were relatively high.

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14

Teichgräber, B. "Decentralisation of the Emscher Sewerage System - Planning of the Bottrop Biological Sewage Treatment Plant." Water Science and Technology 25, no. 4-5 (February 1, 1992): 51–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1992.0480.

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The Emschergenossenschaft plans to improve the Emscher drainage system by separating sewage and clean water. 6 or 7 subcatchment areas will be created and served by separate wastewater treatment plants. The Bottrop WWTP has been planned for 1.3 million population equivalents. It is scheduled to start operation in 1995 and its costs are estimated as totalling 820 million DM in total. Biological treatment will be effected by a low-loaded, single-stage activated sludge system with cascade denitrification and modified UCT process.

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15

Bugajski, Piotr M., Grzegorz Kaczor, and Krzysztof Chmielowski. "Variable dynamics of sewage supply to wastewater treatment plant depending on the amount of precipitation water inflowing to sewerage network." Journal of Water and Land Development 33, no. 1 (June 1, 2017): 57–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jwld-2017-0019.

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AbstractThe paper analyzes the effect of precipitation water that inflowing to sanitary sewage system as accidental water on the changes in the total amount of treated sewage. The effects of accidental water supply on the total amount of sewage inflowing to treatment plant were analyzed based on mean daily amounts from the investigated periods and mean daily amounts from incidental supplies. The study was conducted in the years 2010–2015. Six characteristic research periods were identified (one per each calendar year), when the amount of sewage in the sanitary sewage system was greater than during dry weather. The analysis of changes in the amount of sewage supplied to the sewerage system in the six investigated periods revealed that the accidental water constituted from 26.8% to 48.4% of total sewage inflowing to the wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). In exceptional situations, during intense rains, the share of precipitation water in the sewerage system would increase up to 75%. Then, the rainwater inflowing the sewerage system caused hydraulic overloading of the WWTP by exceeding its maximum design supply.

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16

Heuer, J. J. M. B., and H. J. Kaskens. "Prevention of Concrete Corrosion and Odour Annoyance with Biofiltration." Water Science and Technology 27, no. 5-6 (March 1, 1993): 207–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1993.0500.

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In many Dutch sewerage systems the sewage is pumped from small villages through pipelines to larger cities. These pressurized pipelines often end up in the pump sump of another pumping-station or in another sewerage system which transports the sewage under atmospheric conditions to the waste water treatment installation. When the waste water in these pipelines stays stationary for a longer period often sulphurous compounds are formed. At the downstream end of the pipeline, where the sewerage system meets atmospheric, aerobic circumstances, the hydrogen sulphide can be converted into sulphuric acid by micro-organisms. The above described process(es) can lead to the following problems:corrosion of concrete caused by sulphuric acid;odour annoyance caused by hydrogen sulphide and other sulphurous compounds. A good solution against concrete corrosion developed by HASKONING consists of stripping the sulphurous compounds out of the sewage and eliminating them. The most economic way to eliminate H2S is the use of a biological filter. Measurements carried out at a pump sump show that this type of filter is highly effective in eliminating H2S. Nevertheless, the installed biofilter did not completely avoid odour annoyance. Therefore the outcoming air after the biofilter was led back into the sewerage system. No complaints occurred anymore.

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17

Mariya Zinchenko, Evgenija Ponomarenko, Nataliia Bukatenko, and Olga Holubkina. "ANAEROBIC BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT OF SUGAR PRODUCTION." Bulletin of the National Technical University "KhPI". Series: Chemistry, Chemical Technology and Ecology, no. 2 (4) (July 28, 2022): 3–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.20998/2079-0821.2020.02.01.

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Water usage of sugar beet factories is characterized by a high level of consumption and a large volume of generated wastewater with a high concentration of mineral and organic pollution. Artificial biological purification facilities are mainly used for purification of sugar production effluents. While a scheme with two-stage aeration tanks is the most widespread in our country,anaerobic-aerobic regimens are frequently used abroad. It is more cost-effective, since the oxidation of large amounts of organic substances exclusively under aerobic conditions is associated with high energy consumption. The use of anaerobic digestion at the first stage allows reducing the concentration of organic substances in effluents by 60-90%, while the post-purification of remaining contaminants is carried out in stage-two aeration tanks with lower energy consumption. To assess the appropriateness of using a digester in the system of purification facilities of a particular enterprise, it is necessary to have information on the effectiveness of digestion and the optimal purification regime of the wastewater of that particular enterprise. This work studies the process of anaerobic digestion of wastewater at one of the beet sugar factories in Ukraine. The experiments were carried out in a bioreactor with an upward flow of activated sludge. The method of mathematical planning of an experiment was used in order to shorten the duration of the research. As a result, data was obtained regarding the influence of determining factors (flow rate, pH, temperature) on biogas yield and substrate fermentation depth. Received data proves the effectiveness and prospects of using anaerobic digestion in the first stage of biological fermentation of wastewater at a sugar beet production.

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18

Kalyuzhnyi, S., M. Gladchenko, E. Starostina, S. Shcherbakov, and B. Versprille. "Integrated biological (anaerobic–aerobic) and physico-chemical treatment of baker's yeast wastewater." Water Science and Technology 52, no. 10-11 (November 1, 2005): 273–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2005.0703.

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The UASB reactor (35°C) was quite efficient for removal of bulk COD (52–74%) from simulated (on the basis of cultivation medium from the first separation process) general effluent of baker's yeast production (the average organic loading rates varied from 8.1 to 16g COD/l/d). The aerobic-anoxic biofilter (19–23°C) can be used for removal of remaining BOD and ammonia from anaerobic effluents; however, it suffered from COD-deficiency to fulfil denitrification requirements. To balance COD/N ratio, some bypass (∼10%) of anaerobically untreated general effluent should be added to the biofilter feed. The application of iron (III)-, aluminium- or calcium-induced coagulation for post-treatment of aerobic-anoxic effluents can fulfil the limits for discharge to sewerage (even for colour mainly exerted by hardly biodegradable melanoidins), however, the required amounts of coagulants were relatively high.

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19

Inui, T., Y. Tanaka, Y. Okayasu, and H. Tanaka. "Application of toxicity monitor using nitrifying bacteria biosensor to sewerage systems." Water Science and Technology 45, no. 4-5 (February 1, 2002): 271–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2002.0603.

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Toxic substances may be included in wastewater influent and can damage biological processing of wastewater treatment, therefore continuous toxic-monitoring of wastewater influent is needed. This paper describes the potential toxic-monitoring applications of the toxicity monitor using a nitrifying bacteria biosensor to sewerage systems. The results of sensitivity tests show that aspects of wastewater do not affect the sensor sensitivity and confirm that the sensor can be applied to wastewater monitoring as it is. The monitor with a prototype of filtration system installed in a wastewater treatment plant is able to operate continuously for one month at least after the modification of filtration system and the optimization of operation conditions.

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20

Noorain, Roslan, Tomonori Kindaichi, Noriatsu Ozaki, Yoshiteru Aoi, and Akiyoshi Ohashi. "Integrated biological–physical process for biogas purification effluent treatment." Journal of Environmental Sciences 83 (September 2019): 110–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jes.2019.02.028.

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21

Green, M., G. Shelef, and A. Messing. "Using the sewerage system main conduits for biological treatment. Greater Tel-Aviv as a conceptual model." Water Research 19, no. 8 (January 1985): 1023–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0043-1354(85)90371-9.

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22

Burievich, Buriev Sulaymon, and Yuldoshov Laziz Tolibovich. "Biological Treatment of Wastewater from Production Enterprises." International Journal of Biology 12, no. 3 (May 5, 2020): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijb.v12n3p14.

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The article provides information on the growth, development, reproduction and degree of purification of wastewater from organo-mineral substances of the high water plant pistia (Pistia stratiotes L) oil refining plant wastewater.

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23

Lemmer, Hilde, George Lind, Gerhard Metzner, Lutz Nitschke, and Margit Schade. "Vitamin addition in biological wastewater treatment." Water Science and Technology 37, no. 4-5 (February 1, 1998): 395–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1998.0675.

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Vitamin supplementation is advertised in wastewater treatment to compensate for a deficiency of growth factors and thereby increase sludge activity and purification efficiency. Addition of vitamins of the B-complex was tested with activated sludge from 5 plants and compared to municipal sludge. Auxotrophy of bacteria isolates turned out to be compensated in most cases by vitamin producers in the activated sludge biocenoses.

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Teichgräber, Burkhard, and Ulrich Hermanns. "Decentralisation of the Emscher sewerage system - expansion of the Emscher mouth treatment plant." Water Science and Technology 33, no. 12 (June 1, 1996): 19–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1996.0294.

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Since the beginning of the 20th Century, the Emscher and its tributaries have been operated as open waste water courses (Emscher System). Between 1966 and 1977, the Emscher Mouth Treatment Plant was constructed for the biological treatment of domestic and industrial discharge from the 774 square kilometre Emscher catchment area. The plant was designed for 5 million population equivalents. Since the beginning of the Nineties, the Waste Water Management Regulations require, apart from the elimination of carbon, also the elimination of nitrogen and phosphorus, in order to reduce, as far as possible, the load on natural, flowing bodies of water and to protect the North Sea. While the COD values are observed with a narrow margin, the nitrogen values make it necessary to expand the aeration volume of the Emscher Mouth Treatment Plant by 50% to 216,000 m3. For this purpose, comprehensive studies, as well as pilot studies on the subject of filtration, have been carried out. Construction of the new aeration tanks was begun in spring 1993. The expansion will be completed at the end of 1996. Investments totalling 102 million DM are required.

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25

Defrain, M., and F. Schmidt. "Solids Concentrations in a Treatment Plant Effluent." Water Science and Technology 26, no. 9-11 (November 1, 1992): 2543–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1992.0783.

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In the calculations customarily used to dimension nitrification and denitrification plants in the Federal Republic of Germany, solids in the influent of the biological stage represent a significant output variable. Numerous modified methods based on nationally and internationally standardized analysis procedures are available to determine solids concentrations in waste-water. Tests showed that different values are measured depending on the method of analysis employed. Harmonization of the analysis procedure is advisable to ensure comparable conditions for the calculation of activated sludge tank volumes. The solids reaching a treatment plant originate from two main sources. Filterable materials are passed to the treatment plant via the preceding sewerage network with its industrial and commercial users, but are also carried by process water from sludge treatment. The influence of process water on wastewater composition is illustrated by reference to the Wuppertal-Buchenhofen treatment plant.

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26

Gogina, Elena, and Olga Ogneva. "Comparison of methods for calculating biological wastewater treatment." E3S Web of Conferences 263 (2021): 04033. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202126304033.

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Due to the increase in the discharge of nitrogen and phosphorus compounds into water bodies in many countries, the problem of eutrophication has become the most relevant in the field of biological treatment technologies. To solve this problem, many technological schemes for purification from biogenic elements have been developed, based on different methods. The concept of biological purification, the composition and process of nutrition of heterotrophic microorganisms, as well as the course of the process of methanogenesis are analyzed. The analysis of the methods of the two countries, Russia and Germany. Most of the facilities in Russia are designed in accordance with SNiP 2.04.03.85, while Germany offers a different biological treatment method developed by the German Water Association DWA A131.

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Štyriaková, Iveta, and Michal Lovás. "Biological Purification of Silicate Minerals." Advanced Materials Research 20-21 (July 2007): 126–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.20-21.126.

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Bioleaching is technology applicable to iron extraction from low-grade non-metallic raw materials. Bioleaching of quartz sands and feldspars involves the action of heterotrophic bacteria. Impurities include fine – grained limonite, goethite, hematite or mica were removed by the reductive dissolution of Fe3+ in linked with the silicate mineral destruction. Heterotrophic bacteria produced organic acids that are able to solubilize Fe oxide and silicates but require organic carbon as a source of energy. Molasses is a relatively inexpensive carbon source used for various industrial fermentations and contains also other nutrients that accounted for the enhancement of iron dissolution in this study. The admixture of pigments in molasses coloured the samples, but the discoloration could be removed by the addition of NaClO following the bioleaching step. The feasibility of the bioleaching treatment has to be tested specifically to each type of silicate raw materials. The Fe content in the quartz sands and feldspar samples by the biological leaching decreased as much as 60% and by subsequent using of electromagnetic separation of feldspars, the decrease of Fe content in 74% was achieved. However, the application of magnetic separation of quartz sands after bioleaching resulted in total iron removal of 93 % and in such combined way prepared product contained 0.024 % of Fe2O3. Achieved results on iron removal point to the fact that combination of leaching and magnetic separation enables to obtain product usable in glass and ceramic industry.

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28

Yamada, K. "Diffuse pollution in Japan: issues and perspectives." Water Science and Technology 56, no. 1 (July 1, 2007): 11–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2007.431.

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Many parts of Japan have experienced rapid urbanization and industrialization over the past 50 years. This trend resulted in severe water pollution in many urban areas. To address the pollution problems, several measures such as construction of sewerage systems and enactment of laws and regulations have been undertaken. Because of these measures, the water quality has been improved to some extent. However, many water quality concerns still remain and are attributed in part to diffuse pollution. In this paper, historical progress, present situation and future aspects of diffuse pollution problems in Japan are reviewed. It is noted that solving diffuse pollution problems will require a combination of several measures including application of conventional treatment technologies and natural purification systems, implementation of appropriate policy measures, and promotion of citizen participation.

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29

Slezak, L. A., M. K. Fries, L. R. Pickard, and R. A. Palsenbarg. "Liquid stream secondary treatment process design at the Annacis Island wastewater treatment plant of the Greater Vancouver sewerage and drainage district." Water Science and Technology 38, no. 3 (August 1, 1998): 51–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1998.0174.

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The Greater Vancouver Sewerage & Drainage District (GVS&DD) is a major regional wastewater agency serving Vancouver, British Columbia and surrounding municipalities. In the late 1980's it was mandated to upgrade its largest treatment plant from primary treatment to secondary treatment. From 1990 until the present the GVS&DD has engaged in Predesign, Design, Construction and Commissioning of the Annacis Island WWTP Secondary Upgrade. The size of the facility and the fact that no secondary treatment components were previously in place combined to make the upgrade a very large project valued at nearly $470 million CDN. This paper describes the major project components of the liquid stream process improvements. In addition to the major biological treatment components, other aspects of the project are described including, odour management, influent pumping, and primary treatment upgrades.

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30

Fastenau, Frits A., Jaap H. J. M. van der Graaf, and Gerard Martijnse. "Bottlenecks in the Implementation of On-Site Wastewater Treatment Plants on a Large Scale in The Netherlands." Water Science and Technology 22, no. 3-4 (March 1, 1990): 291–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1990.0214.

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More than 95 % of the total housing stock in the Netherlands is connected to central sewerage systems and in most cases the wastewater is treated biologically. As connection to central sewerage systems has reached its economic limits, interest in on-site treatment of the domestic wastewater of the remaining premises is increasing. A large scale research programme into on-site wastewater treatment up to population equivalents of 200 persons has therefore been initiated by the Dutch Ministry of Housing, Physical Planning and Environment. Intensive field-research work did establish that the technological features of most on-site biological treatment systems were satisfactory. A large scale implementation of these systems is however obstructed in different extents by problems of an organisational, financial and/or juridical nature and management difficulties. At present research is carried out to identify these bottlenecks and to analyse possible solutions. Some preliminary results are given which involve the following ‘bottlenecks':-legislation: absence of co-ordination and absence of a definition of ‘surface water';-absence of subsidies;-ownership: divisions in task-setting of Municipalities and Waterboards; divisions involved with cost-sharing;-inspection; operational control and maintenance; organisation of management;-discharge permits;-pollution levy;-sludge disposal. Final decisions and practical elaboration of policies towards on-site treatment will have to be formulated in a broad discussion with all the authorities and interest groups involved.

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31

Wiśniewska, Marta, and Mirosław Szyłak-Szydłowski. "The Air and Sewage Pollutants from Biological Waste Treatment." Processes 9, no. 2 (January 29, 2021): 250. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9020250.

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The mechanical-biological waste treatment plants (MBTP), which include the municipal waste biogas plants, have an important role in sustainable urban development. Some plants are equipped with a sewage pre-treatment plant, which is then directed to the sewerage system and the treatment plant. Others, on the other hand, have only a non-drainage tank. The parameters of technological sewage (TS) or processing technology could reduce sewage contamination rates. In addition to the quality of sewage from waste treatment plants, the emission of odours is also an important problem, as evidenced by the results obtained over the sewage pumping station tank. The conducted statistical analysis shows a significant positive correlation between odour concentration (cod) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Analysing the individual compounds, a high positive correlation was also found—the strongest being between H2S, NH3 and VOCs. In the case of sewage compounds, the insignificant correlation between P total and other parameters was found. For the rest of the compounds, the highest positive correlation was found between COD and BOD and N-NO2 and N-NH3 as well as COD and N-NO2. The dilution of sewage is only an ad hoc solution to the problem. Further work should be aimed at reducing sewage pollution rates. The obtained results indicate large pollution of technological sewage and a high level of odour and odorants concentration. The novelty and scientific contribution presented in the paper are related to analyses of various factors on technological sewage parameters and odour and odorant emission from TS tank at biogas plant processing municipal waste, which may be an important source of knowledge on the management of TS, its disposal and minimisation of emitted compound emissions.

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32

SHUVALOV, Mikhail V. "DIALECTICS OF THE TOTALITY OF THEORETICAL, METHODOLOGICAL AND NORMATIVE PROVISIONS APPLIED FOR THE DESIGN OF THE SETTLEMENTS SEWAGE SYSTEM." Urban construction and architecture 8, no. 2 (June 15, 2018): 35–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.17673/vestnik.2018.02.6.

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On the base of the system analysis of technical literature and regulatory documentation on the sewerage of sett lements and industrial enterprises it is established that in the history of the development of sanitary equipment for the period from the middle of the 19th century onwards up to the present time it is possible to roughly distinguish fi ve stages diff ering from each other in that for a certain period of time in developed countries a certain system of theoretical and normative provisions on the collection, removal and disposal of sewage water dominated. In the fi rst quarter of the XX century the generally accepted paradigm is the method of sewerage of sett lements by a centralized scheme with the installation of communal sewage treatment plants by a biological method. At the beginning of the XXI century there is a paradigm shift in the collection, management and purifi cation of domestic wastewater due to the resumption of search for resource-saving technologies that reduce the emission of pollutants into the environment through the introduction of technological solutions for the separation of domestic (sanitary) wastewater into separate fl ows for the purpose production from waste water components of secondary products. In the short term, after the development and approval of normative documents regulating the basic sanitary rules and technological norms for the introduction of advanced modifi ed technologies for the separation of human excrement and household wastewater with the purpose of separate treatment with the disposal of sewage components, a gradual transition from a centralized to a decentralized separate sewerage system will be carried out domestic and sanitary sewage.

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33

Malikides, E. "The Sewage Treatment and Disposal Problem in Cyprus in the Absence of Sewerage Systems: Limassol Case Study – Evaluation of Compromise Solutions." Water Science and Technology 21, no. 1 (January 1, 1989): 77–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1989.0008.

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Due to lack of central sewerage systems in coastal towns of Cyprus, temporary measures have been imposed to protect health and environment. As a result sewage is treated in small biological plants serving individual residential units. Effectiveness of treatment methods employed were examined and the method of extended aeration has been proved to be the most suitable for Cyprus conditions. Design standards have to be modified taking into account Cyprus specific conditions, especially that of temperature. Statistical results from 54 small treatment plants operating in the town of Limassol showed that the vast majority of the plants failed to meet either performance standards in terms of BOD5, SS, or bacteriological requirements in terms of faecal coliforms. It was identified that the main reason for this was the lack of proper maintenance. The bacteriological quality of bathing waters has not been affected by temporary measures although many secondary problems have arisen from the operation of about 90 small treatment plants at Limassol town. The per capita cost of construction, operation and maintenance of this decentralized system has been proved extremely high compared with that of centralized system. Improvement of the situation, in the short term, includes reconsideration of temporary measures, modification of design standards relying on reliable and high efficiency treatment methods and rising of plants maintenance level. Radical solution of the problem is the construction of the central sewerage system.

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34

Csépai, L. "Fully Biological Wastewater Treatment without Energy Consumption." Water Science and Technology 22, no. 3-4 (March 1, 1990): 331–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1990.0219.

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By two Sewage Treatment Plants it is demonstrated that a fully biological wastewater treatment without external energy supply is possible provided there is a sufficient natural gradient to guarantee a free flow through the entire plant. Both plants have now been in operation for more than 2 years. Test results show a very good purification efficiency. Elimination of BOD5 is over 93%, of COD 84%, of TOC 86%, of NH4 66 % and that of nitrogen totals 29%. The results of the two-year operation of both plants prove that also smaller units allow for meeting all requirements to obtain a good purification efficiency. Especially pre-settling and final clarifying ponds with interposed trickling filters represent a very simple but economic addition to the ample variety of modern wastewater techniques. It has also been demonstrated that, when planning wastewater treatment plants, every effort should be made to adjust the hydraulic longitudinal section to the existing area conditions, even at the risk of increased building costs. As far as economic considerations are concerned, a unit operating without energy consumption certainly proves advantageous. At the same time it offers a running guarantee, which is equally important, especially in case of smaller units. Particularly if local communities experience prolonged economic difficulties such considerations gain increasing priority. In addition to all these advantages the plants show a high buffering efficiency, minimum maintenance requirements and very low running costs.

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35

Yu Teplykh, S., M. A. Gridneva, and E. V. Dremina. "Sludge pits of biological treatment plants and their reclamation." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1010, no. 1 (April 1, 2022): 012131. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1010/1/012131.

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Abstract The paper describes different methods of sludge pits reclamation and biological methods of their purification. It shows that sludge pits purification becomes possible due to sludge dewatering and its membrane composting. Membrane composting at the moment helps solve different problems. The main danger lies in the fact that sludge pits pose a potential threat to water bodies pollution and are also a source of pathogenic microbiological pollution, as well as a source of unpleasant smells and harmful gases (methane, hydrogen sulfide, mercaptan, carbon dioxide, etc.). Excessive pressure, semi-permeable membrane shells and optimization of oxygen content are able to minimize this harmful effect. As a result of these procedures, silt and sludge turn into technical soil with a humidity of 40-50%, which can be used as a backfill. It is often used to restore recreational areas and to set out various plants as well. Due to its high content of phosphorus and nitrogen sludge is a very good fertilizer.

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36

Bongards, M., T. Hengstermann, and M. Köhne. "Principles of Operation and Experimental Results for a Small Wastewater Treatment Plant of 300 Population Equivalents." Water Science and Technology 28, no. 10 (November 1, 1993): 387–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1993.0257.

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Small wastewater treatment plants play a very important role in German environmental politics. Presented here is a new system for biological wastewater treatment with simultaneous aerobic sludge stabilization. This system operates as a charge process and can be used in the range of 300 to 2000 population equivalents. Different modes of operation were tested in an experimental plant. The system is applicable for both separate sewerage systems and combined systems with large amounts of storm water. The quality of the purified water was good and even under the worst case conditions it met the demands of standard discharge consent conditions. A theoretical simulation of the operation has not yet been started, because the system equations are very complex, due to the variable water volume.

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37

Voigtländer, G., and E. P. Kulle. "An improved small sewage treatment plant for biological purification of wastewater." Water Science and Technology 29, no. 12 (December 1, 1994): 23–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1994.0575.

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The paper presents a small sewage treatment plant (package plant) operating without additional energy. Purification of sewage is achieved in a three-step process: sedimentation tank, anaerobic reactor and wastewater pond or aerobic reactor. The efficiency of the anaerobic reactor - in contrast to the efficiency of a common septic tank - is significantly increased by using fixed biomass systems. Further degradation of sewage compounds by adhering microorganisms occurs in pond or aerobic reactor. The bed for the aerobic biomass is made of a semipermeable plastic film and arranged in order to ensure simultaneous supply of oxygen. The three pilot plants are showing different results. The main aims of research i.e. lowering of operational costs, energy supply, minimizing of maintenance expenditure and cleaning work, reliability of degradation efficiency have been achieved so far for the anaerobic reactor.

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38

MUSASHI, Masahiro, Kazuo SAITO, and Masayoshi SAKAMOTO. "Advanced water purification technology. Biological activated carbon treatment and ozonation technology." Journal of Environmental Conservation Engineering 17, no. 9 (1988): 587–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.5956/jriet.17.587.

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39

Vashkurak, Uliana, Liliya Shevchuk, Ivan Aftanaziv, and Anna Romaniv. "The effect of ultrasound on the treatment of domestic wastewater from organic and biological contamination." French-Ukrainian Journal of Chemistry 8, no. 1 (2020): 125–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/fujcv8i1p125-132.

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The effectiveness of the uses of ultrasonic cavitation for wastewater treatment has been investigated. The influence of the gases of different nature (nitrogen, oxygen, air, mixture of nitrogen and oxygen gases in the ratio of 1:1) on the destruction of organic and biological contaminants has been carried out. It is confirmed that ultrasound cavitation increases the purification effect of gases. It is established that the deepest purification from organic contaminants was achieved by the common action of air with ultrasound, the degree of water purification from organic compounds being 80% and from biological contaminants – by the common action of nitrogen with ultrasound – the degree of water purification from biological compounds being 99,5%. The effective rate constant was calculated.

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40

CHYRYKAVA, M. S., and A. M. HLUSHEN. "PROSPECTS FOR BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT OF OLEAGINOUS CROP PROCESSING WASTE WATER." Микробные биотехнологии: фундаментальные и прикладные аспекты 13 (October 21, 2021): 379–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.47612/2226-3136-2021-13-379-388.

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The possibility of microbial treatment of waste waters of an enterprise for deep prcessing of oilseeds has been studied. It was found that the most effective cleaning occurs when using a consortium that includes strains Rhodococcus ruber 1NG, Bacillus sp. FL X-5, Azotobacter sp. FL9-MV and Rhodococcus wratislaviensis G-13. The efficiency of purification of oily wastewater with an initial COD of 4425 mg O2/dm3 on the 5th day was 37.7 %, on the 21st day – 40 %. High results of purification of the investigated effluents were also achieved with the use of microbial preparations of the Antoil series. The cleaning efficiency on the 21st day was 33.7–37 %. The results obtained indicate that the use of specialized microorganisms-destructors at the stage of biological wastewater treatment of enterprises for deep processing of oilseeds is promising.

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41

Barbusiński, Krzysztof, Anita Parzentna-Gabor, and Damian Kasperczyk. "Removal of Odors (Mainly H2S and NH3) Using Biological Treatment Methods." Clean Technologies 3, no. 1 (February 17, 2021): 138–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cleantechnol3010009.

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This study reviews the available and most commonly used methods of gas deodorization. Comparing various methods of odor removal, undoubtedly biological methods of pollution degradation have an advantage over others—chemical and physical. This advantage is manifestedmainly in ecological and economic terms. The possibility of using biological methods to remove H2S and NH3, as the most common emitted by the municipal sector companies, was analyzed in terms of their removal efficiency. The method of bio-purification of air in biotrickling filters is more advantageous than the others, due to the high effectiveness of VOCs and odors degradation, lack of secondary pollutants, and economic aspects—it is a method competitive to the commonly used air purification method in biofilters.

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42

Fleckseder, H. "Development of Water Pollution Control in Austria–An Example of a Riparian State in the Drainage Area of the River Danube." Water Science and Technology 22, no. 5 (May 1, 1990): 219–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1990.0032.

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In 1988, some 70% of the Austrian population had sewerage and some percentage-points less biological wastewater treatment. Industry - except pulp and paper - had in 1988 biological treatment for 80% of its load, and pulp and paper for 20% of its load. The paper deals with the development of Austrian Water Law, with water pollution control and its advancement in the period 1968 to 1988, with foreseeable problem areas in water pollution control in the coming years, and finally presents a table with data relating to the main riparian states in the River Danube Basin. From these data and the development in Austria over time, it is to be concluded that the actual application of activities in water pollution control seem to be determined primarily by public or political awareness of this specific task and not so much by resources available.

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43

Goda, Takeshi. "General Review and New Concepts regarding the Development of Human Wastewater Treatment in Japan." Water Science and Technology 18, no. 7-8 (July 1, 1986): 137–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1986.0284.

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A brief historical review of Japanese human wastewater treatment and disposal since 1945 is presented. The present situation regarding night soil treatment is described. The public sewerage works have been inactive due to financial reasons since 1981, and thus small to medium sized biofilm type facilities are receiving various kinds of grey water and composite household waste. This type of compact, biofilm treatment became popular because of its inexpensive construction and energy-saving characteristics. The numbers and types of biological processes currently in use in Japan are detailed, and an overview is given of industrial waste treatment and its relationship with public sewage treatment. The overall COD flow is indicated, with the amount of waste per capita, estimated from the actual water consumption. The unit load values of BOD, COD etc. are shown, and are used for the calculation of COD load.

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44

Pourjavaheri, Firoozeh, Farzad Mohaddes, Prue Bramwell, Frank Sherkat, and Robert A. Shanks. "Purification of avian biological material to refined keratin fibres." RSC Advances 5, no. 86 (2015): 69899–906. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra08947f.

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45

Hammerton, D. "River Basin Management in Scotland." Water Science and Technology 21, no. 10-11 (October 1, 1989): 1501–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1989.0347.

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The seven river purification boards, which cover the whole of mainland Scotland, are strictly single-purpose authorities whose function is to control pollution of inland and coastal waters. Unlike the water authorities in England and Wales they are not responsible for the management of water supplies, sewerage, sewage treatment, land drainage, flood prevention or fisheries. However, the author contends that it is this singleness of purpose and the complete independence of the boards from the polluters, whether local authorities or private industries, which has led in Scotland to better progress in the restoration of polluted waters than south of the border, progress which has been clearly demonstrated in recent government reports. Moreover, through close consultation at the planning stage with government departments, local authorities and other bodies, the river boards do have a significant influence on developments which affect the aquatic environment and hence are involved in the wider aspects of river basin management.

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46

Nielsen, J., A. Lynggaard-Jensen, and A. Hasling. "Purification Efficiency of Danish Biological Sand Filter Systems." Water Science and Technology 28, no. 10 (November 1, 1993): 89–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1993.0211.

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During an investigation in 1989 on small low technology treatment systems, particularly reed bed and biological sand filter systems in Denmark, it appeared that biological sand filter systems offer several advantages for the treatment of small wastewater sources. These observations gave rise to a new project concerning systematic registration of all biological sand filter systems in Denmark. Besides this registration the aim of the project was to indicate the reliability of these systems concerning removal ability and to give some general guidelines on different circumstances which seem to have positive or negative effects on the removal of particularly ammonium and phosphorus. The paper summarizes the results and experiences that have been collected since the beginning of the use of biological sand filter systems in Denmark in the late 70s. Typical purification efficiencies of 90-95% for BI5, 30-45% for nitrogen and 40-60% for phosphorus were observed. The ripening of sand filters to their maximum removal capacity is often short, within a few months, but longer periods of about 6 months may be required to achieve full nitrification. High nitrogen removal depends on the nitrification processes and also of anoxic zones in the filter with denitrification. The best way to achieve good nitrification is to use coarse-grained sand. The removal of phosphorus is indeed affected by the chemical properties of the sand in question. In ferrous enriched sand it is possible to achieve removal efficiencies of 70-90% of the phosphorus at concentrations of 10-15 mg P/l in the inlet.

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47

Dzhumagulova, Nazira, Ilya Svetkov, Vladimir Smetanin, and Nguyen Dinh Dap. "Fractal analysis of biological wastewater treatment efficiency." MATEC Web of Conferences 251 (2018): 06005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201825106005.

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The purpose of the present research was to enhance the efficiency of biological wastewater treatment through the direct impact on the metabolism of activated sludge. In the course of research, species and quantitative composition of biological community of activated sludge in aeration tanks during wastewater purification process was studied. Comparative analysis was carried out for linen production wastewater and household sewage. Possible application of biological treatment in linen production was evaluated. Proposals were developed on creation of controllable biological treatment facility. In this paper, biological methods are shown to be efficient for household sewage treatment. Comparative analysis was carried out for linen production wastewater and household sewage. Possible application of biological treatment in linen production was evaluated. Proposals were developed on creation of controllable biological treatment facility.

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48

Böhm, Gabriella, Daniela-Smaranda Ionescu, and G. C. Ionescu. "Solutions for Optimizing Processes of Biological Treatment of Wastewater from the Textile Industry." Journal of Applied Engineering Sciences 12, no. 2 (December 1, 2022): 167–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jaes-2022-0022.

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Abstract In the present paper, the main concerns regarding the purification processes of wastewater from the textile industry containing nitrogen-type dyes are reviewed, and a method for the biological purification of these waters is developed. After consulting the results of the research in this field of wastewater treatment worldwide, a series of effective methods, described in the first chapter of this paper can be taken as positive examples. Following that, some methods of biological treatment of textile and leather industry wastewater are proposed, such as the inclusion of a biological treatment step using a fixed bed reactor. At the conclusion of this paper, recommendations are made for textile fabric operative industry, which are useful in biological contact processes. Biomass support panels, with limited flexibility and substantial surface expansion, with or without frames, form a variety of biomass support elements (textile fabric or otherwise), which can contain biological purification processes through the biomass panels.

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49

Libralato, G., A. Volpi Ghirardini, and F. Avezzù. "Performance assessment of AS-SBR and UF-MBR for hotel wastewater treatment." Water Science and Technology 60, no. 7 (October 1, 2009): 1701–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2009.027.

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A large number of tourist structures in Venice (Italy) have small sized on-site treatment systems for their wastewater. Due to its historical characteristics, the city has no public sewerage system and untreated hotel wastewater represents a serious hazard for its lagoon environment. This study focused on the wastewater facilities installed in two hotels adopting an Activated Sludge Sequencing Batch Reactor (AS-SBR) and an Ultra-Filtration Membrane Biological Reactor (UF-MBR). Their performance was checked in terms of both traditional physico-chemical and ecotoxicological parameters, the importance of which has recently been recognised by EU regulatory dispositions and OSPAR indications. Acute and sub-chronic endpoints were both considered on a whole effluent toxicity basis by means of Vibrio fischeri and Crassostrea gigas, respectively. The two months monitoring survey evidenced that the UF-MBR was more efficient than the AS-SBR in providing high-quality discharges under both chemical and ecotoxicological viewpoints.

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50

Steensen, Martin. "Chemical oxidation for the treatment of leachate-process comparison and results from full-scale plants." Water Science and Technology 35, no. 4 (February 1, 1997): 249–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1997.0130.

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Before landfill leachate is discharged, extensive removal of organic substances is required which cannot be achieved by biological treatment only. Chemical oxidation has the advantage of the substances being almost completely converted. Hydrogen peroxide/UV, ozone and ozone/fixed bed catalyst processes were used for the purification of three biologically pre-treated leachates. With all processes sufficient purification levels were achieved. However, the required energy consumption is largest with the hydrogen peroxide/UV process. If chemical oxidation is combined with biological purification, the discharge quality can be increased at decreased oxidant consumption.

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