Статті в журналах: "Sewage sludge Australia Drying"

1

Rouch, Duncan A., Tania Mondal, Sneha Pai, Florian Glauche, Vennessa A. Fleming, Nerida Thurbon, Judy Blackbeard, Stephen R. Smith, and Margaret Deighton. "Microbial safety of air-dried and rewetted biosolids." Journal of Water and Health 9, no. 2 (April 18, 2011): 403–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2011.134.

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To assess microbial safety of treated sewage sludge (biosolids), we examined the inactivation of microbial indicators for potential bacterial, viral and protozoan pathogens. The levels of indicators were determined throughout the air-drying and storage phases of anaerobically digested sewage sludge. Samples were collected from two wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in Victoria, Australia. Established methods were applied for analysis of bacteria and coliphages, based on membrane filtration and layered plates, respectively. In the pan drying phase, the prevalence of Escherichia coli was reduced by >5 log10 compared with sludge entering the pan. Thus, after pan drying of 8-11 months at WWTP A and 15 months at WWTP B, the numbers of E. coli were reduced to below 102 cfu/g dry solids (DS). This level is acceptable for unrestricted use in agriculture in Australia (P1 treatment grade), the UK (enhanced treatment status) and the USA (Class A pathogen reduction). Coliphage numbers also decreased substantially during the air-drying phase, indicating that enteric viruses are also likely to be destroyed during this phase. Clostridium perfringens appeared to be an overly conservative indicator. Survival, but not regrowth, of E. coli or Salmonella was observed in rewetted biosolids (15–20% moisture content), after being seeded with these species, indicating a degree of safety of stored biosolids upon rewetting by rain.

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2

Kong, Frederic E., Margaret A. Deighton, Nerida A. Thurbon, Stephen R. Smith, and Duncan A. Rouch. "Cryptosporidium parvum decay during air drying and stockpiling of mesophilic anaerobically digested sewage sludge in a simulation experiment and oocyst counts in sludge collected from operational treatment lagoons in Victoria, Australia." Journal of Water and Health 16, no. 3 (April 5, 2018): 435–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2018.018.

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Abstract The inactivation of Cryptosporidium species oocysts during sewage sludge treatment is important to protect human health when the residual biosolids are applied to agricultural land. Quantifying the decay of Cryptosporidium species during sludge treatment for microbiological assurance purposes is difficult if low numbers are present in wastewater. The rate of decay of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts during solar/air drying treatment and in sludge stockpiles in temperate environment conditions was simulated in laboratory inoculation experiments using sludge sampled from a mesophilic anaerobic digester. Oocyst numbers were also determined in settled lagoon sludge samples collected from three operational rural wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). C. parvum oocysts were enumerated by immunomagnetic separation followed by staining with vital dyes and examination by confocal laser scanning microscopy. An air-drying/storage period equivalent to 11 weeks was required for a 1 log10 reduction of viable oocysts inoculated into digested sludge. Oocyst viability in air-dried and stored digested sludge decreased with time, but was independent of sludge desiccation and dry solids (DS) content. No oocysts were detected in sludge samples collected from the anaerobic digester, and the average concentration of oocysts found in settled lagoon sludge from the rural WWTP was 4.6 × 102 oocysts/g DS.

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3

C. GROSS, T. S. "Thermal Drying of Sewage Sludge." Water and Environment Journal 7, no. 3 (June 1993): 255–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-6593.1993.tb00843.x.

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4

Qian, Jiang, Yeong Woo Yoon, Pil Sang Youn, Ji Hye Kim, Don Sun Choi, Jeong-Hoo Choi, Young Chan Choi, and Bongjin Jung. "Drying characteristics of sewage sludge." Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering 28, no. 7 (June 13, 2011): 1636–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11814-011-0009-5.

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5

Siedlecka, Ewa, and Jarosław Siedlecki. "Influence of Valorization of Sewage Sludge on Energy Consumption in the Drying Process." Energies 14, no. 15 (July 26, 2021): 4511. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14154511.

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Valorization of digested sewage sludge generated in a medium-sized sewage treatment plant and the effect of valorization on energy consumption during sludge drying used for energy recovery are presented. Anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge reduces dry matter content compared to raw sludge. This lowers its calorific value leading to the lower interest of consumers in using it as fuel. The aim of the study was to valorize digested sewage sludge prior to drying with high-energy waste with low moisture content. The procedure led to the reduction in moisture content by about 50% in the substrate supplied for solidification and drying. The calorific value of digested sewage sludge increased by 50–80%, and the energy consumption of the drying process decreased by about 50%. Physical and chemical properties of sewage sludge and moisture content of substrates and mixtures after valorization were determined. The heat of combustion of valorized sewage sludge mixtures, their elemental composition, and ash content is investigated. Their calorific value in the analytical and working states of 10% H2O was calculated. The highest calorific value was obtained for the mixture of sewage sludge valorized with waste plastics or combined with wood dust, averaging 23 MJ/kg. A mathematical approximation of sewage sludge valorization is presented.

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6

Zhang, Hou Lei, Xin Zhi Liu, Shu Guang Zhu, and Bin Li. "Sewage Sludge Flow and Drying Characteristics in Paddle Dryers." Defect and Diffusion Forum 334-335 (February 2013): 365–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.334-335.365.

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Sewage sludge from wastewater treatment is being more and more produced in many countries. For sewage sludge disposal, drying operation is usually required and greatly energy-consuming. Paddle dryers, one kind of indirect dryers, are widely used in removing moisture of sewage sludge recently, but the design, to some extent, still depends on empirical and limited data. In this paper, we presented preliminary experimental results of sewage sludge drying based on a 3 m2paddle dryer prototype. The effects of thermal oil inlet temperature on outlet moisture content and mass flowrate of initial sludge are recorded and analyzed. A simple monotonic relation between mass flowrate of initial sludge and thermal oil inlet temperature does not exist. Besides, we performed the drying experiment of adding low-value biomass (rice husk) into wet sewage sludge. The results show that the drying performance is improved significantly.

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7

Hassebrauck, Martin, and Gerrit Ermel. "Two examples of thermal drying of sewage sludge." Water Science and Technology 33, no. 12 (June 1, 1996): 235–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1996.0341.

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The increasing amount of sewage sludge, legal requirements and a change in the assessment of common disposal paths lead more and more to thermal drying of sewage sludge. During the last years a lot of sludge drying plants in Germany were planned, built and brought into service. This paper describes two different kinds of sludge drying plants with their determining and operating values, the costs and the reasons for the choice of the drying method. The examples given are the sludge drying plant at Darmstadt (2 lines with a 2 stage dryer) and in the surrounding area of Frankfurt (1 line with a drum dryer).

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8

Brautlecht, P., and S. Gredigk. "Concept for an interlinked system of a sludge drying facility and a landfill for residual waste." Water Science and Technology 38, no. 2 (July 1, 1998): 119–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1998.0119.

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The integration of a sewage sludge drying facility into landfill operation leads to a large number of synergistic effects. Two of these modules are examined more closely in this paper. If the thermal and electric energy produced in landfill operation are used for sewage sludge drying, the drying costs will be able to be reduced and the existing resources will be used in an ecologically acceptable way throughout the year. The joint treatment of the vent condensates resulting from sewage sludge drying and of landfill leachate suggests itself because both wastewaters show a similar composition. Tests carried out for this purpose have revealed that the efficiencies achieved especially in joint biological treatment are very high due to the good biodegradability of the vent condensates. Negative effects from the joint treatment of vent condensates on other procedures examined were not observed. With the help of comprehensive interlinked systems sewage sludge drying can even be realized in rural areas. This contributes to higher safety in sewage sludge disposal under economic, ecological and future-oriented aspects.

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9

Zhao, Qi Gang, Ya Li Wang, Zuo Ren Nie, Hong Liu, and Su Ping Cui. "Thermal Decomposition Characteristics and Drying Process of Municipal Sludge." Materials Science Forum 898 (June 2017): 2464–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.898.2464.

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Using cement kiln dispose sludge from sewage plants can achieve the sludge stabilization, harmless, reduction and resource comprehensive utilization purposes. This is Not only to solve the problem of sludge treatment which is difficult to solve by sewage treatment plant, but also to make full use of the sewage treatment plant sludge to replace part of cement clinker production materials. And it makes full use of sludge incineration emitted in the process of low calorific value. Municipal sludge contains more moisture. It is necessary to dry the sludge outside the kiln before entering kiln process. As cement kiln co-processing, it should be combined with the characteristics of NSP clinker production, it is necessary to not only consider the total energy consumption of the drying process, but also the re-use of dried sludge heat value, as well as consider the total of water into the kiln by drying sludge affecting the whole clinker production process. In this paper, with the initial solid content 20%, dry heating value 3400 cal/g sludge as a research object, the moisture morphology, thermal characteristics, drying technological parameters and composition of water after drying in sludge were analysed. This issue combines sludge drying with cement kiln disposal, which can not only solve the heat and odor problem during the individual sludge drying process, but also provide a theoretical basis for cement kilns co-disposal of municipal sewage sludge to achieve the purposes of sludge stabilization, harmless, minimization and resource utilization.

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10

Lipolt, Andraž, Brane Širok, Marko Hočevar, and Lovrenc Novak. "Convective Drying of Sewage Sludge Layer in Through-flow." Strojniški vestnik – Journal of Mechanical Engineering 66, no. 9 (September 15, 2020): 481–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.5545/sv-jme.2020.6717.

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Drying of the sewage sludge layer was investigated in a convective laboratory dryer at air temperatures of 65 °C and 80 °C and air speeds of 0.53 m/s and 0.83 m/s. The sludge layer was formed by loading cylindrical extrudates on a grate of 0.5 m × 0.5 m size. The drying air was directed through the layer, as typically encountered in industrial belt dryers. Under such setup, the sludge layer structure and porosity significantly affect the air flow conditions and thus the drying rates. Shrinkage and cracking of the material during drying caused changes in the layer’s porous structure, that affected the pressure drop and the drag force due to passing of air through the layer. The decreasing of drag force over time was modeled by a simple function that showed excellent agreement to the selected measured data. The sludge layer drying kinetics was determined by fitting the measured data to the most common drying models. Two models, the modified Nadhari and the Wang Singh model, were determined as most suitable for modeling of drying curves. The total drying time per kilogram of sludge was modeled as a function of drying air temperature, drying air velocity and initial sludge dry matter content. The coefficient of determination (R2) of the model is 0.944. Total drying times between 43 minutes per kilogram and 76 minutes per kilogram of sludge were obtained for the investigated range of drying air conditions.

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11

Sorrenti, Alice, Santo Fabio Corsino, Francesco Traina, Gaspare Viviani, and Michele Torregrossa. "Enhanced Sewage Sludge Drying with a Modified Solar Greenhouse." Clean Technologies 4, no. 2 (May 12, 2022): 407–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cleantechnol4020025.

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This work reports the results obtained with an innovative configuration of a closed-static solar greenhouse for sludge drying. The novelty of the solar greenhouse configuration consisted in using a forced ventilation system to provide hot air for sludge drying and the utilization of solar irradiation for energy supply. Wet sewage sludge (97% humidity) was successfully dried up to a residual humidity close to 5% after 25 days during wintertime. The increase of the airflow rate supplied under the sludge bed improved the sludge drying rate. Moreover, the fraction of volatile suspended solids decreased from 70% to 41% after 13 days, indicating that air supply promoted the simultaneous stabilization of the sludge as a side-effect to the drying process. Overall, the specific energy consumption per ton of evaporated water was estimated to approximately 450 kWh/t, resulting in about 55% of energy demand lower than a conventional thermal drying system, while using only free solar energy. The achieved high weight reduction of up to 99% implies a noticeable reduction of the excess sludge handling costs, indicating that solar greenhouse drying is a highly interesting opportunity for sludge drying in medium-small sized WWTPs.

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12

Lee, Jae Ik, Byung Wan Jo, Yeong Seok Yoo, and Kyeong Ho Cheon. "An Experimental Study of the Characteristics of Environment-Friendly Construction Materials by Recycling Sewage Sludge Ash." Materials Science Forum 569 (January 2008): 297–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.569.297.

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As a basic stage for developing new construction material utilizing sewage sludge ash, this study is identified by specific material characteristics through XRD, SEM, uniaxial compressive strength, porosity, and the drying shrinkage by manufacturing mortar with sewage sludge ash. The average drying shrinkage of sewage sludge ash mortar aged 7 days showed 88% of the strain of the one aged 28 days. The porosity of sewage sludge ash mortar was about 7~10%. The more quick lime and blast furnace slag were added, the less porosity appeared.

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13

Đurđević, Dinko, Paolo Blecich, and Željko Jurić. "Energy Recovery from Sewage Sludge: The Case Study of Croatia." Energies 12, no. 10 (May 20, 2019): 1927. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12101927.

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Croatia produced 21,366 tonnes of dry matter (DM) sewage sludge (SS) in 2016, a quantity expected to surpass 100,000 tonnes DM by 2024. Annual production rates for future wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) in Croatia are estimated at 5.8–7.3 Nm3/people equivalent (PE) for biogas and 20–25 kgDM/PE of sewage sludge. Biogas can be converted into 12–16 kWhel/PE of electricity and 19–24 kWhth/PE of heat, which is sufficient for 30–40% of electrical and 80–100% of thermal autonomy. The WWTP autonomy can be increased using energy recovery from sewage sludge incineration by 60% for electricity and 100% of thermal energy (10–13 kWhel/PE and 30–38 kWhth/PE). However, energy for sewage sludge drying exceeds energy recovery, unless solar drying is performed. The annual solar drying potential is estimated between 450–750 kgDM/m2 of solar drying surface. The lower heating value of dried sewage sludge is 2–3 kWh/kgDM and this energy can be used for assisting sludge drying or for energy generation and supply to WWTPs. Sewage sludge can be considered a renewable energy source and its incineration generates substantially lower greenhouse gases emissions than energy generation from fossil fuels. For the same amount of energy, sewage sludge emits 58% fewer emissions than natural gas and 80% less than hard coal and fuel oil. Moreover, this paper analysed the feasibility of sludge disposal practices by analysing three scenarios (landfilling, co-incineration, and mono-incineration). The analysis revealed that the most cost-effective sewage sludge disposal method is landfilling for 60% and co-incineration for 40% of the observed WWTPs in Croatia. The lowest CO2 emissions are obtained with landfilling and mono-incineration in 53% and 38% of the cases, respectively.

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14

Yu, Wan, and Pei Sheng Li. "Determine the Moisture Distribution in Sewage Sludge by Drying Differential." Applied Mechanics and Materials 665 (October 2014): 404–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.665.404.

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Moisture distribution in sewage sludge was considered as the essential of thermal drying. Some methods were given in literatures to test the moisture distribution, but there was no standard method to determine the critical water content between different kinds of water. The municipal sewage sludge was dried by hot air in this work. Based on the drying curve, the derivative of drying rate with respect to dry basis moisture content was brought out to analyze the moisture distribution in sewage sludge. Results show that this method can easily determine the free water, interstitial water, surface water and bound water with a high accuracy. The present work can provide new insight to determine the moisture distribution in sewage sludge, which was still lacking in the literatures.

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15

Idris, A., O. B. Yen, M. H. A. Hamid, and A. M. Baki. "Drying kinetics and stabilization of sewage sludge in lagoon in hot climate." Water Science and Technology 46, no. 9 (November 1, 2002): 279–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2002.0259.

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A sludge lagoon has been adopted as a simple and cost effective method for dewatering of sludge. The processes occurring in a sludge lagoon include thickening, dewatering, storage and stabilization; all happening simultaneously. The objective of this study is to determine the dewatering and drying rates at pilot-scale which occur in a lagoon having different design configurations. Two types of sludge lagoons with different initial sludge depth (0.75 m and 0.375 m) were investigated to measure the drying behavior and drying efficiency. The first design is a sludge lagoon with a clay bottom where the dewatering mechanisms are decanting supernatant and evaporation. The second design is a sludge lagoon installed with a sand and underdrains system, where the dewatering mechanisms are filtration or draining and evaporation. Sludge drying kinetic models with high fitness were plotted to describe the sludge drying behavior. Drying of sludge in a sludge lagoon with a clay bottom can best be described by an exponential function. Whereas, drying of sludge in a sludge lagoon with sand and underdrains system followed a logarithmic function. A lagoon designed with sand and underdrains system and having shallower sludge depth was the most efficient. The reduction in volatile solids was lower than 4% during the study period. The drying process proceeded with an increase in dryness and decline in pH value.

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16

Brechtel, Heinz, and Hartmut Eipper. "Improved Efficiency of Sewage Sludge Incineration by Preceding Sludge Drying." Water Science and Technology 22, no. 12 (December 1, 1990): 269–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1990.0121.

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Normally, mechanical dewatering of sewage sludges is not sufficient for a self-supporting combustion, even if combustion is ensured in the fluidized bed furnace. The heat balance can be compensated by firing additional fuels of higher calorific value and a preceding sludge drying using the heat, which is generated during combustion. The most favoured solution is an indirect drying in special equipment adapted to the state of the sewage sludge to be burnt. Heating surfaces and the steam transfer the thermal energy of the flue gases to the mechanically dewatered sludge. The development of malodours and pollutants in the vapours is controlled by an appropriate process flow. The process entails not only an economy of primary energy but also an increase in the furnace throughput. In Wuppertal-Buchenhofen, the fluidized bed fired sludge incineration plant has been operating for 12 years.In the near future it will be brought up to date by retrofitting such a drying system. The foreseeable effects have already been investigated and operational experience gained with other plants has been taken into account. The technical modifications, which are being considered, the operational influences expected, as well as all consequences with regard to investment and operating costs, have been outlined.

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17

Wei, Na. "Municipal Sewage Sludge Drying Treatment by an Composite Modifier." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2012 (2012): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/979764.

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A sludge composite modifier (SCM) which comprises a mixture of three cementitious components was proposed for sludge drying and stabilization. Effect of SCM components on sludge moisture content was analyzed using uniform design and the optimum composition of SCM was determined by computer-aided modeling and optimization. To compare the drying effect of SCM, quicklime, and Portland cement, the effects of material content and curing time on moisture content of sludge were also studied. The results showed that the optimum ratio of modifier component was slag/cement clinker/dihydrate gypsum = 0.64/0.292/0.068 and the moisture content of SCM-stabilized sludge decreased with the increasing material content and extending curing time. Besides, the experimental results showed that optimized SCM behaved better than quicklime and Portland cement in sludge semi-drying and XRD analysis revealed that the main hydrated product of stabilization was ettringite, which played an important role in the effective drying process. Sewage sludge stabilized using SCM could be used as an effective landfill cover.

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18

Li, Jin Ping, Meng Yao Li, Wen Yao, and Ni Wang. "Study on Microwave Drying Process and Drying Characteristics of Sewage Sludge." Advanced Materials Research 838-841 (November 2013): 2643–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.838-841.2643.

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Combination of oven and microwave and only oven are two ways to study municipal sludge,and it investigates whether different size, microwave drying pretreatment, pretreatment time and oven temperature characteristics have effect on drying characteristics. The results shows that: using microwave to dry sludge need short time, the drying rate is fast, combination of oven and microwave has higher drying rate and lower energy consumption than only oven.

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19

Wang, Hui-Ling, Zhao-Hui Yang, Jing Huang, Li-Ke Wang, Cheng-Liu Gou, Jing-Wu Yan, and Jian Yang. "The thin-layer drying characteristics of sewage sludge by the appropriate foaming pretreatment." Water Science and Technology 69, no. 9 (February 21, 2014): 1859–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2014.093.

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As dewatered sludge is highly viscous and sticky, the combination of foaming pretreatment and drying process seems to be an alternative method to improve the drying performance of dewatered sludge. In this study, CaO addition followed by mechanical whipping was employed for foaming the dewatered sludge. It was found that the foams were stable and the diameters of bubbles mainly ranged from 0.1 to 0.3 mm. The drying experiments were carried out in a drying oven in the convective mode. The results indicated that foamed sludge at 0.70 g/cm3 had the best drying performance at each level of temperature, which could save 35–45% drying time to reach 20% moisture content compared with the non-foamed sludge. The drying rate of foamed sludge at 0.70 g/cm3 was improved with the increasing of drying temperature. The impact of sample thickness on drying rate was not obvious when the sample thickness increased from 2 to 8 mm. Different mathematical models were used for the simulation of foamed sludge drying curves. The Wang and Singh model represented the drying characteristics better than other models with coefficient of determination values over 0.99.

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20

Wzorek, Małgorzata. "Solar drying of granulated waste blends for dry biofuel production." Environmental Science and Pollution Research 28, no. 26 (February 26, 2021): 34290–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-12848-3.

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AbstractIn the paper, results of drying biofuels from sewage sludge using solar energy are presented. Drying rates of biofuels made from sewage sludge and coal slime (PBS), sewage sludge and meat and bone meal (PBM), and sewage sludge and sawdust (PBT) with 15-mm and 35-mm granule particle size were studied. Tests were performed in a solar greenhouse dryer equipped with a specially designed mixing system. Experiments were aimed at determining the drying time of biofuels under various weather conditions in the southwestern part of Poland. In summer, in order to determine the best conditions for drying, tests were performed using various parameters, i.e., layers of various thickness, such as 5, 10, and 20 cm, and various mixing intensity (no mixing, mixing 3 and 5 times/day). In spring and the fall, 10-cm thick layers combined with 5 times mixing of fuels per day were used. The performed tests demonstrated that it is beneficial to dry fuels in 10-cm thick layer. In spring and the fall, PBS and PBM biofuels laid out in layers with just such thickness showed moisture content reduced to less than 10% after 8 days, while the PBT biofuel reached the same level after 14 days. In summer, the same result may be obtained for all the biofuels after 4 days on average. The presented original method of solar drying of biofuels obtained from sewage sludge and other waste may be used in wastewater treatment plants which process sewage sludge into fuels without incurring any additional costs for supplying heat.

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21

Grüter, H., M. Matter, K. H. Oehlmann, and M. D. Hicks. "Drying of Sewage Sludge – An Important Step in Waste Disposal." Water Science and Technology 22, no. 12 (December 1, 1990): 57–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1990.0100.

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Industrial drying techniques are successfully used processes. They are usually used for the production of base materials for industries such as food, chemical and pharmaceutical. These processes can be transferred without any difficulty for the drying of sewage sludge. Thermal drying as a process for the purpose of water removal is an important link in waste management between sludge production and sludge disposal. Two systems, convection and contact drying, are here compared. Contact drying in the thin film evaporation process is explained. Explanation and proposed uses of the single and two-stage drying systems will be discussed. Finally a short review of incurred expenses will be given.

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22

SASAOKA, NOBUTAKA, KATSUNORI YOKOI, and TAKASHI YAMANAKA. "BASIC STUDY OF CONCRETE MADE USING ASH DERIVED FROM THE INCINERATING SEWAGE SLUDGE." International Journal of Modern Physics B 20, no. 25n27 (October 30, 2006): 3716–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979206040258.

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Sewage sludge incinerated ash is discharged as waste. Those are increasing with progress of a sewage enterprise every year. However, the reservation of the last disposal place for reclaiming the generated incineration ash is becoming quickly difficult. In this situation of sewage sludge processing, it is very important to promote more reducing and development of new reusing method. Recently, in the construction industry, reusing technology that was used sewage sludge incinerated ash as aggregate for concrete products is developed. But there are many unknown points in the performance and durability of concrete. In this study, sewage sludge incinerated ash is used instead of natural aggregate for concrete. It is investigated about fresh characteristics, chloride content, strength, resistance to frost damage and drying shrinkage of concrete using sewage sludge incinerated ash. As the results of this research, the compressive strength increases with ratio of sewage sludge incinerated ash. And the relationship between the compressive strength and the dynamic modulus of elasticity can be comparatively expressed as the linear relationship. If this concrete includes proper air content, the resistance to frost damage is enough. The drying shrinkage is become larger with increase of substitute rate of sewage sludge incinerated ash.

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23

Gu, Zhipan, Jichun Yang, Jing Liu, Leren Tao, Ye Zhang, and Lihao Huang. "Study on Sewage Sludge Drying System With Built-in Solar Drying Bed." E3S Web of Conferences 237 (2021): 01041. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202123701041.

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In this paper, the renewable energy solar energy is used as the heat source. The combination of solar drying bed and traditional hot air drying can effectively reduce energy consumption and operation cost. The drying chamber is divided into three layers. The top air supply outlet supplies hot air, the middle layer places wet sludge, and the bottom layer uses hot water coil to dry the sludge. The whole drying process is a heat and mass transfer process with convective heat transfer and radiation heat transfer. After analysis and comparison with traditional energy drying, it is found that drying 97.5kg of sewage sludge will save 79% energy, save 12.84 kg of standard coal, reduce 32 kg of carbon dioxide and 1.284 kg of sulphur dioxide.

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24

Wei, Na. "Sewage Sludge Solidification by Slag-Based Modifier for Landfill Cover." Advanced Materials Research 113-116 (June 2010): 425–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.113-116.425.

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A slag-based composite modifier(SBCM) was proposed for more effective sludge drying and solidification. The optimum composition of SBCM was determined by Uniform design and corresponding mathematical modeling. Sludge drying experiments were performed and the effectiveness of sludge solidification was examined using Chinese leaching toxicity test. The experimental results showed that optimized-SBCM behaved better than quicklime in sludge semi-drying and the leaching concentrations of heavy metal of SBCM-solidified products were lower than the sudge-quicklime mixture. Besides, microscopic analyses using XRD revealed that the main hydrated product of solidification was ettringite, which played an important role in the effective setting process and immobilizing most heavy metals of sludge. Sewage sludge solidified using SBCM could be used as an effective landfill cover.

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El-Gendy, A. S., H. I. El-Kassas, T. M. A. Razek, and H. Abdel-Latif. "Phyto-dewatering of sewage sludge using Panicum repens L." Water Science and Technology 75, no. 7 (January 23, 2017): 1667–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2017.039.

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Experiments in the field environment have been conducted to study the growth of Panicum repens L., an aquatic plant, in the sewage sludge matrix. The experiments were also carried out to investigate the ability of this plant to dewater sewage sludge to increase the capacity of conventional drying beds. In addition, the ability of Panicum repens L. to reduce the sludge contents of certain elements (copper (Cu), Iron (Fe), Sodium (Na), lead (Pb), and Zinc (Zn)) was also investigated. All experiments were carried out in batch reactors. Different plant coverage densities were tested (0.00 to 27.3 kg/m2). The liquid sewage sludge was collected from a wastewater treatment plant in Helwan city, Cairo Governorate, Egypt. The collected sludge represents a mixture of the primary sludge and waste activated sludge before discharging into drying beds.

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26

Silva, D. P., V. Rudolph, and O. P. Taranto. "The drying of sewage sludge by immersion frying." Brazilian Journal of Chemical Engineering 22, no. 2 (June 2005): 271–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0104-66322005000200015.

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27

Hwang, Gyu-Wan, Hak-I. Kim, Hyun-Seo Park, and Cheol Gyu Kim. "Controlling the Composite Odour from Drying Sewage Sludge." Asian Journal of Chemistry 29, no. 5 (2017): 1135–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.14233/ajchem.2017.20456.

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28

Zhu, Fenfen, Zhaolong Zhang, Huimin Jiang, and Luyao Zhao. "The Study of Sewage Sludge Thermo-Drying Efficiency." Procedia Environmental Sciences 16 (2012): 363–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proenv.2012.10.052.

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29

LOWE, P. "Developments in the Thermal Drying of Sewage Sludge." Water and Environment Journal 9, no. 3 (June 1995): 306–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-6593.1995.tb00944.x.

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30

Zhou, Jiazhen, Ruina Zhang, Xing Wang, Shanping Chen, Anran Luo, Dongjie Niu, Xiaoli Chai, and Youcai Zhao. "NaHCO3-enhanced sewage sludge thin-layer drying: Drying characteristics and kinetics." Drying Technology 35, no. 10 (November 11, 2016): 1276–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07373937.2016.1249878.

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31

Krawczyk, Piotr. "Cumulative ventilation air drying potential as an indication of dry mass content in wastewater sludge in a thin-layer solar drying facility." Archives of Thermodynamics 34, no. 4 (December 1, 2013): 23–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/aoter-2013-0027.

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Abstract Controlling low-temperature drying facilities which utilise nonprepared air is quite difficult, due to very large variability of ventilation air parameters - both in daily and seasonal cycles. The paper defines the concept of cumulative drying potential of ventilation air and presents experimental evidence that there is a relation between this parameter and condition of the dried matter (sewage sludge). Knowledge on current dry mass content in the dried matter (sewage sludge) provides new possibilities for controlling such systems. Experimental data analysed in the paper was collected in early 2012 during operation of a test solar drying facility in a sewage treatment plant in Błonie near Warsaw, Poland.

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32

Haberl, R., and Ch Salzer. "Dewatering of Sewage Sludge with Vacuum Assisted Sludge Dewatering Beds." Water Science and Technology 26, no. 9-11 (November 1, 1992): 2273–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1992.0714.

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The “Rapid Sludge Dewatering System (RSDS)”, in which the sludge is dewatered by way of vacuum supported sludge drying beds, was tested for performance, efficiency and applicability. Generally, the RSD-System can be regarded as an alternative to other sludge dewatering systems, especially for small purification plants, for agricultural use and composting of sewage sludge. It is also applicable for (industrial) sludge with a high percentage of grease or coarse materials.

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33

Lima, Márcia Regina Pereira, Eliana Zandonade, and Pedro Alem Sobrinho. "Characteristics of WWTP sludge after drying in greenhouse for agricultural purposes." Water Science and Technology 66, no. 7 (October 1, 2012): 1460–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2012.326.

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The sludge generated by sewage treatment which meets regulatory standards can be used in agriculture. With this understanding, the focus of this study is the evaluation of the agricultural characteristics and inorganic substances in excess activated sludge, which was subjected to drying in a greenhouse. The variables (factor) evaluated during the drying process were: type of sludge (digested or not digested), addition of lime to the sludge, and the physical layout and rotation of sludge in the greenhouse. The parameters monitored for this assessment were moisture, volatile solids and pH. The greenhouse cover and sides were made of translucent plastic to allow the penetration of solar radiation and prevent water from entering. A impermeable floor was used. The sludge was generated in sewage treatment plants located in the metropolitan region of Grande Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil. The solar drying of wastewater sludge in a greenhouse presented satisfactory results.

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34

Šálek, Jiří. "The exploitation of swamp plants for dewatering liquid sewage sludge." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 54, no. 2 (2006): 107–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun200654020107.

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The operators of little rural wastewater treatment plants have been interested in economic exploitation of sewage sludge in local conditions. The chance is searching simply and natural ways of processing and exploitation stabilized sewage sludge in agriculture. Manure substrate have been obtained by composting waterless sewage sludge including rest plant biomass after closing 6–8 years period of filling liquid sewage sludge to the basin. Main attention was focused on exploitation of swamp plants for dewatering liquid sewage sludge and determination of influence sewage sludge on plants, intensity and course of evapotranspiration and design and setting of drying beds. On the base of determined ability of swamp plants evapotranspiration were edited suggestion solutions of design and operation sludge bed facilities in the conditions of small rural wastewater treatment plant.

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35

Werle, Sebastian, and Mariusz Dudziak. "Influence of Wastewater Treatment and The Method of Sludge Disposal on the Gasification Process." Ecological Chemistry and Engineering S 21, no. 2 (July 8, 2014): 255–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/eces-2014-0020.

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Abstract Municipal wastewater treatment results in the production of large quantities of sewage sludge, which requires proper environmentally accepted management before final disposal. Sewage sludge is a by-product of current wastewater treatment technologies. Sewage sludge disposal depends on the sludge treatment methods used in the wastewater treatment plant (anaerobic or aerobic digestion, drying, etc.). Taking into consideration presented given this information, a study concerning the effects of wastewater treatment processes and sewage sludge drying method on the sewage sludge gasification gas parameters was performed. Gasification is a prospective alternative method of sludge thermal treatment. For the purpose of experimental investigations, a laboratory fixed bed gasifier installation was designed and built. Two types of sewage sludge feedstock, SS1 and SS2, were analyzed. Sewage sludge SS1 came from a wastewater treatment plant operating in the mechanical and biological system while sewage sludge SS2 was collected in a mechanical, biological and chemical wastewater treatment plant with simultaneous phosphorus precipitation. The sludge produced at the plants was subject to fermentation and then, after being dehydrated, dried in a cylindrical drier on shelves heated up to 260ºC (sewage sludge SS1) and using hot air at a temperature of 150ºC in a belt drier (sewage SS2). The analysis shows that the sewage sludge properties strongly depend on the wastewater sources and the wastewater treatment processes. The gasification results, presented as a function of the amount of gasification agent, show that the greater oxygen content of SS1 caused a reduction in the reaction temperature. Paradoxically, this effect caused an increase in the quantity of combustible components in the gas. As expected, increasing the air flow rate caused a decrease in the heating value of the gas produced. A higher amount of oxidizer increases the amounts of noncombustible species and the volumetric fraction of nitrogen, thus reducing the heating value of the obtained gas. The higher hydrogen content in SS1 affects the gasification gas composition. As a result, combustible components are the majority of the syngas.

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36

Onaka, T. "Sewage can make Portland cement: a new technology for ultimate reuse of sewage sludge." Water Science and Technology 41, no. 8 (April 1, 2000): 93–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2000.0147.

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From the viewpoint of environmental and energy problems, it is desirable that the organic and inorganic components of sewage sludge can be reused cost-effectively. A process is described which can meet this need. The process was investigated in a large-scale industrial trial, involving the pelletizing-drying of sewage sludge, combined with burning in a Portland cement kiln. Special attention was paid to product quality; plant safety; simple operation and maintenance; ability to process different sludge and water contents; and low consumption of energy. There were no odour and dust emissions. The study demonstrated that dried sewage sludge pellets could gainfully be used by Portland cement manufacturer.

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37

Ayoub, Mohamed, Ibrahim Gar Al-Alm Rashed, and Ahmed El-Morsy. "Energy Production from Sewage Sludge in a Proposed Wastewater Treatment Plant." Civil Engineering Journal 2, no. 12 (December 30, 2016): 637–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.28991/cej-2016-00000064.

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The implemented technologies for sewage sludge processing are still very limited in Egypt. Unfortunately, dealing with the produced sludge is mainly given to the drying process through natural drying beds neglecting quality of the dried sludge. The undertaken work is devoted to provide a design proposal for a typical wastewater treatment plant suitable for the small communities on a very limited area of land compared to that required to construct the conventional treatment plant that serves the same population. The proposed sewage treatment plant is certainly beneficial in reducing the capital costs by 26%, in addition to about 20% reduction in the running costs. On the other hand, electricity generated from energy produced by anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge reduces the electrical power requirements from the main grid network to about 27% in the proposed wastewater treatment plant.

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38

An, Jeong Won, Minah Oh, Youngjin Lee, Seungjin Oh, Hwa-Soo Oh, Jai-Young Lee, and HYonghwa Kim. "Evaluation of Drying Efficiency of Sewage Sludge using Biodrying." Journal of Korea Society of Waste Management 35, no. 02 (March 30, 2018): 103–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.9786/kswm.2018.35.2.103.

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39

Zhu, Tao, Xiaoyang Li, Wenjing Zhang, Wenjuan Zhao, Ni Xia, and Xiaojia Wang. "Pyrolysis and Carbocoal Characteristics for Biophysical Drying Sewage Sludge." Journal of Residuals Science & Technology 13, no. 2 (2016): 111–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.12783/issn.1544-8053/13/2/5.

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40

Jiang, ZiLi, DaWei Meng, HongYan Mu, and Kunio Yoshikawa. "Study on the hydrothermal drying technology of sewage sludge." Science in China Series E: Technological Sciences 53, no. 1 (January 2010): 160–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11431-009-0423-7.

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41

Obianyo, JI, and JC Agunwamba. "Modeling of Seepage Losses in Sewage Sludge Drying Bed." Nigerian Journal of Technology 34, no. 1 (December 29, 2014): 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njt.v34i1.8.

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42

Obianyo, JI, and JC Agunwamba. "Modeling of Evaporation Losses in Sewage Sludge Drying Bed." Nigerian Journal of Technology 34, no. 4 (September 27, 2015): 890. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njt.v34i4.31.

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43

Li, B., F. Wang, Y. Chi, and J. H. Yan. "Adhesion and Cohesion Characteristics of Sewage Sludge During Drying." Drying Technology 32, no. 13 (August 15, 2014): 1598–607. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07373937.2014.910522.

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44

Mathioudakis, V. L., A. G. Kapagiannidis, E. Athanasoulia, V. I. Diamantis, P. Melidis, and A. Aivasidis. "Extended Dewatering of Sewage Sludge in Solar Drying Plants." Desalination 248, no. 1-3 (November 2009): 733–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2009.01.011.

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45

Li, Xue, Lingyu Wang, Jing Huang, Huishuang Yi, Zhiming Xu, and Hao Zhou. "Performance of rice straw fiber improving the drying of waste activated sludge." E3S Web of Conferences 267 (2021): 02042. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202126702042.

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The high moisture content of the excess sludge in the sewage treatment plant has brought great difficulties to the subsequent treatment. In this study, rice straw fiber was collected as a conditioner for adding to the sludge. The effect of different grain diameter and dosages of straw fiber on sludge drying efficiency were investigated under different temperatures. Drying temperature is one of the most important factors affecting sludge drying rate. Compared with the original sludge, the drying efficiency of sludge adding rice straw fiber was higher. The effect of 35-80 straw fiber was 20%, and the water content decreased from about 70% to less than 10%. The effect of straw fiber particle size on sludge drying is affected by temperature, and the particle size should be taken into account at low temperature.

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46

Hamawand, Ihsan, Wilton Pereira da Silva, Friederike Eberhard, and Diogenes L. Antille. "Issues related to waste sewage sludge drying under superheated steam." Polish Journal of Chemical Technology 17, no. 4 (December 1, 2015): 5–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pjct-2015-0062.

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Abstract Sewage sludge was dried in a rotary drum dryer under superheated steam. Particle size and moisture content were shown to have significant influences on sticking and agglomeration of the materials. Pouring partially dried sludge (70–80% moisture content, wet basis) directly into the screw feeder of the drum dryer resulted in a significant sticking to the surface of the drum and the final particle size of the product was greater than 100 mm in diameter. The moisture content of this product was slightly less than its initial value. To overcome this issue, the sludge was mixed with lignite at variety ratios and then chopped before being introduced to the feeding screw. It was found that mixing the sludge with lignite and then sieving the chopped materials through a four millimetre mesh sieve was the key to solve this issue. This technique significantly reduced both stickiness and agglomeration of the material. Also, this enabled for a significant reduction in moisture content of the final product.

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47

Qian, Li Li, Shu Zhong Wang, and Xing Ying Tang. "Hydrothermal Treatment Technology of Municipal Sewage Sludge." Advanced Materials Research 908 (March 2014): 457–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.908.457.

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In China, over 28 million tons of dewatered sewage sludge, with 80 wt% moisture content, was generated from wastewater treatment plants in 2011. High moisture content is the bottleneck of sludge treatment and disposal. Thermal drying technology can significantly reduce the moisture content of sludge but its cost is too high. Hydrothermal treatment technology based on cell-break principle can efficiently and economically reduce the moisture content of sludge. This paper will introduce the specific process, features, treatment effect of this technology and propose an economic evaluation. The results show that hydrothermal treatment technology is a reasonable and economical method for treating sewage sludge in cities.

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48

Hiraoka, M. "Advanced sludge thermal processes in Japan." Water Science and Technology 30, no. 8 (October 1, 1994): 139–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1994.0398.

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As a result of the spread of sewerage systems, the management of growing quantities of sewage sludge is becoming an urgent need. As the method of sludge management, thermal processes have mostly been applied to the treatment and disposal of sewage sludge in Japan, because of the difficulty of finding final disposal sites. This paper describes the progress of thermal processing technologies, especially focusing on drying-incineration process systems and melting-slag recycling process systems.

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49

ALTUN, Mehmet, Abdoul Nasser Aboubacar DAN BADAOU, Azize DOGAN DEMIR, Ustun SAHIN, Fatih Mehmet KIZILOGLU, and Serap DILER. "IMPROVEMENT OF THE HYDRAULIC PROPERTIES OF SALINE-SODIC SOIL EXPOSED TO FREEZING-THAWING USING SEWAGE SLUDGE AND WETTING-DRYING PROCESS WITH WASTEWATER." Carpathian Journal of Earth and Environmental Sciences 18, no. 1 (January 25, 2023): 37–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.26471/cjees/2023/018/239.

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Soil improvement practices are needed to protect weakly aggregated saline-sodic soils in cold regions from the negative effects of freezing-thawing events. Amelioration of these soils by adding sewage sludge and applying wetting–drying process with wastewater can be a practical application due to aggregation to be increased with increase in organic matter. Therefore, a laboratory experiment has been conducted to determine the effects on soil properties with three stabilized sewage sludge doses (0, 50, 100 Mg ha−1), two freeze-thaw cycles (5 and 10 times), two wetting-drying intervals (4 and 8 days) and two water types (freshwater and recycled wastewater). The negative effects of freezing-thawing on organic matter and aggregate stability were determined. However, while sewage sludge increased organic matter, aggregate stability, salinity, exchangeable K and Ca+Mg contents, cation exchange capacity (CEC), it was instrumental in inducing a lower pH, exchangeable Na, CaCO3 and exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP), and thus improved field capacity and hydraulic conductivity. Wetting-drying with 8-day intervals and wastewater improved organic matter also. Therefore, it could be concluded that the improvement of hydraulic properties can be attributed to achieving better aggregate stability with increased organic matter in soil from sewage sludge. Long intervals of wetting-drying and recycled wastewater can promote good results as well. However, improving the findings with the proposed treatments in the outer field conditions of the regions exposed to freezing-thawing events will provide more practical use.

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50

Mininni, G., R. Di Bartolo Zuccarello, V. Lotito, L. Spinosa, and A. C. Di Pinto. "A design model of sewage sludge incineration plants with energy recovery." Water Science and Technology 36, no. 11 (December 1, 1997): 211–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1997.0413.

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A design model of sewage sludge incineration plants has been developed to examine the possibilities for energy recovery. It was evident that, without sludge drying, there was a high fuel (methane) consumptions (149-192 Nm3/t sludge cake at 25% concentrations), but considerable amount of electric energy is obtainable (391-515 kWh/t sludge cake). Sizes of boiler and whole exhaust gases treatment line are in this case quite large. On the contrary, fuel consumption can be lowered down to 20 Nm3/t sludge cake at 44% concentration by introducing sludge drying. In this case fuel is needed only in the afterburning chamber, as the combustion in the fluidized bed furnace is autothermal. Boiler and exhaust gas treatment line are considerably reduced in size when power production is not performed, thus allowing a simpler and smaller plant to be designed.

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