Статті в журналах: "Sewage Environmental aspects Vietnam"

1

Jefferies, C., H. K. Young, and I. McGregor. "Microbial Aspects of Sewage and Sewage Sludge in Dundee, Scotland." Water Science and Technology 22, no. 10-11 (October 1, 1990): 47–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1990.0287.

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Studies of the populations of coliforms and faecal streptococci in sewage and sewer sediments have been carried out in Dundee. Samples have been obtained and tested by standard methods from five storm and five dry weather flow events. The temporal variation of bacterial populations and concentrations during both types of flow regimes found are discussed in relation to flow rates and other relevant parameters. Average daily variations of bacterial concentrations are proposed for dry weather flows. No consistent pattern of bacterial population variation was found for storm events. No interpretation of the data for sediments was possible.

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2

Henry, J. G., and D. Prasad. "Microbial Aspects of the Inuvik Sewage Lagoon." Water Science and Technology 18, no. 2 (February 1, 1986): 117–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1986.0021.

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A facultative sewage lagoon in Inuvik, N.W.T. was studied in August (ice free) and November (ice covered) 1984. Emphasis was placed on the microbiological aspects and their relation to lagoon performance. Analyses performed included, pH, total alkalinity, total solids, suspended solids, volatile solids, COD and BOD5 determinations. The microbiological tests included total plate counts (20°C) and psychrotrophic counts (1°C). Results indicated that the Inuvik sewage lagoon system achieved removal efficiencies, ranging from 90% BOD5 removal in summer to about 80% in winter. The total bacterial count was found to decrease in the liquid of the primary cells in the winter, but the bacterial count in the secondary cell was similar under both winter and summer conditions. No significant difference existed in bacterial counts in the sludge samples between primary and secondary cells. The total bacterial number decreased by one order of magnitude in the winter in sludges from all cells. A shift from mesophilic to psychrotrophic bacteria occurred in the winter. The percentage of psychrotrophs increased from less than 1% to over 80% with the change in season. The role of psychrotrophs in lagoon performance is discussed.

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3

Holmes, P. G. "Operational Aspects of Doha South Sewage Treatment Works." Water Science and Technology 21, no. 10-11 (October 1, 1989): 1477–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1989.0344.

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Extensions to Doha South Sewage Treatment Works provided preliminary, primary, secondary and tertiary treatment for a design population of 100,000 persons, producing disinfected effluent for use in restricted municipal irrigation with digested sludge being conditioned and dewatered by plate pressing. Secondary treatment was designed to be non-nitrifying surface aeration activated sludge, and experience was gained in preventing partial nitrification by strict control of dissolved oxygen residuals. The works operated successfully to ensure a high quality of final effluent despite hydraulic overloading of 1.85 times design DWF and disruptions caused by contracts to further extend the plant. Treatment costs reflected the emphasis placed upon the purchase of imported chemicals and spare parts to ensure continued operation. Operating experience confirmed the suitability of the chosen processes to achieve intended effluent and sludge qualities.

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4

BALMFORTH, D. J. "The Pollution Aspects of Storm-Sewage Overflows." Water and Environment Journal 4, no. 3 (June 1990): 219–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-6593.1990.tb01382.x.

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5

Van Minh, Hoang, Dao Lan Huong, Kim Bao Giang, and Peter Byass. "Economic aspects of chronic diseases in Vietnam." Global Health Action 2, no. 1 (November 11, 2009): 1965. http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/gha.v2i0.1965.

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6

Elshaeva, I. V., E. V. Voropaeva, and A. S. Pinaeva. "Environmental aspects of the use of sewage sludge as fertilizer materials." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 613 (December 23, 2020): 012031. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/613/1/012031.

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7

Samela, Daniel, G. M. Tsoumpas, G. K. Welshans, and M. L. Zwillenberg. "Environmental aspects of the combustion of sewage sludge in a utility boiler." Environmental Progress 5, no. 2 (May 1986): 110–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ep.670050212.

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8

Donáth-Jobbágy, A., and J. Holló. "Kinetic Aspects of Planning and Operating Activated Sludge Systems." Water Science and Technology 18, no. 6 (June 1, 1986): 175–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1986.0068.

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A “black-box” substrate removal model for predicting effluent pollution level in activated sludge treatment plants is presented. Reliability of the data acquired from batch and continuously operated systems has been studied. The dependence of the rate of substrate consumption on the quality and concentration of the substrates as well as on the adaptation and concentration of the microflora is shown by using a model sewage containing anion-active detergent as the sole carbon source. Prediction of the continuous operation on the basis of batch experiments is less tedious. The data acquired by the continuous method presented proved to be, however, more reliable and, therefore, preferable in predicting the operation of treatment plants. The method of planning on the basis of the model is illustrated by using an industrial type model sewage: diluted milk containing n-dodecylbenzene sulphonic acid (LAS) as a selectively detectable substrate. The dependence of the aeration tank volume on the biodegradabi1ity and planned effluent level of the different substrates is demonstrated. In the case of poorly biodegradable sewage applied, recycle ratio proved to be a potential control parameter of activated sludge wastewater treatment, extremely useful in overcoming shock loadings .

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9

Karlsson, Ingemar. "Environmental and energy efficiency of different sewage treatment processes." Water Science and Technology 34, no. 3-4 (August 1, 1996): 203–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1996.0434.

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This paper summarises the Scandinavian experience that chemical wastewater treatment gives “value for money” in the sense that such treatment gives a low construction volume per removed unit of Oxygen Consumption Potential (OCP) in the receiving water and a low energy consumption per unit of Oxygen Consumption Potential (OCP) removed. The OCP evaluation takes into consideration both the primary oxygen consumption caused by organic matter and ammonium as well as the secondary oxygen consumption from degradation of algae resulting from the discharge of nutrient. The paper demonstrates that in comparison to conventional biological activated sludge treatment (with pre-settling), chemical treatment plants (primary precipitation) are cheaper in terms of cost per unit of OCP removed and that they require less energy per unit of OCP removed. Chemical treatment is considered to be the most suitable method when discharging municipal sewage to sensitive marine receiving waters and should be categorized as secondary treatment, like biological treatment. It is important when ecological aspects are considered, for instance in terms of energy consumption, that all elements that contribute to the total consumption of energy must be included. For instance, a compact treatment plant, like a chemical one, may require less energy for concrete, while it requires more energy for chemicals. The problem is evaluated in two different ways: (i) an evaluation of energy consumption based on the major energy-associated elements: chemicals, air and biogas; and (ii) an analysis of all ecological aspects based on a model for evaluating the ecological value of the products and processes.

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10

Heninger, I., M. Potin-gautier, M. Astruc, D. Snidaro, V. Vignier, and J. Manem. "Selenium in Sewage Sludge; General Aspects and Analytical Challenge." International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry 67, no. 1-4 (June 1997): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03067319708031389.

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11

Tín, Võ Trung. "Assessing Vietnam’s Environmental Laws and Direction for Improvement." Vietnamese Journal of Legal Sciences 1, no. 1 (June 1, 2020): 64–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/vjls-2020-0004.

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AbstractEnvironmental protection has gotten much attention and been prioritized in policy making for economic – social development of countries around the world, including Vietnam. The policies have been gradually institutionalized into law. Environmental Protection Law comes into existence in Vietnam as in other developing countries, which could be affirmed as the latest legal field. Before Environmental Protection Law was issued as an independent legal document by the National Assembly, other environmental regulations in Vietnam covered some aspects of environmental protection to meet management need without targeting the protection of environmental factors. Environment or environment-related regulations have been found in many separate legal documents. In order to meet the growing demand for integration, Vietnam needs to continue to reform environmental regulations. The paper analyzes the Vietnamese environmental regulations and practical implementation, thereby giving some suggestions.

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12

Ozdemir, S., G. Dede, O. H. Dede, and S. M. Turp. "Composting of sewage sludge with mole cricket: stability, maturity and sanitation aspects." International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology 16, no. 10 (January 5, 2019): 5827–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13762-018-02192-4.

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13

Hultgren, J., and L. G. Reinius. "Extension of the Sewage Treatment Plants in Stockholm: Some Technical and Economical Aspects." Water Science and Technology 27, no. 5-6 (March 1, 1993): 357–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1993.0514.

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The requirements for the sewage treatment plants in Sweden will be more stringent in the future. The three plants in Stockholm, Henriksdal, Bromma and Loudden have to be extended to meet requirements for nitrogen removal and increased phosphorus removal. Since 1989 the plants have the same recipient for the treated sewage and to save money during the future extension the city would like to regard the three effluents as one common. The authorities have not yet decided to admit this but there is a good chance for it. The paper describes the strategy for extension and how the plants have been designed.

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14

Axelrad, Gilad, Tomer Gershfeld, and Eli Feinerman. "Reclamation of sewage sludge for use in Israeli agriculture: economic, environmental and organizational aspects." Journal of Environmental Planning and Management 56, no. 10 (December 2013): 1419–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09640568.2012.732009.

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15

Fijen, A. P. M., and M. G. Marsden. "Green Point Sewage Disposal Options." Water Science and Technology 25, no. 9 (May 1, 1992): 133–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1992.0213.

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In the winter of 1989 severe seas destabilised the 1 700 metre long marine outfall at Green Point which had been commissioned in 1985. Divers had to detach a large section of the outfall to prevent further damage occurring. This resulted in virtually untreated sewage effluent being discharged 280 metres from the rocky shoreline. Public outrage and severe criticism from the media resulted in an emotional and environmentally sensitive issue having to be handled with considerable political and professional skill to enable the determination of the most appropriate solution for Green Point. Independent consultants were appointed by the Cape Town City Council to study basically two options to rectify the situation; reinstating the marine outfall or constructing a conventional sewage treatment plant in close proximity to a densely populated coastal area. This paper discusses the marine option in detail and the advantages and disadvantages of both marine and land options as well as the public involvement and the adopted decision making process. After a comprehensive investigation had identified and explored all aspects and after the public had been fully involved and consulted, the Cape Town City council accepted the City Engineer's recommendation with a vote of 33 to 1, in favour of a new marine outfall.

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16

Vyas, Neha. "Environmental Aspects of Project Management." Vikalpa: The Journal for Decision Makers 33, no. 2 (April 2008): 65–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0256090920080205.

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The primary challenge in project management is to achieve all of the defined project goals and objectives while adhering to typical constraints which are usually scope, quality, time, and budget. Often, the basic flaw in project planning and design is the complete neglect or minimal consideration of environmental and social costs and dependence only on economic analysis for project preparation and investment. A failure to understand and internalize adverse or negative impacts on environment during project preparation could lead to several undesirable consequences, which may ultimately jeopardize the very objectives of growth and development for which the project was proposed. In this paper, the author stresses upon the need for environmental management for successful project completion and discusses the challenges of addressing the key environmental issues. Environmental management is not just about the ‘trees and bees’ but also about health, safety, profits, quality assurance, reduced risks to reputation, and increased global competitiveness, states the author. Overall, it is about efficiency and reducing environmental and legal liabilities. It is argued that sound environment management reduces the unforeseen obstacles and bottlenecks that may otherwise hamper the delivery of project objectives while helping to improve the environmental performance of project operations. The key environmental issues resulting from agricultural, mining, manufacturing, and urban operations include: severe degradation of air quality due to industrial and vehicular pollution contamination of land and water resources due to pesticides, fertilizers, and dumping of hazardous wastes depletion of raw material reserves contamination of surface and ground water sources due to discharge of sewage and industrial effluents deforestation. Environmental impact assessment (EIA) study is suggested as a tool for formulating an environment management plan. EIA should, however, not be treated just as a tool for regulatory compliance but as an instrument for improving project management per se with proper expertise, time, and budget allocations made for the purpose. In environmental management, the moot question is: How to get started? The author's advice is to start small and simple and gradually turn them into action plans for a worksite and subsequently up-scale them for the entire company. It is ultimately the actions taken at personal or community level or as a project manager that matters the most when it comes to environmental sustainability. Policies and plans merely show the way. It is becoming increasingly important to make environmental management an economic driver that would serve to minimize environmental damages and promote resource efficiency and cost savings to businesses.

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17

LASSOUED, Najla, and Essaid BILAL. "THE PHYSIOLOGICAL AND CELLULAR STUDY OF TRITICUM TURGIDUM GROWN IN AMENDED SOIL WITH SEWAGE SLUDGE (URBAN AND INDUSTRIAL) IN OPEN FIELDS UNDER SEMI-ARID CLIMATE CONDITIONS." Carpathian Journal of Earth and Environmental Sciences 16, no. 1 (2021): 187–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.26471/cjees/2021/016/166.

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A field experiment was conducted to demonstrate the beneficial and negative aspects of sewage sludge application on wheat and to determine the way of heavy metals in the sludge-soil-plant system. Two types of sewage sludge (urban and industrial) were applied at different rates (5, 25, 50 and 100 t dry matter (DM) per ha). Results showed that growth and yield have been improved by sewage sludge use. However, sewage sludge applications modified the content of heavy metals in plant tissues especially for industrial sewage sludge and high rates where significant accumulations including Co, Cr and Pb, were detected mainly in the roots. This has been coupled by an alteration of the root cellular ultra-structure and the presence of heavy metal deposition as electron-dense granules and crystals.

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18

Tench, H. B. "Practical aspects of the oxygen supply/sludge activity relationship." Water Science and Technology 33, no. 12 (June 1, 1996): 181–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1996.0331.

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The basis of the sludge activity concept is described together with experimental applications. As a result of these it has been concluded that activated sludge plants normally operate under oxygen limiting conditions and that increases in the rate of aeration which enable the plants to deal with greater loadings require equal increases in the sludge and dissolved oxygen concentration. The increases necessary are not proportional to the increased loadings but to the square roots of them. Increase in turbulence of the mixed liquor does not appear to be a factor of importance down to retention periods of the order of two hours when treating an average strength sewage, but may have had an effect at lower aeration periods. Calculations using data obtained from a hybrid mechanical aeration plant at Manchester indicate that the percentage oxygenation of the sludge in a low intensity carbonaceous oxidation plant may be as low as 15%. Even in a high intensity plant treating sewage in two hours the calculations gave an estimate of 33% aerobicity. It appears that the sludge activity approach can be applied to nitrifying organisms and that they also tend to a maximum as the sludge concentration is increased. In full scale practice there will be an optimum dissolved oxygen level which gives the highest oxygen deficiency, and thus power economy, consistent with attaining the required nitrification.

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19

Zhao, Yu Huan. "The Application of New Environmentally Friendly Materials in Environmental Protection." Applied Mechanics and Materials 416-417 (September 2013): 1652–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.416-417.1652.

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The new environmentally friendly materials have broad application prospects in environmental protection and the environmental governance. This paper reviewed the recent progress of the new-style environmentally friendly materials in environmental protection and the aspects of research and applications are discussed in this paper one by one of several kinds of new-style environmentally friendly materials in environmental protection and governance, and introduces the application of new environmentally friendly technology in air pollution, sewage treatment and other aspects of environmental protection. The noise pollution control, solid waste disposal, environmental monitoring and other applications are also introduced.

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20

Bluemink, E. D., A. F. van Nieuwenhuijzen, E. Wypkema, and C. A. Uijterlinde. "Bio-plastic (poly-hydroxy-alkanoate) production from municipal sewage sludge in the Netherlands: a technology push or a demand driven process?" Water Science and Technology 74, no. 2 (April 27, 2016): 353–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2016.191.

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Valorisation of components from municipal ‘waste’ water and sewage sludge gets more and more attention in order to come to a circular economy by developing an efficient ‘waste’ to value concept. On behalf of the transition team ‘Grondstoffenfabriek’ (‘Resource factory’) a preliminary research was performed for all the Dutch water boards to assess the technical and economical feasibility of poly-hydroxy-alkanoate (PHA)-production from sewage sludge, a valuable product to produce bio-plastics. This study reveals that the production of bio-plastics from sewage sludge is feasible based on technical aspects, but not yet economically interesting, even though the selling price is relatively close to the actual PHA market price. (Selling price is in this particular case the indicative cost effective selling price. The cost effective selling price covers only the total production costs of the product.) Future process optimization (maximizing the volatile fatty acids production, PHA storage capacity, etc.) and market developments are needed and will result in cost reductions of the various sub-processes. PHA-production from sewage sludge at this stage is just a technology; every further research is needed to incorporate the backward integration approach, taking into account the market demand including associated product quality aspects.

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21

Schilling, W., and D. T. Kollatsch. "Reduction of Combined Sewer Overflow Pollution Loads by Detention of Sanitary Sewage." Water Science and Technology 22, no. 10-11 (October 1, 1990): 205–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1990.0306.

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For mixed combined/separate sewer systems it is proposed, in times of combined sewage overflows (CSO), to store sanitary sewage at the inlet point to the combined system. Thereby, sanitary sewage (with high strength) is kept in the system for further treatment after the storm whereas less-polluted CSO are diverted to the receiving water. By using data of an existing catchment different scenarios are evaluated and the potential benefit of sanitary sewage detention is quantified. This approach is compared to current German CSO regulations. It is more effective than conventional CSO detention if more than 60 % of the population upstream of the CSO diversion are served by a separate system. A key problem of this concept is the control strategy that determines when to activate and empty the storage tanks. A number of criteria are compared. Considerations are also made on operational aspects such as chemical transformations in stored sewage, maximum allowable detention time, and cleansing of storage tanks.

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22

Akanyeti, Ime, Hardy Temmink, Maxime Remy, and Arie Zwijnenburg. "Feasibility of bioflocculation in a high-loaded membrane bioreactor for improved energy recovery from sewage." Water Science and Technology 61, no. 6 (March 1, 2010): 1433–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2010.032.

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The feasibility of a high-loaded membrane bioreactor to improve methane recovery from sewage was investigated. Although the process needs further optimization, it already is feasible to recover at least 35% of the sewage COD. Important aspects for further research are the occurrence of membrane fouling, and the optimum process conditions for bioflocculation, i.e. the proper SRT/HRT ratio, dissolved oxygen concentration and shear and overall energy production and consumption under optimised conditions.

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23

von Sperling, M. "Comparison of simple, small, full-scale sewage treatment systems in Brazil: UASB–maturation ponds–coarse filter; UASB–horizontal subsurface-flow wetland; vertical-flow wetland (first stage of French system)." Water Science and Technology 71, no. 3 (December 8, 2014): 329–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2014.496.

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This paper presents a comparison between three simple sewage treatment lines involving natural processes: (a) upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor–three maturation ponds in series–coarse rock filter; (b) UASB reactor–horizontal subsurface-flow constructed wetland; and (c) vertical-flow constructed wetlands treating raw sewage (first stage of the French system). The evaluation was based on several years of practical experience with three small full-scale plants receiving the same influent wastewater (population equivalents of 220, 60 and 100 inhabitants) in the city of Belo Horizonte, Brazil. The comparison included interpretation of concentrations and removal efficiencies based on monitoring data (organic matter, solids, nitrogen, phosphorus, coliforms and helminth eggs), together with an evaluation of practical aspects, such as land and volume requirements, sludge production and handling, plant management, clogging and others. Based on an integrated evaluation of all aspects involved, it is worth emphasizing that each system has its own specificities, and no generalization can be made on the best option. The overall conclusion is that the three lines are suitable for sewage treatment in small communities in warm-climate regions.

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24

Brautlecht, P., and S. Gredigk. "Concept for an interlinked system of a sludge drying facility and a landfill for residual waste." Water Science and Technology 38, no. 2 (July 1, 1998): 119–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1998.0119.

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The integration of a sewage sludge drying facility into landfill operation leads to a large number of synergistic effects. Two of these modules are examined more closely in this paper. If the thermal and electric energy produced in landfill operation are used for sewage sludge drying, the drying costs will be able to be reduced and the existing resources will be used in an ecologically acceptable way throughout the year. The joint treatment of the vent condensates resulting from sewage sludge drying and of landfill leachate suggests itself because both wastewaters show a similar composition. Tests carried out for this purpose have revealed that the efficiencies achieved especially in joint biological treatment are very high due to the good biodegradability of the vent condensates. Negative effects from the joint treatment of vent condensates on other procedures examined were not observed. With the help of comprehensive interlinked systems sewage sludge drying can even be realized in rural areas. This contributes to higher safety in sewage sludge disposal under economic, ecological and future-oriented aspects.

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25

Boll, Reiner, Heribert Dernbach, and Rolf Kayser. "Aspects of Land Disposal of Wastewater as Experienced in Germany." Water Science and Technology 18, no. 7-8 (July 1, 1986): 383–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1986.0312.

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The largest wastewater land treatment facility in operation in the Federal Republic of Germany is located in Braunschweig (Lower Saxony) and serves a population of about 290,000. The treatment process consists of three main components: a pre-treatment plant as an activated sludge process, a sprinkler irrigation area of 3,000 ha of farmland and an old sewage farm of 180 ha with surface flooding. This paper briefly summarizes the experiences with management and operation of the system, the treatment results with reference to environmental impact, development of agriculture and some financial aspects.

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26

Lo, Irene M. C., Zhou Wenwen, and Ken K. H. Ng. "Environmental and Landfill Operation Aspects of Co-disposal of Dewatered Sewage Sludge and Municipal Solid Waste." HKIE Transactions 11, no. 1 (January 2004): 21–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1023697x.2004.10667939.

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27

Tuyet, Nguyen Thi, Nguyen Phuoc Dan, Nguyen Cong Vu, Nguyen Le Hoang Trung, Bui Xuan Thanh, Heleen De Wever, Marcel Goemans, and Ludo Diels. "Laboratory-scale membrane up-concentration and co-anaerobic digestion for energy recovery from sewage and kitchen waste." Water Science and Technology 73, no. 3 (October 20, 2015): 597–606. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2015.535.

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This study assessed an alternative concept for co-treatment of sewage and organic kitchen waste in Vietnam. The goal was to apply direct membrane filtration for sewage treatment to generate a permeate that is suitable for discharge. The obtained chemical oxygen demand (COD) concentrations in the permeate of ultrafiltration tests were indeed under the limit value (50 mg/L) of the local municipal discharge standards. The COD of the concentrate was 5.4 times higher than that of the initial feed. These concentrated organics were then co-digested with organic kitchen wastes at an organic loading rate of 2.0 kg VS/m3.d. The volumetric biogas production of the digester was 1.94 ± 0.34 m3/m3.d. The recovered carbon, in terms of methane gas, accounted for 50% of the total carbon input of the integrated system. Consequently, an electrical production of 64 Wh/capita/d can be obtained when applying the proposed technology with the current wastes generated in Ho Chi Minh City. Thus, it is an approach with great potential in terms of energy recovery and waste treatment.

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28

Korving, H., and E. C. Ottenhoff. "Analysis of the causes of pump failure and differences of failure characteristics." Water Science and Technology 57, no. 8 (April 1, 2008): 1271–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2008.304.

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It is generally accepted that sewage pumping stations are directly responsible for affecting sewer system performance in terms of combined sewer overflows and flooding. However, the specific causes of pump failure are unknown. This paper presents the analysis of pump failure data provided by four sewer management authorities in The Netherlands. Pump failures have been studied accounting for the nature of failures, operation and maintenance procedures of the management authority, ageing of the pumps and changes in the environment of pumps. Pumps have been clustered on the basis of specific characteristics of their ‘environment’, including pump age, operating time, pump capacity and degree of pollution of the sewage. The analysis shows that the well known ‘bathtub’ type failure rate curve can describe failures of sewage pumps. The impact of the degree of pollution of the sewage, however, is less clear. Operating time and total pumping capacity show no correlation with failure rate. Consequently, further research using data mining techniques is needed to separate the impact of the different aspects of the environment of a pump.

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29

Kaya, Yusuf. "Some environmental aspects of marine disposal systems with particular reference to UK waters." Water Science and Technology 32, no. 2 (July 1, 1995): 167–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1995.0095.

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Disposal to the marine environment is generally regarded as an effective means of disposing of sewage effluent. In recent years legislation has been introduced to enable marine disposal in a more controlled and environmentally acceptable manner. The discharger must prove to the regulatory authorities that the proposed discharges comply with the relevant legislation. This paper concentrates on the environmental aspects of marine disposal systems and gives examples from the UK. Emphasis is given to mathematical modelling techniques used to assess compliance with relevant legislation. Data requirements for model set up and calibration are discussed, together with assessment of the level of calibration achieved for two specific coastal applications. An improved representation of wind stress effects on the water column and requirements for a special radiation condition at open boundaries to render the boundary transparent to outgoing transients are also discussed.

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30

Kowalik, Robert, Jolanta Latosińska, Monika Metryka-Telka, Rafał Porowski, and Jarosław Gawdzik. "Comparison of the Possibilities of Environmental Usage of Sewage Sludge from Treatment Plants Operating with MBR and SBR Technology." Membranes 11, no. 9 (September 21, 2021): 722. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes11090722.

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Sewage sludge from sewage treatment plants has soil-forming and fertilising properties. However, sewage sludge cannot always be used in nature, including agriculture. One of the main reasons is the concentration of heavy metals. Sludge from wastewater treatment plants operating in MBR (membrane biological reactor) and SBR (sequential batch reactor) systems was analysed. Studies comparing the risk analysis of the natural use of sludge from MBR and SBR treatment plants were performed for the first time, due to the fact that more and more MBR plants, which are a BAT technology, are being developed in Poland, displacing the classical SBR plants. MBR technology uses a combination of activated sludge and filtration with microfiltration membranes. Wastewater treated in these reactors meets the highest quality standards, both in terms of physicochemical and microbiological aspects. This paper presents studies on the mobility of heavy metals in sewage sludge carried out using the BCR sequential extraction method. Geo-accumulation index (GAI), potential environmental risk index (ER), risk assessment code (RAC), and environmental risk determinant (ERD) were calculated. Heavy metals dominated the stable fractions in all cases. Furthermore, an increased content of copper and cadmium was observed in the MBR sludge. This fact is favourable in view of the efforts to eliminate heavy metals in the environment.

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31

Evans, L. J., G. A. Spiers, and G. Zhao. "Chemical Aspects of Heavy Metal Solubility with Reference to Sewage Sludge Amended Soils." International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry 59, no. 2-4 (April 1995): 291–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03067319508041335.

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32

Capodaglio, Andrea G. "INTEGRAL CONTROL REQUIREMENTS FOR SEWERAGE SYSTEMS." Water Science and Technology 30, no. 1 (July 1, 1994): 131–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1994.0014.

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Sewerage systems and sewage treatment plants are often planned, designed and operated as totally separate entities. As a result, sewage treatment efficiency is subject to considerable variability, depending both on general hydrologic conditions in the urban watershed (wet versus dry periods), and on specific “instantaneous” operating conditions. It has been postulated that the integration of design and operation in urban drainage and wastewater treatment could allow minimization of the harmful effects of discharges from treatment plants, combined sewer overflows and surface runoff. This “ideal condition” can be achieved through the introduction of so-called “Real-Time Control” technology in sewerage collection and treatment operations. This paper examines the requirements of a hypothetical integrated sewer flow and sewage treatment model, the mathematical tools used to design and operate Real-Time Control systems, and the issues emerging from an integration of the conveyance and disposal aspects of the sewerage cycle.

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Väänänen, Pentti, and Eleftherios Gavrielides. "Comparison of Centralized versus Decentralized Wastewater Systems for Coastal Tourist Areas." Water Science and Technology 21, no. 1 (January 1, 1989): 87–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1989.0009.

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A reliable, unobtrusive wastewater collection, treatment and disposal system in tourist areas is a must. In most countries where tourism has rapidly grown, public utilities have not managed to provide sewerage and sewage treatment facilities. As a result of this there are a great number of small sewage treatment plants each serving one hotel or a group of hotels in one area. The next step seems to be to join more and more hotels to one bigger treatment plant - mostly operated by a public utility. This paper discusses the pros and cons of a centralized vs. decentralized treatment system taking into account technical and economic aspects.

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34

Do, Ngoc Hanh. "Current environmental protection and sustainable development in Vietnam in Ho Chi Minh ideology." E3S Web of Conferences 203 (2020): 03015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202020303015.

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In the thesis, the author focuses on analyzing the special features on the environmental protection by Ho Chi Minh in the 2 aspects: awareness and actions. Thence, the great contributions and devotion by the Ex-President Ho Chi Minh to Vietnam’s environmental protection and sustainable development are continuously asserted in the thesis; thus, the special features of “behavior toward the nature” culture, Ho Chi Minh’s scientific thinking, broad-minded, and profound political vision have been proven. This is the scientific foundation for Vietnam to apply to the guideline for sustainable development, especially for economic development in attachment with the environmental protection under the strong impact by the Industry 4.0.

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35

Yu, Xin, Sid Suntrayuth, and Jiafu Su. "A Comprehensive Evaluation Method for Industrial Sewage Treatment Projects Based on the Improved Entropy-TOPSIS." Sustainability 12, no. 17 (August 20, 2020): 6734. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12176734.

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Sewage treatment and reuse have always been hot issues in both the business and academic communities in all nations around the world. In order to solve the difficulties in accurate quantization and objective evaluation of industrial sewage treatment projects, this paper proposed a comprehensive industrial sewage treatment project evaluation method based on the improved entropy–TOPSIS method. First, this paper constructed an evaluation indicator system for sewage treatment projects from the four aspects of environmental performance, economic performance, managerial performance and social performance. Second, it made a modification to the experts’ experience-based grading using the entropy weight method and determined the weight of the indicators in a more objective and more accurate manner. Third, this work improved the traditional TOPSIS method and simplified the calculations with regard to the traditional TOPSIS-based comprehensive evaluation. Finally, by taking the example of evaluating industrial sewage treatment projects of the China Water Affairs Group in Q city (ChongQing), China, this paper verified the feasibility and practicability of the proposed comprehensive industrial sewage treatment project evaluation system and method.

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36

Harada, H., N. T. Dong, and S. Matsui. "A measure for provisional-and-urgent sanitary improvement in developing countries: septic-tank performance improvement." Water Science and Technology 58, no. 6 (October 1, 2008): 1305–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2008.715.

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Although many cities have planed to develop sewerages in developing countries, sewerage establishment still requires huge investment and engineering efforts. Improvement of existing sanitation facilities may contribute the betterment of urban sanitation before sewerage establishment. The purpose of this study is to propose a measure to improve urban sanitation in areas where a sewerage development plan is proposed but has not been yet established, based on a case study in Hanoi, Vietnam. We found that 90.5% of human excreta flowed into septic tanks. However, 89.6% of septic tanks have never been desludged in the past and their performance was observed to be at a low level. The study also showed that if they introduce regular desludging with a frequency of once a year, they can eliminate 72.8% of COD loads from septic tanks. It was indicated that the performance can be dramatically recovered by regular desludging, which could contribute urban sanitation improvement in Hanoi. In conclusion, the performance recovery of septic tanks by regular desludging was proposed as a provisional-and-urgent measure for urban sanitation improvement, together with the septage treatment in sewage sludge treatment facilities, which should be established earlier than other facilities of sewage treatment systems.

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37

Wiebusch, Bernd, and Carl Franz Seyfried. "Utilization of sewage sludge ashes in the brick and tile industry." Water Science and Technology 36, no. 11 (December 1, 1997): 251–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1997.0418.

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Several aspects of using ashes from sewage sludge incineration in the brick and tile industry have been examined. After discussing the item of ash production in Germany, the impact of different wastewater treatment methods is described; for instance, the use of precipitation agents containing iron will considerably influence the ash quality. Depending on their respective chemical composition, different ashes have different effects on the ceramic qualities of the bricks made of clay blended with ashes. These effects will be shown in regard to the major ceramic parameters. Similarly, the quality of the ashes also influences the elution behaviour and the mineral fixation of heavy metals.

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38

Saber, M. S. M. "Prolonged Effect of Land Disposal of Human Wastes on Soil Conditions." Water Science and Technology 18, no. 7-8 (July 1, 1986): 371–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1986.0310.

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Land disposal of human wastes is a comprehensive issue, where a series of aspects have to be considered. Few, if any, alternatives exist to this technology. No doubt future emphasis will be on sewage farming, which should result in the cultivation of new arid land. This paper addresses the prolonged effect of land disposal of human wastes on soil properties, as well as on the dissemination of enteric pathogens. In order to assess this impact, soil samples were collected from Gabal el Asfar sewage farm in Cairo to represent sandy soils irrigated solely, by surface flooding, with decanted sewage effluent for 0, 2.5, 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 45 and 60 years. Sewage farming tended to build up the soil microbial population, particularly during the first five years. In all soils, human wastes increased total bacterial counts and promoted the proliferation of the physiological groups. This population would accelerate the oxidation of organic matter to available nutrients. It also resulted in a high increase in nitrogen, phosphorus, micro-nutrients, organic carbon and raised the water holding capacity and exchangeable cations. However, the prolonged use of sewage effluent would disturb the balance of nutrients in soil, as the pH shifted towards acidity. The most interesting observation in the present work is to record that neither soluble salts nor micro-nutrients reached any injurious level. But land disposal of human wastes should be excercised with caution and if it is intended to be applied, salts, pH and nutrient elements should be checked occasionally. From the hygienic point of view, faecal E. coli, which is considered to be an indicator for enteric pathogens, gave positive results in all sewaged soils. Hence, it is recommended, from the sanitary point of view, that no crops which come in contact with sewage effluent should be cultivated in a sewage farm.

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39

Phuoc Minh, Nguyen, Pham Xuan Mai, and Nguyen Thi Van Linh. "Physical Aspects Influencing to the Production of Dry-Salted Snakeskin Gourami (Trichogaster Pectoralis)." Oriental Journal of Chemistry 35, no. 2 (April 18, 2019): 773–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/ojc/350238.

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Snakeskin gourami (Trichogaster pectoralis) is one of the most common fish in paddy field and river in Vietnam. It lives in waters at low dissolved oxygen and high organic accumulation. It has a high meat yield and favouritely consumed as dried fish in Vietnam. Farming area of snakeskin gourami has been opened dramatically in recent years. Therefore, it’s necessary to have an appropriate processing and preserving approach to accelerate its commercial value in local and international markets. Objective of the present study focused on the different aspects such as ethanol treatment to eliminate fishy ordor; addition of salt, sorbitol, as well as dry temperature that affected to to water activity (aw), microbial load (coliform, cfu/g), sensory score of dried snakeskin gourami (Trichogaster pectoralis). Shelf-life of the dried product was also evaluated during preservation. Results showed that 40% ethanol at ratio 20:80 for primary treatment; 2.0% of salt soaking; 1.0% of sorbitol addition; 46°C of drying were appropriate to maintain water activity (aw=0.65). By preserving under vacuum in PA bag, the dry-salted snakeskin gourami still extended the product shelf-life for 12 months without any deterioration.

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40

Phan, Thai Thi. "A discussion about the management practices over the collection and use of the environmental fees in the mining industry." Journal of Mining and Earth Sciences 61, no. 5 (October 31, 2020): 47–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.46326/jmes.ktqtkd2020.07.

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This article will brief through the current practices of collecting and utilizing the environmental protection fees at the localities, point out the results, and highlight the remaining aspects along with their root causes. From there, the article will suggest recommendations in order to emphasize effective management over the collection of the environmental fee in Vietnam.

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41

Foresti, E. "Anaerobic treatment of domestic sewage: established technologies and perspectives." Water Science and Technology 45, no. 10 (May 1, 2002): 181–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2002.0324.

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The use of anaerobic reactors for domestic sewage treatment has increased significantly since the UASB configuration started to be efficiently applied for this purpose in the beginning of the 1980s. Nowadays, hundreds of UASB reactors, or similar anaerobic units, are used in domestic sewage treatment systems, particularly in developing countries. These units have been operated at ambient temperature, normally higher than 20°C, at hydraulic detention time in the range of 6 to 10 hours, and organic loading rates lower than 3.0 kg COD.m−3.d−1. They have presented COD removal efficiencies in the range of 65% to 80%. Besides, new configurations have been developed and assayed in research centres, aiming to amplify the range of application and to improve process performance. At the same time, research is being conducted on the post-treatment of anaerobic effluents attempting to offer alternatives to the existing conventional systems. It takes into consideration not only sanitation and environmental protection, but also considers resources conservation at lower construction and running costs as the main supporting concepts for further development. This text presents some aspects of the consolidated technologies and suggests on further developments in the conception of domestic sewage treatment systems having the anaerobic process as their core.

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42

Zhang, L., L. Mendoza, M. Marzorati, and W. Verstraete. "Inhibition of sulfide generation by dosing formaldehyde and its derivatives in sewage under anaerobic conditions." Water Science and Technology 57, no. 6 (March 1, 2008): 915–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2008.087.

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Hydrogen sulfide emission in sewers is associated with toxicity, corrosion, odor nuisance and a lot of costs. The possibility to inhibit sulfide generation by formaldehyde and its derivatives (paraformaldehyde and urea formaldehyde) has been evaluated under anaerobic conditions. The impact of formaldehyde on an activated sludge system and an appraisal of the economic aspects are also presented. The optimum dosage to inhibit sulfide generation in sewage was 12–19 mg L−1 formaldehyde. The dosages of 32 mg L−1 paraformaldehyde or 100 mg L−1 urea formaldehyde were not capable of inhibiting sulfide generation in sewage. The impact of 19 mg L−1 formaldehyde on activated sludge system was negligible in terms of COD removal, nitrification rate and oxygen uptake rate.

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43

Rogers, Vernon J. "Wastewater treatment utilizing submarine outfalls: the role of science, communications and public involvement in the decision-making process." Water Science and Technology 32, no. 2 (July 1, 1995): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1995.0062.

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In Victoria, British Columbia, Canada, sewage is discharged to the marine environment after preliminary treatment by screening. In 1992, the CRD undertook related technical investigations including studies of the ocean sediments in the area of the two main outfalls. The results of these investigations, together with information concerning other aspects of liquid waste management, were then described as part of a public involvement program which culminated in a referendum held in November 1992. The referendum invited the public to choose from three options for land-based sewage treatment. All three options included programs such as source control, that offered clear environmental benefits. The majority of voters (56%) decided in favour of the option which includes continuation of the existing level of sewage treatment. This paper describes the process followed, and shows how good science, effective communication, and public involvement can aid a rational approach to decision-making about marine environmental management and wastewater treatment utilizing submarine outfalls. It also highlights some important points concerning development of community and environmental priorities, identification of stakeholders, public involvement, and the role of independent scientific assessment.

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44

Pitman, A. R. "Design Considerations for Nutrient Removal Activated Sludge Plants." Water Science and Technology 23, no. 4-6 (February 1, 1991): 781–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1991.0529.

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Based on more than 10 years' experience with biological nutrient removal in Johannesburg, this paper highlights aspects which should be borne in mind in the design of such processes. Feed sewage quality and the question of treating raw or settled sewage are considered. More importantly, methods of rendering the feed more suitable for biological phosphorus removal are detailed. As nitrate feedback to the anaerobic zone can often mitigate against good phosphorus removal, methods of obviating this are covered. In this respect the need for, and placement of a second anoxic zone are discussed. Process type and configuration are covered as well as zone retention periods and the split of process volume into unaerated and aerated fractions. Aeration systems and the tailoring of aeration to process needs are also discussed. Two problems that have been experienced in many full-scale plants are bulking sludges and prolific growths of nuisance scums. Methods of minimising these problems are discussed. Finally, mixed liquor and return sludge recycles; aspects to be borne in mind in the design of final clarifiers and the provision of standby chemical addition are discussed.

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45

Pelegrín, M., J. A. Sáez-Tovar, J. Andreu-Rodríguez, M. D. Pérez-Murcia, E. Martínez-Sabater, F. C. Marhuenda-Egea, A. Pérez-Espinosa, et al. "Composting of the invasive species Arundo donax with sewage and agri-food sludge: Agronomic, economic and environmental aspects." Waste Management 78 (August 2018): 730–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2018.06.029.

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46

Huong, Luu Quynh, Henry Madsen, Le Xuan Anh, Pham Thi Ngoc, and Anders Dalsgaard. "Hygienic aspects of livestock manure management and biogas systems operated by small-scale pig farmers in Vietnam." Science of The Total Environment 470-471 (February 2014): 53–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.09.023.

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47

Phuong, Nguyen Duy, and Nguyen Van Sang. "Support of Socialist Countries during Vietnam War: Training Officers of Soviet Union for Vietnam, 1954-1975." Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 10, no. 1 (January 17, 2021): 125. http://dx.doi.org/10.36941/ajis-2021-0011.

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The victory of the Vietnamese people in the war is inseparable from the great support of the international community and the peacekeeping force worldwide. Not only receiving material support, but more importantly, Vietnam also received the support on intellectual resources from international friends through the training of officers in all fields. The Soviet Union's role as the leader of the socialist bloc held the most important position in that immense help. Based on archived sources that are diplomatic documents between the two countries, as well as the latest research achievements, the article analyzes the support of The Soviet Union for Vietnam in the field of officer training in many aspects. The results confirm the great contributions of The Soviet Union to the Vietnam war against the United States to build and protect the independence of Vietnamese people, and at the same time contribute to explain the effects of the “Soviet model” in Vietnam in the past as well as nowadays. Received: 19 August 2020 / Accepted: 2 December 2020 / Published: 17 January 2021

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48

Izydorczyk, Grzegorz, Katarzyna Mikula, Dawid Skrzypczak, Krzystof Trzaska, Konstantinos Moustakas, Anna Witek-Krowiak, and Katarzyna Chojnacka. "Agricultural and non-agricultural directions of bio-based sewage sludge valorization by chemical conditioning." Environmental Science and Pollution Research 28, no. 35 (July 19, 2021): 47725–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-15293-4.

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AbstractThis literature review outlines the most important—agricultural and non-agricultural—types of sewage sludge management. The potential of waste sludge protein hydrolysates obtained by chemical sludge conditioning was reported. The discussed areas include acidic and alkaline hydrolysis, lime conditioning, polyelectrolyte dewatering and other supporting techniques such as ultrasounds, microwave or thermal methods. The legislative aspects related to the indication of the development method and admission to various applications based on specified criteria were discussed. Particular attention was devoted to the legally regulated content of toxic elements: cadmium, lead, nickel, mercury, chromium and microelements that may be toxic: copper and zinc. Various methods of extracting valuable proteins from sewage sludge have been proposed: chemical, physical and enzymatic. While developing the process concept, you need to consider extraction efficiency (time, temperature, humidity, pH), drainage efficiency of post-extraction residues and directions of their management. The final process optimization is crucial. Despite the development of assumptions for various technologies, excess sewage sludge remains a big problem for sewage treatment plants. The high costs of enzymatic hydrolysis, thermal hydrolysis and ultrasonic methods and the need for a neutralizing agent in acid solubilization limit the rapid implementation of these processes in industrial practice. Graphical abstract

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49

Bravo, L., and I. Ferrer. "Life Cycle Assessment of an intensive sewage treatment plant in Barcelona (Spain) with focus on energy aspects." Water Science and Technology 64, no. 2 (July 1, 2011): 440–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2011.522.

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Life Cycle Assessment was used to evaluate environmental impacts associated to a full-scale wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) in Barcelona Metropolitan Area, with a treatment capacity of 2 million population equivalent, focussing on energy aspects and resources consumption. The wastewater line includes conventional pre-treatment, primary settler, activated sludge with nitrogen removal, and tertiary treatment; and the sludge line consists of thickening, anaerobic digestion, cogeneration, dewatering and thermal drying. Real site data were preferably included in the inventory. Environmental impacts of the resulting impact categories were determined by the CLM 2 baseline method. According to the results, the combustion of natural gas in the cogeneration engine is responsible for the main impact on Climate Change and Depletion of Abiotic Resources, while the combustion of biogas in the cogeneration unit accounts for a minor part. The results suggest that the environmental performance of the WWTP would be enhanced by increasing biogas production through improved anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge.

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50

Herbert, J. C., M. K. Fries, and A. B. Archer. "The Feasibility Studies and Design of a Public Sewage Collection, Treatment and Outfall Scheme for the South Coast of Barbados." Water Science and Technology 25, no. 12 (June 1, 1992): 3–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1992.0332.

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In 1988, as part of commitment to maintain and improve the quality of beaches and nearshore waters along Barbados' densely populated south and west coasts, the Government of Barbados commissioned Reid Crowther International to carry out feasibility studies and the detailed engineering design of a public sewage collection, treatment and outfall scheme for the south coast. The studies and designs were completed in 1990 and the Government is now negotiating with the Inter-American Development Bank for funding to pay for the construction of the project. The paper describes project background, estimation of design flows and loads, and treatment plant/outfall design including the detailed marine studies undertaken for the project. Interesting aspects of the sewage collection system design, including the proposed use of “No-Dig” trenchless sewer technology and the project's environmental impact assessment are also described.

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