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1
Thoma, K., P. A. Baker, and E. B. Allender. "Design Methods for the Development of Wastewater Land Disposal Systems." Water Science and Technology 27, no. 1 (January 1, 1993): 77–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1993.0020.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Recent changes in legislation governing water quality management of receiving water bodies have led to a reappraisal of wastewater land disposal techniques. However, more stringent regulations have also necessitated the development of a multi-disciplinary planning approach, to ensure that land based wastewater disposal is functionally and environmentally sustainable in the long-term. Of principal concern are the long term impact of nutrients, salt and other potential contaminants on the soils of the receiving site and on downstream water quality. Assessment of hydrological, soil physical and geological characteristics, together with civil construction and service considerations, assist in the determination of receiving-site selection, application area and balance storage volume, irrigation method, environmental monitoring system specification etc. Analysis and interpretation of wastewater and soil chemical characteristics determines the pre-application water treatment required, and aliows long-term monitoring of the effect of wastewater disposal on the receiving-site soils. Two case-studies are presented. One describes the planning and design of a recently commissioned land-disposal system using industrial wastewater from a chemical process plant to irrigate a Eucalypt plantation in western metropolitan Melbourne. The other reports on the on-going assessment and planning of a large-scale land-disposal system proposed to accommodate the treated sewage effluent from a large north-west Victorian regional city.
2
Ellis, Derek. "Sewage disposal protests in Victoria." Marine Pollution Bulletin 18, no. 5 (May 1987): 203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0025-326x(87)90453-x.
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3
Rizzardini, Claudia, and Daniele Goi. "Sustainability of Domestic Sewage Sludge Disposal." Sustainability 6, no. 5 (April 25, 2014): 2424–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su6052424.
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4
Goodman, Robin, and Nicholas Low. "The Management and Disposal of Hazardous Waste in Victoria." Urban Policy and Research 13, no. 1 (March 1995): 48–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08111149508551671.
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5
Rosiek, Ksymena. "Directions and Challenges in the Management of Municipal Sewage Sludge in Poland in the Context of the Circular Economy." Sustainability 12, no. 9 (May 2, 2020): 3686. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12093686.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Landfilling was the main method of sewage sludge disposal in Poland for decades. After Poland’s accession to the European Union (EU), many investments have been made into providing better access to tap water as well as to collect and treat municipal sewage. However, sewage sludge treatment has not been treated as an integral part of the implementation of wastewater management obligations. Stricter European Union regulations regarding the management of municipal sewage sludge (MSS) pose new challenges for Poland. The aim of this study was to analyze changes in the direction of the final management of municipal sewage sludge in Poland based on the analysis of strategic documents, regulations, literature, and available statistical data. The aim of the analysis was to search for directions to modify how sewage sludge is managed, given the approach promoted by the circular economy concept. The results prove that investments in wastewater treatment plants according to the EU sewage directive are not applied to the development of infrastructure that would enable the disposal of sewage sludge, which, for many years, has been stored (landfilling) or used directly in agriculture and ground reclamation. The introduction of stricter regulations in the area of sewage sludge usage and better wastewater treatment have increased the level of difficulties concerning sewage sludge management. Poland faces the challenge of defining sewage sludge management directions. The circular economy concept offers an approach that can be the basis for the creation of a new sewage sludge management strategy for Poland. The concept allows the combined goals of sewage sludge disposal and of energy and nutrients recovery to be achieved.
6
Xu, Jingcheng, Li Ping, Haihua Cao, Wei Liu, Yunhui Gu, Xiaohu Lin, and Juwen Huang. "Application Status of Co-Processing Municipal Sewage Sludge in Cement Kilns in China." Sustainability 11, no. 12 (June 15, 2019): 3315. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11123315.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Municipal sewage sludge (MSS) disposal is an urgent issue in China with the continuous growth of sewage treatment capacity. Among various disposal methods, co-processing of MSS in cement kilns has been one of the most promising disposal methods in recent years. The present situation of sewage treatment and sludge disposal, the development of co-processing MSS in a cement kiln, and main disposal routes in China were discussed in this study. The results indicated that China had paid considerable attention to the technology and released correlative policies in the past few years. There were about 35 co-processing projects built in China, all of which were limited by construction scale and pollutant emissions. Due to differences in construction methods and economic conditions, China’s co-processing projects mainly employed three routes—direct addition to a transition chamber, addition to a precalciner after direct thermal drying, and addition to a precalciner after indirect drying. Summarizing and analyzing the characteristics of MSS co-processing would facilitate its development in China and similar regions.
7
Cecconet, Daniele, and Andrea G. Capodaglio. "Sewage Sludge Biorefinery for Circular Economy." Sustainability 14, no. 22 (November 10, 2022): 14841. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142214841.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Sewage sludge processing and disposal have a significant weight on the energy and economic balances of wastewater treatment operations and contribute substantially to greenhouse gas emissions related to wastewater processing. Despite this, sewage sludge contains substantial recoverable resources in the form of energy and useful molecules. The current challenge, other than reducing the environmental and economic impacts of its disposal, is to recover energy and materials from this waste stream, implementing a biosolid-centered circular economy with the greatest possible added value. A number of options along these lines exist, and others are being investigated, ranging from biological processes, thermochemical technologies, bioelectrochemical processing, biorefineries and others. Recoverable resources comprise biogas from sludge fermentation, liquid and solid end products (e.g., biodiesel and biochar) and valuable nutrients (N and P). This paper presents a state of the art of biorefinery, with emphasis on recent developments in non-conventional resource recovery from EBSS streams for sludge-based circular economy implementation. Expectations and limitations, including technological readiness, of these technologies are discussed.
8
Grünhäuser Soares, Erick, João Castro-Gomes, Mateusz Sitarz, Tomasz Zdeb, and Izabela Hager. "The Immobilisation of Heavy Metals from Sewage Sludge Ash in CO2-Cured Mortars." Sustainability 13, no. 22 (November 22, 2021): 12893. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132212893.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Sewage treatment processes are a serious environmental threat due to the difficulties involved in its waste management and disposal. Therefore, one developing trend in sewage sludge processing is its thermal treatment, which generates sewage sludge ash that may contain many environmental pollutants, such as heavy metals. Moreover, due to the European Union requirements that not only focus on the waste generation reduction but also on its reuse and final disposal, it is essential to pursue new applications of such resources, such as the waste-based material incorporation into alternative cementitious materials. Thus, this study evaluated the heavy metals leachability of CO2-cured mortars incorporating sewage sludge ash as filler. For this purpose, Portland cement, reactive magnesia, and electric arc furnace slag were used to produce three different CO2-cured mortars, which were cured though pressurised accelerated carbonation curing for 24h. These mortars presented up to 12.7 MPa as compressive strength and their carbonation was confirmed by TG-DTG and FT-IR analyses. Their leachability of heavy metals met the European requirements for all waste materials, including inert materials, and post-industrial wastewater. Therefore, the immobilisation of heavy metals in this binding technology may be considered an effective method to safely manage sewage sludge ash.
9
Ospanov, Kairat, Timur Rakhimov, Menlibai Myrzakhmetov, and Dariusz Andraka. "Assessment of the Impact of Sewage Storage Ponds on the Water Environment in Surrounding Area." Water 12, no. 9 (September 5, 2020): 2483. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12092483.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Due to geographical limitations (lack of natural receivers of treated wastewater) large sewage storage ponds are the main method of sewage disposal in the Republic of Kazakhstan. The paper presents the results of research on the environmental impact of sewage ponds serving the city of Kostanay (Kazakhstan). The scope of the research included the determination of basic quality parameters of raw and treated wastewater, the analysis of the chemical composition of groundwater in the vicinity of sewage ponds, and the analysis of the water quality of the Tobol River. The obtained results showed that efficiency of treatment facilities was unsatisfactory and water quality in the ponds did not meet requirements for surface waters for fishery. Highest contamination of groundwater was observed in sampling points close to the sewage ponds and was decreasing while the distance from the ponds was increasing. Multivariate analysis of the research data indicated that sewage from storage ponds, infiltrating into the ground, may affect quality of groundwater, which in turn supplying the Tobol River may also determine the quality of the river water.
10
Chmielowski, Krzysztof, Piotr Bugajski, and Grzegorz B. Kaczor. "Comparative analysis of the quality of sewage discharged from selected agglomeration sewerage systems." Journal of Water and Land Development 30, no. 1 (September 1, 2016): 35–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jwld-2016-0019.
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AbstractThe study provides a comparative analysis of the quality of sewage discharged from selected sewerage systems. The analyzed data were collected from 10 agglomeration sewerage systems discharging sewage into collective wastewater treatment plants (WTP). The investigated pollution indicators included BOD5, CODCr, total suspended solids and biogenic indicators such as total nitrogen and total phosphorus. These results were compared with the outcomes reported in commonly available research papers on sewage disposal. Considering the concentration of individual pollution indicators, more detailed categories of sewage pollution were adopted in this work. The sewage was divided into five basic groups: I – highly concentrated, II – concentrated, III – moderately concentrated, IV – diluted, and V – highly diluted. The sewage categories accounted for the following pollution indicators: BOD5, CODCr, total suspended solids, total phosphorus and total nitrogen. Mean BOD5, CODCr and total suspended solids in raw sewage were higher than average values reported in the referenced literature. Contrary to that, concentration of total phosphorus in raw sewage was significantly lower than reported by other authors. The outcomes of this study suggest that the predictions concerning pollution degree of raw sewage made at WTP design stage should not be based exclusively on general values provided in literature reports.
11
Barjenbruch, M. "Prevention of odour emergence in sewage networks." Water Science and Technology 47, no. 7-8 (April 1, 2003): 357–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2003.0710.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Through increasing central development and through the decrease of specific wastewater production, wastewater systems are more and more prone to odour and corrosion problems. Hydrogen sulphide is produced, particularly in anaerobic flow stretches, which will then escape at turbulent places because of change in the flow direction and create odour harassment. Of particular importance in this respect are the transferring shafts after rising mains. The empirical approaches used for the estimation of the assumed sulphide concentrations yield considerable differences in the calculation and must therefore be used with care. This report presents a methodology for the co-ordination of odour- and corrosion-reducing measures which also includes the area of complaint management. It is crucially important to fine-tune the necessary measures (for instance the application of operational or chemical/biological methods) to the specific frame conditions. The practical comparison of the additional dosage of external water, iron and nitrate served to test the efficiency of these methods. The dosage of iron and nitrate led to considerable reductions in H2S content at the transferring shaft. The online measurement of the spectral adsorption coefficient (SAC) could become one control parameter for saving chemicals. It should be pointed out that it is necessary to consider the relevant measures and effects of odour and corrosion production during the planning stage - from the creation of the development plan of cities and communities. Through the selection of the wastewater disposal method to the planning of details. Moreover, the relevant financial means for these measures must be included in the economic plan.
12
Raper, W. G., and J. M. Green. "Simple process for nutrient removal from food processing effluents." Water Science and Technology 43, no. 3 (February 1, 2001): 123–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2001.0127.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Food processing effluents often contain high levels of nutrients, particularly N. Conventionally, anaerobic ponds are used to purify these effluents in Australia, giving cost-effective removal of BOD but little nutrient removal. It has become apparent that disposal by irrigation as presently practised normally exceeds sustainable N application rates, thus reduction of nutrient levels before irrigation is becoming mandatory. Meatworks effluent is often discharged to country town sewers, frequently accounting for 50-75% of the nutrient load. Meatworks effluents contain 1,000-4,000 mg/L BOD, 200-400 mg/L TKN and 20-50 mg/L P. Conventional BNR technology can readily remove nutrients from such effluents, either alone or in combination with anaerobic ponds but sludge handling on such a small scale poses economic problems. Laboratory scale trials showed that both BOD removal from meatworks effluent and sludge disposal could be achieved readily in conventional anaerobic ponds. The pond effluent, together with the town sewage if required, could be treated in a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) designed for nitrification/denitrification service. Optimisation of the anaerobic pond operation was required to ensure production of the minimum BOD:N ratio needed for N removal. This paper will describe the design and commissioning of two plants; a demonstration plant installed at a typical sized meatworks in Gippsland, Victoria, and a full scale plant for treatment of combined domestic sewage and effluent from a large meatworks at Longford, Tasmania. In neither case (for different reasons) has P removal yet been required. It was demonstrated that 98% of BOD and up to 95% N removal may be cheaply and readily achieved in the SBR. Where lagoons are used, levels of N suitable for river discharge can be achieved. P can be readily removed by alum treatment when required.
13
Goldan, Elena, Valentin Nedeff, Narcis Barsan, Mihaela Culea, Claudia Tomozei, Mirela Panainte-Lehadus, and Emilian Mosnegutu. "Evaluation of the Use of Sewage Sludge Biochar as a Soil Amendment—A Review." Sustainability 14, no. 9 (April 28, 2022): 5309. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14095309.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In recent decades, minimization and recycling/reuse policies were introduced to reduce the quantities of generated waste and for alternative waste recovery. Organic wastes represent 46% of total global solid waste. Possible uses of organic wastes include using it as fertilizer and amendment for soil, for energy recovery and for the production of chemical substances. Sewage sludge disposal and reuse are identified as future problems concerning waste. The total amount of sludge generated in the entire world has increased dramatically, and this tendency is expected to increase significantly in the years to come. In most developed countries, special attention is given to sewage sludge treatment in order to improve the quality and safety of using it on the ground surface. Sewage sludge pyrolysis is considered an acceptable method, from an economic and ecological perspective, for the beneficial reuse of sewage sludge. This method has many advantages because, during the pyrolysis process, the sludge volume is reduced by 80%, pathogenic agents and hazardous compounds from sewage sludge are eliminated, metals are immobilized in solid residue and organic and inorganic fractions are immobilized in a stabilized form of pyrolytic residues (biochar). The biochar generated by sewage sludge pyrolysis does not contain pathogenic agents and is rich in carbon and nutrients.
14
Łój-Pilch, Magdalena, and Anita Zakrzewska. "Analysis of Risk Assessment in a Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant Located in Upper Silesia." Water 12, no. 1 (December 19, 2019): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12010023.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Nowadays, risk management applies to every technical facility, branch of the economy, and industry. Due to the characteristics of the analyzed wastewater treatment plant and the specificity of the used processes, one must approach different areas individually. Municipal sewage treatment plants are technical facilities; they function as enterprises and are elements of larger systems—water distribution and sewage disposal. Due to their strategic importance for the environment and human beings, it is essential that they are covered by risk management systems. The basic stage of risk management is its assessment. On its basis, strategic decisions are made and new solutions are introduced. Constant monitoring of the operation of a treatment plant allows for assessment of whether actions taken are correct and whether they cause deterioration of the quality of sewage. In our work, we present a method of risk assessment based on historical data for an existing facility and obtained results.
15
Xiang, Lu, He Li, Yizhuo Wang, Linyan Qu, and Dandan Xiao. "Energy Utilization Assessment of Municipal Sewage Sludge Based on SWOT-FAHP Analysis." Water 15, no. 2 (January 8, 2023): 260. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w15020260.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Recently, due to the abundance of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus in municipal sewage sludge (MSS), the energy potential of MSS has become increasingly prominent. Economically developed regions possess more financial and policy support advantages for the development of MSS energy recovery technology; hence, the selection of the appropriate sludge treatment and disposal technologies to maximize the energy potential of MSS is of great importance. In this study, the energy recovery potential of MSS was evaluated on the basis of regional economies, sludge analysis, a main sludge energy reuse technology review and legislative profile analysis. As the most commonly adopted technology, incineration had a lower energy potential, which may be ascribed to the high moisture content, high disposal costs and difficulties in in situ energy recovery. In contrast, the energy potential for anaerobic digestion, pyrolysis and gasification was relatively high. By conducting a SWOT-FAHP analysis, management evaluation of these four technologies was carried out from the following four perspectives: problem solving, technology development, ecological environment and laws and regulations. Pyrolysis was evaluated to be the most suitable technology from the technical and environmental perspectives because its products had high energy potential and avoided heavy metal problems. The obstacles and problems that pyrolysis technology might encounter in commercial applications in the future are discussed. With this energy-generating, low energy consumption, low-pollution sludge energy reuse technology, the potential of sludge pyrolysis would be high in the long run. These results revealed the factors affecting the energy recovery potential of sludge, and comprehensively evaluated the technologies from the aspects of problem solving, environmental impact, technology development and law, the optimal solution obtained could provide reference on the management decision of sludge disposal technology for economically developed areas in the future.
16
Vijay, R., P. J. Khobragade, and R. A. Sohony. "Water quality simulation of sewage impacts on the west coast of Mumbai, India." Water Science and Technology 62, no. 2 (July 1, 2010): 279–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2010.237.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Most coastal cities use the ocean as a site of waste disposal where pollutant loading degrades the quality of coastal waters. Presently, the west coast of Mumbai receives partially treated effluent from wastewater treatment facilities through ocean outfalls and discharges into creeks as well as wastewater/sewage from various open drains and nallahs which affect the water quality of creek and coastal water. Therefore, the objective of this paper is to simulate and assess the hydrodynamic behaviour and water quality due to impact of sewage and wastewater discharges from the west coast of Mumbai. Hydrodynamics and water quality were simulated based on present conditions and validated by using measured tide, current data and observed DO, BOD and FC. Observed and simulated results indicated non compliance to standards in Malad, Mahim creeks and the impact zones of ocean outfalls. The developed model could be used for generating various conditions of hydrodynamics and water quality considering the improvement in wastewater collection systems, treatment levels and proper disposal for proper planning and management of creeks and coastal environment.
17
Ensink, Jeroen H. J., Christopher A. Scott, Simon Brooker, and Sandy Cairncross. "Sewage disposal in the Musi-River, India: water quality remediation through irrigation infrastructure." Irrigation and Drainage Systems 24, no. 1-2 (November 24, 2009): 65–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10795-009-9088-4.
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18
Wu, Tao, and Ji Jiang Ding. "Research on Ecological Rehabilitation and Landscape Planning of Wetland Resort." Advanced Materials Research 598 (November 2012): 268–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.598.268.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract. Rapid urbanization and population pressure have course the problem of wetland environmental degradation and damage, but the development of eco-tourism on the premise of protection of bio-diversity is an ideal model of achieving coordination between environmental protection and socio-economic development. This paper take Ecological Water Resort of Hongze Lake national nature reserve, Sihong, Jiangsu for example to research the technique of ecological rehabilitation and landscape planning of wetland resort. The key problem of ecological rehabilitation is rebuilding and restoring the structure of wetland, repairing wetland vegetation, controlling sewage disposal, providing suitable site for birds to forage and free from interference of the visitors. Landscape planning of wetland resort should embody local customs and characteristics, at the same time, priority should be protecting with moderate development and reducing interference to a minimum extent, and establishing an effective tourism infrastructure.
19
Al-Imara, Eman A., Rand L. Al-Jaryan, Sabrean F. Jawad, Mohanad M. Kareem, and Hayfaa A. Mubarak. "Engineered electrocoagulation reactor for the removal of E. coli from wastewaters." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 877, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012048. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/877/1/012048.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract As a consequence of natural pollution, water and sewage are polluted in many nations across the globe. Especially in poorer countries, sewage treatment and disposal practices are often substandard. Throughout many limited-income nations, the poor economic condition and absence of resources assistance severely hamper the planning and application of novel water and sewage systems. This has resulted in a rise in the number of bio-contaminants in the environment. The objective of this study is to use electrocoagulation as a low-cost method to remove or lower the amount of bio contaminant in sewage. By transmitting a voltage between the two conductors, disinfectants are generated in place. Sewerage samples were obtained at the Kerbala wastewater treatment plant, which is situated south of Kerbala, Iraq. In this work, steel plates were utilized to create coagulants. Furthermore, the effect of many factors on the performance of the electrolysis device was studied, namely spacing among electrodes and current density. The analysis indicates after 40 min of irradiation employing electrodes spaced 5mm apart and a current intensity of 2 mA/cm2, the E. coli bacteria as a biocontrol agent were killed. Furthermore, the results demonstrated that an initial pH value of 6.0 is appropriate for bio-contaminants removal utilizing electrocoagulation.
20
Rouch, Duncan A., Tania Mondal, Sneha Pai, Florian Glauche, Vennessa A. Fleming, Nerida Thurbon, Judy Blackbeard, Stephen R. Smith, and Margaret Deighton. "Microbial safety of air-dried and rewetted biosolids." Journal of Water and Health 9, no. 2 (April 18, 2011): 403–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2011.134.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
To assess microbial safety of treated sewage sludge (biosolids), we examined the inactivation of microbial indicators for potential bacterial, viral and protozoan pathogens. The levels of indicators were determined throughout the air-drying and storage phases of anaerobically digested sewage sludge. Samples were collected from two wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in Victoria, Australia. Established methods were applied for analysis of bacteria and coliphages, based on membrane filtration and layered plates, respectively. In the pan drying phase, the prevalence of Escherichia coli was reduced by >5 log10 compared with sludge entering the pan. Thus, after pan drying of 8-11 months at WWTP A and 15 months at WWTP B, the numbers of E. coli were reduced to below 102 cfu/g dry solids (DS). This level is acceptable for unrestricted use in agriculture in Australia (P1 treatment grade), the UK (enhanced treatment status) and the USA (Class A pathogen reduction). Coliphage numbers also decreased substantially during the air-drying phase, indicating that enteric viruses are also likely to be destroyed during this phase. Clostridium perfringens appeared to be an overly conservative indicator. Survival, but not regrowth, of E. coli or Salmonella was observed in rewetted biosolids (15–20% moisture content), after being seeded with these species, indicating a degree of safety of stored biosolids upon rewetting by rain.
21
Bu, Lin. "Planning and Design for Constructed Wetlands Based on the Ecological Landscape." Applied Mechanics and Materials 584-586 (July 2014): 662–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.584-586.662.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Urban constructed wetland, effectively used in sewage disposal and ecological restoration, has unique advantages in urban ecological construction. With the development of the ecological landscape concept, constructed wetland gradually has become an important urban ecological landscape. Based on ecological concepts, ecological principle, technical principle and aesthetic principle of planning and the layout, process, landscape, plants and other key issues of design were discussed for the constructed wetland. In this paper, taking Zhongxiang City, Jingmen, Hubei Province as an example, the treatment technology, functional layout and ecological landscape of constructed wetlands were designed based on the analysis of location and site. Through the planning and construction of constructed wetlands, the quality of urban water environment would be improved and the urban water environment with the characteristics of Zhongxiang would be formed, promoting the urban construction to be more green, ecological and livable.
22
Rybka, Sławomir, and Krzysztof Tereszkiewicz. "An Assessment of the Effects of Applying Ash from the Thermal Disposal of Sewage Sludge for Fertilizing Energy Plants Using the Example of Giant Miscanthus (Miscanthus sinensis giganteus)." Sustainability 13, no. 21 (November 8, 2021): 12306. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132112306.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The aim of the research was to determine the possibility of using ash from the thermal utilization of municipal sewage sludge as a fertilizer in the cultivation of giant miscanthus (Miscanthus sinensis giganteus) for energy purposes. An attempt was also made to determine the optimal level of fertilization with ash from the thermal utilization of municipal sewage sludge in the commodity cultivation of miscanthus. It was assumed that the ash produced after thermal utilization of municipal sewage sludge could replace conventional mineral fertilizers. To prove the thesis, laboratory experiments of the miscanthus cultivation miscanthus were carried out. The results allowed to determine the optimal fertilization dose for miscanthus to be used in the next stage of the field research. Miscanthus does not pose a succession threat due to the method of reproduction in central Europe; therefore, its cultivation may remain under control. The research showed that for fertilization of miscanthus × giganteus crops, the ashes from thermal utilization of municipal sewage sludge could be used effectively. In experimental crops, it was shown that the optimal level of miscanthus fertilization in terms of yield was 8.32 g of ash per pot and 0.1 g of nitrogen per pot. As a result of laboratory tests, based on biometric features, the most favorable dose of ash and nitrogen fertilization from thermal utilization of municipal sewage sludge for use in field conditions was selected. The dose amounted to 3.7 t of ash∙ha−1 and 45 kg of nitrogen∙ha−1. In order to reduce the costs of cultivation, it was possible to abandon the use of nitrogen fertilizers since their omission did not cause a significant drop in yield. It is necessary to continue research in the field in order to confirm the correctness of the results obtained from laboratory tests.
23
Valenti, Francesca, and Attilio Toscano. "A GIS-Based Model to Assess the Potential of Wastewater Treatment Plants for Enhancing Bioenergy Production within the Context of the Water–Energy Nexus." Energies 14, no. 10 (May 14, 2021): 2838. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14102838.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The necessity of developing renewable energy sources has contributed to increasing interest in developing the anaerobic digestion for producing biomethane since it both provides green energy and reduces disposal treatment. In this regard, to assure efficient water utilization by finding alternative water sources, sewage sludge collected from the wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) was recently investigated because it could represent a suitable resource for producing biomethane within the context of a circular economy. Therefore, this study aims at improving the current knowledge on the feasibility of biomethane production from sewage sludge by optimizing the logistic-supplying phase. In this regard, a GIS-based model was developed and applied to the Emilia-Romagna region to consider the existing networks of WWTPs and biogas systems to valorize sewage sludge for bioenergy production and minimizing environmental impact. The results of the GIS analyses allowed to localize the highest productive territorial areas and highlighted where sewage sludges are abundantly located and could be better exploited within agricultural biogas plants. Finally, the achieved results could help plan suitable policy interventions that are centered on biomass supply and outputs diversification, governance, and social participation, since the regulatory framework could play a crucial role in planning the reuse of these wastes for developing a more sustainable biomethane sector in line with the green economy goals.
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Zurita, Florentina, Allan Tejeda, Arturo Montoya, Isaías Carrillo, Belkis Sulbarán-Rangel, and Alejandra Carreón-Álvarez. "Generation of Tequila Vinasses, Characterization, Current Disposal Practices and Study Cases of Disposal Methods." Water 14, no. 9 (April 26, 2022): 1395. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14091395.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Tequila vinasse is a liquid waste generated during the production of tequila, an emblematic alcoholic beverage in Mexico. The objective of this study was to carry out an investigation on the tequila factories located in the state of Jalisco in order to know the location of the factories in the state, the characterization of the vinasses including factories of different sizes, the current treatment methods, and disposal practices as well as the impacts of common practices of vinasse disposal. Part of the information was collected by applying a questionnaire to the tequila factories previously contacted (and physically located). For the vinasse characterization, 24 tequila factories provided a composite sample of vinasse. To assess the impact of common vinasse disposal practices, a stream running through tequila factories, soil that has been used for vinasse discharge for 14 years, and a well located near the soil were evaluated. In two main regions (Valle and Altos Sur), 110 tequila factories distributed in 10 municipalities, were identified. Vinasse disposal and treatment problems are mainly related to micro-factories that do not treat their vinasse at all. The most common method of disposal is discharging on soils. Only in the Valle region is disposal in surface waters a common practice, as well as discharges into sewage systems. The monitored stream is totally degraded with low pH, high concentrations of organic matter, suspended solids, etc. Soil fertility has not been affected due to a method of vinasse discharge-soil rest. The texture of the soils (high content of clay and silt) has been decisive in protecting groundwater from the infiltration of vinasse. The results obtained in this study could help the authorities to develop adequate strategies for the management of vinasses (treatment and disposal), mainly in micro and small tequila factories.
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Willis, K. G. "Evaluating environmental benefits from changes in water abstraction and waste water disposal." Water Policy 10, no. 5 (October 1, 2008): 439–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2007.056.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Water companies are regional monopolies in the UK. The minimum standards of service and prices they can charge for water supply and sewage, are set by the government and the regulator OFWAT. This paper outlines the scope for the Environment Agency (EA) to impose higher standards on water companies than the statutory minimum, in order to generate greater environmental benefits. It investigates how the inappropriate application of the technique to assess environmental benefits by the EA leads to too many environmental schemes passing a cost–benefit test and hence how too much investment may be channelled into environmental schemes in relation to the benefits the public really receive from the improvements. By inappropriate application of environmental valuation methods, the EA is shaping public policy through institutional practice.
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Kovács, Ferenc, and Zsuzsanna Ladányi. "Plot-level field monitoring with Sentinel-2 and PlanetScope data for examination of sewage sludge disposal impact." Geographica Pannonica 26, no. 3 (2022): 241–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/gp26-37964.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Agricultural use of sewage sludge is one of the means of sustainable environmental management. In order to monitor the short-term effects of sludge disposal a multi-year, high-resolution data collection was planned on arable land in south-eastern Hungary. Data acquisition was applied at the highest temporal and spatial resolution using Sentinel-2 and PlanetScope satellite imagery observing the vegetation period based on vegetation indices (EVI, NDVI) from 2016 to 2021. There were statistical differences in the case of sunflower and maize biomass productions but the spatial and statistical deviations between the affected and non-affected areas of sludge disposal were generally not significant. The sensitivity of EVI in the dense vegetation period and its applicability might be emphasized in a comparative analysis.
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Sagrario Sosa Rodriguez, Fabiola. "Exploring the risks of ineffective water supply and sewage disposal: A case study of Mexico City." Environmental Hazards 9, no. 2 (June 1, 2010): 135–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3763/ehaz.2010.0016.
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Collivignarelli, Maria, Alessandro Abbà, Andrea Frattarola, Marco Carnevale Miino, Sergio Padovani, Ioannis Katsoyiannis, and Vincenzo Torretta. "Legislation for the Reuse of Biosolids on Agricultural Land in Europe: Overview." Sustainability 11, no. 21 (October 29, 2019): 6015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11216015.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The issues concerning the management of sewage sludge produced in wastewater treatment plants are becoming more important in Europe due to: (i) the modification of sludge quality (biological and chemical sludge are often mixed with negative impacts on sludge management, especially for land application); (ii) the evolution of legislation (landfill disposal is banned in many European countries); and (iii) the technologies for energy and material recovery from sludge not being fully applied in all European Member States. Furthermore, Directive 2018/851/EC introduced the waste hierarchy that involved a new strategy with the prevention in waste production and the minimization of landfill disposal. In this context, biological sewage sludge can be treated in order to produce more stabilized residues: the biosolids. In some European countries, the reuse of biosolids as soil improver/fertilizer in arable crops represents the most used option. In order to control the quality of biosolids used for land application, every Member State has issued a national regulation based on the European directive. The aim of this work is to compare the different approaches provided by European Member States for the reuse of biosolids in agricultural soils. A focus on the regulation of countries that reuse significant amount of biosolids for land application was performed. Finally, a detailed study on Italian legislation both at national and regional levels is reported.
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Bressani-Ribeiro, Thiago, Cesar Rossas Mota Filho, Vanessa Rodrigues de Melo, Fábio José Bianchetti, and Carlos Augusto de Lemos Chernicharo. "Planning for achieving low carbon and integrated resources recovery from sewage treatment plants in Minas Gerais, Brazil." Journal of Environmental Management 242 (July 2019): 465–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.04.103.
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30
Head, P. C., and D. H. Crawshaw. "Marine Disposal of Waste Water from Combined Sewerage Systems - Problems, Politics, Practicalities." Water Science and Technology 25, no. 9 (May 1, 1992): 245–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1992.0226.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Since 1986 North West Water (NWW) has been involved in planning and designing major coastal sewerage and sewage treatment schemes to improve the quality of some 65 km of its extensive coastline. These schemes, notably those for the Fylde Coast, the Ribble Estuary and the Cumbria Coast, involve improvements for a population of around 555 000. Determining the appropriate treatment scheme for each of these areas during a period of changing national and international attitudes towards discharges to the environment in general, has caused a number of problems. In particular, the general movement towards a more precautionary approach to discharges to all sectors of the environment, resulted in extensive local debate about the adequacy of some of the early proposals, put forward to meet much more limited objectives. It is no longer acceptable for decisions to be based almost entirely on the technical merits of proposals but necessary to ensure that the requirements of local and national political opinion are taken fully into consideration. This can only be done by setting up suitable consultation mechanisms, with local interests and regulatory authorities, to ensure that the full environmental and economic implications of various alternative solutions are explored before any decision to adopt any particular scheme.
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Storoshchuk, Uliana, Myroslav Malovanyy, and Ivan Tymchuk. "Substrates based on composted sewage sludge for land recultivation." Ecological Questions 33, no. 4 (August 17, 2022): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/eq.2022.039.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Increasing a large amounts of sewage sludge in Ukraine is an urgent environmental problem that requires the selection of an effective strategy for their disposal. The usage of sludge composting technology leads to the restoration of sludge as a resource and is cost-effective and environmentally sustainable compared to the method of landfilling. The purpose of this research is to carry out bioindication tests of growth substrates based on composted sewage sludge with the subsequent possibility of their usage in the technology of recultivation of landfills for municipal solid waste. The experiment was performed on four types of compost with different modifications of the natural sorbent - zeolite. During the experiment the average percentage of germination of polygamous ryegrass plants (Lolium perenne L.) was determined in the investigated substrates. The mass and length of the aboveground part of the plant and roots were also measured. The results showed that the addition of natural sorbent to substrates has a positive effect on growth and development of plants. This investigation was conducted in accordance with the current norms of national standards of Ukraine: DSTU 7369 (2013), "Wastewater. Requirements for wastewater and its sediments for irrigation and fertilization"; DSTU ISO 11269-1 (2004), "Soil quality. Determination of the effect of pollutants on soil flora. Part 1: Method for determining the inhibitory effect on a root growth"; DSTU ISO 11269-2 (2002), "Soil quality. Determination of the effect of pollutants on soil flora. Part 2: Effects of Chemicals on Germination and Growth of Higher Plants". The experiment was conducted on four types of compost with different modifications of the natural sorbent - zeolite in percentage amounts: 0; 2.5; 5; 7.5, dark-grey gilded soil was used as a control element. In the experiment, the average percentage of germination of polygamous ryegrass plants (Lolium perenne L.) on the studied substrates was determined. The mass and length of the aboveground part of the plant and roots were also measured. The first sprouts of ryegrass began to appear on the 7th day of the experiment. The highest average value on the seventh day of germination was 90% in the control sample with 5% of sorbent content and in K2 substrate in the sample with 7.5% sorbent content. However, the germination of plants in substrates K3 and K4 occurred later compared with substrates K1, K2, and control. For substrate K1 in the sample with a sorbent content of 5%, plant germination was the highest and was 100%. The highest average value of ryegrass stem length is observed in variant K4 in the sample with 0% zeolite content and in variant K1 in the sample without zeolite content the lowest average value of stem length was observed. The K3 and K4 variants have a more developed root system compared to other variants. Based on the obtained data it can be assumed that the most optimal universal component for creating a growth substrate is variant K3 (mixture of "newly picked" and "old" SS) which has not so developed aboveground part but has very branched root system that allows to adapt to various environmental factors and in combination with a small proportion of natural sorbents can be effective for the recultivation of MSW landfills, which in its turn minimizes the need to use a fertile soil layer.
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Amann, Arabel, Nikolaus Weber, Jörg Krampe, Helmut Rechberger, Ottavia Zoboli, and Matthias Zessner. "Operation and Performance of Austrian Wastewater and Sewage Sludge Treatment as a Basis for Resource Optimization." Water 13, no. 21 (October 25, 2021): 2998. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13212998.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Recent years came with a paradigm shift for wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) to extend the sole purpose of contaminant removal to an additional function as resource recovery facilities. This shift is accompanied by the development of new European legislation towards better inclusion of resource recovery from wastewater. However, long operational lifespans and a multitude of treatment requirements demand thorough investigations into how resource recovery can be implemented sustainably. To aid the formulation of new legislation for phosphorus (P) recovery specifically, in 2017 we conducted a survey on Austrian WWTP-infrastructure, with a focus on P removal and sludge treatment, as well as disposal and sludge quality of all WWTPs above 2000 population equivalents (PE). Data were prepared for analysis, checked for completeness and cross-checked for plausibility. This study presents the major findings from this database and draws essential conclusions for the future recovery of P from wastewater. We see results from this study as useful to other countries, describing the current state of the art in Austria and potentially aiding in developing wastewater treatment and P recovery strategies.
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Simón, Daiana, Cristina Palet, Agustín Costas, and Adrián Cristóbal. "Agro-Industrial Waste as Potential Heavy Metal Adsorbents and Subsequent Safe Disposal of Spent Adsorbents." Water 14, no. 20 (October 19, 2022): 3298. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14203298.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Water pollution is an environmental problem that affects the ecosystem and living beings. Adsorption is one of the best technologies for the removal of heavy metals. Since waste recovery is the basis of the Circular Economy, agro-industrial waste is emerging as low-cost adsorbents for these pollutants from wastewater. Residues of pine sawdust, sunflower seed hulls and corn residues mix were evaluated as adsorbents of synthetic aqueous solutions of Ni(II), Zn(II) and Cd(II). These residues were characterized to determine their structure and composition, and to understand the adsorption mechanism. Adsorption efficiencies and capacities for the adsorbents and adsorbates were determined and compared. From the obtained results, it is possible to affirm that all biomasses used are good alternatives to the synthetic materials, with adsorption efficiencies greater than 50%. The order of adsorption was Cd > Zn > Ni. At the concentration range checked, adsorption efficiencies decreased in sawdust when a mixture of all metals together was considered (as present in real sewage). Finally, the heavy metals were immobilized, with efficiencies over 88.5%, in clay ceramics (as brick’s precursors). This procedure would help to minimize the contamination that could be generated by the disposal of spent adsorbents, rarely explored in the literature.
34
Yusoff, Zeenat Begam, Khalilah Zakariya, Roziha Che Haron, Abdul Razak Sapian, Nayeem Asif, and Hayder Jawad Shakir. "The Negative Impacts of Chalets Operation on the Peninsular Malaysia Marine Park Islands." Environment-Behaviour Proceedings Journal 6, no. 18 (December 31, 2021): 211–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.21834/ebpj.v6i18.2953.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The popularity of marine tourism put intense pressure on the island's environment. Limited studies were conducted to determine the negative impacts caused by chalets operation. Study aim is to investigate the adverse effects caused by the chalet’s operation on the Tioman and Perhentian Island. The objectives are to identify operation activities and the negative impact caused by the operation. The study was conducted by adopting qualitative method. The findings indicate solid waste disposal, groundwater extraction, and sewage disposal are destroying the marine environment in many ways. Several recommendations were provided to reduce the negative impacts. Keywords: Chalet operation; Negative impacts; Island environment; Marine tourism eISSN: 2398-4287© 2021. The Authors. Published for AMER ABRA cE-Bs by e-International Publishing House, Ltd., UK. This is an open access article under the CC BYNC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer–review under responsibility of AMER (Association of Malaysian Environment-Behaviour Researchers), ABRA (Association of Behavioural Researchers on Asians/Africans/Arabians) and cE-Bs (Centre for Environment-Behaviour Studies), Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21834/ebpj.v6i18.2953
35
Wu, Bingchen, Shi Qi, Yishui Hu, Yutong Li, and Jinxing Zhou. "Woodland for Sludge Disposal in Beijing: Sustainable?" Sustainability 14, no. 12 (June 17, 2022): 7444. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14127444.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The sludge products of urban sewage treatment plants in Beijing are increasing year by year, and there is a large amount of stagnation, which requires scientific and reasonable disposal strategies. Currently, the woodland in the mountainous area of Beijing is considered the main means for sludge disposal; however, because the heavy metals in the sludge may cause potential pollution to the soil and groundwater, it is unclear how much sludge can be applied per unit area. To ensure the sustainable disposal of sludge, it is necessary to measure the risk of heavy metals on soil and groundwater under different sludge application rates to determine the most scientific disposal plan. In this study, the undisturbed soil columns obtained from the field were used to clarify the migration behaviors and accumulation of eight hazardous heavy metals under simulated rainfall conditions, and three sets of tests (the application rates of sludge products were 30 t·ha−1·a−1, 60 t·ha−1·a−1 and 120 t·ha−1·a−1 respectively) were set based on the supply–demand relationship between Beijing’s annual sludge output and the woodland area available for sludge disposal. The results showed that there were significant differences in the migration rules of heavy metals under different application rates, which were mainly reflected in the differences in accumulation in each layer of the soil. In terms of the leaching efficiency of heavy metals, except for Cadmium, the leaching rates of other heavy metals did not exceed 0.1%, indicating that most heavy metals accumulated in the soil. During the application process of sludge products, Arsenic and Cadmium posed a greater potential risk to groundwater than other heavy metals, to which should be paid sufficient attention. Based on the accumulation of heavy metals in soil, Arsenic was the main factor limiting the amount and frequency of sludge product application. The application rate of 60 t·ha−1·a−1 was preferred compared with the other two tests because it presented minimal risk to groundwater and soil in the short term, while the total amount of sludge disposal can be maximized.
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Kent, Lillian, Michelle McPherson, and Nasra Higgins. "A positive association between cryptosporidiosis notifications and ambient temperature, Victoria, Australia, 2001–2009." Journal of Water and Health 13, no. 4 (April 10, 2015): 1039–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2015.130.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Increased temperatures provide optimal conditions for pathogen survival, virulence and replication as well as increased opportunities for human–pathogen interaction. This paper examined the relationship between notifications of cryptosporidiosis and temperature in metropolitan and rural areas of Victoria, Australia between 2001 and 2009. A negative binomial regression model was used to analyse monthly average maximum and minimum temperatures, rainfall and the monthly count of cryptosporidiosis notifications. In the metropolitan area, a 1 °C increase in monthly average minimum temperature of the current month was associated with a 22% increase in cryptosporidiosis notifications (incident rate ratio (IRR) 1.22; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.13–1.31). In the rural area, a 1 °C increase in monthly average minimum temperature, lagged by 3 months, was associated with a 9% decrease in cryptosporidiosis notifications (IRR 0.91; 95% CI 0.86–0.97). Rainfall was not associated with notifications in either area. These relationships should be considered when planning public health response to ecological risks as well as when developing policies involving climate change. Rising ambient temperature may be an early warning signal for intensifying prevention efforts, including appropriate education for pool users about cryptosporidiosis infection and management, which might become more important as temperatures are projected to increase as a result of climate change.
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Zhang, Xiaoxia, Tonggang Zha, Jiangang Zhu, Xiaoping Guo, and Yi Liu. "Loading Capacity of Sewage Sludge for Forestry Application in Chinese Provincial Capital Cities." Sustainability 12, no. 18 (September 14, 2020): 7551. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12187551.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The application of sewage sludge (SS) in forestry is considered a viable option. However, the long-term application of SS potentially leads to metal accumulation, posing an environmental risk. Understanding the loading capacity of SS for forestry application is therefore of great significance. We used data from published studies and statistical bulletins across 31 provincial capital cities (PCCs) in China to calculate the loading capacity (LC) of SS for forestry application for each PCC. The results are as follows: (1) the mean value of the priority control threshold was 33 t·ha−1·y−1 in 31 PCCs, while the variations ranged from 7 to 91 t·ha−1·y−1 among different PCCs. The priority control thresholds (Smins) of 1/2 PCCs were higher than 30 t·ha−1·y−1 (CJ-T 362-2011). The Smin values of Lanzhou, Tianjin, Hohhot, Shanghai, and Yinchuan were above 55 t·ha−1·y−1, but Smin values of Kunming and Changsha were below 10 t·ha−1·y−1. (2) Cd was the priority control metal in most of the PCCs (27/31), with the exception of Shanghai and Guangzhou (Cu), Beijing (Hg), and Tianjin (Zn). (3) The total loading capacity was 507 million t·y−1, which was 125 times higher than the total quantity of the dry SS (404 × 104 t) for the 31 PCCs. Our results have important practical significance for the use of urban sludge forest land in China and suggest that SS disposal policies need to be tailored to specific regions. We provide a scientific basis to guide the development of national and provincial forestry policies.
38
Barr, William. "Discovery of one of Sir John Franklin's ships." Polar Record 51, no. 1 (October 15, 2014): 107–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247414000758.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In the summer of 2014 a major search was mounted in the Canadian Arctic for H.M.S.ErebusandTerror, the ships of Sir John Franklin's expedition, the aim of which was to make a transit of the northwest passage. Beset in the ice to the northwest of King William Island in the summer of 1846, they were abandoned there by the 105 surviving members of their crews in the summer of 1848. The officers and men hoped to walk south to the mouth of the Back River, presumably to ascend that river in the hope of reaching the nearest Hudson's Bay Company's post at Fort Resolution on Great Slave Lake. None of them survived. The 2014 expedition, the Victoria Strait Expedition, mounted by a consortium which included Parks Canada, the Canadian Coast Guard, the Canadian Navy, the Royal Canadian Geographical Society, the Arctic Research Foundation, and One Ocean Adventure, had four ships at its disposal including the Canadian Coast Guard's icebreakerSir Wilfrid Laurier(Captain Bill Noon) and the Navy's HMCSKingston.
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Kong, Frederic E., Margaret A. Deighton, Nerida A. Thurbon, Stephen R. Smith, and Duncan A. Rouch. "Cryptosporidium parvum decay during air drying and stockpiling of mesophilic anaerobically digested sewage sludge in a simulation experiment and oocyst counts in sludge collected from operational treatment lagoons in Victoria, Australia." Journal of Water and Health 16, no. 3 (April 5, 2018): 435–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2018.018.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract The inactivation of Cryptosporidium species oocysts during sewage sludge treatment is important to protect human health when the residual biosolids are applied to agricultural land. Quantifying the decay of Cryptosporidium species during sludge treatment for microbiological assurance purposes is difficult if low numbers are present in wastewater. The rate of decay of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts during solar/air drying treatment and in sludge stockpiles in temperate environment conditions was simulated in laboratory inoculation experiments using sludge sampled from a mesophilic anaerobic digester. Oocyst numbers were also determined in settled lagoon sludge samples collected from three operational rural wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). C. parvum oocysts were enumerated by immunomagnetic separation followed by staining with vital dyes and examination by confocal laser scanning microscopy. An air-drying/storage period equivalent to 11 weeks was required for a 1 log10 reduction of viable oocysts inoculated into digested sludge. Oocyst viability in air-dried and stored digested sludge decreased with time, but was independent of sludge desiccation and dry solids (DS) content. No oocysts were detected in sludge samples collected from the anaerobic digester, and the average concentration of oocysts found in settled lagoon sludge from the rural WWTP was 4.6 × 102 oocysts/g DS.
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RODE, Sanjay. "POPULATION GROWTH AND BOTTLENECKS IN PROVISION OF QUALITATIVE PUBLIC INFRASTRUCTURE SERVICES IN THANE MUNICIPAL CORPORATION." Business Excellence and Management 10, no. 4 (December 15, 2020): 94–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.24818/beman/2020.10.4-07.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Every municipal corporation must provide civic services to its population. Since liberalization period, the population and urbanization has increased very fast in Thane city. The density of population is continuously increasing due to growth of industries, services sector and clean environment in city. The commercial and residential complexes, Theaters, private parks, super specialty hospitals, Mall, educational institutions have grown significantly over the period. However, the quality of infrastructure services such as water supply, sewage collection and disposal, health services, water drainage, transportation, park and recreation are still inadequate to rising population in Thane Municipal Corporation area. Therefore, Municipal Corporation should increase its revenue sources through bond financing. Urban planning must be done in a systematic way and on urgent basis for entire corporation area. Municipal Corporation must provide quality services to its population. Municipal Corporation must invest financial resources for welfare of poor people and future planned economic growth of Thane city.
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Pochwat, Kamil, and Henrique Pizzo. "Analysis of the Hydraulic Efficiency of a Steerable Detention Tank—Simulation Studies." Hydrology 9, no. 12 (November 30, 2022): 217. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/hydrology9120217.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The article contains the results of the first part of the research on the analysis of the operation of the retention device cooperating with the drainage system—steerable detention tank and concerns model simulation studies. The obtained results are an introduction to conducting laboratory tests. The planned research was carried out on the basis of the theory of experimental planning and hydrodynamic modelling, in which the systems of hydraulic parameters of the drainage system and hydrological of the catchment were selected. In total, over a thousand hydrodynamic simulations were carried out using SWMM 5.1. The planned analyses had two main goals. Firstly, to verify the possibility of reducing the rainwater volume flow in the drainage system by means of controllable devices enabling cooperation with the drainage system in various hydraulic conditions of the drainage system. Secondly, determining the impact of the connection method (parallel or serial) of the device enabling retention and cooperation with the sewage system on the efficiency of the system. The conducted analyses showed that the use of a retention device cooperating with the drainage system may significantly reduce the amount of sewage outfall from system, depending on the capacity of a single micro-accumulator, even up to 83% (in the analysed data range). It was also shown that the method of connecting the device to the network has an influence on the efficiency of the system in depend on hydraulic conditions.
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Wiśniewski, Krzysztof, Gabriela Rutkowska, Katarzyna Jeleniewicz, Norbert Dąbkowski, Jarosław Wójt, Marek Chalecki, and Jarosław Siwiński. "The Impact of Fly Ashes from Thermal Conversion of Sewage Sludge on Properties of Natural Building Materials on the Example of Clay." Sustainability 14, no. 10 (May 20, 2022): 6213. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14106213.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The reduction of carbon dioxide emissions, introduced by the European Union, opened the possibility of conducting experimental works on a new generation of materials—ecological and environmentally friendly ones. Such materials include those which combine raw natural resources with waste subject to disposal. The objective of the performed investigations was an assessment of the influence of fly ashes on selected parameters of building materials. The paper proposes a method of the enrichment of clay with fly ash, which would lead to the neutralization of heavy metals in the burnt matrix, possible oxidation of organic substances present in the ashes, or the destruction of pathogens, as well as an increase of the resistance of the clay ceramics to low temperatures. Clay samples were prepared with the addition of the fly ash from three sewage treatment plants. The experiments encompassed investigations of physical and chemical properties of the fly ash, as well as bending strength tests of the beam-shaped samples heated at temperatures of 20, 300, 500, and 700 °C. The beam halves, resulting from the destruction of the samples during these tests, served for testing the compressive strength. The collected results allowed a comparison of the properties of the samples. The obtained test results confirm the possibility of manufacturing a product modified with the fly ash from the thermal treatment of sewage sludge. The obtained compressive strength of the samples amounted 0.3–2.6 MPa.
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Conford, Philip. "The Alchemy of Waste: The Impact of Asian Farming on the British Organic Movement." Rural History 6, no. 1 (April 1995): 103–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956793300000856.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
When Jean Valjean, the hero of Victor Hugo's Les Misérables, evades captivity by disappearing into the Paris sewers, the author relaxes the narrative tension for nearly twenty pages in order to reflect on the harm caused by that city's waste-disposal methods. In doing so, he identifies what were to become, several decades later, central issues of concern for the British organic husbandry movement. With an artist's insight Hugo recognised that the Parisian sewage system was doubly wasteful: ‘the land impoverished and the water infected’ (Hugo, 1909: 532). A ‘restitution of the mire to the land’ (Hugo, 1909: 548) was required, and he suggested the creation of a tubular arrangement, ‘a system of elementary drainage, as simple as the lungs of man’, which would ‘bring into our cities the pure water of the fields and send back into our fields the rich water of the cities’ (Hugo, 1909: 532). The alternative – the road being taken – was to squander potentially precious fertility and emaciate the population.
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Dey, Falguni. "Dynamics Qf Urban Growth And Environmental Challenges: A Case Qf Kolkata, India." GEOGRAPHY, ENVIRONMENT, SUSTAINABILITY 14, no. 3 (October 5, 2021): 24–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.24057/2071-9388-2020-194.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The history of development of Kolkata as a megacity in India dates back to 300 years. The scenario changed when the administrative headquarter of the British East India Company was established in erstwhile Calcutta, located at the bank of the River Hugli in the lower Gangetic plain. Since its inception, Kolkata has undergone rapid formal and functional change. Both national and international migration has led to the demographic explosion, urban industrial development and an increase in economic opportunities which caused environmental degradation. Until 1793, the urban dynamics of Kolkata followed a linear pattern along the left bank of the Hugli River. A similar trend continued along the right bank from 1793 to 1947 and extended up to its periphery post-independence. In this paper, an attempt was made to explore the influence of river ghats on the urban environment along the selected stretch of the River Hugli. Human activities like garbage disposal (0.089), sewage disposal (0.088) and idol immersion (0.084) have a negative impact on the river water. Secondly, this paper attempts to study the vertical expansion of Kolkata. It has been observed that the average height of buildings in the CBD area is 84.6 meters while along the peri-urban area it is only 10.61 meters proving the distance decay effect (R2 = 0.405 and R2 = 0.314). Besides, the mean values of DQ (5.179mg/l), BQD (8.5mg/l) and CQD (34.5mg/l) in the river water reflect the degrading water quality for the aquatic environment. Geospatial assessment techniques were used to understand the research problems and combat the environmental challenges. Complex functional development and decaying urban quality of life along the Hugli River has led to critical environmental transformation.
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Silva, Rafael dos Santos, Arshad Jalal, Raimunda Eliane Nascimento do Nascimento, Nathércia Castro Elias, Karen Cossi Kawakami, Cassio Hamilton Abreu-Junior, Fernando Carvalho Oliveira, et al. "Composted Sewage Sludge Application Reduces Mineral Fertilization Requirements and Improves Soil Fertility in Sugarcane Seedling Nurseries." Sustainability 14, no. 8 (April 14, 2022): 4684. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14084684.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Sugarcane demands large amounts of nutrients to reach a high level of productivity. Nutrients are generally supplied by mineral fertilizers, but their high costs and negative environmental impacts have generated interest in greater use of organic nutrient sources such as composted sewage sludge (CSS). In this study, we evaluated changes in soil chemical properties after the application of CSS or CSS/mineral fertilizer (MF) combinations to soil containing sugarcane seedlings under nursery conditions. Treatments included: T1: conventional mineral fertilization (MF) without application of CSS, T2: 100% of the recommended MF (06–30–24); T3: application of 2.5 Mg−1 CSS; T4: 5.0 Mg−1 CSS, T5: 7.5 Mg−1 CSS, T6: 2.5 Mg−1 CSS and 50% MF, T7: 5.0 Mg−1 CSS and 50% MF, T8: 7.5 Mg−1 CSS and 50% MF, T9: 2.5 Mg−1 CSS and 100% MF, T10: 5.0 Mg−1 CSS and 100% MF, T11: 7.5 Mg−1 CSS and 100% MF. Soil chemical properties were evaluated from the soil surface (0.0–0.25 m) and subsurface (0.25–0.50 m) horizons. The results showed that the increase in CSS application did not affect soil organic matter content at either depth, while Zn concentrations increased in the soil subsurface horizon. The application of CSS at 5.0 Mg ha−1 with or without 50% MF resulted in the highest pH values, sum of bases, cation-exchange capacity, P, K, Ca, Mg, Cu, and Zn in surface horizons. The use of CSS as an organic fertilizer in sugarcane nurseries improves soil fertility, reduces mineral fertilizer requirements, and, thus, facilitates the sustainable disposal of sewage sludge.
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Gulamussen, Noor Jehan, André Marques Arsénio, Nelson Pedro Matsinhe, and Louis Cornelis Rietveld. "Water reclamation for industrial use in sub-Saharan Africa – a critical review." Drinking Water Engineering and Science 12, no. 2 (October 1, 2019): 45–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/dwes-12-45-2019.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract. The increasing world population and growth of industrial development lead to growing water scarcity that, combined with deficient sanitation services, represents serious challenges, particularly in regions like sub-Saharan Africa. Water reclamation is a promising approach to reduce water scarcity, serving as a driving force for better sanitation services and protecting the environment by treating sewage and redistributing for the benefit of other water-dependent applications (e.g., industries). This paper aims to give an overview of the global trends on water reclamation, with a focus on industrial use, and to derive lessons for implementation of water reclamation projects in sub-Saharan Africa. Findings show that extensive experience exists in technology and management practices that can allow successful implementation of water reclamation projects in the region. Under the conditions of deficient sanitation services and low levels of technical expertise, the main challenge is to develop a framework that can facilitate the integration of social and technological methodologies and help in introducing water reclamation in water allocation planning, including the development of specific legislation for industrial water use and disposal.
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Herron, Murray, David S. Jones, Phillip B. Roös, and Zaheer Allam. "Creating Revenue Out Of Green Waste: New Perspectives For Municipal Organic Waste Harvesting In Geelong, Australia." GEOGRAPHY, ENVIRONMENT, SUSTAINABILITY 14, no. 1 (April 5, 2021): 91–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.24057/2071-9388-2020-182.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The diversion and recovery of organic waste are one of the most significant opportunities and challenges for reducing the environmental impacts of waste disposal internationally, as recognised by the United Nations’ SDG 12 that seeks to “ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns”. This issue is particularly pertinent to developed countries, like Australia, who have a high propensity for waste removal arising from their industrial and domestic use of products, materials and organic consumables. Through the use of GIS technology, using modelling software developed by the Global Methane Initiative, a series of simulations were undertaken to determine the viability of an anaerobic digester for the City of Greater Geelong (COGG), located in the State of Victoria (Australia), where organic materials constitute over 25% of all waste land-filled. Using only municipal organic waste, the modelling concluded that the COGG would generate between AU$6M-AU$11M/annum from the sale of biogas/methane. In addition to this revenue stream, COGG would have an Annual Projected Net Emissions Reductions of 3797 Mt. This paper further considers the development of a geospatial database to identify and locate concentrated organic waste resources in COGG, the design and development of a software tool to help quantify the production of food waste, and the development of an economic model to value the organic waste stream of COGG arising from the implementation of this proposal.
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Whitehead, Paul G., Gianbattista Bussi, Jocelyne M. R. Hughes, Ana T. Castro-Castellon, Magnus D. Norling, Elizabeth S. Jeffers, Cordelia P. N. Rampley, Daniel S. Read, and Alice A. Horton. "Modelling Microplastics in the River Thames: Sources, Sinks and Policy Implications." Water 13, no. 6 (March 22, 2021): 861. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13060861.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
With widespread, long-term historical use of plastics and the presence of microplastics in a range of new and existing products, there is rising concern about their potential impacts on freshwater ecosystems. Understanding how microplastics are transported and distributed along river systems is key to assessing impacts. Modelling the main flow dynamics, mixing, sedimentation and resuspension processes is essential for an understanding of the transport processes. We use the new, processed based, dynamic, integrated catchments (INCA) microplastics model and apply this to the whole of the freshwater catchment of the River Thames, UK, to evaluate inputs, loads and concentrations along the river system. Recent data from UK water industry studies on microplastics in effluent discharges and sewage sludge disposal has been utilised to drive the INCA microplastics model. Predicted concentrations and microplastic loads moving along the river system are shown to be significant, with a build-up of concentrations along the river, with increasing deposition on the riverbed. The potential impacts on aquatic ecosystems are evaluated and a review of policy implications is explored.
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van der Helm, A. W. C., A. Bhai, F. Coloni, W. J. G. Koning, and P. T. de Bakker. "Developing water and sanitation services in refugee settings from emergency to sustainability – the case of Zaatari Camp in Jordan." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 7, no. 3 (March 17, 2017): 521–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2017.107.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
As of the beginning of 2017, more than four years after opening, Zaatari refugee camp in the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan hosts around 80,000 Syrian refugees. Zaatari is one of the largest refugee camps in the world, in one of the most water scarce countries. Since its establishment, drinking water has been trucked to communal facilities. Wastewater has been trucked from these facilities and from self-constructed storages next to households. To improve future sustainability in equitable water and sanitation access, public health conditions, environmental conservation and operational costs, household connected water and sewage networks are implemented. This shift from emergency to sustainable phase benefitted from adaptation of urban infrastructure methods. Maximising such investment requires stakeholder and project management, throughout design and implementation, for quality control of all processes and outputs, asset management and administrative strategies. A shift is necessary from a humanitarian approach toward a structured master planning vision. The planning urban utility perspective is essential for ensuring operational sustainability in the conception of water and sanitation systems in Zaatari refugee camp.
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Mudzanani, Khuthadzo, Esta van Heerden, Ryneth Mbhele, and Michael O. Daramola. "Enhancement of Biogas Production via Co-Digestion of Wastewater Treatment Sewage Sludge and Brewery Spent Grain: Physicochemical Characterization and Microbial Community." Sustainability 13, no. 15 (July 23, 2021): 8225. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13158225.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The present study intends to evaluate a synergy towards enhanced biogas production by co-digesting municipal sewage sludge (SS) with brewery spent grain (BSG). To execute this, physicochemical and metagenomics analysis was conducted on the sewage sludge substrate. The automatic methane potential test system II (AMPTS II) biochemical methane potential (BMP) batch setup was operated at 35 ± 5 °C, pH range of 6.5–7.5 for 30 days’ digestion time on AMPTS II and 150 days on semi-continuous setup, where the organic loading rate (OLR) was guided by pH and the volatile fatty acids to total alkalinity (VFA/TA) ratio. Metagenomics analysis revealed that Proteobacteria was the most abundant phyla, consisting of hydrolytic and fermentative bacteria. The archaea community of hydrogenotrophic methanogen genus was enriched by methanogens. The highest BMP was obtained with co-digestion of SS and BSG, and 9.65 g/kg of VS. This not only increased biogas production by 104% but also accelerated the biodegradation of organic matters. However, a significant reduction in the biogas yield, from 10.23 NL/day to 2.02 NL/day, was observed in a semi-continuous process. As such, it can be concluded that different species in different types of sludge can synergistically enhance the production of biogas. However, the operating conditions should be optimized and monitored at all times. The anaerobic co-digestion of SS and BSG might be considered as a cost-effective solution that could contribute to the energy self-efficiency of wastewater treatment works (WWTWs) and sustainable waste management. It is recommended to upscale co-digestion of the feed for the pilot biogas plant. This will also go a long way in curtailing and minimizing the impacts of sludge disposal in the environment.