Книги з теми "Set-Based Methods"
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1
Burger, Martin, Andrea C. G. Mennucci, Stanley Osher, and Martin Rumpf. Level Set and PDE Based Reconstruction Methods in Imaging. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-01712-9.
2
Vasil'eva, Natal'ya. Mathematical models in the management of copper production: ideas, methods, examples. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1014071.
Анотація:
Presents the current status in modelling of metallurgical processes considered by the model the mathematical model used in the description of the processes of copper production and their classification. Set out a system of methods and models in the field of mathematical modeling of technological processes, including balance sheet, statistics, optimization models, forecasting models and predictive models. For specific technological processes are developed: the model of the balance of the cycle of pyrometallurgical production of copper, polynomial model for prediction of matte composition on the basis of the passive experiment, predictive model of quantitative estimation of the copper content in the matte based on fuzzy logic.
Of interest to students, postgraduates, teachers of technical universities, engineers and research workers who use mathematical methods for processing of data of laboratory and industrial experiments.
3
Klimenko, Irina, Nikolay Kozlov, Sergey Kostenko, Anastasia Shamustakimova, and Yulian Mavlyutov. Identification and certification of forage grasses (meadow clover, alfalfa, sowing and hop) based on DNA markers. ru: Federal Williams Research Center of Forage Production and Agroecology, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.33814/978-5-6043194-9-9.
Анотація:
A technology has been developed for DNA identification and certification of varieties of meadow clover (Trifolium pratense L.), alfalfa (Medicago varia Mart.), Sowing (M. sativa L.) and hop (M. lupuli-na L.) based on molecular analysis with using SSR and SRAP markers. The recommendations contain a description of the sequence of experiments and protocols for DNA typing procedures. The presented methods were developed by the authors on the basis of their own experimental research and using the data available in the literature. A characteristic of informative primers for each marking system is given, a set of DNA identification markers is proposed, and unique molecular genetic formulas of varieties are drawn up as the basis for a reference genetic passport. Methodological recommendations were prepared with the aim of mastering the technology of DNA certification of forage grasses in practice. Designed for managers and specialists of research and control laboratories, can serve as a textbook for students and postgraduates in specialized specialties.
4
Balas, Andrea Karch. Ready, set, show what you know: Building skills for Ohio proficiency tests. Columbus, Ohio: Englefield & Arnold Pub., 2001.
5
Balas, Andrea Karch. Ready, set, show what you know: Building skills for Ohio proficiency tests. Columbus, Ohio: Englefield & Arnold Pub., 2000.
6
Balas, Andrea Karch. Ready, set, show what you know: Building skills for Ohio proficiency tests : student workbook. Columbus, Ohio: Englefield & Arnold Pub., 2000.
7
Balas, Andrea Karch. Ready, set, show what you know: Building skills for Ohio proficiency tests : student workbook. Columbus, Ohio: Englefield & Arnold Pub., 2001.
8
Cvetkov, Viktor. Basics of complexity theory. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/2110856.
Анотація:
The monograph reveals the basics of complexity theory and methods for assessing complexity. The concept of complexity consideration is based on the analysis of complexity as a common attribute in processes and systems. The monograph describes the main methods for assessing different types of complexity. The concept of considering complexity in this monograph is also based on the fact that complexity is a comparative characteristic. It is given on a relative scale of difficulty. Therefore, complexity must be defined on a relative scale of “simplicity-complexity.” This concept motivates the consideration and analysis of the concept of “simplicity” as a complement to the concept of “complexity”. These concepts set the scale of complexity. The monograph provides a comparative analysis of the related concepts of simplicity and complexity. Three methods for assessing complexity are described: expert assessment of complexity, assessment of complexity using mathematical metrics, comparative assessment of complexity based on the theory of comparative analysis. The monograph contains a taxonomy of the main types of complexity. The content of the main types of complexity is revealed in detail: descriptive complexity, system complexity, modeling complexity, computational complexity. algorithmic complexity, deterministic complexity. Specific cognitive difficulties are described in detail. For cognitive complexity, special assessment methods are used. An interpretation of the concept of cognitive filter is given. Complexity is associated with the concept of complex systems. In most monographs on complex systems, the complexity aspect has not been considered or is viewed in a simplified manner. This monograph examines complexity as a characteristic of complex systems and the basis for their classification. Emergence is described as a characteristic of the complexity of systems and complex processes. The monograph contains a taxonomy of complex systems with characteristics of the complexity of different systems. Complex data systems have been explored. An analysis of organizational complex systems is given. Various types of complex ergatic systems have been described. An analysis of complex technical systems is given. Self-developing complex systems are described. autopoiesis of a complex organizational and technical system has been studied as a principle of systems development. Cyber-physical systems are described as an example of the development of complex systems. The monograph is intended for specialists in the field of computer science, systems analysis, artificial intelligence and philosophy of information.
9
Polonina, Elena, Sergey Leonovich, Sergey Fedosov, and Valeriy Yaglov. Structural concrete with a complex addition of hydrothermal nanosilicon and carbon nanotubes. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1981690.
Анотація:
The monograph is devoted to improving the methods of directed and controlled regulation of the C — S — H-gel structure by varying the doses, sizes, physical and chemical characteristics of the surface, and the nanoparticles used. The authors have developed an additive that additionally contains a superplasticizer to reduce the water demand of the concrete mixture and stabilize the nanoparticles. The dependences of the strength growth of cement stone and structural heavy concrete on the components of the complex additive are revealed. Experimental confirmation of the mechanism of action of a combined nano—additive with a reduced consumption of nanoparticles on the structure of C — S - H-gel was obtained based on the results of the application of a set of methods. It is revealed that the use of a complex additive contributes to a proportional increase in the reduced modulus of elasticity, hardness, and mechanical characteristics of Portland cement stone and concrete. The study of the additive in the conditions of the construction site showed the prospects of its application for construction, ensuring a reduction in the cost of the technology of nanomodification of concrete relative to the effect of improving performance.
For specialists of research, construction and design organizations dealing with the modification of concrete with nanomaterials, as well as for students, undergraduates, postgraduates, teachers who work on the problems of building materials science.
10
Knoll, Franz, and Thomas Vogel. Design for Robustness. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/sed011.
Анотація:
<p>Robustness is the ability to survive unforeseen circum-stances without undue damage or loss of function. It has become a requirement expressed in modern building codes, mostly without much advice as to how it can be achieved. Engineering has developed some approaches based on tra-ditional practice as well as recent insight. However, know-ledge about robustness remains scattered and ambiguous, making it difficult to apply to many specific cases.<p> The authors' attempt to collect and review elements, methods and strategies toward structural robustness, using a holistic, almost philosophical approach. This leads to a set of consid-erations to guide selection and implementation of measures in specific cases, followed by a collection of applications and examples from the authors practice.<p>The world, engineering and construction are imperfect and not entirely predictable. Robustness provides a measure of structural safety beyond traditional codified design rules.
11
Museth, Ken. Level Set Methods in Computer Graphics: A Practical Approach Based on OpenVDB. A K Peters/CRC Press, 2022.
12
Computer-Based Methods for Constructing Two-Level Fractional Factorial Experimental Designs with a Requirement Set. Storming Media, 2001.
13
Le, Chap T. Health and Numbers: A Problems-Based Introduction to Biostatistics 2nd Edition with SPSS Softwre CD-Rom 14.0 Set. Wiley-Liss, 2006.
14
Berghella, Vincenzo. Obstetric and Maternal-Fetal Evidence-Based Guidelines (Two-Volume Set) (Maternal-Fetal Medicine). Informa Healthcare, 2007.
15
Burger, Martin, Stanley Osher, Martin Rumpf, and Andrea C. G. Mennucci. Level Set and PDE Based Reconstruction Methods in Imaging : Cetraro, Italy 2008, Editors: Martin Burger, Stanley Osher. Springer London, Limited, 2013.
16
Level Set And Pde Based Reconstruction Methods In Imaging Cetraro Italy 2008 Editors Martin Burger Stanley Osher. Springer International Publishing AG, 2013.
17
Brazier, John, Julie Ratcliffe, Joshua A. Salomon, and Aki Tsuchiya. Methods for obtaining health state utility values: generic preference-based measures of health. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198725923.003.0007.
Анотація:
This chapter describes the six most widely used generic preference-based measures of health (GPBMs) (also known as multiattribute utility scales): EQ-5D, SF-6D, HUI, AQoL, 15D, and QWB. GPBMs have become the most widely used method for obtaining health state utility values. They contain a health state classification with multilevel dimensions that together describe a universe of health states and a set of values (where full health = 1 and dead = 0) for each health state obtained by eliciting the preferences (typically) of members of the general population. These measures are reviewed in terms of their content, methods of valuation, the scores they generate, and the possible reasons for the differences found. Their performance is reviewed using published evidence on their validity across conditions, and the implications for their use in policy making discussed. The chapter also reviews the generic measures available for use in populations of children and adolescents.
18
Beck, Nathaniel. Time‐Series Cross‐Section Methods. Edited by Janet M. Box-Steffensmeier, Henry E. Brady, and David Collier. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199286546.003.0020.
Анотація:
This article outlines the literature on time-series cross-sectional (TSCS) methods. First, it addresses time-series properties including issues of nonstationarity. It moves to cross-sectional issues including heteroskedasticity and spatial autocorrelation. The ways that TSCS methods deal with heterogeneous units through fixed effects and random coefficient models are shown. In addition, a discussion of binary variables and their relationship to event history models is provided. The best way to think about modeling single time series is to think about modeling the time-series component of TSCS data. On the cross-sectional side, the best approach is one based on thinking about cross-sectional issues like a spatial econometrician. In general, the critical insight is that TSCS and binary TSCS data present a series of interesting issues that must be carefully considered, and not a standard set of nuisances that can be dealt with by a command in some statistical package.
19
Williamson, John H., Antti Oulasvirta, Per Ola Kristensson, and Nikola Banovic, eds. Bayesian Methods for Interaction and Design. Cambridge University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/9781108874830.
Анотація:
Intended for researchers and practitioners in interaction design, this book shows how Bayesian models can be brought to bear on problems of interface design and user modelling. It introduces and motivates Bayesian modelling and illustrates how powerful these ideas can be in thinking about human-computer interaction, especially in representing and manipulating uncertainty. Bayesian methods are increasingly practical as computational tools to implement them become more widely available, and offer a principled foundation to reason about interaction design. The book opens with a self-contained tutorial on Bayesian concepts and their practical implementation, tailored for the background and needs of interaction designers. The contributed chapters cover the use of Bayesian probabilistic modelling in a diverse set of applications, including improving pointing-based interfaces; efficient text entry using modern language models; advanced interface design using cutting-edge techniques in Bayesian optimisation; and Bayesian approaches to modelling the cognitive processes of users.
20
Dawson, C. Bryan. Calculus Set Free. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192895592.001.0001.
Анотація:
Calculus Set Free: Infinitesimals to the Rescue is a single-variable calculus textbook that incorporates the use of infinitesimals, and more generally the hyperreal numbers. The infinitesimal methods and notation herein were developed with beginning calculus students in mind, resulting in exposition that is more intuitive as well as many calculational procedures that are easier to perform, as compared to both traditional calculus textbooks and earlier attempts at including infinitesimals in calculus. Arithmetic of hyperreal numbers, levels of hyperreal numbers, and approximation in the hyperreals lead to a definition of limit. Limit computations are based directly on that definition. Computation-style proofs of derivative rules use an approximation formula called the “local linearity formula.” The definite integral is developed through the idea of finding area using infinitely many subintervals and right-hand endpoints; the resulting “omega sums” are much easier than Riemann sums as a result of the “sum of powers approximation formula,” which also anticipates the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus by its resemblance to the antiderivative power rule. The limit comparison test is replaced by the “level comparison test,” which is so widely applicable and computationally simple that strategy for testing series is noticeably less difficult. Although infinitesimal methods are used for any mathematical process involving a limit, the remainder of the text uses the standard methods of calculus. Organization is similar to other college-level calculus texts. Features include ample marginal notes, examples, illustrations, and answers to odd-numbered exercises.
21
Simon, Gleeson. Part VI Bank Group Supervision, 25 Financial Conglomerates. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198793410.003.0025.
Анотація:
This chapter discusses the supervision of financial conglomerates. In 1999, the Joint Forum on Financial Conglomerates released a paper which sets out the basis of the supervision of conglomerates, and the basic principles set out in this paper remain the basis for conglomerate supervision. The paper classified the existing approaches to conglomerate regulation into the ‘building block prudential method’, the ‘risk based aggregation method’, and the ‘risk-based deduction method’. The EU Financial Groups Directive, although largely based on the work of the Joint Forum, has also set out three prescribed approaches to conglomerates which are similar but not identical to the Joint Forum categories. Those four methods are discussed.
22
Dale, David C. ACP Medicine, 2006 Edition (Two Volume Set) (Webmd Acp Medicine). 3rd ed. WebMD Professional Publishing, 2005.
23
Chaira, Tamalika. Medical Image Processing: Advanced Fuzzy Set Theoretic Techniques. Taylor & Francis Group, 2015.
24
Chaira, Tamalika. Medical Image Processing: Advanced Fuzzy Set Theoretic Techniques. Taylor & Francis Group, 2015.
25
Balas, Andrea Karch, Judy Cafmeyer, and Joe Humphries. Ready, Set, Show What You Know, Grade 2 Student Workbook: Building Skills for Ohio Proficiency Tests. Show What You Know Pub, 2000.
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Balas, Andrea Karch, and Judy Cafmeyer. Ready, Set, Show What You Know, Grade 3 Student Workbook: Building Skills for Ohio Proficiency Tests. Show What You Know Pub, 2000.
27
Balas, Andrea Karch, Judy Cafmeyer, Andrea Karch Balas MS MA, and Joe Humphries. Ready, Set, Show What You Know, Grade 2 Parent/Teacher Edition: Building Skills for Ohio Proficiency Tests. Show What You Know Pub, 2000.
28
Balas, Andrea Karch, and Judy Cafmeyer. Ready, Set, Show What You Know, Grade 3 Parent/Teacher Edition: Building Skills for Ohio Proficiency Tests. Show What You Know Pub, 2000.
29
Dutt, Anjali. Civic Participation, Prefigurative Politics, and Feminist Organizing in Rural Nicaragua. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190614614.003.0007.
Анотація:
This chapter discusses methods of data collection and analysis that can be used to gain deeper understanding of processes of prefiguration. Prefigurative politics can be described as a set of political practices based on the understanding that “the ends a social movement achieves are fundamentally shaped by the means it employs, and that movements should therefore do their best to choose means that embody or ‘prefigure’ the kind of society they want to bring about” (Leach, 2013 p. 1004). Prefigurative politics therefore entail the practices that are put in place to reflect and work toward achieving a vision that is held by and for a community in connection to a social movement. Focusing on feminist prefiguration to promote women’s civic engagement in rural Nicaragua, I discuss the role of grassroots partnerships as a method of prefiguring a more just and globally inclusive psychology.
30
Ramsay, James. Curve registration. Edited by Frédéric Ferraty and Yves Romain. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199568444.013.9.
Анотація:
This article deals with curve registration, which refers to methods for aligning prominent features in a set of curves by transforming their abscissa variables. It first illustrates the concepts of amplitude and phase variation schematically and with real data before defining the time-warping functions and their functional inverse. It then describes the decomposition of total mean squared variation into separate amplitude and phase components, along with an R2 measure of the proportion of functional variation due to phase in a sample of curves. It also considers landmark registration, novel ways of defining curve features, continuous registration, and methods based on structured models for amplitude and phase variation combined with more statistically oriented fitting methods such as maximum likelihood or Bayesian estimation. The article concludes with a brief survey of software resources for registration.
31
Eliasmith, Chris. Neurocomputational Models: Theory, Application, Philosophical Consequences. Edited by John Bickle. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195304787.003.0014.
Анотація:
This article describes the neural engineering framework (NEF), a systematic approach to studying neural systems that has collected and extended a set of consistent methods that are highly general. The NEF draws heavily on past work in theoretical neuroscience, integrating work on neural coding, population representation, and neural dynamics to enable the construction of large-scale biologically plausible neural simulations. It is based on the principles that neural representations defined by a combination of nonlinear encoding and optimal linear decoding and that neural dynamics are characterized by considering neural representations as control theoretic state variables.
32
Stegenga, Jacob. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198747048.003.0001.
Анотація:
This chapter introduces the book, describes the key arguments of each chapter, and summarizes the master argument for medical nihilism. It offers a brief survey of prominent articulations of medical nihilism throughout history, and describes the contemporary evidence-based medicine movement, to set the stage for the skeptical arguments. The main arguments are based on an analysis of the concepts of disease and effectiveness, the malleability of methods in medical research, and widespread empirical findings which suggest that many medical interventions are barely effective. The chapter-level arguments are unified by our best formal theory of inductive inference in what is called the master argument for medical nihilism. The book closes by considering what medical nihilism entails for medical practice, research, and regulation.
33
Fredericks, Sarah E. Religious Studies and Religious Practice. Edited by Robert Frodeman. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198733522.013.31.
Анотація:
The academic study of religion uses multidisciplinary, interdisciplinary, and transdisciplinary methods because of the nature of religion and the interaction between religious practice and religious studies. Prior to modernity, the study and practice of religion were integrated and separate disciplines were often assumed to study a unified subject. Thus, the terms “multidisciplinary,” “interdisciplinary,” and “transdisciplinary,” which presume strictly separated disciplines do not apply to this period. In modernity, faith-based claims in the guise of objectivity often characterized the academic study of religion, a position increasingly critiqued by academics in the late twentieth century. Yet, new modes of transdisciplinary work demonstrate how scholarship and religious practice may mutually inform each other. Ecumenical and interfaith initiatives share features with multidisciplinary, interdisciplinary, and transdisciplinary research methods and may yield helpful insights for these academic endeavors even though their commitment to an overarching worldview and life in communities set them apart.
34
Boudreau, J. Donald, Eric J. Cassell, and Abraham Fuks. Educational Blueprint. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199370818.003.0014.
Анотація:
We provide the overall framework for the Physicianship Curriculum. It is based on common clinical presentations, as described in the medical literature. We develop the fundamental questions and issues that are likely to be in the minds of a patient and physician during a medical encounter. These issues frame clinical thinking with respect to assessment and treatment and inform the content of the educational program. The primary objectives of each curricular phase are outlined. We articulate the specific roles of teachers and mentors and propose a set of teaching methods, adopted, in part, from the broader literature in educational research.
35
Gerson, Kathleen, and Sarah Damaske. The Science and Art of Interviewing. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199324286.001.0001.
Анотація:
Qualitative interviewing is one of the most widely used methods in social research, but it is arguably the least well understood. To address that gap, this book offers a theoretically rigorous, empirically rich, and user-friendly set of strategies for conceiving and conducting interview-based research. Much more than a how-to manual, the book shows why depth interviewing is an indispensable method for discovering and explaining the social world—shedding light on the hidden patterns and dynamics that take place within institutions, social contexts, relationships, and individual experiences. It offers a step-by-step guide through every stage in the research process, from initially formulating a question to developing arguments and presenting the results. To do this, the book shows how to develop a research question, decide on and find an appropriate sample, construct an interview guide, conduct probing and theoretically focused interviews, and systematically analyze the complex material that depth interviews provide—all in the service of finding and presenting important new empirical discoveries and theoretical insights. The book also lays out the ever-present but rarely discussed challenges that interviewers routinely encounter and then presents grounded, thoughtful ways to respond to them. By addressing the most heated debates about the scientific status of qualitative methods, the book demonstrates how depth interviewing makes unique and essential contributions to the research enterprise. With an emphasis on the integral relationship between carefully crafted research and theory building, the book offers a compelling vision for what the “interviewing imagination” can and should be.
36
Middleton, Nicos, Panayiota Ellina, George Zannoupas, Demetris Lamnisos, and Christiana Kouta. Socio-Economic Inequality in Health. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190492908.003.0006.
Анотація:
Socioeconomic position (SEP) refers to the relative place an individual or a social group holds within the structure of society. SEP is determined by a multitude of factors, from individual and household circumstances across the life course to social processes operating at higher levels. Even though a complex construct, it is often operationalized using single person-based indicators and/or subjective measures of an individual’s own perceived position in the social ladder. Furthermore, recognizing that social stratification is geographically defined, area-based measures place a community in the socioeconomic disadvantage continuum and are used to quantify the magnitude of geographically defined social inequalities Data driven approaches have been mostly used to construct socioeconomic deprivation indices, commonly using census-based indicators which reflect the sociodemographical compositions of areas. Increasingly, a wider set of methods are been used to capture features of a community’s environment pertaining to the physical, built and social environment.
37
Taberlet, Pierre, Aurélie Bonin, Lucie Zinger, and Eric Coissac. Introduction to environmental DNA (eDNA). Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198767220.003.0001.
Анотація:
Chapter “Introduction to environmental DNA (eDNA)” defines the central concepts of this book. Environmental DNA (eDNA) corresponds to a mixture of genomic DNA from many different organisms found in an environmental sample such as water, soil, or feces. DNA metabarcoding can be defined as the simultaneous DNA-based identification of many taxa found in the same eDNA extract. It is usually based on the analysis of a metabarcode (i.e., a short and taxonomically informative DNA region). Metagenomics refers to the assembly and functional analysis of the different genomes found in an environmental sample, while metatranscriptomics examines gene expression and regulation at the sampling time based on the set of RNAs extracted from such a sample. Chapter also presents a brief history of eDNA, highlights the different steps of an eDNA study, and gives an overview of the different eDNA methods implemented in ecological research or biodiversity management.
38
Papanicolaou, Andrew C. Overview of Basic Concepts. Edited by Andrew C. Papanicolaou. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199764228.013.002.
Анотація:
Functional brain imaging is based on a set of assumptions. A clear appreciation of those makes it possible to form reasonable opinions regarding the potential range of application and the limits of the functional neuroimaging procedures. Exposition of these basic facts and assumptions is the primary goal of this chapter. A secondary goal is the juxtaposition of the basic concepts involved in them, such as the concept of “function,” “brain mechanism,” “neuronal network,” “activity,” and “activation”; drawing, in broad outline, a description of the methods of neuroimaging, their relative spatial and temporal resolution, and the type of neurophysiological effects each of them captures and renders in images.
39
Harabagiu, Sanda, and Dan Moldovan. Question Answering. Edited by Ruslan Mitkov. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199276349.013.0031.
Анотація:
Textual Question Answering (QA) identifies the answer to a question in large collections of on-line documents. By providing a small set of exact answers to questions, QA takes a step closer to information retrieval rather than document retrieval. A QA system comprises three modules: a question-processing module, a document-processing module, and an answer extraction and formulation module. Questions may be asked about any topic, in contrast with Information Extraction (IE), which identifies textual information relevant only to a predefined set of events and entities. The natural language processing (NLP) techniques used in open-domain QA systems may range from simple lexical and semantic disambiguation of question stems to complex processing that combines syntactic and semantic features of the questions with pragmatic information derived from the context of candidate answers. This article reviews current research in integrating knowledge-based NLP methods with shallow processing techniques for QA.
40
Uysal, Suzan, and David L. Reich. Assessment of Postoperative Cognitive Decline. Edited by David L. Reich, Stephan Mayer, and Suzan Uysal. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190280253.003.0007.
Анотація:
Neurocognitive outcome studies are a potentially rich source of information for evidence-based approaches to neuroprotection. This chapter provides a critical examination of assessment methods for studying postoperative cognitive decline (POCD), with regard to definition of the phenomenon, the role of hypotheses regarding mechanisms and localization of neural injury, and psychometric considerations for the design of POCD assessment protocols. It also describes an approach to conducting clinical neuropsychological assessments outside of research contexts for patients who present with signs or symptoms of POCD when there are no preoperative baseline cognitive test data. The authors propose a set of guidelines for designing, conducting, interpreting, and evaluating cognitive outcome studies in surgical patients and performing clinical POCD assessments.
41
Ślusarski, Marek. Metody i modele oceny jakości danych przestrzennych. Publishing House of the University of Agriculture in Krakow, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.15576/978-83-66602-30-4.
Анотація:
The quality of data collected in official spatial databases is crucial in making strategic decisions as well as in the implementation of planning and design works. Awareness of the level of the quality of these data is also important for individual users of official spatial data. The author presents methods and models of description and evaluation of the quality of spatial data collected in public registers. Data describing the space in the highest degree of detail, which are collected in three databases: land and buildings registry (EGiB), geodetic registry of the land infrastructure network (GESUT) and in database of topographic objects (BDOT500) were analyzed. The results of the research concerned selected aspects of activities in terms of the spatial data quality. These activities include: the assessment of the accuracy of data collected in official spatial databases; determination of the uncertainty of the area of registry parcels, analysis of the risk of damage to the underground infrastructure network due to the quality of spatial data, construction of the quality model of data collected in official databases and visualization of the phenomenon of uncertainty in spatial data. The evaluation of the accuracy of data collected in official, large-scale spatial databases was based on a representative sample of data. The test sample was a set of deviations of coordinates with three variables dX, dY and Dl – deviations from the X and Y coordinates and the length of the point offset vector of the test sample in relation to its position recognized as a faultless. The compatibility of empirical data accuracy distributions with models (theoretical distributions of random variables) was investigated and also the accuracy of the spatial data has been assessed by means of the methods resistant to the outliers. In the process of determination of the accuracy of spatial data collected in public registers, the author’s solution was used – resistant method of the relative frequency. Weight functions, which modify (to varying degree) the sizes of the vectors Dl – the lengths of the points offset vector of the test sample in relation to their position recognized as a faultless were proposed. From the scope of the uncertainty of estimation of the area of registry parcels the impact of the errors of the geodetic network points was determined (points of reference and of the higher class networks) and the effect of the correlation between the coordinates of the same point on the accuracy of the determined plot area. The scope of the correction was determined (in EGiB database) of the plots area, calculated on the basis of re-measurements, performed using equivalent techniques (in terms of accuracy). The analysis of the risk of damage to the underground infrastructure network due to the low quality of spatial data is another research topic presented in the paper. Three main factors have been identified that influence the value of this risk: incompleteness of spatial data sets and insufficient accuracy of determination of the horizontal and vertical position of underground infrastructure. A method for estimation of the project risk has been developed (quantitative and qualitative) and the author’s risk estimation technique, based on the idea of fuzzy logic was proposed. Maps (2D and 3D) of the risk of damage to the underground infrastructure network were developed in the form of large-scale thematic maps, presenting the design risk in qualitative and quantitative form. The data quality model is a set of rules used to describe the quality of these data sets. The model that has been proposed defines a standardized approach for assessing and reporting the quality of EGiB, GESUT and BDOT500 spatial data bases. Quantitative and qualitative rules (automatic, office and field) of data sets control were defined. The minimum sample size and the number of eligible nonconformities in random samples were determined. The data quality elements were described using the following descriptors: range, measure, result, and type and unit of value. Data quality studies were performed according to the users needs. The values of impact weights were determined by the hierarchical analytical process method (AHP). The harmonization of conceptual models of EGiB, GESUT and BDOT500 databases with BDOT10k database was analysed too. It was found that the downloading and supplying of the information in BDOT10k creation and update processes from the analyzed registers are limited. An effective approach to providing spatial data sets users with information concerning data uncertainty are cartographic visualization techniques. Based on the author’s own experience and research works on the quality of official spatial database data examination, the set of methods for visualization of the uncertainty of data bases EGiB, GESUT and BDOT500 was defined. This set includes visualization techniques designed to present three types of uncertainty: location, attribute values and time. Uncertainty of the position was defined (for surface, line, and point objects) using several (three to five) visual variables. Uncertainty of attribute values and time uncertainty, describing (for example) completeness or timeliness of sets, are presented by means of three graphical variables. The research problems presented in the paper are of cognitive and application importance. They indicate on the possibility of effective evaluation of the quality of spatial data collected in public registers and may be an important element of the expert system.
42
Cullen, Christopher. Liu Hong and the conquest of the moon. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198733119.003.0009.
Анотація:
In this chapter, we look at the work of Liu Hong, who emerges as the principal technical consultant involved in the later phases of the debates discussed in the last chapter, although it seems that he only had an official post concerned with celestial observation or calculation at the beginning of his career. He created the last great astronomical system that we shall discuss—the Qian xiang li ‘Uranic Manifestation’ system. This was the first system to give a complete account of the main irregularities of lunar motion, based on a subtle analysis of the mass of data gathered by the routine observations of Han sky-watchers in preceding centuries, and made it possible to predict when solar eclipses might take place. The methods used by Liu Hong set the pattern for the handling of such questions in later centuries.
43
Martin, Colin J., and David G. Sutton, eds. Practical Radiation Protection in Healthcare. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199655212.001.0001.
Анотація:
Practical Radiation Protection in Healthcare provides a practical guide for medical physicists and others involved with radiation protection in the healthcare environment. The guidance is based on principles set out in current recommendations of the International Commission for Radiological Protection and methods developed by a variety of professional bodies. Written by practitioners experienced in the field, this practical online reference covers both established techniques and new areas of application. This new edition is fully revised and updated to cover new requirements linked to the increased knowledge of radiation effects, and the development of new technology. Each specialist area is covered in a separate chapter to allow easy reference with individual chapters being assigned to different types of non-ionising radiations. Additionally, tabulated data is included to allow the reader to carry out calculations for situations encountered frequently without reference to further resources.
44
Bikeev, Igor. LEGAL REGULATION OF ORGANIZATION AND IMPLEMENTATION OF ANTI-CORRUPTION INSPECTIONS IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION SUBJECTS. Kazan Innovative University named after V. G. Timiryasov, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21202/978-5-8399-0774-4_2022_1_52.
Анотація:
The preprint views anti-corruption inspections as one of the effective anti-corruption tools. The anti-corruption tool is proposed to be understood as a set of interconnected means of influ-encing this negative social phenomenon, used with the ultimate goal of reducing its negative con-sequences. Based on the current legislation of the Russian Federation subjects and the doctrinal developments, the authors consider procedural grounds for conducting the said inspections, as well as the methods of their implementation, the specific features of registering the results ob-tained, and the measures to improve the legal regulation of this tool in the Russian regions. The preprint is intended for persons involved in the implementation of the state anti-corruption policy at all levels of public authority, researchers, pedagogical staff, students, as well as all others interested in these issues.
45
Staples, Lee. Roots to Power. 3rd ed. ABC-CLIO, LLC, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798216010050.
Анотація:
The third edition of the manual for community organizers tells readers how to most effectively implement community action for social change, clearly laying out grassroots organizing principles, methods, and best practices. Written for those who want to improve their own lives or the lives of others, this thoroughly revised how-to manual presents techniques groups can use to organize successfully in pursuit of their dreams. The book combines time-tested, universal principles and methods with cutting-edge material addressing new opportunities and challenges. It covers basic concepts and best practices and offers step-by-step guidelines on things an organizer needs to know, such as how to identify issues, formulate strategies, set goals, recruit participants, and much more. The work focuses on six organizing arenas: turf/geography, failth-based, issue, identity, shared experience, and work-related. It offers new or expanded material addressing community development, use of social media, internal organizational dynamics, electoral organizing, evaluation/assessment, and prevention of burnout for key leaders. There are also nuts-and-bolts articles by experts who address topics such as action research, lobbying, legal tactics, and grassroots fundraising. Numerous case examples, charts, worksheets, and small group exercises enrich the discussion and bring the material to life.
46
Rajeev, S. G. Fluid Mechanics. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198805021.001.0001.
Анотація:
Starting with a review of vector fields and their integral curves, the book presents the basic equations of the subject: Euler and Navier–Stokes. Some solutions are studied next: ideal flows using conformal transformations, viscous flows such as Couette and Stokes flow around a sphere, shocks in the Burgers equation. Prandtl’s boundary layer theory and the Blasius solution are presented. Rayleigh–Taylor instability is studied in analogy with the inverted pendulum, with a digression on Kapitza’s stabilization. The possibility of transients in a linearly stable system with a non-normal operator is studied using an example by Trefethen et al. The integrable models (KdV, Hasimoto’s vortex soliton) and their hamiltonian formalism are studied. Delving into deeper mathematics, geodesics on Lie groups are studied: first using the Lie algebra and then using Milnor’s approach to the curvature of the Lie group. Arnold’s deep idea that Euler’s equations are the geodesic equations on the diffeomorphism group is then explained and its curvature calculated. The next three chapters are an introduction to numerical methods: spectral methods based on Chebychev functions for ODEs, their application by Orszag to solve the Orr–Sommerfeld equation, finite difference methods for elementary PDEs, the Magnus formula and its application to geometric integrators for ODEs. Two appendices give an introduction to dynamical systems: Arnold’s cat map, homoclinic points, Smale’s horse shoe, Hausdorff dimension of the invariant set, Aref ’s example of chaotic advection. The last appendix introduces renormalization: Ising model on a Cayley tree and Feigenbaum’s theory of period doubling.
47
Chaira, Tamalika. Medical Image Processing. Taylor & Francis Group, 2020.
48
Chaira, Tamalika. Medical Image Processing. Taylor & Francis Group, 2015.
49
Marschark, Marc, Harry G. Lang, and John A. Albertini. Educating Deaf Students. Oxford University Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195310702.001.0001.
Анотація:
Over the past decade there has been a significant increase in interest from educators and the general public about deafness, special education, and the development of children with special needs. The education of deaf children in the United States has been seen as a remarkable success story around the world, even while it continues to engender domestic debate. In Educating Deaf Students: From Research to Practice, Marc Marschark, Harry G. Lang, and John A. Albertini set aside the politics, rhetoric, and confusion that often accompany discussions of deaf education. Instead they offer an accessible evaluation of the research literature on the needs and strengths of deaf children and on the methods that have been used-successfully and unsuccessfully-to teach both deaf and hearing children. The authors lay out the common assumptions that have driven deaf education for many years, revealing some of them to be based on questionable methods, conclusions, or interpretations, while others have been lost in the cacophony of alternative educational philosophies. They accompany their historical consideration of how this came to pass with an evaluation of the legal and social conditions surrounding deaf education today. By evaluating what we know, what we do not know, and what we thought we knew about learning among deaf children, the authors provide parents, teachers, and administrators valuable new insights into educating deaf students and others with special needs.
50
Dixon, Timothy J., and Mark Tewdwr-Jones. Urban Futures. Policy Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781447330936.001.0001.
Анотація:
In these uncertain times of continuing climate change impact and the recent global pandemic, it is now more important than ever that we look long-term and provide the right tools for people to decide what sort of future they want for their cities across the world. ‘Urban futures’ thinking is based on the notion that we need a practical and formal framework to imagine what our cities could and should be like to live, work and play in, in the long term; how they will operate; what infrastructure is needed; and how governance systems will be required to help shape them and ensure their resilience. The book explores the history and evolution of city visions, placing them in the wider context of art, science, culture and urban theory. Drawing on a wide range of sources, including the authors’ own research of urban change, the book examines the rationale and development of city visions, and why they are now so important. To do this, the book places city visioning in the context of urban and regional planning and the emergence of ‘city foresight’, which is a set of futures-based techniques and methods to identify how cities might evolve into the future. The book highlights and critically reviews examples of city visions from around the world, contrasting their development, and outlining the key benefits and challenges in developing such visions. This is set within the wider context of the policy and practice implications of city foresight and city visions.