Дисертації: "Services of general social interest"

1

Wehlander, Caroline. "Who is afraid of SGEI? : services of general economic interest in EU law with a case study on social services in Swedish systems of choice." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-101242.

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For a long time confined to Article 106(2) TFEU, a provision allowing to justify regulatory measures derogating from Treaty rules by invoking their necessity in order to enable undertakings entrusted with services of general economic interest (SGEIs) to fulfil their special tasks, SGEI has become a constitutional concept of EU law. In the post-Lisbon EU Treaties it is subject to new provisions, in particular Article 14 TFEU and the Protocol on services on general interest. As a legal concept allowing to balance EU market integration and the pursuit of legitimate national policies related to public services, SGEI is also a political concept, and therefore its legal interpretation is an ultra-sensitive matter. This dissertation proposes that SGEI cannot anymore be contrived as a narrow concept of EU competition law, but must be understood as a broad public service concept encompassing both public authorities’ policy missions and undertakings’ public service obligations. This follows from an analysis of the CJEU’s understanding of the EU concept of SGEI in the frame of Hirschman’s theory on exit and voice, and thus on the double background of its own case law foreclosing exit from EU market rules for public services, and of its acknowledgement of the SGEI “voice” this has led to in the Treaties. The analysis shows that the CJEU’s bifurcation by the notions of “public service obligations” and “public service tasks”, is aimed at applying the Treaty SGEI provisions loyally without pre-empting their political use by the Union and the Member States. To shed some light on the political use of the EU concept of SGEI made by the EU legislator and the Member States in a context of Europeanisation and liberalisation, this dissertation scrutinizes also how the new EU procurement and state aid rules applying to social services relate to the Treaty principles on SGEIs, and how the Swedish systems of choice for elderly home care and education relate to the EU rules. It analyses whether these relationships, if too transparent and loyal, may constrain the process of liberalisation of social services in the Member States, and whether it can explain that an explicit characterisation of social services as SGEIs seems to be avoided in EU procurement law and in Swedish law.

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2

Kovaříková, Christine. "Veřejné služby v Evropské unii." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-193703.

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The topic of public services is a complex societal issue, which touches upon such questions which are on the border of legal and economic research and comprises various ideas of societal arrangements. The provision of public services in European societies is seen as a constitutive element of the European social model(s). This issue is experiencing a remarkable revival in academic work as well as in political discourse. The aim of this Master's Thesis is to provide an insight into the process of the Europeanization of public services. The Thesis is embarking on questions comprising the national variations of public services, the transformation of the welfare state and the European social model (or models). The common theme which is connecting the different strands of the Thesis is the idea of the crucial influence of European integration on all of these aspects, the process of which has a far-reaching influence on the role and shape of public services and thus on the future societal development in the individual Member states as well as European society as a whole.

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3

Sanz, Fernández Àlex. "Water and clean energy services in developing countries: Regulation and evaluation of universal service policies." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/387430.

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In this thesis I analyze access problems to basic services like water and energy in developing countries. The objective of the thesis is to show how to improve access to water services and clean energies in rural communities of developing countries. In this regard, this tesis is composed by three papers. Two focused on analyzing the water sector in developing countries and one paper focused on analyzing the implementation of a program aimed to ease the substitution of wood by LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas) as a cooking fuel. In the first paper, the regulation of water provision in developing countries: coverage quality and prices, I develop a theoretical model aimed to analyze the optimal product line of a regulated utility facing competition from water vendors. The existence of water vendors forces the utility to release standpipes increasing the population with access to the service but reduces coverage. Regulation can mitigate this situation. In addition universal service policies for standpipes or the delegation of standpipes´ management to a different firm can reduce the coverage of the utility. Also, regulation can mitigate this situations. In the second paper, Community managed water systems: the case of Peru, I make a descriptive analysis of communal organizations providing water services in rural areas of Peru. In addition, I analyze empirically which are the determinants of their presence in Peru. I show that JASS (Juntas Administradoras de Servicios de Saneamiento) are an efficient mechanism to provide water services in rural areas, but they need support. My result show that homogeneous communities, in terms of maintaining the Minka tradition of the Inca Empìre and also in linguistic terms, are more prone to create JASS. In the third paper, LPG cook stoves in Peru: evaluation of the FISE program, I analyse the implementation of the FISE (Fondo de Inclusión Social Energético) program in Peru. I also analyze empirically its performance in terms of use of LPG stoves and its health benefits associated. In this sense, I show that discount vouchers are an efficient policy to increase the use of LPG, avoiding cross-subsidies, to increase the use of LPG stoves but this policy alone cannot reduce respiratory problems among beneficiaries. On the other hand, this policy reduces diarrhoeal problems. The main contributions, summarized by paper were: in the first paper I analyzed a theoretical model supposing that the water utility can use two technologies to provide water and faces competition from water resellers. I analyzed how the utility uses coverage, prices and quality to increase its profits. The main contribution of the second paper has been the analysis of JASS. As far as I know this is the first paper doing so. It is interesting to remark that municipalities lower than 2.000 population have to be served by JASS, but not all municipalities have created JASS. I analyzed the determinants for the creation of JASS in Peru. Finally, in the third paper I analyzed a policy aimed to increase the use of LPG as fuel for cooking purposes via offering discount vouchers for low income households. As far as I know this is an innovative policy in Latin American countries. In the paper, I have analyzed the implementation of the program, the problems faced during its implementation and also I analyzed empirically its performance.
En esta tesis se analizan los problemas de acceso a los servicios básicos como el agua y la energía en los países en desarrollo. El objetivo de la tesis es mostrar cómo mejorar el acceso a los servicios de agua y energías limpias en las comunidades rurales de los países en desarrollo. En este sentido, esta tesis se compone de tres papeles. Dos centrado en el análisis del sector del agua en los países en desarrollo y uno de papel centrado en el análisis de la implementación de un programa destinado a facilitar la sustitución de la madera por GLP (Gas Licuado de Petróleo) como combustible para cocinar. En el primer documento, la regulación del suministro de agua en los países en desarrollo: la calidad de la cobertura y los precios, se desarrolla un modelo teórico tuvo como objetivo analizar la línea de productos óptima de un servicio público regulado frente a la competencia de los vendedores de agua. La existencia de los vendedores de agua obliga a la energía para dar tomas de agua cada vez mayores de la población con acceso al servicio, pero reduce la cobertura. La regulación puede mitigar esta situación. Además políticas de servicio universal para tomas de agua o la delegación de la gestión standpipes' a una empresa diferente pueden reducir la cobertura de la utilidad. Además, la regulación puede mitigar estas situaciones. En el segundo artículo, los sistemas de agua comunitaria logró: el caso de Perú, hago un análisis descriptivo de las organizaciones comunales que prestan los servicios de agua en las zonas rurales de Perú. Además se analizan empíricamente cuáles son los factores determinantes de su presencia en Perú. Muestro que JASS (Juntas Administradoras de Servicios de Saneamiento) son un mecanismo eficiente para proporcionar servicios de agua en las zonas rurales, pero que necesitan apoyo. Mi resultado muestra que las comunidades homogéneas, en cuanto al mantenimiento de la tradición Minka del Imperio Inca y también en términos lingüísticos, son más propensos a crear JASS. En el tercer artículo, estufas de cocción GLP en Perú: evaluación del programa FISE, que analizan la ejecución del programa FISE (Fondo de Inclusión Social Energético) en el Perú. También se analizan empíricamente su desempeño en términos de uso de cocinas de GLP y sus beneficios para la salud asociados. En este sentido, se muestra que los vales de descuento son una política eficiente para aumentar el uso de GLP, evitarán las subvenciones cruzadas, para aumentar el uso de estufas de LPG pero esta política por sí sola no puede reducir los problemas respiratorios entre los beneficiarios. Por otra parte, esta política reduce los problemas de diarrea. Las principales contribuciones, resumidas por el papel son: en el primer documento analizaba un modelo teórico suponiendo que la empresa de agua se puede utilizar dos tecnologías para proporcionar agua y se enfrenta a la competencia de los distribuidores de agua. He analizado cómo la utilidad utiliza cobertura, precios y calidad para aumentar sus beneficios. La principal contribución del segundo documento ha sido el análisis de JASS. Por lo que yo sé que este es el primer documento de hacerlo. Es interesante destacar que los municipios menores de 2.000 habitantes tienen que ser servido por JASS, pero no todos los municipios han creado JASS. He analizado los factores determinantes para la creación de JASS en el Perú. Por último, en el tercer artículo analizaba una política destinada a incrementar el uso de GLP como combustible para cocinar a través de ofrecer cupones de descuento para los hogares de bajos ingresos. Por lo que yo sé que esto es una política innovadora en los países latinoamericanos. En el trabajo he analizado la ejecución del programa, los problemas que enfrentan durante su ejecución y también analizan empíricamente su rendimiento.

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4

Mariotti, Caterina. "Les services sociaux et de santé au regard des aides d’État." Thesis, Paris 2, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PA020013.

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Le présent travail de recherche porte sur l’application du droit des aides d’État aux services sociaux et de santé. Cette interaction, qui s’inscrit dans le plus ample débat sur l’« infiltration » des « espaces sociaux nationaux » par le droit de l’Union européenne, attire toujours plus l’attention de la Commission et de la Cour de justice de l’UE, soulève de nouvelles questions et se caractérise par un degré considérable d’incertitude. Éclairer la façon dont le cadre juridique des « services d’intérêt économique général » (SIEG) est modulé et nuancé en relation aux services sociaux et de santé constitue l’objectif fondamental du présent projet. L’analyse va également au-delà des SIEG, en examinant les autres voies que le droit de l’Union offre pour réconcilier la règlementation des aides d’État et le soutien public au welfare. La recherche se penche d’abord sur la notion de « services sociaux et de santé » et sur le cadre juridique européen concernant ce secteur. Après avoir conclu que l’on peut raisonnablement s’attendre à ce que les services sociaux et de santé soient toujours plus fréquemment considérés comme des activités économiques relevant du champ d’application du droit des aides d’État, l’étude se concentre sur la façon dont la règlementation des aides a été appliquée dans les secteurs du logement social, des soins de santé et de la sécurité sociale. L’interaction entre droit des aides d’État et welfare est ensuite examinée à la lumière du cadre résultant du Traité de Lisbonne ; enfin, des hypothèses sont formulées au sujet des voies à suivre en vue de renforcer la capacité du droit des aides d’État à s’adapter aux particularités des services sociaux et de santé
The purpose of the present study is to explore the interaction between, on the one hand, EU State aid law and, on the other, social and health services. This issue – which falls within the wider debate on the “infiltration” of EU law into “national social spaces” – comes increasingly under the scrutiny of the Commission and of the EU Court of Justice (CJEU), raises new questions and is characterised by a significant degree of uncertainty. The primary objective of this research is to understand how the legal framework on services of general economic interest (SGEIs) concerning State aid is applied, and adjusted, in the field of social and health services. The analysis will however also look beyond SGEIs, investigating which other avenues are available under EU State aid law to allow public support in the welfare sector. The analysis begins by exploring the notion of “social and health services” and by outlining the EU legal framework concerning this area. After examining the concept of economic activity in EU law, it is concluded that it is likely that social and health services will increasingly be considered as activities falling within the scope of application of EU State aid law. The study then focuses on the way in which State aid law has been applied in the sectors of social housing, healthcare and social security. The overall picture is examined in light of the Lisbon Treaty and, finally, a reflection is carried out as to possible developments and actions with a view to strengthening the ability of EU State aid law to take into account the specific nature of welfare services

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5

Rodríguez-Arana, Muñoz Jaime. "Users and Services of General Energy Interest." Derecho & Sociedad, 2016. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/118152.

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Modern Administrative Law must be considered within the Social and Democratic Rule of Law. Citizens, as users of services of general interest, are at the centre of all the categories of Regulatory Law. They have a legal status that enables them to be present in the decisions that affect them and they can contest decisions that harm their rights.
El Derecho Administrativo moderno debe enmarcarse en el Estado Social y Democrático de Derecho. Los ciudadanos, usuarios de los servicios de interés general, ocupan un lugar central en todas las categorías del Derecho Regulatorio. Disponen de un estatuto jurídico que les permite estar presentes en las decisiones que le afectan y poder impugnar las decisiones que lesionen sus derechos.

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6

Laguna, de Paz José Carlos. "Services of general interest in the European Union." Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2016. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/115403.

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(i) Since the eighties, the European Union has implemented a policy aimed to achieve that the services of general economic interest are truly integrated in the internal market. To this end, European regulation has liberalized and harmonized the legal framework of the main economic sectors. Significant progress towards European integration has been achieved. However, the internal market is still not truly effective. (ii) Conversely, non- economic services are primarily the responsibility of Member States. They are not covered by the internal market rules, although the general provisions of the Treaty are to be applied.
(i) Desde los años ochenta, la Unión Europea ha impulsado la incorporación de los servicios económicos de interés general al mercado interior. Las normas europeas han liberalizado y armonizado el régimen jurídico de los grandes sectores económicos. Se han alcanzado progresos apreciables en la integración europea, pero el mercado interior sigue sin ser una realidad acabada. (ii) En cambio, los servicios sociales son competencia de los Estados miembros. No están sujetos a las reglas del mercado interior, aunque sí a las normas generales del Tratado.

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7

Barazi, Mervan. "La particularité de l'application du droit de la concurrence dans le secteur des assurances." Thesis, La Rochelle, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LAROD002/document.

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Le secteur des assurances est protéiforme : il comprend plusieurs opérateurs dont l’intégration dans le paysage économique et juridique s’est accentuée ces dernières années et ne cesse de s’imposer. Les compagnies d'assurance déploient elles-mêmes des activités d’assurance multiples. Depuis les années cinquante les différents régimes d’assurances maladie, vieillesse, chômage – obligatoires, complémentaires – sont exploités par certains organismes assureurs (mutuelles et institutions de prévoyance). Ces organismes développent leurs activités sur des marchés dont le caractère économique n’est pas toujours évident. Si les assurances vie par exemple, ne soulèvent guère de difficulté d’insertion sur un marché concurrentiel, peut-on en revanche considérer que les régimes complémentaires et légaux d’assurance maladie opèrent sur un marché économique ? Cette question conduit à s’interroger sur la soumission du secteur des assurances au droit de la concurrence et son éventuelle unicité de régime. Deux points sont étudiés, en premier lieu, il s’agit de confronter le secteur des assurances à la vision extensive des autorités européenne et nationale sur les critères d’applicabilité du droit de la concurrence. Cette approche est vérifiée auprès de tous les opérateurs proposant des produits et services qualifiés d'assurance. En second lieu, sont examinées l'application du droit de la concurrence au secteur des assurances et leurs exemptions spécifiques. Cette étude prend en compte l’ensemble du droit de la concurrence : pratiques anticoncurrentielles, droit des concentrations économiques et aides d’État. Elle s’appuie essentiellement sur le droit européen et français de la concurrence
The insurance industry is protean : it includes several operators whose integration into the economic and legal landscape has intensified in recent years and continues to impose itself. Insurance companies themselves deploy multiple insurance activities. Since the 1950s, some insurers have exploited differents insurance schemes such as, health, old age, unemployment (whether compulsory or complementary). These organizations develop their activities in markets whose economic character is not always the most obvious. If life insurance, for example, does not present any difficulty in entering a competitive market, can we also consider that the supplementary and statutory health insurance schemes operate similarly in an economic market ? This question leads up to wonder about the submission of the insurance sector to competition law and its possible uniqueness of regime. Two points are studied, firstly, the question of confronting the insurance sector with the extensive vision of the European and national authorities. Secondly, an examination of the application of competition law to the insurance sector and the justification for different treatment. This study takes into account the whole of competition law : antitrust practices, economic concentrations and state aids. It is essentially based on European and French competition law

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8

Ribeiro, Ana Maria de Almeida. "Serviço público : aproximações entre o tratamento da noção no direito francês e no direito da União Europeia." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/87579.

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O presente estudo tem por finalidade analisar as aproximações entre o tratamento conferido à noção de serviço público no direito francês e no direito da União Europeia. Utilizando-se de pesquisa bibliográfica, analisa-se, primeiramente, o desenvolvimento da concepção de serviço público no direito francês, discorrendo sobre a noção clássica e identificando os principais elementos que caracterizam o instituto atualmente. Após, examina-se a evolução da abordagem da questão no direito comunitário, delineando-se as noções forjadas no âmbito da União Europeia. Por fim, do cotejo entre o tratamento do tema no direito francês e no direito comunitário, destacam-se as aproximações encontradas, concluindo-se pela assimilação, por parte das instituições europeias, dos principais aspectos caracterizadores da noção francesa, mediante a consagração de novas expressões passíveis de serem compreendidas por todos os Estados-membros e cujo conteúdo reflete a realização das adequações necessárias à realidade da União Europeia, sobretudo no que diz respeito às atividades de interesse geral dotadas de caráter econômico.
This study aims to analyze the treatment given to the notion of public service both in french law and in European Union law. Using bibliographic research, it first analyzes the notion developped in french law, by reviewing the classic notion and identifying the main elements that characterize the institut nowadays. After that, it examines how the subject approach evoluted in the European Union, tracing the notions forged by it. At last, after the comparison between how the subject is treated under the french and the European Union law, the approaches are outlined, concluding that the European Union institutions assimilated the main aspects that characterizes the french notion, by the consecration of new expressions that can be understood by all member States, and which content reflects the necessary adjustments to the reality of the European Union, especially with regard to the activities of general interest endowed with economic character.

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9

Bitter, James Robert. "Self-Care, Self-Awareness, and Social Interest." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2015. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/5239.

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The paradox of living is that the best way to care for yourself is through positive connections with others, through making a contribution to the whole, and through loving as much as you can from wherever you are at a moment in time. Using mindfulness, personality priorities, and awareness exercises, the workshop focuses on living life more fully.

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10

Tornos, Mas Joaquín. "Public services and remunicipalization." Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2016. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/115700.

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It is difficult to define the legal concept of public service. There are two ways to understand it. The first one is objective and tries to determine which activities and services should be guaranteed to all citizens with the aim of social cohesion. The second one is subjective and is based on the idea that public services are activities excluded from the market. This second conception emphasizes the problems arising from the relationship between the public and private sectors rather than the right of the citizenship to receive specific services. Within this general conceptual framework, this work shows the current debate which is not centered on which kinds of public services are to be provided but rather on how they have to be provided. The debate has a strong ideological content and defends the return to public management at the expense of private management, which is considered inefficient. This work analyzes the debate and introduces some objections to remunicipalization.
El concepto jurídico de servicio público es de difícil precisión. Existen dos concepciones de servicio público: una objetiva, preocupada por determinar qué actividades prestacionales deben ser garantizadas a todos los ciudadanos con el fin de lograr la cohesión social, y otra de carácter subjetivo, basada en la idea de que el servicio público es la actividad excluida del régimen de mercado, incidiendo sobre todo en los problemas de la relación entre sector público y sector privado más que en los derechos de los ciudadanos a obtener unas determinadas prestaciones. Dentro de este marco general conceptual, el presente trabajo pone de manifiesto como en la actualidad se ha abierto un debate de fuerte contenido ideológico en el que no se debate sobre qué servicios deben prestarse, sino sobre cómo deben prestarse los servicios públicos, defendiendo la recuperación de la gestión pública frente a una gestión privada que se califica de ineficiente. El trabajo analiza este debate y formula algunas objeciones a la tesis de la llamada «remunicipalización».

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11

Bitter, James. "Awareness & Contact: Developing Social Interest in Individual Therapy." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2005. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/6127.

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12

Pečeňa, Lukáš. "Projekt výstavba pečovatelského domu." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-194519.

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The diploma thesis aims to present the method of the project financing on an example of Nursing Home Project. The thesis is focused on examination whether it is possible to finance the private project regarding services of general economic interest just from operational revenues and allowed state aid. The thesis describes regulations of social care system in the Czech Republic and European regulation and directives regarding the state aid. The last chapter is designed as a feasibility study of the whole project. The feasibility study contains model of future project's cash flows. The horizontal and vertical analyses of financial statements of non-profit organization are also part of the thesis.

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13

Kouassi, Kouakou Samuel. "Recherches sur la notion de services d’intérêt économique général (SIEG)." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017USPCD028.

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En retraçant la trajectoire de l’évolution du concept de SIEG vers la notion juridique de SIEG,notre recherche met l’accent sur l’évolution d’un concept juridique aux contours flous et à laportée incertaine, notamment pour les juristes français, dans sa perception initiale, vers unenotion juridique porteuse d’un idéal social ; le modèle social Union européen. Ainsi, cettethèse aboutit-elle, premièrement, à redessiner les contours de la notion de SIEG en prenant encompte sa capacité à faire peau neuve de la notion d’intérêt général, familière au droit publicfrançais, progressivement devenue « intérêt économique général — ou intérêt généraléconomique » dans le cadre strict du concept qui nous retient ; intérêt économique généraladossé par ailleurs aux idéologies et principes juridiques européens de la concurrence (article106-2 TFUE) et de régulation économique (article 106-3 TFUE) (Partie 1).En second lieu, la recherche explore ce que l’on pourrait dénommer les « vertus » du régimejuridique des SIEG longtemps passées sous silence par la doctrine : protections juridiquesofferte aux acteurs et consommateurs des prestations de SIEG et position axiologique dumodèle social Union européenne des SIEG consacrée par les articles 14 TFUE et le Protocolenuméro 26 sur les services d’intérêt général qui nous semble contenu dans la notion même deSIEG ou pour le moins en découler fonctionnellement (Partie 2)
Retracing the evolutionary trajectory of the Service of General Economic Interest (SGEI)concept concept to the legal notion of SGEI, my research focuses on the evolution of a legalconcept with uncertain outlines as initially perceived, particularly with reference to the Frenchpublic law theory, towards a juridical notion which carries a social ideal: the European Unionsocial model. The thesis thus leads, first, to the redrawing of the concept of SGEI taking intoaccount its ability to revamp the notion of general interest, a notion familiar to French publiclaw, gradually becoming "economic interest" generally or "general interest economicallyspeaking" within the strict framework of the principles of EU Law relating to competition(Article 106 (2) TFEU) and economic regulation (Article 106-3 TFEU) (Part 1).Secondly, my research explores what might be called the "virtues" of the legal regime ofSGEIs that have long been ignored by the doctrine: legal protection offered to actors andconsumers of SGEI services and the axiological position of the European Union social modelof SGEI enshrined in Articles 14 TFEU and Protocol 26 on services of general interest, whichseems to us contained in the concept of SGEI or at least functional (Part 2)

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14

Vay, Mélanie. "La mise en problème européen de l'économie publique : socio-histoire des mondes de l'entreprise publique au contact de la politique européenne (1957-1997)." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 1, 2019. https://buadistant.univ-angers.fr/login?url=https://bibliotheque.lefebvre-dalloz.fr/secure/isbn/9782247210497.

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« L'Europe » aura-t-elle commandé les privatisations ? Est-ce à « Bruxelles » que s'est jouée la crise du service public « à la française » ? En partant des conflits politiques et juridiques autour des catégories d' « entreprise publique » et de « service d'intérêt économique général », la thèse éclaire les formes précaires de reconnaissance d'une « économie publique » à l'échelle de l'Union européenne. En faisant l'hypothèse que l'échec à faire émerger un statut à part renvoie à l'impossible agrégation d'un réseau européen de professionnels et de savoirs du secteur public économique pouvant faire pièce au puissant monde de la concurrence, elle révèle un processus historique de « mise en problème » de l'économie publique à l’échelon européen. Né comme une contre-mobilisation institutionnelle visant à juguler les risques d’un dirigisme européen, le programme concurrentiel s’affirme d’abord dans des controverses politiques et doctrinales qui placent le secteur public en position « dérogatoire ». Il se déploie ensuite sur divers fronts bureaucratiques, judiciaires, professionnels et académiques qui contribuent à consacrer un principe d’égale application de l’impératif concurrentiel à tous les agents économiques. L’entreprise de re-mobilisation transnationale impulsée dans les années 1980-1990 par les réseaux politiques et professionnels du secteur public, EDF en tête, permet d’éprouver l’ancrage social et institutionnel de ce nouvel acquis communautaire. En suivant cette trajectoire, on saisit les conditions d’arrimage du paradigme concurrentiel au Marché commun et ses conséquences sur l’articulation du secteur public au projet européen
Is it “Europe” that ordered the privatisations ? Is it in “Brussels” that the crisis of the “service public à la française” has been played out ? Starting from the political and legal conflicts surrounding the categories of “public undertaking” and “service of general economic interest”, this dissertation illuminates the precarious forms of recognition of a “public economy” at the level of the European Union. Assuming that the failure to bring out a separate status refers to the impossible aggregation of a European network of professionals and knowledge of the public economic sector, it reveals an historical process of “problematisation” of the public economy at European stage. Born as an institutional counter-mobilisation aimed at curbing the risks of European dirigisme, the competitive program first asserts itself in political and doctrinal controversies that place the public sector in a “derogatory” position. It then unfolds on various bureaucratic, judicial, professional and academic fronts that contribute to a principle of equal application of the competitive imperative to all economic agents. The transnational re-mobilisation enterprise, launched in the 1980s and 1990s by the political and professional networks of the public sector, led by Electricté de France, provides a test of the social and institutional anchoring of this new acquis communautaire. Following this historical trajectory, one can grasp the conditions of the stowage of the competitive paradigm to the Common Market and its consequences for the articulation of the public sector with the European project

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15

Charouli, Angeliki. "Les considérations sociales et environnementales dans la passation des marchés publics." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA010257.

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Moteur incontournable de l’économie publique, les marchés publics ont toujours fait l’objet de revendications diverses, voire opposées. L’efficacité de la gestion budgétaire et la transparence de la vie publique, s’agissant des ordres juridiques nationaux, la libre concurrence et le libre accès de tous les opérateurs économiques facilitant les échanges intracommunautaires, s’agissant du droit européen : tous ont tenté de monopoliser le droit de la commande publique, afin de se réaliser. Dans le même temps, la perspective de l’instrumentalisation de ce droit au service d’objectifs politiques qui ne lui sont pas directement attribués a suscité des intérêts très variés. Or, la question de la conciliation des politiques sociales et environnementales avec les prescriptions de nature principalement économique du droit des marchés publics s’inscrit dans une logique de valorisation de cet instrument juridique et financier. Ces politiques, répondant à la fois à des finalités d’intérêt général et à des objectifs prioritaires du droit communautaire, sont à la recherche de leur rôle et de leurs instruments en matière de marchés publics. Dans un contexte politique mouvant, la superposition des systèmes juridiques résultant des interventions réglementaires des États, en quête de leur pouvoir discrétionnaire dans la planification des leurs politiques, comme des interventions du droit communautaire dans le cadre de sa propre œuvre d’harmonisation des procédures de passation, vient redéfinir le rôle des politiques sociales et environnementales, tant au sein des objectifs endogènes du droit des marchés publics qu’en dehors de son cadre réglementaire, appelé dans ce cas à servir de levier
As a fundamental driving force of public economy, public procurement has traditionally been an area of diverse and often competing interests. Such contradictory interests are the efficiency of budgetary management and transparency in public life within national legal systems, free competition and open access of financial stakeholders in award procedures within the European regulatory framework. At the same time, the instrumentalisation of public procurement in order to serve political goals not directly linked to it has triggered considerable debate. The attempt of conciliation of social and environmental considerations with the financial requirements of public procurement law aims at enhancing this legal and financial instrument. The role and the legal means for the integration of social and environmental considerations in public procurement, which serve general interest purposes and overriding European law objectives, have not yet been clarified. The regulatory interventions of the Member States, on the one hand, and the harmonization attempts of the European Union, on the other, create a constantly changing political climate. In that context, the role of social and environmental policies is redefined both within the framework of primary objectives of public procurement law, as well as outside this regulatory framework which is used as a policy tool in this context

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16

Kamati, Reinhold. "Monetary policy transmission mechanism and interest rate spreads." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2014. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/5883/.

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In contemporary times, monetary policy is evaluated by examining monetary policy shocks represented by changes in nominal interest rates rather than changes in the money supply. In this thesis, we studied three interrelated concepts: the monetary policy transmission mechanism, interest rate spreads and the spread adjusted monetary policy rule. Chapter 1 sets out a theoretical background by reviewing the evolution of monetary policy from money growth targeting to the standard approach of interest rate targeting (pegging) in the new consensus. The new consensus perspective models the economy with a system of three equations: the dynamic forward-looking IS-curve for aggregate demand, an inflation expectation-augmented Phillips curve and the interest rate rule. Monetary policy is defined as fixing the nominal interest rate in order to exert influences on macroeconomic outcomes such as output and expected inflation while allowing the money supply to be determined by interest rate and inflation expectations. Having set out this background, Chapter 2 empirically investigates long-standing questions: how does monetary policy (interest rate policy) affect the economy and how effective is it? This chapter seeks to answer these questions by modelling a monetary policy framework using macroeconomics data from Namibia. Using the new consensus macroeconomic view, this empirical analysis starts from the assumption that money is endogenous, and thus it identifies the bank rate (i.e. Namibia’s repo rate) as the policy instrument which starts the monetary transmission mechanism. We estimated a SVAR and derived structural impulse response functions and cumulative impulse response functions, which showed how output, inflation and bank credit responded to structural shocks, specifically the monetary policy and credit shocks in the short run and the long run. We found that in the short run quarterly real GDP, inflation and private credit declined significantly in response to monetary policy shocks in Namibia. Monetary policy shocks as captured by an unsystematic component of changes in the repo rate considerably caused a sharp decrease for more than three quarters ahead after the first impact in quarterly real GDP. Furthermore, structural impulse response functions showed that real GDP and inflation increased in response to one standard deviation in the private credit shock. In the long run, the cumulative impulse response functions showed that inflation declined and remained below the initial level while responses in other variables were statistically insignificant. South African monetary policy shock caused significant negative responses in private; however, the impacts on quarterly GDP were barely statistically significant in the short run. In all, this empirical evidence shows that the monetary policy of changing the level of repo rate is effective in stabilising GDP, inflation rate and private credit in the short run; and in the long run domestic monetary policy significantly stabilises inflation too. The structural forecast error variance decompositions show that the variations of output attributed to interest rate shock show that the interest rate channel is relatively strong compared with the credit channel. This is substantiated by the fact that repo rate shocks account for a large variation in output compared with the variation attributed to private credit shock. We conclude in this chapter that domestic monetary policy through the repo rate is effective, while the effects from the South African policy rate are not emphatically convincing in Namibia. Therefore, the Central Bank should keep independent monetary policy actions in order to achieve the goals of price stability. In Chapter 3 we investigate the subject of ‘interest rate spreads’, which are seen as the transmitting belts of monetary policy effects in the economy. While it is widely acknowledged that the monetary policy transmission mechanism is very important, it is also clear that the successes of monetary policy stabilisation are influenced by the size of spreads in the economy. Interest spreads are double-edged swords, as they amplify and also dampen monetary effects in the economy. Hence, we investigate the unit root process with structural breaks in interest rate spreads, and the macroeconomic and financial fundamentals that seem to explain large changes in spreads in Namibia. Firstly, descriptive statistics show that spreads always exist and gravitate around the mean above zero and that their paths are significantly amplified during crisis periods. Secondly, the Lanne, Saikkonen and Lutkepohl (2002) unit root test for processes with structural breaks shows that spreads have unit root with structural breaks. Most significant endogenous structural breaks identified coincide with the 1998 East Asia financial crisis period, while the global financial crisis only caused a significant structural break in quarterly GDP. Thirdly, using the definitions of the changes in base spread and retail spread, we find that inflation, unconditional inflation, economic growth rate and interest rate volatilities, and changes in the bank rate and risk premium and South Africa’s spread are some of the significant macroeconomic factors that explain changes in interest rate spread in Namibia. Whether we define interest spread as the retail spread, that is, the difference between average lending rate and average deposit rate, or the base spread, which is the difference between prime lending rate and the bank rate, our empirical results indicate that there macroeconomics and financial fundamentals play a statistically significant role in the determination of interest rate spreads. In the last chapter, we estimate the monetary policy rule augmented with spread - the so called Spread-adjusted Taylor Rule (STR). The simple Spread-adjusted Taylor rule is suggested in principle to be used as simple monetary policy strategy that responds to economic or financial shocks, e.g. rising spreads. In an environment of stable prices or weak demand, rising spreads have challenged current new consensus monetary policy strategy. As a result, the monetary policy framework that attaches weight to inflation and output to achieve price stability has been deemed unable to respond sufficiently to financial stress in the face of financial instability. In response to this challenge, the STR explicitly takes into account the spread to address the weakness of the standard monetary policy reaction in the face of financial instability. We apply the Bayesian method to estimate the posterior distributions of parameters in the simple STR. We use theory-based informed priors and empirical Bayesian priors to estimate the posterior means of the STR model. Our results from this empirical estimation show that monetary policy reaction function can be adjusted with credit spread to caution against tight credit conditions and therefore realise the goal of financial stability and price stability simultaneously. The estimated coefficients obtained from the spread-adjusted monetary policy are consistent with the calibrated parameters suggested by (McCulley & Toloui, 2008) and (Curdia & Woodford, 2009). We find that, on average, a higher credit spread is associated with the probability that the policy target will be adjusted downwards by 55 basis points in response to a marginal increase of one per cent in equilibrium spread. This posterior mean is likely to vary between -30 and -79 basis points with 95% credible intervals. Altogether in this chapter we found that a marginal increase in the rate of inflation above the target by one per cent is associated with probability that the repo rate target will be raised by an amount within the range of 42 to 75 basis points, while little can be said about central banks’ reaction to a marginal increase in output.

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17

Burke, Jarleth. "A market and government failure critique of services of general economic interest : testing the centrality and strictness of Article 106(2) TFEU." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2015. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/3273/.

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This thesis proposes a new understanding of Article 106(2) TFEU using composite legal and economic interrogative frameworks. Article 106(2) provides that under specified conditions, any Treaty rule may be disapplied with respect to services of general economic interest (‘SGEIs’). The underlying research tests two principal claims concerning Article 106(2). The first is that it is the central Treaty provision for reconciling EU and Member State interests concerning SGEIs, and the second, is that it is a strict exception. The purely legal component of the analysis comprises internal and external accounts of Article 106(2). The former concerns its operation on a standalone basis, with the latter dissecting its interaction with other TFEU derogation mechanisms. The internal analysis reveals the seeming volatility of the manifest error standard and considers the effects of enduring difficulties concerning proportionality review. The external account discloses the ubiquitous contingency of Article 106(2), resulting in it being side-lined in a variety of ways. In overall terms, Article 106(2) is shown not to be the central Treaty mediating mechanism for SGEIs that it may be capable of being. The combined legal and economic component of the thesis is based on deploying the theory of market failure and its analogue, government failure, in order to test whether Article 106(2) is a strict exception. Market failure is used to assess SGEI verification. Government failure is used to assess the disapplication of other Treaty provisions under Article 106(2). The market failure analysis reveals that manifest error control is strict for efficiency related market failures, for EU circumscribed distributional objectives, and occasionally, elsewhere. The government failure analysis discloses significant but avoidable weaknesses in disapplication review, but with pronounced change over time, including a relative recent partial revival of its strictness following Altmark. In the aggregate, the combination of legal and economic analysis shows Article 106(2) not to be a strict exception, except in limited circumstances. In the light of the findings on centrality and strictness, proposals for the reorientation of Article 106(2) are made.

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18

Veltroni, Vittorio. "Eduard Bernstein and the roots of the third way : Social Liberalism and the construction of the general social interest." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.625095.

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19

Teare, Richard Edward. "A study of the consumer decision process for hospitality services." Thesis, City University London, 1989. http://openaccess.city.ac.uk/6598/.

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The purpose of the study was to investigate the consumer decision process for hospitality services, with particular reference to the interactions occuring between the consumer and the producer during service delivery. As the hospitality industry is very diverse, the hotel short break product was selected as the locus for the study. At the outset, a hypothetical model of the consumer decision process was constructed, drawing on the characteristics of hospitality services and the differing perspectives of the consumer and the producer. In order to generate a grounded theory which would help to explain the consumer decision process, data was collected by personal interview prior to, during and after the hotel short break. The interview data was then transcribed and analysed using the constant comparative method developed by Glaser and Strauss. Following this, a secondary method of analysis derived from Kelly's personal construct theory was used to elaborate the theoretical framework. To identify decision-making similarities and differences more clearly, each interview was re-constructed in the form of an interactive computerbased cognitive model using- a software program called Cognitive Policy Evaluation (COPE). The output from the models, in the . form of cognitive maps depicting themed relationships, was used to illustrate decision process relationships and distinguish between consumers with extensive and limited prior product experience. The hypothetical model was supported by the study findings which showed that prior experience of the product category and the perceived importance of the purchase occasion influence the level of consumer involvement in the decision process, and thereby the range and type of decision-making activities which are undertaken. The findings also illustrate the value of prior product experience and involvement as segmentation variables by revealing sub-group characteristics relating to the selection, assessment and evaluation of hospitality services. They include notable differences in the operation of personal category systems during pre-purchase and the personal rating systems used by consumers during the consumption and postconsumption evaluation stages of the decision process.

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20

Ataman, Sevket Emek. "Interest Representation In Local Politics: The Case Of Municipal Councils." Master's thesis, METU, 2004. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12605471/index.pdf.

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It is widely argued that in liberal democracies, demands and interests of different social groups are defended by their representatives in the decision making bodies. The municipal councils can be seen one such channel at the local level. The aim of this thesis is to explore the municipal councils with reference to their power, representation channels, and the weight of different groups in it. The profiles of the local councilors in reference to their education, ethnicity, sex, and class properties are investigated. In order to explore the above concepts a case study in Denizli Municipality is carried out. Questionnaires and deep interviews with municipal council members and municipal stuff are made.

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21

McQuiston, James M. "Social capital in the production gap| Social networking services and their transformative role in civic engagement." Thesis, Kent State University, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3618866.

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Social networking services are used by a large segment of society; Facebook claims that 1 billion users are active on their website. The potential role for social networking in civic engagement is substantial, and this dissertation expands upon previous research in its examination of the relationship between social networking use and civic engagement. Prior research into the effect of social networking services on social capital creation is limited in terms of generalizability and predictive power. The dissertation explores the determinants of social networking service use, the impact that social networking services have on the creation of social capital, and how social networking website use modifies a respondent's level of generalized trust and political efficacy.

The sample utilized in this dissertation includes 2,303 respondents from the Social Side of the Internet Survey, conducted in November and December of 2010. The dissertation utilizes this data to examine social networking intensity as a hypothesized determinant of indirect and direct forms of social capital. Models explore the decision to utilize the internet, social networking services (SNS), and to join traditional groups, evaluating the hypothesis that SNS usage creates social capital through a different pathway than online or physical interactions. Results provide early support for this hypothesis, as the factors influencing the decision to utilize social networking are separate from those modifying online or group activity.

The explanatory power of social networking intensity is compared to demographic and group-centered conceptions of social capital generation. The data supports the conception that SNS intensity is a significant determinant of external political efficacy and social capital, but is unable to identify a relationship between social networking intensity and generalized trust.

By examining the role that social networking services play alongside factors such as age, education, internet use, gender, race, socioeconomic class, technology, and group association, the dissertation tests hypotheses important to political science sub-fields including American politics, civic engagement, and political theory. Future research examining social networking and civic engagement needs to consider how governmental representatives view the social capital generated by social networking services.

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22

Kaufman, James. "The welfare racket : conditionality and marketised activation in street-level welfare-to-work services." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2018. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/8853/.

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This thesis investigates everyday encounters between benefit recipients and street-level welfare agencies in an era of behavioural conditionality, marketised ‘activation’, and neoliberal paternalism. Central to this thesis is a concern with the relational dynamics that policies of ‘behavioural conditionality’ and ‘mandatory activation’ produce, explored through reflexive analysis of the researcher’s own experiences as a street-level activation worker, and thirty in-depth interviews with former colleagues, other street-level staff, and benefit recipients. Informed by relational and psychosocial theorisations of both the subject and street-level welfare organisations, the thesis looks at the interactions between symbolic/ideological representation, individual agency, and street-level organisation. Arguing that attention to the dynamic, libidinal investments of street-level employees casts familiar street-level practices in a new light, the thesis draws attention to a dynamic of illusio-disillusionment (Bourdieu, 2000) among street-level staff, re-rendering familiar practices of ‘creaming and parking’ in terms of punishment and protection. Similarly, it is argued that specific instances of support, indifference, and/or sanction do not exist as discrete experiences in the life of claimants, but as ongoing possibilities, producing a situation of ever-present surveillance and threat. In this way, conditional activation services come to resemble a protection racket, in which both the threat and means of defence are produced simultaneously. These dynamic materialisations of behavioural conditionality are situated with respect to the ideology of neoliberal paternalism, which at street-level takes the form of magical voluntarism, and the enforcement of an anti-sociological imaginary which, it is argued, results in the denial and effective privatisation of the troubles, difficulties, and needs that bring people to welfare services in the first place.

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23

Craig, Weylan. "GENERAL SOCIAL TRUST AND POLITICAL TRUST WITHIN SOCIAL AND POLITICAL GROUPS: A CASE STUDY." Master's thesis, University of Central Florida, 2006. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/3158.

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People in society with high levels of generalized social trust and political trust are more likely to engage in civic activism and participation. Therefore, people involved in social and political groups will likely have higher levels of generalized social and political trust than the general public. What lacks in this realm of scholarship is a solid comparison of trust among people involved in social and political groups. This case-study analysis of generalized social trust and political trust among social and political groups shows the trust that is not only generated within each group, but also which types of groups are more effective at developing citizens that participate in society. Using a researcher-designed survey instrument, two social groups and two political groups have been evaluated and compared to demonstrate members' propensity to trust others in society and those in political office at all levels of government. Sample size is 115 respondents. Among other demographic data analyzed and compared to a larger population data set in the World Values Survey, six hypotheses have been tested. Typical analysis shows demographic data or group membership as the independent variable with trust values acting as the dependent variable. Graphic and cross-tabular data show that social groups recorded higher levels of political trust than political groups. This is probably due to the ideological leanings of the political groups. Political groups showed higher levels of generalized social trust than social groups. Political group members probably feel that their actions are benefiting the greater good. Additionally, participation variables showed that not only are political group members more interested in politics than social group members, but they also have higher levels of registering to vote and to participate in the voting process. They are probably seeking to make significant change in the political system through their actions. The research conducted does not seek to provide a comprehensive analysis of trust among members of social and political groups. However, it is intended to promote the analysis of trust among people in society that have a predisposition to trust as they have shown through the act of participating in a social or political group. As foci for the development of trust, analysis of social and political groups provides a shortcut for scholars interested in the development and proliferation of trust in society. This research provides analysis of four case-study groups at one point in time. Further research using larger sample sizes and time-series analysis could advance trust analysis among social and political groups.
M.A.
Department of Political Science
Sciences
Political Science

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24

Popov, Vladimir. "Internationalisation of public services : a social network analysis of global ownership." Thesis, University of Greenwich, 2010. http://gala.gre.ac.uk/5066/.

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Globalisation is a widely used but much contested concept. This contestation has a large variety of dimensions and on-going debates. One of the debates focuses on economic globalisation and a rebalancing of the relations between the private and public sector that is taking place during the last three decades. Neo-liberalism, dominant in the policy agenda of the leading world powers during this period of time, advocates the necessity of privatisation, including privatisation of public services. However, the international outcomes of privatisation policies associated with the promotion of market relations and private investments in the public sector have not been sufficiently examined in empirical research. Although globalisation debates refer to international regulation, competition and the concentration of capital, there is a paucity of detailed empirically focused study on patterns of ownership and what they mean to a changing international order, especially with respect to privatised utilities. The thesis opens up these themes in a focused way, analysing outcomes of water privatisation and electricity privatisation worldwide. It draws on a comprehensive database held by the Public Services International Research Unit (PSIRU) that enables an empirically based analysis of arguments about the outcomes of utilities' privatisation in the light of the globalisation debate. The main methodology used as a basis for a critical assessment of theories of globalisation is social network analysis. The thesis is mostly concerned with the international aspects of the privatisation of public utilities. It begins by arguing that the privatisation of public services worldwide should be located within debates on globalisation. The thesis then presents a reinterpretation of main globalisation trends, specifically the processes related to the internationalisation of public services, as an emerging modern form of economic colonialism. To develop this argument the thesis comprises a variety of dimensions. First, three sets of debates are reviewed, globalisation, the internationalisation of capital and colonialism. In the course of this analysis attention is drawn to the concentration of economic power and the international dominance of three economic blocs - the North America, Western Europe and Japan. The second dimension of the thesis is the presentation of an analytic framework to analyse the recent developments of privatisation worldwide. Drawing on the achievements of social network analysis a methodology for examining the outcomes of privatisation in relation to ownership and the patterns of concentration that have emerged is developed. This part of the thesis transforms the research questions that arise from the examination of debates about globalisation and privatisation and related developments. Here a set of hypotheses is developed to examine the process of privatisation worldwide, with reference to the electricity and water sector. With this methodology outlined, the third dimension is present. In this section of the thesis particular explanatory dimensions of the process of globalisation are examined, specifically geography, culture, economy, and politics. Using SNA techniques that build on the first phase of the quantitative analysis which examines ownership concentration and identifies the presence of the star-like pattern of ownership in all studied sectors of public utilities, a rich vein of evidence of the key features of privatisation worldwide is presented. The broad themes of this analysis are then drawn together in an assessment section. This assessment shows that economic globalisation reflects economic asymmetries and is related to political status, and that historical links make a considerable impact on the global ownership structures that have emerged in public services after privatisation. A key conclusion is that public services are being transformed as part of global capitalist system and that under the cover of globalisation a particular form of economic colonialism is emerging - the neo-colonialism that is centred on a few major western economies: The United States, France and the United Kingdom.

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25

Charouli, Angeliki. "Les considérations sociales et environnementales dans la passation des marchés publics." Thesis, Paris 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA010259.

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Анотація:

Moteur incontournable de l'économie publique, les marchés publics ont toujours fait l'objet de revendications diverses, voire opposées. L'efficacité de la gestion budgétaire et la transparence de la vie publique, s'agissant des ordres juridiques nationaux, la libre concurrence et le libre accès de tous les opérateurs économiques facilitant les échanges intracommunautaires, s'agissant du droit européen: tous ont tenté de monopoliser le droit de la commande publique, afin de se réaliser. Dans le même temps, la perspective de l'instrumentalisation de ce droit au service d'objectifs politiques qui ne lui sont pas directement attribués a suscité des intérêts très variés. Or, la question de la conciliation des politiques sociales et environnementales avec les prescriptions de nature principalement économique du droit des marchés publics s'inscrit dans une logique de valorisation de cet instrument juridique et financier. Ces politiques, répondant à la fois à des finalités d'intérêt général et à des objectifs prioritaires du droit communautaire, sont à la recherche de leur rôle et de leurs instruments en matière de marchés publics. Dans un contexte politique mouvant, la superposition des systèmes juridiques résultant des interventions réglementaires des États, en quête de leur pouvoir discrétionnaire dans la planification des leurs politiques, comme des interventions du droit communautaire dans le cadre de sa propre œuvre d'harmonisation des procédures de passation, vient redéfinir le rôle des politiques sociales et environnementales, tant au sein des objectifs endogènes du droit des marchés publics qu'en dehors de son cadre réglementaire, appelé dans ce cas à servir de levier.

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26

Coffey, Margaret. "Stress in the workplace : an action research case study of social services." Thesis, Liverpool John Moores University, 2004. http://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/5642/.

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27

Erdogan, Celil. "Ethnic Interest Groups And American Foreign Policy: Sources Of Influence." Master's thesis, METU, 2010. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12611525/index.pdf.

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Ethnic interest groups have historically played a role in the making of American foreign policy but their influence has increased especially following the end of the Cold War. This influence has important repercussions on American foreign policy towards the home countries of the powerful ethnic groups and the regions that these countries are located in. Within this context, this thesis examines the sources or the reasons of the influence of ethnic interest groups on American foreign policy, which has also affected Turkish-American relations significantly. It first focuses on the structural factors that make ethnic influence possible such as the characteristics of the American political system and the important role that Congress plays in the formulation of foreign policy. It then discusses the organizational factors such as organizational strength and using of successful persuasion and dissuasion methods that make it possible to influence American foreign policy. It ends with a normative discussion on the desirability of ethnic influence on American foreign policy.

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28

Williams, Timothy David. "An evaluation of mandated joint working in mental health services in two sites in England." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2018. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/8495/.

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This study explores the processes of joint working in mental health services, mandated by statute or regulation, between local organisations. The interest in doing so lies in examining the apparent contradiction of using compulsion to stimulate avowedly voluntary activity. A bespoke realist approach, aligning critical realism and aspects of realist evaluation, provided the framework for the study of examples of mandated joint working in two differing sites- aftercare (Section 117, Mental Health Act 1983), delayed transfers of care and the use of police powers (Section 136, Mental Health Act 1983). Nested case studies enabled comparison between two groups of organisations within and across the sites. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews, observations and documentary analysis. Differences in implementation of these examples were found between the two sites, which stemmed from the relationships between processes and the contexts in which they were set. The study shows that mandating joint working can be necessary and productive. The study recommends that attention could be usefully given to the governance of complexity and of organisational and professional difference and, more specifically, to the circumstances of people in emotional distress.

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29

Bushfield, Stacey Jane. "Evaluating human capital investments in public services : the case of clinical leadership development in NHS Scotland." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2012. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/3618/.

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Clinical leadership, along with other means such as whole system working and multi-disciplinary teams, has been promoted as an important method of engaging clinicians in reform and improving the efficiency and effectiveness of healthcare. Consequently, a key human resource strategy within NHS Scotland has been to invest in training and development to build clinical leadership capacity across the organisation. However, clinical leadership is a contested concept, with no readily accepted definition and is subject to debate between competing professional and managerial logics and identities. As such there has been little investigation into how clinical leaders’ identities are developed at an individual, relational and collective level, how such identity construction affects the development of clinical leaders, and how learning from such development can be transferred back into healthcare organisations. Thus, this thesis investigates the impact that development programmes can have on participants’ identities, through their human capital and social capital, and the organisational factors that influence the degree of learning transfer. Focusing on a phenomenological case study of an eighteen-month ‘flagship’ leadership development programme for senior clinical leaders across NHS Scotland, the thesis explores the notion of development programmes as ‘identity workspaces’ (Petriglieri, 2011) where participants can step back from their daily routines to reflect and work on their identities and examines whether such workspaces are seen as useful by participants and their managers. Data were gathered through semi-structured interviews, observation of key events and analysis of relevant policy, programme and participant documents. The longitudinal study, undertaken between December 2008 and May 2011, examines the processes, practices, and tensions underpinning leader and leadership identity development. It highlights the importance of studying not only how identities are constructed, maintained and regulated, but also how past identities are deconstructed and unlearned, and the emotional and psychological effects that these processes can have on clinicians. These data supported the view that identities are formed within social and discursive contexts and evolve and change over time in relation to an individual’s experiences and changes in the wider environment. They also provided support for the claim that leadership programmes can play an important role in the social construction of a leader’s identity as they initiate bonding, brokering, bridging, and legitimising activities which enhance their social capital and reaffirm their identity at a relational and collective level. However, for this identity to be embedded and sustained over time, individuals require a degree of autonomy to implement change as this both reinforces their own sense of self as a leader and encourages others to act reciprocally. Furthermore, developmental support was seen as necessary by participants to encourage a common understanding of leadership which enables the construction of leadership identities at a relational and collective level. Lastly, by examining how clinicians participating on the programme understood and enacted their dual-role, the thesis explores the diverse meaning attributed to the notion of clinical leadership. It considers the internal and external challenges facing clinical leaders and proposes that it is important for clinical leaders to assume a dual-professional identity that allows them to move from being a clinician to a professional clinical leader who combines clinical and leadership expertise. Thus, the thesis provides a contribution to the relatively limited academic literature on clinical leadership and professional leadership development more generally and adds to research on identity work, social identity theory and intellectual capital. In particular, it emphasises that working on and changing ones’ professional identity is not an easy process as it involves first deconstructing and unlearning past notions, beliefs and behaviours before a new sense of selves can be reconstructed. The research took place within a dynamic policy context that encompasses recent work on engaging clinicians in leadership, embedding strong clinical governance and accountability, and overcoming the economic challenges facing public services both in Scotland and the UK. The thesis makes a contribution to practice by informing ongoing policy relevant debates on leadership development and the value of clinical leadership as well as other dual-professional identities in the Scottish National Health Service and the Scottish Government.

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30

Barbour, Katrina Louise. "Exploring the impact of change on university careers services : death of a service or surviving and thriving?" Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2016. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/7177/.

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This Dissertation takes the form of a case study exploring the position of university Careers Services working under a neo-liberal paradigm. The study was motivated by a wish to explore the changes that have taken place in university Careers Services since 1997 in order to understand the changed landscape, and to provide a snapshot of the current setting that might be of use to those considering entry to and those working in careers advisory work. Additionally the study was intended to inform my own professional practice and understanding. I consider the position of Careers Services through the commentary of eight University Careers Advisers from four institutions in Scotland. Through semi-structured interviews I explore their perceptions and views about their work and the environment in which they work. Specifically, changes to work in the areas of careers education, careers information and careers guidance are considered alongside changes to the concept of career, changes in graduate employer practices, and the students and graduates organisations seek to employ. The study highlights the challenges faced by the Careers Service in universities in Scotland and explores the experiences and views of the professionals that work in that Service against a backdrop of an employability agenda and increasingly instrumentalised expectations. Giroux’s (1993) notion of education as a vehicle for individual empowerment and Nussbaum’s (2011) Capabilities Approach provide the theoretical framework to support the analysis of the state of university Careers Services and to offer a defence of the importance of careers advisory and guidance work. My data confirms that the role of university Careers Services has changed significantly post- Dearing (1997) and that, increasingly, Services based in traditional research lead universities and those in newer institutions are differentiated. The changing landscape has allowed Careers work to flourish and gain a more prominent role in some institutions, raising the profile of those Services. However, some Careers Services, the study indicates, have struggled to carve out a niche for themselves and these Services risk becoming marginalised within their institutions. A Careers Service that contributes to its university’s graduate employability objectives may secure a strong institutional position but raise questions about its activity with respect to long held underlying assumptions about careers guidance work and the ethical purpose of the activity of the Careers Service. I conclude by anticipating possible futures for the university Careers Service with a call to maintain and strengthen the function of guidance and advisory work within these Services.

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31

White, Sean D. "The spatial and temporal organisation of primary health care services in rural areas : a case study of Wales." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2005. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/55410/.

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The last ten years have seen major changes in the organisation and delivery of primary healthcare services in the England and Wales and this has had considerable implications for consumers of these services in rural parts of the country. This thesis seeks to explore the effects of these structural changes in the delivery mechanisms of primary healthcare services in relation to rural areas of Wales within a context of concomitant restructuring of rural society and restructuring and re-organisation of service delivery in the health sector which draws on 'theories of the firm' literature, for example the development of vertical integration of various primary healthcare services. A key element of primary healthcare service delivery in a rural context is related to the levels of accessibility to such services experienced by the individuals, or 'consumers' of healthcare. This thesis adopts a largely positivist approach to the analysis of spatial and temporal patterns of healthcare delivery in Wales over the last decade, although echoes of the structuralist approach emerge in relation to particular aspects of the analysis. In operationalising this theoretical context a Geographical Information Systems approach is employed to visualise and analyse the spatial organisation and temporal variation of primary healthcare delivery across rural Wales through a longitudinal study of primary healthcare services in Wales 1996 and 2004. Depth is added to this national level analysis of rural Wales by developing a case study of one Unitary Authority in rural Wales, Gwynedd, which acts as focus for more in-depth analysis of the spatial and temporal changes in rural primary healthcare over the study period

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32

Haynes, J. D. "Risk and regulation of access to personal data on online social networking services in the UK." Thesis, City University London, 2015. http://openaccess.city.ac.uk/11972/.

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This research investigates the relative effectiveness of different modes of regulation of access to personal data on social networking services in the UK. A review of the literature demonstrated that there was a gap in research comparing different regulatory modes applied to online social networking services (SNSs). A model of regulation was developed based on Lessig’s four modes of regulating the internet. Risk to individual users was selected as a way of testing different regulatory approaches, using the premise that risk-based regulation has become a key consideration in European regulation. The regulatory effects were tested using: online surveys, interviews with industry experts, content analysis of privacy policies, and a legislative review. The research data are appended to the main body of the thesis. The research demonstrated the potential of risk as a means of distinguishing between different regulatory modes and concluded that a combination of regulatory approaches was the most effective way of protecting individuals against abuse of personal data on online SNSs. Further research suggested includes: looking at risk from the perspective of companies, and of society; further development of the regulatory model; and country comparisons to discover whether the findings of this study are more generally applicable.

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33

Dell'Aera, Anthony D. "Prescription drug regulation and the art of the possible : reconciling private interest and public good in American health care policy." View abstract/electronic edition; access limited to Brown University users, 2008. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3318305.

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34

Pinos, Fabienne. "Inclusion financière et populations précarisées : effets des business models des services financiers en France." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BORD0024/document.

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Ce travail de recherche a été mené afin de contribuer à l’enrichissement des connaissancesrelatives à l’inclusion financière. Partant du postulat que la pérennité d’une activité estconditionnée par son équilibre économique, que celui-ci soit construit sur la base de moyensprivés, publics ou mixtes, nous avons interrogé la relation entre inclusion financière etpopulations précarisées sous l’angle des effets des business models des services financiers, ennous limitant au marché français.Nous démontrons qu’en dépit d’une réglementation française apparemment protectrice pour leconsommateur et à visée inclusive, les modèles bancaires actuels entretiennent l’exclusion.L’amélioration des conditions d’accès et d’usage des populations précaires aux servicesfinanciers est donc conditionnée par des évolutions que le marché seul ne peut organiser.Nous concluons de surcroît que les dispositifs publics ou associatifs expérimentés pour luttercontre l’exclusion bancaire ne correspondent aux besoins des exclus que pour certains profils,dans certains contextes. De plus, l’hypothèse de pérennité de leurs modèles économiques nepeut être confirmée.Enfin, nous avançons et justifions qu’en matière de services financiers, un modèleéconomique soutenable et inclusif est conditionné par des transformations socioéconomiques.La première tient en l’officialisation de l’accès à la monnaie en tant que serviced’intérêt général, la seconde procède de la réhabilitation de la valeur de l’épargne. L’inclusionfinancière n’a pas vocation à résoudre le problème du niveau des ressources mais, au constatde besoins récurrents en crédit de liquidité, elle progresse lorsque se diffusent des offres quiévitent de détériorer les conditions de vie de l’emprunteur. Tel est l’objectif du modèle quenous proposons
This research was conducted in order to contribute to the enrichment of knowledge onfinancial inclusion. Starting from the premise that the sustainability of a business depends onits economic balance, whether built on the basis of private, public or mixed resources, wequestioned the relationship between financial inclusion and deprived populations focusing onthe effects of the financial services’ business models, limiting ourselves to the French market.We demonstrate that despite a French regulation, seemingly protective for consumers andinclusive-oriented, current banking models maintain exclusion. Improving the conditions ofaccess to and use of financial services by insecure people is conditioned by developments thatthe market alone cannot organize.We conclude further that measures tested by the Government or the voluntary sector to fightagainst banking exclusion do only match the needs of excluded people for certain profiles, incertain contexts. Moreover, the assumption of the sustainability of their business modelscannot be confirmed.Finally, we argue and justify that, as regards financial services, a sustainable and inclusiveeconomic model is conditioned by socio-economic transformations. The first one refers to theformalization of the access to the currency as a service of general interest, the second onecomes from the rehabilitation of the value of savings.Financial inclusion is not intended to address the problem of resource level, but consideringthe finding of recurring liquidity credit needs, it progresses when offers that avoid damagingthe living conditions of the borrower are spread. This is the objective of the proposed model
Esta investigación se realizó con el fin de contribuir al enriquecimiento de los conocimientossobre la inclusión financiera. Partiendo de la premisa de que la sostenibilidad de una empresadepende de su estabilidad económica, que ésta sea construida sobre la base de recursosprivados, públicos o mixtos, cuestionamos la relación entre inclusión financiera y poblacionesdesfavorecidas en términos de efectos de los modelos de negocio de los servicios financieros,limitándonos al mercado francés.Se demuestra que a pesar de una legislación francesa aparentemente protectora para losconsumidores y a finalidad inclusiva, los modelos bancarios actuales mantienen la exclusión.Mejorar las condiciones de acceso a y de uso de los servicios financieros por parte de laspersonas en situación de precariedad está condicionado por evoluciones que el mercado por sísolo no puede organizar.Concluimos además que los dispositivos públicos o asociativos experimentados para lucharcontra la exclusión bancaria sólo coinciden con las necesidades de los excluidos para ciertosperfiles, en ciertos contextos. Por otra parte, la hipótesis de la continuidad de sus modelos denegocio no se puede confirmar.Por último, se argumenta y justifica que en lo que se refiere a los servicios financieros, unmodelo económico sostenible e integrador está condicionado por transformacionessocioeconómicas. La primera se halla en la formalización del acceso a la moneda como unservicio de interés general, la segunda procede de la rehabilitación del valor de los ahorros. Lainclusión financiera no pretende resolver el problema del nivel de recursos pero, considerandoque las necesidades de crédito de liquidez estén recurrentes, se mejora cuando se difundenofertas que evitan influir negativamente en las condiciones de vida de los deudores. Este es elobjetivo del modelo propuesto

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35

Mendoza, Flores Santos Ernesto. "The provision of drinking water and sanitation as essential services." IUS ET VERITAS, 2017. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/123045.

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The author starts by revising the concept of public service, highlighting the idea of publicatio as an important element. With this taken into consideration, he points out that it is not possible to understand the concept of public service without the presence of ownership by the State. In this context, the concept of essential service arises as a technique that harmonizes social demands and the traditional conception of public service. All in all, these concepts are materialized to affirm that the nature of the service of drinking water and sanitation is of essential service, developing and applying its principles to the concrete case.
El autor parte por una revisión del concepto objetivo de servicio público, destacando como un elemento importante de este la idea de publicatio. A partir de ello, señala que no es posible entender el concepto de servicio público sin la presencia de la titularidad por parte del Estado. En este contexto, surge el concepto de servicio esencial como una técnica que armoniza las exigencias sociales y la concepción tradicional de servicio público. Finalmente, aterriza dichos conceptos para afirmar que la naturaleza del servicio de provisión de agua potable y saneamiento es de servicio esencial, desarrollando y aplicando sus principios al caso concreto.

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36

Deger, Osman. "A Comparative Study For Nonlinear Structure Of The Interest Rate Pass-through." Master's thesis, METU, 2012. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12614789/index.pdf.

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This study investigates the interest rate pass through from the money market rate to the lending rate by utilizing monthly data of fifteen countries, grouped as high income, upper middle income and lower middle income, over the period 1999:01-2011:09. Taking the linear cointegration test of Engle-Granger as benchmark, we employ threshold cointegration tests of Enders and Siklos (2001) in order to account for the possible nonlinearities in the pass-through process. Empirical results reveal that the pass through process is complete in three countries
Republic of Korea, Latvia and Malaysia and the adjustment of the lending rate is symmetric in two countries
Armenia and Republic of Korea. Moreover, it is observed that the adjustment of the lending rate is upward sticky in six countries
Bolivia, Philippines, Malaysia, Dominican Republic, Thailand and Croatia, whereas it is downward sticky in seven countries
Ukraine, Sri Lanka, Latvia, Peru, Kuwait, Hong Kong and Czech Republic. Furthermore, our estimation results suggest that heterogeneities in the pass-through mechanism across countries can be mainly explained by income level, inflation, market power, financial sector development and market volatility.

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37

Rookes, Peter John. "Commitment, conscience or compromise : the changing financial basis and evolving role of Christian health services in developing countries." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2010. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/829/.

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This research investigates the changes in the operations of CHSs (Christian health services) in developing countries, particularly their funding bases, relationships with their respective governments, and the extent to which these have resulted in changes to the socioeconomic characteristics of their users. Three main areas of study are woven together: the history of medical mission, health service management and its response to the pressures of the last half-century, and the role of non-state providers in a comprehensive health care system. Evidence was assembled from interviews with officials of twelve UK based mission organisations, a survey of CHSs in thirteen countries, and case studies of CHS provision in Malawi and India based mainly on extensive interviews with selected stakeholders. The research confirmed that funds received by CHSs from mission organisations have declined and are now more often in the form of project funding. CHSs have, for the most part, continued to provide services for the poor in a variety of ways: first, by providing low cost services; second, by developing hi-tech tertiary services, the profits from which subsidise services for the poor; and third, by working more collaboratively with governments, for which they receive varying degrees of financial and other support.

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38

Bernklau, Halvor Christie Dianne. "Increasing Social Work Students' Political Interest and Efficacy: The Experience and Impact of a Social Welfare Policy Course from the Students' Perspective." PDXScholar, 2012. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/565.

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Students of accredited social work programs are expected to demonstrate ten core competencies, including the ability to "engage in policy practice to advance social and economic well-being and to deliver effective social work services" (Council on Social Work Education, 2008). Despite this expectation, almost half of licensed social workers surveyed disagreed with the notion that they were adequately prepared for political engagement by their social work education (Ritter, 2007). Because social welfare policy courses are the primary curricular means for preparing generalist social workers for political advocacy, this study explores how undergraduate students respond to social welfare policy instructors' efforts to prepare them for political engagement. Quantitative and qualitative data from social work students in two distinct social welfare policy courses support the idea that participation in such a course can contribute to an increase in political interest and internal political efficacy. Based on surveys (n=31), focus groups (n=28), and interviews (n=11) with students, a model for social welfare policy instruction is proposed, which includes 11 recommended teaching methods and 7 key aspects of the students' learning experience. By listening to the voices and experiences of social work students, this study begins to fill a gap in the social work education and policy practice literature. The final conclusions of the study help clarify for social work educators methodologies by which they can more effectively support students in the development of political interest, internal political efficacy, and ultimately policy practice.

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39

Gregory, Margaret F. "Client/patient need at the interface between health and social services on discharge from an acute general hospital." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1997. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/13047/.

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One thousand four hundred and twenty two patients in an Acute General Hospital in Mansfield were studied over a one year period, 1989-90, in order to determine their needs for formal and informal care on discharge. The research method included a screening project for 189 patients on admission, an analysis of 1064 referrals to the Hospital Social Workers, and 169 referrals to the Hospital Discharge Scheme for Volunteer support. Patient/client needs for formal and informal care were found, and unmet needs after Hospital discharge were identified. Problems relating to formal care systems and shortage of Public Sector resources were found to cause serious difficulties for patients and Carers. The availability of Carers and lack of family members in informal care structures was a key issue. The work showed how Volunteers from the Discharge Scheme were able to contribute to the work of formal and informal Carers and ensure that safe Hospital Discharges occurred for very vulnerable people.

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40

Kazil, Aydogdu Binnaz Eylem. "Utilization Of Social Networking Services In Conservation. Case Study Eskihisar, Rural Settlement Including Archeological Assets." Phd thesis, METU, 2012. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12615082/index.pdf.

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Traditional built-up environment, traditional life and ecological tissue that have been created in time by human beings are ignored on behalf of archeological assets in archeological areas on the rural settlements. However, the coexistence of archeological, architectural, ecological and traditional invariants must be preserved
this coexistence is a product of life style coming from early periods onwards. A unique scientific conservation approach should be developed for this kind of settlements in order to sustain this rich &ldquo
wholeness&rdquo
. The requirement of preparing management plan for conservation area is an indisputable reality today. Participated management planning approach is embraced for the rural archeological sites on which assets produced by human being in time. Case study chosen for the dissertation is Eskihisar (Stratoniceia) which is settled since early times but abandoned today because of the various reasons. At the initial phase of management planning, namely, data collection and evaluation phase in this study
new methods were introduced like web-based participation. As a tool a social networking website (Facebook) used by ordinary people extensively was employed in the web based participation model introduced as a new technique. Gathered qualitative data in this way was analyzed together with quantitative data collected from site survey, historic and contemporary sources. Thus, it was examined whether there is usage of a simple communication tool in participatory planning studies or not, and what is pros and cons.

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41

Moris, Francisco A. "International Trade in Research and Development Services and the Activity of MNC Subsidiaries." Thesis, The George Washington University, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3668524.

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International technology diffusion reflects global R&D production and collaboration that increasingly accompany other forms of international activity such as trade and foreign direct investment. This thesis studies country-level market flows of disembodied technology or intangibles trade. The main conceptual premise is that operations of MNC subsidiaries have a substantial effect on these market-based flows, consistent with public goods aspects of industrial knowledge and with theories on MNC R&D strategies. Extensive previous country-level work relating FDI and technology flows focuses largely on knowledge spillovers (benefits from involuntary, uncompensated knowledge flows). Further, this study considers simultaneously two types of MNC subsidiaries (foreign owned subsidiaries and overseas subsidiaries of domestic MNCs) to acknowledge the likely role of two-way FDI (measured by MNC activities) in intangibles trade. In turn, the influence of these subsidiary groupings on intangibles trade reflects varied motives of the underlying R&D investments. The predicted effects of MNC operations on intangibles trade result in hypotheses that are tested with published aggregate statistics from the U.S. balance of payments on total U.S. exports and imports in R&D services as the dependent variables.

Theoretically, the thesis introduces the concept of reverse knowledge transfer from international business research to the study of bilateral intangibles trade. More generally, the thesis contributes to the literature by integrating macro and micro perspectives useful to understand the direction and nature of disembodied technology flows. In particular, the conceptual approach is consistent with macro trade models (two-way trade and two-way FDI from new trade theory), international business research, knowledge-based and transaction costs theories of MNCs (internalization of knowledge production and transfer), and innovation theory (knowledge seeking/exploiting). Consistent with these theoretical considerations, the empirical implementation considers panel countries as both exporters/importers of intangibles and host/home countries of R&D-performing MNC subsidiaries. In turn, estimated equations use panel econometrics to relate observed heterogeneity in the geographic structure of bilateral trade with the geographic distribution of MNC operations for the two types or groupings of MNC subsidiaries.

The main conceptual premise of this study was supported by the empirical findings. In the aggregate, U.S. MNCs and foreign MNCs with U.S.-located subsidiaries appear to engage in knowledge seeking R&D investments that influence transactions captured in balance of payment statistics. At the same time, the hypotheses regarding the effect of value added operations were not sustained statistically, failing to support knowledge exploiting as conceptualized here.

International transactions in intangibles in the form of services trade have yet to be integrated in the mainstream S&T policy literature. The analysis of aggregate R&D services trade pursued in this study may complement research on industrial knowledge flows based on other S&T indicators (or levels of aggregation) thus potentially allowing monitoring and analysis of international technology diffusion earlier in the innovation cycle (e.g., before or apart from patenting), and suggests the potential of non-spillover flows as targets of international S&T policy tools, perhaps in conjunction with trade and investment policy frameworks. The study also discusses the need for enhanced and integrated domestic and international statistics on R&D and related intangibles to support future research and the design or modification of policy tools to monitor and facilitate cross-border flows of industrial knowledge.

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42

Demirbas, Nesrin. "Determinants Of Profitability In Turkish Banking System." Master's thesis, METU, 2009. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/2/12611015/index.pdf.

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This thesis analyses the effect of sectoral and macroeconomic variables on the profitability of the Turkish commercial banks over the period 2005-2009:3 by using multiple regressions. In this study, profitability of Turkish banking system in the mentioned period is discussed and questions such as why some commercial banks are more profitable than others and to what extent discrepancies in banks&rsquo
profitability are due to variation in endogenous factors under the control of bank management and to what extent external factors impact the profitability performance of these banks are sought to answer. Firstly, the empirical results revealed that sectoral characteristics explain a substantial part of the within country variation in bank interest margins and net profitability. High profitability tends to be associated with banks that hold a relatively high amount of equity capital, and with large non interest income. Other important internal determinants of banks&rsquo
profitability are non-interest expenses and fixed assets which have negative and significant impact. Also, equity capital is the internal determinant of net interest margin. Secondly, it is found that inflation is the macroeconomic determinant of net interest margin and profitability.

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43

Di, Marco Antonio Calogero. "L'oro blu. L'inestricabile intreccio tra mercato, protezione ambientale e diritto all acqua." Doctoral thesis, Università di Catania, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10761/3840.

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La tesi di dottorato concerne il diritto dell acqua e s interroga su come il «diritto all acqua», cosi come definito dal diritto internazionale, incida sulla gestione dei servizi idrici e sulla protezione dell ambiente nell ordinamento giuridico dell Unione europea. La ricerca è articolata su un triplice fronte: in primo luogo, quello delle fonti di diritto internazionale, che definiscono la natura giuridica dell acqua nelle relazioni internazionali (Parte I); in secondo luogo, quello dell accesso all acqua, da verificare attraverso l analisi della disciplina dei servizi che rendono disponibile tale risorsa (Parte II); in terzo luogo, il profilo della tutela dell acqua (Parte III). Tutela e accesso all acqua sono analizzati con specifico riferimento all ordinamento giuridico dell Unione europea. La Parte I si compone di tre capitoli e persegue un duplice obiettivo: definire i termini della dinamica normativa internazionale che interessa l acqua, rilevandone i profili problematici e conflittuali; verificare in che misura l emersione del diritto all acqua incida sulle obbligazioni internazionali degli Stati nella gestione e distribuzione delle risorse idriche. Il primo capitolo è dunque dedicato alla fonte più antica di diritto internazionale che concerne l acqua, ossia il diritto internazionale delle acque, che definisce l acqua come «risorsa naturale». Il secondo capitolo, invece, concerne le fonti di diritto internazionale dell economia che possono interessare l acqua intesa come «risorsa economica». Il terzo capitolo, infine, si focalizza sulle disposizioni che stanno segnando l emersione del diritto all acqua inteso come «diritto dell uomo». La Parte II, anch essa composta di tre capitoli, persegue l obiettivo di verificare in che misura l emersione del diritto all acqua abbia inciso sulla disciplina dei servizi idrici e sulla qualificazione dell acqua come «bene pubblico fondamentale» all interno dell ordinamento giuridico dell Unione europea. Il quarto capitolo è dunque dedicato all emersione del diritto all acqua all interno dell ordinamento giuridico dell UE e al suo impatto sull organizzazione dei servizi idrici nazionali in termini di servizi d interesse economico generale, strutturati come «servizi universali» gravati dall obbligo di «servizio pubblico». Il quinto capitolo, a sua volta, approfondisce la disciplina di mercato dei servizi idrici, verificando lo specifico regime derogatorio accordato in materia di concorrenza e appalti pubblici. Il sesto capitolo è dedicato alla partecipazione del pubblico e alla dimensione della c.d. accessibilità politica. La Parte III, dedicata alla tutela dell acqua, è volta infine a verificare in che misura il diritto dell UE concorra, da un lato, a fornire una tutela adeguata delle risorse idriche, e dall altro, a definire i tratti di un unica «comunità di diritto dell acqua» in cui la libertà degli Stati è sempre più limitata. Il settimo capitolo, quindi, muove dalla formulazione di parametri di qualità ambientali comuni e comunitari , che hanno segnato l emersione del diritto europeo delle acque. L ottavo capitolo, a sua volta, approfondisce le questioni del monitoraggio e del trattamento delle acque, che si presentano come i due principali pilastri della politica europea delle acque. Il nono capitolo, infine, riguarda l approccio integrato all acqua e la pianificazione territoriale.

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44

Kohn, Fay. "Encouraging the use of evaluation recommendations : a case study in a division of general medical practice /." Connect to thesis, 2002. http://eprints.unimelb.edu.au/archive/00000399.

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45

Bukulmez, Evren. "Technological Change And Metrology Services Medical Metrology And Its Effects On Society." Master's thesis, METU, 2005. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/2/12606121/index.pdf.

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Accuracy of measurements is one of the most vital issues for industry and society as a whole. In this context, medical devices create a significant impact on the costs of health care services, such as additional medicine treatments, longer hospital stays, etc. The main aim of this thesis is to analyze and explain the use of metrology services and the socio-economic impact of medical metrology on consumers in Turkey. A framework for economic impact assessment of the calibration services for three specific medical devices, namely patient bedside monitors, ventilators and pacemakers &ndash
both of which are required for use especially after open-heart surgeries, has been developed and a cost-benefit analysis has been performed. The Benefit-to-Cost ratios of the calibration activity on patient bedside monitors, ventilators and pacemakers were calculated as 36.74, 2.22 and 1.79, respectively. Calibration services seem to have a very favorable Benefit-to-Cost ratio even based on the lower-bound estimations.

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46

Elliott, Katherine Pauline. "The Role of Socioeconomic Status and Social Determinants in Predicting Accessibility and Barriers to Mental Health Services in the Canadian General Population." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/33378.

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There is a tremendous discrepancy between the number of people likely meeting criteria for a mental disorder or substance dependence in Canada and the number of people actually receiving mental health or substance dependence treatment. Thus, it is important to examine what facilitates entrance into the mental health care system and what prevents people from receiving the treatment they need. Mixed findings exist as to whether socioeconomic status (SES) and other social determinants of health play a role in receiving treatment in Canada. However, due to several methodological issues with previous studies that have examined this issue, three studies were designed to re-examine and add to the literature in this area by investigating: (1) whether SES (i.e., income and education) and other social determinants as well as psychological distress predict the number of services received by any professional for any mental disorder or substance dependence, as well as predict overall satisfaction with the services received (2) the psychometric validity and reliability of the 3-factor model proposed by Statistics Canada to measure barriers due to accessibility, acceptability and availability, and (3) whether SES, other social determinants and psychological distress predict specific barriers to receiving mental health treatment for an unmet need. All data were obtained from the Canadian Community Health Survey, cycle 1.2, Mental Health and Wellbeing. In Study 1, the SES/social determinants model predicted the number of services received for both medication and psychotherapy. Out-of-pocket spending, was the strongest predictor of the number of consultations from any provider, however it was also inversely related to overall satisfaction with services. Higher levels of distress predicted greater dissatisfaction with services received. Study 2 revealed that the three factor model of accessibility, acceptability and availability was invalid and unreliable as a measure of barriers to mental health services. It is, therefore, recommended that each specific barrier be treated as an independent causal indicator of an index measuring overall accessibility to mental health services. Finally, in Study 3, when examining each barrier independently, both education and income played important roles in recognizing there was a problem, seeking services, and actually accessing the services needed. Other social determinants also played important roles which differed depending on the type of barrier being examined. The results of the three dissertation studies indicate a clear relation between SES, other social determinants and psychological distress, and accessibility and barriers to mental health services in Canada for those suffering any mental disorder or issue related to substance dependence. The findings have significant implications in terms of potential policy implications, recommendations for the design of future national level surveys, and recommendations for future research on this topic.

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47

Thompson, Laura. "The future of services for individuals with developmental disabilities| An analysis of changes presented by the new york state office of people with developmental disabilities." Thesis, State University of New York Empire State College, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1555983.

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This project explores the historic, current and future services for individuals with developmental disabilities in New York State in a series of related studies presented in three chapters. The first chapter examines the history of how modern services for individuals with developmental disabilities were established. The second chapter examines the social, economic and political factors that are driving the first major changes in services for individuals with developmental disabilities since the early 1970's. The first two chapters will demonstrate similar trends that caused major changes in the 1970's and the major changes currently happening in service delivery. The final chapter examines the proposed services that will be offered to individuals in New York State, the implementation of the new services, potential barriers to implementation and both the intended and unintended consequences of the new services.

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48

Saveman, Britt-Inger. "Formal carers in health care and the social services witnessing abuse of the elderly in their homes." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för omvårdnad, 1994. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-100546.

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The purpose was to elucidate the reactions of formal carers as witnesses and helpers in situations of elder abuse, to illuminate abusive situations and to reflect on the findings from an ethical point of view. Twenty-one district nurses from one county council were interviewed (I, II, III, IV). They described the problems they had when dealing with cases of elder abuse, the uncertainty they felt when they approached the family, identified the abuse and intervened (I). They used no distinct definition of elder abuse but described it as ’overstepping the boundaries of a person’s integrity/autonomy’ (II). In the 44 cases narrated the elderly people were mostly physically and/or psychologically impaired, the person abused could either be the impaired elderly person, the informal carer or both. Abuse was related to the inability of one party to meet the demands made on him/herself, the other person, or to a history of violence (III). The cases narrated were analysed for reliability and were considered reliable (IV). Questionnaires submitted to 163 district nurses revealed 33 cases of elder abuse (V) and to home service assistants 97 cases (VI). The abused elderly people were often very old women, mostly healthy or unhealthy in equal proportions. The perpetrators were mostly close relatives, responsible or not responsible for the caring. The abusive acts often involved a combination of psychological, physical, and financial abuse and neglect. Mental disturbance and alcohol abuse, as well as financial reasons were reported as contributing to the abuse (V, VI). The attitudes of general practitioners, district nurses and home service assistants towards elder abuse and the interventions suggested in hypothetical cases of elder abuse were investigated (VII). All groups were uncertain about their attitudes towards elder abuse. Their suggested interventions were amalgamated into three groups; sparse and of the social type, more specific and of the health care and voluntary type, or overall types of intervention. The situation, profession and organization seemed to result in different interventions (VII). The findings were reflected on using Lögstrup’s ethic as a framework, and the conclusion was that in order to be able to intervene successfully formal carers need to find solutions on a meta-level. Conventions and norms must be developed and public responsibility is needed.

S. 1-82: sammanfattning, s. 85-199: 7 uppsatser

digitalisering@umu

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49

Nilsson, Jenny, and Sofia Törnberg. ""Det är ju inte alltid man kan göra alla nöjda" : En studie om socialsekreterares arbete med barnavårdsutredningar." Thesis, Ersta Sköndal högskola, Institutionen för socialt arbete, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:esh:diva-1235.

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Syftet med vår studie har varit att öka kunskapen om hur socialsekreterare upplever sitt arbete med barnavårdsutredningar och hur de beskriver hanteringen av olika intressen i utredningsprocessen. Inom detta område har vi studerat vilka intressen som kan finnas i en barnavårdsutredning, hur socialsekreterare hanterar dessa och hur de upplever sitt arbete. Vi har använt oss av en kvalitativ metod där vi har intervjuat sex yrkesverksamma socialsekreterare. Utifrån dessa intervjuer har vi fått ett resultat som har visat att det finns många intressen i en barnavårdsutredning. Socialsekreterarna beskriver hur de företräder barnets intresse samtidigt som de behöver förhålla sig till föräldrarna, den egna organisationens, lagstiftningen och andra aktörer som skola, förskola och Barn- och ungdomspsykiatrin, BUP. Ibland kan det uppstå motsättningar mellan dessa intressen och för att hantera detta har vi sett några strategier som socialsekreterarna använder sig av. De har betonat betydelsen av ett fungerande samarbete med andra aktörer och belyser även vikten av att det egna ansvarsområdet är tydligt. Det är viktigt att veta vad som är socialsekreterarens egna uppgifter och vad som är andras uppgifter. I resultatet har det även framkommit att informanterna upplever sitt arbete som svårt och komplext, men samtidigt upplever flera det som meningsfullt att arbetet innebär att de kan bidra till förändring och att de företräder människors rättigheter. Den här beskrivningen från informanterna har vi också kunnat se genom tidigare forskning. Socialsekreterarens arbete beskrivs som komplext och som ett motsättningsfullt uppdrag, samtidigt som det också beskrivs som meningsfullt. De resultat som vi har fått har vi analyserat med hjälp av begrepp tagna från organisationsteori, nyinstitutionell organisationsteori, KASAM samt tidigare forskning. Vi för sedan också en diskussion kring resultatet då vi bland annat ställer oss frågor om socialsekreterarens roll och innebörden av meningsfullhet i arbetet.

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Isaacs, Anna. "Keeping healthy and accessing primary and preventive health services in Glasgow : the experiences of refugees and asylum seekers from Sub Saharan Africa." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2018. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/8971/.

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Background and aims: Recent decades have seen material shifts in global migration flows. Migrants now come to the UK for an increasing number of reasons and from an increasing number of countries. This presents a challenge for health services that must provide care to individuals with a broad range of needs. In particular, there is concern that asylum seekers and refugees (ASRs) are at heightened risk of poor wellbeing and of receiving suboptimal healthcare. Concurrent with these shifts in migration, increasing attention is being paid to noncommunicable diseases (NCDs), which are now the most significant drivers of morbidity and mortality in most regions of the world. In the UK, the burden of NCDs is not evenly distributed, with inequalities related to ethnicity and socioeconomic status shaping an individual’s risk of ill health. Little is known, however, about how diverse migrant groups, including ASRs, conceptualise health and respond to health prevention messaging. Against this backdrop, this thesis aims to understand the health-related experiences of one such group – asylum seekers and refugees (ASRs) from Sub Saharan Africa living in Glasgow Scotland. Specifically, it explores: a) perceptions of health, wellbeing, and illness causation, b) experiences of accessing primary and preventive healthcare, and c) the factors influencing these perceptions and experiences. It also seeks to elucidate professional perspectives on ASR health. Methods: To gain an in depth understanding of ASR health perceptions and experiences, as well as professional perspectives, a focused ethnography was undertaken. This approach utilised four qualitative methods: community engagement, participatory focus groups, semistructured interviews, and go- along interviews. In total 12 primary care and public health professionals were interviewed, and 27 ASRs took part in either a focus group, an interview, or both. The thesis took a theoretically informed approach, seeking to determine whether and how two theories – ‘candidacy’ (Dixon-Woods et al 2005) and ‘structural vulnerability’ (Quesada et al 2011) – might deepen our understanding of ASR health. Results: Candidacy enhanced understanding of how ASRs identified and responded to messages about ‘healthy lifestyles’. ASR participants considered keeping healthy to be an individual responsibility, with diet and exercise highlighted as especially important. At the same time, however, perceptions and experiences of health and wellbeing were shaped by a number of structural influences, which limited the capacity of ASRs to engage in health practices. Therefore, while ASRs considered health to be an individual choice in theory, they did not necessarily feel they had the ability to be healthy in practice. The theory of structural vulnerability proved useful in identifying the wider structural determinants that impacted on an individual’s capacity to respond. There were several important structural influences, including poverty, racism, discrimination, and language barriers. The greatest negative influence, however, and one that compounded all the others, was the asylum process. This diminished individuals’ capacity to identify as candidates for prevention messages, engage in preventive health practices, and/ or access care in an optimal fashion. Conclusions: Efforts to engage ASRs in preventive health programmes and practices must take into account the ways in which the immigration and asylum system acts as a determinant of health, affecting both what it means to be healthy and what capacity individuals have to engage. The NHS, together with non statutory bodies, has a role to play in mitigating some of the vulnerabilities to which ASRs are subject.

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Дисертації з теми "Services of general social interest"

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