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Статті в журналах з теми "Septoriose – Lutte contre"
Damesse, F., J. Kuate, O. David, L. Kouodiekong, and LE Ngah. "Lutte chimique Contre la septoriose sur celery due a Septoria apiicola en zone periurbaine de Yaounde, Cameroun." Cameroon Journal of Agricultural Science 1, no. 2 (May 29, 2008). http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/cjas.v1i2.35230.
Повний текст джерелаДисертації з теми "Septoriose – Lutte contre"
Samain, Erika. "Étude des interactions PGPRs/génotypes de blé tendre dans la lutte contre la septoriose." Thesis, Amiens, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019AMIE0027.
Повний текст джерелаSeptoria tritici leaf blotch (STB) caused by Mycosphaerella graminicola is regarding as the most important disease in wheat. The present work aims to study the durability and efficiency of the plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR)-induced resistance (IR) against STB. Many of PGPR were screened, in single and co-inoculations, for their root colonization, plant growth promotion (PGP) and IR, using different wheat genotypes. However, two effective PGPR-mixtures were identified, Mix2; Paenibacillus sp. strain B2 (PB2) with an effective approval strain AA and Mix3; PB2 with Microbacterium SSM001 and Arthrobacter SSM004, in equal portions. PGPR in Mix2 and Mix3 showed ecto- and endophytic root colonization until the flag-leaf growth stage (FL), with a helper impact on root colonization by PB2. Only, with Mix2 and 3, PGP was observed. Under drought stress, the IR by Mix2 and 3 was more efficient compared to PB2. However, all of them showed high and durable IR against STB until FL, which seems to be more correlated to PB2 and depends on plant-genotype, growth-stage and M. graminicola strain. Interestingly, the high PGPR-IR against STB was confirmed under field conditions. Using the non-sterile field soil, they didn’t show significant impact on the soil microbial communities (SMC), using the 16S rDNA and ITS MEGA sequencing. But, a significant reduction in the PGPR’ efficiency was recorded, only, for PB2 and Mix3, and in some tested cultivars. Gene expression analysis of the PB2-, Mix2- and Mix3-IR showed upregulations of gene markers involved in the basal defenses, JA, phenylpropanoids & phytoalexins and ROS pathways, with stable priming inductions of Pr1, glucanase, and flavonoide, suggesting them as protection markers. We identified an effective PGPR-mixture induces high and durable and stable resistance against STB and drought stresses, promotes plant growth, and without disturbance on the SMC. The global results may help to reduce gap between laboratory and field results
Morais, David. "Les déterminants des phases épidémiques précoces de la septoriose du blé (Zymoseptoria tritici) : quantité, efficacité et origine de l'inoculum primaire." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris, AgroParisTech, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AGPT0021.
Повний текст джерелаFungal foliar diseases are a major constraint to cereal production systems. They constitute relevant models to elucidate how an epidemic begins, which is a recurrent question in plant disease epidemiology. In this thesis three of the main components of the early stages of the epidemics of septoria tritici blotch, a wheat disease caused by Zymoseptoria tritici, were studied: the quantity, the efficiency and the origin of primary inoculum. The study focused on epidemics occurring over the 2011-2013 cultural seasons in two wheat plots located close to each other in Grignon (France). The first plot, characterized by the absence of debris, was exposed to distant sources of primary inoculum, while the second plot, grown in wheat for several years, had a large amount of contaminated debris acting as a local source of primary inoculum. In the first part of the thesis, ascospore trapping using a volumetric spore trap combined with DNA quantification by qPCR allowed to quantify the inoculums present in the air above the wheat plots during the early stages of the epidemics. The limits of detection and quantification were determined, discussed and used to estimate small amounts of ascospores. Neither the local presence of contaminated debris nor the quantity of inoculum above the plots was correlated with the earliness of the epidemics. In the second part, the pathogenicity of Z. tritici ascospores and pycnidiospores was estimated on adult plants. The latent period following infections by ascospores was 60 degree-days longer than following infection by pycnidiospores. In the third part of the thesis, which aimed to identify the source of primary inoculum, two strategies were developed. The first strategy investigated changes in the genetic structure of different subpopulations collected from both wheat plots over a period of three years using neutral markers (SSR). No structure was identified, but slight differentiations in some subpopulations, consistent with the epidemiological context (nature of the reproduction cycle from which they derived, epidemic period, disease intensity) were highlighted. These results, however, did not allow to determine the origin of the primary inoculum because no difference between resident (local) and immigrant (distant) subpopulations, or a genetic discontinuity between subpopulations from the end (season n) and the beginning of epidemics (season n + 1), were identified. The second strategy compared the aggressiveness profile (sporulation capacity and latent period) of a Z. tritici population collected at the beginning of an epidemic in the monoculture wheat plot and of a resident population (ascospores ejected from debris present in the plot) and to an immigrant population (leaf lesions caused by ascospores of distant origin). The profile of the tested population, closer to that of the resident population, suggested that the epidemic was mainly initiated by primary inoculum of local origin. This case study showed that a quantitative management (reduction) of the primary inoculum would be probably inefficient, while its qualitative management, taking into account the differential adaptation of pathogen populations to their hosts, deserves to be taken into account in crop protection strategies (alternating wheat cultivars in time). Finally, the definition of the beginning and the end of an epidemic was discussed, depending if we consider an annual scale (absence of the host as a beginning or end criterion) or a multiannual scale (pathogen pressure discontinuity as the beginning or end criterion, regardless of the absence of the host)
Collin, François. "La tolérance du blé (Triticum aestivum L.) à la Septoriose." Thesis, Paris, Institut agronomique, vétérinaire et forestier de France, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017IAVF0028/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe Septoria tritici blotch disease (STB, pathogen Zymoseptoria tritici) is the most damaging foliar infection of wheat crops in Europe. Disease management strategies include cultivar resistance, disease escape strategy and fungicides. However, these strategies have failed to provide a complete protection of wheat crops. The STB tolerance is a complementary approach which aims to maintain yield in the presence of the symptoms. The tolerance of STB relies on plant physiology and source/sink balance: the sink demand (the grain growth) must be satisfied in spite of reduced source availability (photosynthetic capacity as affected by the STB symptoms on the leaves). The green canopy area, the senescence timing and the grain yield components are interesting potential sources of tolerance that were studied in this project. A data-mining study, one glasshouse experiment and two field experiments were carried out providing complementary insights on STB tolerance mechanisms. The genotype × environment interaction effects on tolerance traits were investigated for two seasons × five locations × nine cultivars datasets. The nitrogen nutrition and metabolism of four doubled-haploid (DH) lines contrasting for STB tolerance were examined in a controlled-glasshouse experiment at UMR ECOSYS (INRA,AgroParisTech) Grignon, France. The source/sink balance of six DH lines contrasting for STB tolerance was also examined according to their responses to a spikelet removal treatment, applied in a field experiment in Hereford, UK. Finally, a field experiment with two fungicide regimes (full disease control and non-target (STB) disease control) probed the STB tolerance of six modern UK winter wheat cultivars in Leicestershire, UK. The main objective was to verify identified potential STB tolerance traits in commercial cultivars. Putative STB tolerance traits have been identified such as the early heading date, the low degree of grain-source limitation of healthy crops during the grain filling phase, the vertical canopy distribution favouring a relatively larger flag-leaf. Results showed these traits might be selectable in wheat breeding without a trade-off with the potential yield. Finally, the project also discussed the need for alternative STB tolerance quantification methods, as well as the importance of environmental variations which have to be taken into account to study genetic variation in tolerance, but which could also be used to discriminate tolerant environment
Garnault, Maxime. "Étude de l’évolution des résistances aux fongicides chez Zymoseptoria tritici, agent de la septoriose du blé, et quantification multi-échelle de ses déterminants." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLA030.
Повний текст джерелаSeptoria leaf blotch is a major wheat disease caused by the pathogenic fungus Zymoseptoria tritici. It can induce yield losses up to 50%. The control of this pathogen relies on cultivar resistance, cultural control but mostly on the use of fungicides. However, the sustainability of chemical control is threatened by the emergence of resistant mutants, i.e. individuals with decreased sensitivity to one or several active ingredients. When resistance factors and/or resistance frequencies are high in populations, chemical control efficacy can be jeopardized. Therefore, the dose and/or the number of sprays may have to be increased in order to ensure the same level of crop protection. Resistance management thus appears crucial to reduce pesticide use, in line with the vision of a more sustainable agriculture that is less dependent on chemical inputs.The Performance network (Arvalis-INRA) has been created in 2004 to provide regional and annual recommendations for the use of anti-septoria fungicides. In 2017, it gathered information from 1007 wheat trials, distributed in the various French cereal basins. These trials were designed to determine the efficacy of different spray programs and their ability to manage resistance. In this thesis, we decided to analyze the Performance dataset as a whole, to understand the determinants of resistance evolution at the regional and field scales. To achieve this, we developed statistical models to quantify the effect of several factors on the observed resistance frequencies from both treated and untreated plots.First, we highlighted and quantified the heterogeneity of resistance selection towards 3 modes of action at the regional scale. Growth rates estimates showed that the different resistances evolved at significantly different rates, with much higher rates for the resistance to strobilurins. We detected contrasted resistance evolutions within the French regions, with a clear disparity between the North and the South of France. Then, we explained these heterogeneities using (i) the regional use of fungicides (i.e. selection pressure), (ii) the proportion of untreated surfaces (i.e. refuges), (iii) yield losses related to septoria leaf blotch (i.e. population size of the pathogen). We showed that fungicide use was a major factor in the observed variability (up to 87 %). Finally, we studied at the field scale the effect of fungicide mixture and dose reduction on selection, which are common anti-resistance strategies used by farmers. We showed that selection is slowed down by the diversity of fungicides used (intra- and inter-mode of action diversity). In addition, as previously at the regional scale, we estimated how the amount of fungicide applied to a plot modulates the selection of different resistances.To conclude, we described, quantified and produced a reference framework to study of large-scale resistance evolution. In addition, we also compared the sustainability of two major anti-resistance strategies at the field scale. These analyses were carried out on spatial and temporal scales unprecedented in the scientific literature. The methods developed are not specific to Z. tritici and our results can be used to improve the prediction of resistance, which is essential to change chemical control practices in agriculture
Jemmali, Lamia. "Stimulateurs des défenses naturelles du blé dur en Tunisie et du blé tendre en France contre la septoriose causée par Zymoseptoria tritici." Thesis, Littoral, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015DUNK0455/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf, DW) as well as the bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em Thell, BW) is strongly affected by septoria leaf blotch (STB) caused by the hemibiotrophic fungus Zymoseptoria tritici. First, the present work was used to study of the compatible interaction wheat-Z-tritici. The study of the compatible interaction among pathosystems BD/St-08-46 Z-tritici strain an BT/TO1193 Z-tritici strain revealed the induction of defense pathways in both studied pathosystems, but with slight differences. Then, the study of the interaction of Z. tritici with a resistant durum wheat cultivar showed the fungus resistance of association is related to the inhibition of the direct penetration, sporulation and the avtivity of the fungal enzymes degrading plant cell walls (endo-β-1,4-xylanase, endo-β-1,3-glucanase and protease). They seem to be strongly related to the severity of Z. tritici in both BW and DW. In addition, this study revealed the involvement of several genes in the resistance of DW against Z. tritici such as PR2 genes (β-1,3-glucanase), Chi 4 precursor (precursor of Class IV chitinase), Pox (peroxidase), Msr (methionine sulfoxide reductase) and Bsil (protease inhibitor). On the other hand, the potential of resistance inducers (RIs) to protect BW and DW against STB disease was evaluated. Three natural extracts based on ascorbic acid (AA), plant cell wall oligosaccharides (Oligos) and brown algae (Ascophyllum nodosum, A. nod.) were tested for the first time on wheat. Their antifungal effect (direct) and the effect of inducing wheat defense mechanisms (indirect) have been well characterized through molecular, biochemical and cytological. We recorded that only AA exhibited a direct effect on spore germination and hyphal growth of Z. tritici associated to the induction of wheat defense mechanisms. However, conferred protection by Oligos and A. nod appears to be exclusively related to their plant defense inducing properties witch promoted the decrease of fungal CWDE activities and sporulation. Moreover, tested SDPs seem to enhance same defense pathways in both wheat species. They could induce the activation of (i) PR proteins, (ii) the antioxidant enzymes (catalase and peroxidase), (iii) the protein PAL and LOX (key enzymes of the phenylpropanoid and octadecanoid pathways, respectively) and (iv) the cytological accumulation of H₂O₂ and polyphenols, were highlighted. Also, they seem to use same pathways involved in durum wheat resistance mecanisms and may even induce a higher response of defense-related genes as PR2, Pox, Msr, ATPase, and Bsil. In general, protection conferred by tested RIs seems to be dependent on their composition, but it remains constant whatever of the wheat species. Similarly, in filed tested RIs conferred as interesting protection against STB associated, in the case of the A. nod and AA, with increased chlorophyll content and improving yield quantity and quality of the susceptible cultivar Karim, while in the resistant cultivar Salim, the application of RIs seems to be useless. In conclusion, protection conferred by tested RIs seems to be dependent on their composition, but it remains constant whatever of the wheat species. The use of RIs may improve the resistance level and yield of susceptible cultivars in order to obtain similar results to the resistant cultivars. Thus, it could replace the use of resistant cultivars especially with the lack of completely resistant cultivars available to farmers in Tunisia
Vidal, Tiphaine. "Intérêt de la diversité architecturale des plantes cultivées pour limiter la progression épidémique de maladies foliaires à dispersion pluviale : cas de la septoriose au sein d'associations variétales de blé." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLA012/document.
Повний текст джерелаGrowing mixtures of susceptible and resistant cultivars in the same field makes it possible to reduce the propagation of airborne fungal plant diseases. Plant architecture has an impact on spore dispersal or microclimate, but is rarely taken into account in mixture design. The objective of this work was to understand the role of canopy architecture in mixtures of cultivar of different levels of resistance to a disease dispersed by rain-splash, septoria tritici blotch, caused by Zymoseptoria tritici. A controlled conditions experiment made it possible to quantify relationships between spore interception and canopy architecture. Differences of canopy density between pure stands and mixtures led to a reduction in disease on susceptible plants grown in mixture, compared to the susceptible pure stand. During a field experiment, mixtures of cultivars with contrasted stem height were less diseased than those with similar stem height. These results were related to the effect of canopy architecture on spore dispersal and leaf wetness duration. A spatially explicit modeling approach made it possible to identify splash dispersal mechanisms related to the architecture of mixed canopies. In mixtures of cultivar with diverse plant height, the amount of splashed inoculum depended on leaf area located above diseased leaves (umbrella effect). The amount of inoculum intercepted by a leaf layer was related to its difference of height between the inoculum sources (height effect). Differences of plant height between cultivars composinga mixture modulated the interception of spores by resistant leaves, providing an increased protection of susceptible leaves (barrier effect). Our results suggest that considering cultivar architecture in the design of cultivar mixtures could make it possible to improve the management of splash-dispersed diseases