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Статті в журналах з теми "September 11 2001 attacks"

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Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 6 липня 2024

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1

Eder, Aaron. "After September 11, 2001." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1927, no. 1 (January 2005): 92–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198105192700111.

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On September 11, 2001 (9/11), terrorists turned commercial aircraft into missiles and directed them toward high-rise and federal buildings, striking the World Trade Center and the Pentagon. After this tragic event, Congress's attention was naturally focused on airport security, and for good reason: the attacks happened via the aviation system. Yet an equivalent amount of attention was not given to the nation's public transportation system. To address this issue, the FTA, an organization within the U.S. Department of Transportation, began an ambitious five-part security initiative to improve the security of America's public transportation systems and assist their oversight agencies in addressing these new threats. The objectives of this paper are to reveal the vulnerability of America's transit system, identify typical pre–9/11 security planning, and show how the terrorist attacks that occurred on 9/11 have changed the way in which government and transit agencies address security concerns. An analysis of post–9/11 security measures adopted by the FTA; New York City Transit, New York; Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority, D.C.; and the San Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit, California, is provided. A case study of the Tri-County Metropolitan Transportation District of Oregon is included to reveal how this agency in particular has responded to the threats that public transportation agencies face.

2

Khalif Al-naeemi, Zeena Younis, and Faisal Abdul-Wahhab Hayder Al-Doori. "September 11 as a Terrorist Atack in Lawrence Ferlinghetti's "History of the Airplane"." JOURNAL OF LANGUAGE STUDIES 5, no. 1 (January 23, 2022): 15–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.25130/jls.5.1.2.

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The September 11 attacks, also called the 9/11 attacks, the series of plane hijackings and suicide attacks perpetrated in 2001 by 19 militants connected with the Islamic extremist organizations Al-Qaeda against goals in the United States, are the deadliest terrorist attacks and an extraordinary event on American soil. The attacks on New York City and Washington, D.C. caused widespread death and destruction and sparked a massive United States counter-terrorism efforts. This study aims to explore the main trend of contemporary American poetry that deals with the topic of the September 11 attacks and to show the impact of September 11, 2001, on contemporary American poets. Many contemporary American poets in the period following the attack on the Twin Towers were influenced by the September 11 attacks. Many of the American poets consider the September 11 attacks a terrorist attack, and these poets are the ones who believe in the theory of terrorism, and Lawrence Ferlinghetti is one of them.

3

Anderson, Frances E. "Responses to the September 11, 2001 Attacks." Art Therapy 18, no. 4 (January 2001): 178. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07421656.2001.10129536.

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4

Lyon, David. "Surveillance after September 11." Sociological Research Online 6, no. 3 (November 2001): 116–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5153/sro.643.

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The aftermath of terrorist attacks on September 11 2001 includes widespread tightening of surveillance. The responses are a prism that puts several things in perspective. One, it is premature to see decentralised and commercial surveillance simply supplanting nation-state power. Rather, the nation-state now draws upon an augmented surveillant assemblage for its own purposes. Two, reliance on high tech surveillance methods is undaunted by the low-tech attacks or the failure of high tech security systems already in place. While they may not work to curb terrorism they are likely to impede civil rights for citizens who will be even more profiled and screened. Three, the struggle to make mushrooming surveillance systems more democratically accountable and amenable to ethical scrutiny is being set back by panic regimes following September 11.

5

Schlenger, William E. "Psychological Impact of the September 11, 2001 Terrorist Attacks." Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma 9, no. 1-2 (April 4, 2004): 97–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j146v09n01_13.

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6

Weiss, Daniel S. "The September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks: Ten years after." Journal of Traumatic Stress 24, no. 5 (August 31, 2011): 495–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jts.20675.

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7

Mayer, Margit, and Thomas Greven. "Die USA nach dem 11. September 2001." PROKLA. Zeitschrift für kritische Sozialwissenschaft 31, no. 125 (December 1, 2001): 541–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.32387/prokla.v31i125.722.

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The article outlines the domestic consequences of 9-11. It details the war on the homefront by describing steps taken in the immediate aftermath of the attacks, such as the passage and content of the USA Patriot Act, its consequences for immigrants as well as U.S. citizens, and the secrecy surrounding the detention of more than a thousand suspects in what looks like a massive campaign in racial profiling. It also looks at the congressional debate on how the government should intervene to support affected economic sectors and regulate airport security.

8

Warbrick, Colin, Dominic McGoldrick, Elena Katselli, and Sangeeta Shah. "September 11 and the UK Response." International and Comparative Law Quarterly 52, no. 1 (January 2003): 245–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iclq/52.1.245.

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On 11 September 2001, four aircraft on internal flights within the United States were seized by passengers who crashed two of them into the World Trade Centre in New York and another into the Pentagon, Washington DC, the other falling into open land in Pennsylvania. The men who seized the planes were all non-US nationals. The total loss of life was over 3,000, including a number of UK citizens. The economic consequences were hardly calculable. Responsibility for the attacks was attributed to the Al Qaeda movement, a group regarded by the United States as being responsible for previous attacks against US targets, including the bombing of American embassies in East Africa in 1998 and on the USS Cole in Yemen in 2000. Although Al Qaeda was thought to have members in many states, the principal base for its operations was in Afghanistan.1

9

Churchill, Robert R., and Suzanne J. Slarsky. "Mapping September 11, 2001: Cartographic Narrative in the Print Media." Cartographic Perspectives, no. 47 (March 1, 2004): 13–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.14714/cp47.469.

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The attacks of September 11, 2001 on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon were unprecedented in scope if not in their fundamental nature. While the United States moved toward resurrection of Reagan’s Strategic Defense Initiative, known popularly as “Star Wars”, and focused its resources on sophisticated weaponry, terrorists with primitive weapons turned commercial aircraft into guided missiles. The suddenness and enormity of the events, coupled with the fact that so many people were acquainted with victims of the attacks, created a sense of concern and confusion that was more pervasive and ubiquitous than evoked by either the 1993 bombing of the Trade Center or the 1995 attack on the Murrah Federal Building. In the immediate aftermath, the events of September 11attracted the sympathies of the entire country, evoked both an outpouring of patriotism and a rhetoric of retribution, and temporarily redefined task saliencies (Wright, 1978) as firefighters and law enforcement officers became heroes of the moment.The media also assumed a heightened level of importance as people turned to television, the Internet, and print for information and for insight and meaning. On September 11, the New York Times recorded over 21 million page views on their site, more than twice the previous record, and a six-month circulation audit by the Times following September 11 showed daily gains of approximately 42,000 newspapers (Robinson, 2002). Since the number of maps appearing in the media has grown rapidly with the advent of desktop computing and electronic publishing technologies (Monmonier, 1989; 2001), it is not surprising that much of the story of September 11 has been illustrated with maps. At the very least, these maps offer distinctive insights that help define both the events and the public reaction, but a paradigm shift that emphasizes their textual nature suggests that in addition to illustrating the attacks and the subsequent events, maps cast their own narratives of these events. Our purpose here is to explore these narratives through a systematic examination of maps that appeared in the print media in the period immediately following September 11.

10

CARROLL, HAMILTON. "September 11 as Heist." Journal of American Studies 45, no. 4 (November 2011): 835–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021875811000983.

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This article examines two films, James Marsh's Man on Wire and Spike Lee's Inside Man in relation to the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001. It looks at both films as examples of the heist genre and explores the ways in which genre conventions enable the production of meaning about the terrorist attacks. The conventions of the heist film, it argues, help make sense of September 11 by producing a different set of relations to time and space that draw on the uncanny, rather than the traumatic, nature of the events. Narrating stories of transgression, both films place the horrors of September 11 in another context. Through the genre conventions of the heist, each film offers a view of New York in which the events of September 11 and the destruction of the World Trade Center stand as the center. Not yet complete in one, already destroyed in the other, the Twin Towers haunt these films. As Man on Wire and Inside Man each attempt to make sense of the world in which the city of New York is marked most powerfully by a profound absence, it is in their uses of the heist genre that they find a representational space in which to mourn the World Trade Center and the victims of the attacks.

11

Austin, Peter C., Muhammad M. Mamdani, Benjamin TB Chan, and Elizabeth Lin. "Anxiety-Related Visits to Ontario Physicians following September 11, 2001." Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 48, no. 6 (July 2003): 416–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/070674370304800609.

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Objective: To determine whether the climate of increased anxiety following the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, and the subsequent anthrax cases led to increased anxiety-related physician visits. Method: We undertook a retrospective, population-based study of all Ontario residents. We identified physician visits using Ontario's universal health care insurance program. Interventional autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) time series models were used to examine the impact of the terrorist attacks and anthrax infections on the rate of anxiety-related physician visits. Results: Neither the terrorist attacks of September 11 ( P ≥ 0.40) nor the anthrax infections in October and November ( P ≥ 0.14) had a statistically significant impact on the rate of anxiety-related visits to physicians. Conclusions: The climate of heightened anxiety did not result in increased demand for mental health services.

12

Waldron, Jonathan K., and Jeanne M. Grasso. "Security and the Law in the Wake of September 11, 2001." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2003, no. 1 (April 1, 2003): 467–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2003-1-467.

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ABSTRACT Everything has changed since the terrorist attacks against the United States on September 11, 2001. With more than 360 ports and 3,700 terminals handling passengers and cargo, the U.S. government quickly realized that the maritime industry was vulnerable and that the apparent gaping hole in our national security must be fixed. Numerous initiatives, including legislative, regulatory, and ad hoc actions, are being implemented to ensure the maritime industry is ready in case it is the “next target.” Concomitant with these efforts, come changes in existing standards and liabilities, including reduced rights and enhanced enforcement. This paper discusses the maritime-related implications of the emerging security regime in the United States post-September 11 including: (1) new and proposed legislation affecting vessel and facility owners and operators, (2) how increased security inspections may be used to enhance enforcement efforts, and (3) how the terrorist attacks have “raised the bar” with regard to owner and operator liability. Pollution preparedness and liability implications are also explored, including changes in liability and response actions resulting from a terrorist attack. Lastly, recommendations on appropriate preventive measures are provided.

13

HEALY, ALICE F., ALISON G. AYLWARD, LYLE E. BOURNE, and FRANCIS A. BEER. "Terrorism after 9/11: Reactions to simulated news reports." American Journal of Psychology 122, no. 2 (July 1, 2009): 153–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/27784388.

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Abstract Two experiments examined participants’ responses to simulated news reports of terrorist attacks. Participants were told that a nondemocratic nation had sponsored strikes on military and cultural or educational sites in the United States. Participants in both experiments reacted more conflictually to terrorist attacks on military sites than to those on cultural or educational sites. Their conflictual responses on a thermometer scale escalated after repeated attacks. When tested in 2002 and 2004, 1 and 3 years after the real World Trade Center attacks, participants’ reactions were more conflictual than those of participants examined before September 11, 2001. Furthermore, current participants’ fear and anger increased, and forgiveness decreased, over repeated simulated attacks. Participants lower in masculinity showed more fear and less anger than did those higher in masculinity. This study shows that terrorist attacks produce more than simple terror.

14

Allen, Priscilla D., and Kristin A. Gansle. "Global Implications of the Terrorist Attacks Of September 11, 2001." New Global Development 19, no. 1 (January 2003): 3–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17486830308412640.

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15

Catalano, Ralph A., Eric R. Kessell, William McConnell, and Erin Pirkle. "Psychiatric Emergencies After the Terrorist Attacks of September 11, 2001." Psychiatric Services 55, no. 2 (February 2004): 163–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.55.2.163.

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16

Starkman, Monica N. "The Terrorist Attacks of September 11, 2001, as Psychological Toxin." Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 194, no. 7 (July 2006): 547–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.nmd.0000224905.61388.39.

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17

Virgo, John M. "Economic impact of the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001." Atlantic Economic Journal 29, no. 4 (December 2001): 353–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02299323.

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18

DiMaggio, Charles, Sandro Galea, and Paula A. Madrid. "Population Psychiatric Medication Prescription Rates following a Terrorist Attack." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 22, no. 6 (December 2007): 479–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x0000529x.

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AbstractIntroduction:While several population-based studies have documented behavioral health disturbances following terrorist attacks, a number of mental health service utilization analyses present conflicting conclusions.Purpose:The purpose of this study was to determine if mental health service utilization increased following a terrorist attack by assessing changes in psychoactive drug prescription rates.Methods:The rate of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) prescriptions was measured among New York State Medicaid enrollees before and after the terrorist attacks of 11 September 2001. The association between geographic proximity to the events and changes in the rate of SSRI prescriptions around 11 September 2001 was assessed.Results:From September to December 2001, among individuals residing within three miles of the World Trade Center site, there was an 18.2% increase in the SSRI prescription rate compared to the previous eight-month period (p = 0.0011). While there was a 9.3% increase for non-New York City residents, this change was not statistically significant (p = 0.74).Conclusions:There was a quantifiable increase in the dispensing of psychoactive drugs following the terrorist attacks of 11 September 2001, and this effect varied by geographic proximity to the events. These findings build on the growing body of knowledge on the pervasive effects of disasters and terrorist events for population health, and demonstrate the need to include mental and behavioral health as key components of surge capacity and public health response to mass traumas.

19

Beinin, Joel. "Middle East Studies After September 11, 2001." Middle East Studies Association Bulletin 37, no. 1 (2003): 2–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026318400045405.

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The office of MESA president is mainly honorific; the associated duties are normally not particularly onerous. The very capable staff of the secretariat does most of the hard work involved in running this organization. None of you could have known at the time of the MESA elections in the summer and early fall of 2000 that you would be giving me the opportunity to serve as your president in the post-September 11, 2001 era, when public interest in the Middle East, demands on those with expertise in the region, and incongruously, attacks on MESA, university-based programs in Middle East Studies, and more than a few individual MESA members have reached unprecedented levels. Serving as your president in this period has been a more exciting ride than it would have been at almost any other time I can imagine; I thank you all for making it possible. I would also like to acknowledge my wife Miriam, who also received a fuller plate than she could have imagined as a result of my serving as MESA president. Her support has always been indispensable in everything I have done.

20

Loyola, Benjamín Ruiz. "World Health Situation after September 11, 2001." Gastroenterology Pancreatology and Hepatobilary Disorders 5, no. 4 (September 7, 2021): 01–04. http://dx.doi.org/10.31579/2641-5194/041.

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Has the global health situation improved, worsened or remained at the same level, after the attack on the twin towers in 2001? We make a brief analysis of some epidemiological outbreaks that have arisen in these twenty years, their consequences and what could come in the future.

21

Ania, Gillian. "11 September 2001: the Italian writers' response." Modern Italy 17, no. 1 (February 2012): 119–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13532944.2012.640422.

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One month after the terrorist attacks on the World Trade Centre in New York, the Corriere della Sera published an article on the possible future consequences for literature of this horrific event. Some novelists boldly declared their work would not be affected at all, while others observed that their literary visions and perspectives were already responses to life's tragic aspects. Several writers confessed to wondering, at least initially, whether literature henceforth could continue to have any real sense. A decade later, this essay examines the nature of the Italian response. It looks first at the views of those writers who expressed opinions directly to the press or in essay form, and then at a small number of novels (by Tullio Avoledo, Marisa Bulgheroni and Tiziana Rinaldi Castro) and short stories (by Andrea Piva, Andrej Longo and Andrea Canobbio) which have embraced the theme, and which have done so in ways that reinforce the sense of an underlying political and/or cultural aesthetic. Connections between twenty-first-century reactions to 9/11 and the Italian experience or memory of political terrorism and war will be explored, as well as the question of inspiration for novelists, in the particular context of catastrophe or trauma.

22

Grossman, Robert, and Rachel Yehuda. "Treating Survivors of the World Trade Center Terrorist Attacks of September 11, 2001." CNS Spectrums 7, no. 8 (August 2002): 611–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1092852900018228.

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ABSTRACTAs part of an established traumatic stress research and treatment program located in New York City, we experienced the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center first as New Yorkers, but also as professionals with an interest in both treating the survivors and furthering scientific knowledge regarding the neurobiology and treatment of traumatic stress. This paper gives vignettes of calls to our program and the treatment of World Trade Center terrorist attack survivors.

23

Rogers, Everett M., and Nancy Seidel. "Diffusion of News of the Terrorist Attacks of September 11, 2001." Prometheus 20, no. 3 (September 2002): 209–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0810902021014326.

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24

Weiss, Lisa D., Debra A. Nelson, and Heather Sporn. "Beyond Westway and after the Terrorist Attacks of September 11, 2001." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2397, no. 1 (January 2013): 45–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2397-06.

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25

Sales, William W. "Significance for African Americans of the attacks of september 11, 2001*." Socialism and Democracy 16, no. 1 (January 2002): 150–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08854300208428312.

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26

Williams, John A., and Candice Clemenz. "Current Perceptions of Students Following the September 11, 2001 Terrorist Attacks." Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Education 15, no. 2 (April 2003): 16–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10963758.2003.10696764.

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27

Jhangiani, Rajiv. "Psychological concomitants of the 11 September 2001 terrorist attacks: A review." Behavioral Sciences of Terrorism and Political Aggression 2, no. 1 (January 2010): 38–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19434470903319474.

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28

Ai, Amy L., Toni Cascio, Linda K. Santangelo, and Teresa Evans-Campbell. "Hope, Meaning, and Growth Following the September 11, 2001, Terrorist Attacks." Journal of Interpersonal Violence 20, no. 5 (May 2005): 523–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260504272896.

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29

Butler, Lisa D., Cheryl Koopman, Jay Azarow, Christine M. Blasey, Juliette C. Magdalene, Sue DiMiceli, David A. Seagraves, et al. "Psychosocial Predictors of Resilience After the September 11, 2001 Terrorist Attacks." Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 197, no. 4 (April 2009): 266–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/nmd.0b013e31819d9334.

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30

Rukavisnjikov, Vladimir. "The Russians and the American 'war on terrorism': Lessons learned after September 11." Medjunarodni problemi 54, no. 4 (2002): 379–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/medjp0204379r.

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Paper deals with the Russian perception of the American 'war against terrorism' started after the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center in New York and the Pentagon. It shows how the Russian attitudes towards the American foreign policy have changed during the first year of this war - from September 11, 2001 to September 11, 2002. The American 'global war on terrorism' is reviving and crystallizing deep-seated cultural and ideological differences between the United States and Russia and becoming a factor jeopardizing global stability. The analysis is based on data of opinion surveys, official documents and messages conveyed to the public by the national electronic and printed media.

31

Campbell, David, and W. Michael Felts. "Effect of the September 11, 2001 Terrorist Attacks on Death Anxiety in University Students." Psychological Reports 95, no. 3 (December 2004): 1055–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.95.3.1055-1058.

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A sample of 440 undergraduate university students completed the Templer Death Anxiety Scale 2 wk. prior to and 2 wk. after the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks. Women comprised 66% of the sample, and 79% of the sample identified themselves as 18 to 21 years of age and either freshmen or sophomores. There was no significant mean difference in the pre- and postterrorist attack Death Anxiety scores. Differences were found on two individual scale items.

32

Piirto, Jane. "I Live in My Own Bubble: The Values of Talented Adolescents." Journal of Secondary Gifted Education 16, no. 2-3 (February 2005): 106–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4219/jsge-2005-472.

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Values are commonly thought to be important in the construction of personal and group morality, in personality, and as a basis for living life. The Rokeach Values Survey (RVS) was administered to gifted and talented adolescents in 1999, 2000, 2001, and 2002. Two groups were compared in this study: Group I, pre-September 11, 2001 (n = 191; M = 64, F = 127); and Group II, post-September 11, 2001 (n = 96; M = 36, F = 60). Results showed that the attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon did not affect the values of the talented teenagers. Values were ranked thus: Terminal Values: (1) Salvation, (2) Freedom, (3) Self-Respect, (16) World of Beauty, (17) Social Recognition, (18) National Security. Instrumental Values: (1) Love, (2) Honesty, (3) Imagination (16) Obedience, (17) Politeness, (18) Cleanliness. Qualitative analysis was conducted of student essays and interviews.

33

Marandi, Seyed Mohammad, and Zeinab Ghasemi Tari. "Muslim Representations in Two Post-September 2001 American Novels." American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences 29, no. 2 (April 1, 2012): 64–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajiss.v29i2.325.

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Several novels have appeared after the September 11 attacks which deal directly or indirectly with the effect of the event on individuals, both inside and outside the United States. Though, the novels often claim to deal with the posttraumatic aftermath of the incident, the writers regularly use Orientalist stereotyping, and it seems that after September 11 these attitudes toward Muslims and Arabs have hardened and even strengthened the old Orientalist discourse. This paper shall focus on Don Delillo’s Falling Man and John Updike’s Terrorist because both novels were New York Times bestsellers and both novelists are prominent figures in American literature. It attempts to examine the way in which the novelists have responded to the September 11, 2001 attacks and how Muslims and their ideologies are represented. The significant point is that though these novels have been written in the twenty-first century, where there has been an increase in contacts and information about Muslims, the writers often use the same cliches and stereotypes about Muslims that have existed since the Middle Ages.

34

Marandi, Seyed Mohammad, and Zeinab Ghasemi Tari. "Muslim Representations in Two Post-September 2001 American Novels." American Journal of Islam and Society 29, no. 2 (April 1, 2012): 64–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v29i2.325.

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Several novels have appeared after the September 11 attacks which deal directly or indirectly with the effect of the event on individuals, both inside and outside the United States. Though, the novels often claim to deal with the posttraumatic aftermath of the incident, the writers regularly use Orientalist stereotyping, and it seems that after September 11 these attitudes toward Muslims and Arabs have hardened and even strengthened the old Orientalist discourse. This paper shall focus on Don Delillo’s Falling Man and John Updike’s Terrorist because both novels were New York Times bestsellers and both novelists are prominent figures in American literature. It attempts to examine the way in which the novelists have responded to the September 11, 2001 attacks and how Muslims and their ideologies are represented. The significant point is that though these novels have been written in the twenty-first century, where there has been an increase in contacts and information about Muslims, the writers often use the same cliches and stereotypes about Muslims that have existed since the Middle Ages.

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Potter, Sean. "Retrospect: September 11, 2001: Attack on America." Weatherwise 64, no. 5 (July 29, 2011): 10–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00431672.2011.600178.

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Vuorio, Alpo, Tanja Laukkala, Ilkka Junttila, Robert Bor, Bruce Budowle, Eero Pukkala, Pooshan Navathe, and Antti Sajantila. "Aircraft-Assisted Pilot Suicides in the General Aviation Increased for One-Year Period after 11 September 2001 Attack in the United States." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 11 (November 12, 2018): 2525. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15112525.

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Pilot aircraft-assisted suicides (AAS) are rare, and there is limited understanding of copycat phenomenon among aviators. The aim of this study was to evaluate the possible effect the 11 September 2001, terrorist attacks had on pilot AASs in the U.S. Fatal aviation accidents in the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) database were searched using the following search words: “suicide”, “murder-suicide” and “homicide-suicide”. The timeline between 11 September 1996, and 11 September 2004, was analyzed. Only those accidents in which NTSB judged that the cause of the accident was suicide were included in the final analysis. The relative risk (RR) of the pilot AASs in all fatal accidents in the U.S. was calculated in order to compare the one, two, and three-year periods after the September 11 terrorist attacks with five years preceding the event. The RR of a fatal general aviation aircraft accident being due to pilot suicide was 3.68-fold (95% confidence interval 1.04–12.98) during the first year after 11 September 2001, but there was not a statistically significant increase in the later years. This study showed an association, albeit not determinate causal effect, of a very specific series of simultaneous terrorist murder-suicides with subsequent pilot AASs.

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Farag, Wael Zakaria. "American security strategy towards terrorism after September 11 attacks." Review of Economics and Political Science 5, no. 4 (May 18, 2020): 323–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/reps-10-2018-0010.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine evolution of the American strategy toward terrorism in the aftermath of the events of September 11, 2001. In other words, this study revolves around a key question: How and why the American security strategy toward terrorism evolved in the aftermath of the September 11 attacks in 2001? Based on the neorealist approach in international relations, this paper attempted to answer that question: first, through defining the concept of terrorism and how the Americans perceive it; second, via pinpointing the characteristic of the American counter-terrorism strategy before September 11 attacks; and third, through examining the effects of those terrorist attacks on that strategy. Design/methodology/approach The nature of the subject of this study calls for reliance on the analytical descriptive approach to highlight the role and strategy of the USA in the fight against terrorism following the events of September 11, in addition to the use of the system analysis methodology, which can identify the inputs and outputs of the system that had an impact in formulating the US counter-terrorism strategy. Findings This study has come up with seven findings. The first finding was that the 9/11 attacks served as a turning point of the US counter-terrorism strategy and restructured its agenda. Confronting the communist threat had been its primary objective, until terrorism came to the fore and became its first and foremost priority. The USA vowed that terrorism is its enemy and waged the war on terror to thwart its risk as a global threat. The second finding revolves around the idea of double standards in the American foreign policy. True to its long-standing tradition of favoring its own interests, in complete disregard of the interests of any other party, the USA continued to uphold the double-standards policy. Originality/value This study adds a new study to the Arab Library in the field of counter-terrorism studies, national security strategies and American foreign policy. In addition, the researcher seeks to complete the scientific effort to study the US strategy against terrorism, with a clear impact on the development of the situation in the region. This study contributes to the study of how one of the great powers in the international system, the USA, deals with the terrorist organizations that have become widespread in the Arab region.

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POPESCU, Alba-Iulia Catrinel. "THE SHORT AND MEDIUMTERM IMPACT OF AL QA’IDA ISLAMIST’S ATTACKS ON THE U.S.A., SINCE SEPTEMBER 11, 2001." Strategic Impact 80, no. 3 (February 2, 2022): 73–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.53477/1841-5784-21-17.

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September 11, 2001, when Islamists affiliated with the terrorist organization Al Qaeda attacked iconic buildings in the United States, marked a turning point in recent human history. The impact of these attacks goes far beyond other contemporary events, which triggered major geopolitical processes, such as the 1956 Suez Crisis or the 1979 Islamic Revolution in Iran. If initially humanity was in a state of shock, seeing how the superpower of the moment seems paralyzed by the aggression of a little-known enemy, later, security measures and geopolitical dynamics overturned not only the life of the Earth’s population until then, but also paradigms, strategic concepts, political behaviors. This article aims to analyze how the attack orchestrated by Salafist fanatics in Al Qaeda has transformed and continues to transform society and global geopolitical dynamics.

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Torabi, Mohammad R., and Dong-Chul Seo. "National Study of Behavioral and Life Changes Since September 11." Health Education & Behavior 31, no. 2 (April 2004): 179–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1090198103259183.

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Since the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 (9-11), terrorism poses a continuous threat to those living in the United States. A substantial number of people may have experienced behavioral and life changes since the attacks, with possible implications for public health. This study investigated behavioral and life changes American people have experienced since the attacks. Using random-digit dialing that included unpublished numbers and new listings, a nationally representative cross-sectional sample of 807 U.S. adults ages 18 or older was interviewed. Logistic regression analyses indicated that gender, age, race/ethnicity, and employment status were significant predictors for experiencing different outcome variables. The qualitative data obtained from an open-ended question regarding life changes were analyzed and synthesized. The 9-11 events have considerably affected Americans’ lifestyles and behavior, which may have various implications for public health policy makers and educators.

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Poteshman, Allen M. "Unusual Option Market Activity and the Terrorist Attacks of September 11, 2001*." Journal of Business 79, no. 4 (July 2006): 1703–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/503645.

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Penner, Louis, Michael T. Brannick, Shannon Webb, and Patrick Connell. "Effects on Volunteering of the September 11, 2001, Attacks: An Archival Analysis1." Journal of Applied Social Psychology 35, no. 7 (July 2005): 1333–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2005.tb02173.x.

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Webb, Nancy Boyd. "Groups for Children Traumatically Bereaved by the Attacks of September 11, 2001." International Journal of Group Psychotherapy 55, no. 3 (July 2005): 355–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/ijgp.2005.55.3.355.

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Catalano, Ralph, Tim Bruckner, Jeff Gould, Brenda Eskenazi, and Elizabeth Anderson. "Sex ratios in California following the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001." Human Reproduction 20, no. 5 (May 1, 2005): 1221–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/humrep/deh763.

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Antonio, Villa, Milani Olivia, and Licari Stefania. "Stress reactions and ischemic CVAs after the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks." American Journal of Emergency Medicine 22, no. 3 (May 2004): 226–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajem.2004.02.031.

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Gil-Rivas, Virginia, Roxane Cohen Silver, E. Alison Holman, Daniel N. McIntosh, and Michael Poulin. "Parental response and adolescent adjustment to the september 11, 2001 terrorist attacks." Journal of Traumatic Stress 20, no. 6 (2007): 1063–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jts.20277.

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Utomo, Ario Bimo. "The 11 September Attacks and the Fourth Wave 2.0 of International Terrorism." SHAHIH: Journal of Islamicate Multidisciplinary 4, no. 1 (June 10, 2019): 13–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.22515/shahih.v4i1.1546.

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The 11 September attacks in 2001 were one of the most shocking incidents within the post-Cold War era. Moreover, its location which happened in the United States can also be translated as a symbolic warning for the liberal world order, signifying that security remains a salient topic even after the â€œEnd of Historyâ€ postulated by Fukuyama. This article examines whether the 11 September attacks has changed the course of international relations. In so doing, I attempt to use â€œthe waves of terrorismâ€ as a framework to understand the development of different stages of terrorism. The method that I used was desk research based on sources such as official reports, previous studies on terrorism, and classic literature on international security. This article finds that the 11 September attack serves as a game-changer in international relations as it unveils the new face of the religious wave of. First, the attacks ignited a refined version of the religious wave by employing information technology, making it even more sporadic and unpredictable. Second, it reshapes international security by shifting away from the state-centric narrative, putting the terrorists as new international actors. Third, it has altered the security relations of the United States with other countries, creating new global polarisations.

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Kellner, Douglas. "September 11, Social Theory and Democratic Politics." Theory, Culture & Society 19, no. 4 (August 2002): 147–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0263276402019004011.

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In an analysis of the September 11 terror attacks on the US, I want first to suggest how certain dominant social theories were put in question during the momentous and world-shaking events of fall 2001. I take up the claim that `everything has changed' in the wake of September 11 and attempt to indicate both changes and continuities to avoid one-sided exaggerations and ideological simplicities. I conclude with reflections on the implications of September 11 and the subsequent Afghanistan Terror War for critical social theory and democratic politics, envisaging a new global movement against terrorism and militarism and for democracy, peace, environmentalism and social justice.

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Robinson, Matthew. "THE 9/11 TERRORIST ATTACKS: 20 YEARS LATER." JOURNAL OF CRIME AND CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR 2, no. 1 (2022): 1–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.47509/jccb.2022.v02i01.01.

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In this paper, the author lays out significant but apparently little known facts related to the terrorist attacks of September 11th, 2001. Using information from the official investigations into the attacks, the author first establishes important realities of what happened on that day and leading up to it, including who carried out and funded the attacks. He then examines public opinion data to show what Americans believe about the attacks and US action afterword. The major purposes of the paper are to examine how much of the truth of the 9/11 attacks is known to the public and the degree to which Americans believe in conspiracy theories related to the attacks.

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Byers, Michael. "Terrorism, The use of Force and International Law After 11 September." International and Comparative Law Quarterly 51, no. 2 (April 2002): 401–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iclq/51.2.401.

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The United States response to the terrorist attacks of 11 September 2001 was encouraging for those who worry about a tendency towards unilateralism on the part of the single super-power. The US deliberately engaged a number of international organisations and built an extensive coalition of supporting States before engaging in military action.

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Gosling, Samuel D., and Sanjay Srivastava. "Changes in Perceptions of George W. Bush’s Personality in the Wake of the September 11 2001 World Trade Center Attacks." Acta de Investigación Psicológica 1, no. 3 (December 1, 2011): 486–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.22201/fpsi.20074719e.2011.3.202.

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Using data gathered just before and just after the September 11th terrorist attacks, we examine how perceptions of Bush’s personality changed in the following two weeks. Fifty participants provided ratings of Bush using the California Q-sort at various times before (including immediately before) and after the attacks. At each time interjudge agreement was strong. There was general consistency between the pre- and post-attack assessments, but the common view of Bush shifted in several important ways. Consistent with his soaring popularity, the changes were toward more positive perceptions, even for characteristics unrelated to the attacks. Findings are discussed in terms of possible mechanisms driving the changes in perception. These findings, which are based on careful assessments conducted shortly before the emergence of any hint of what was to come, provide a unique perspective on changes in Bush’s image as they unfolded in the immediate wake of the terrorist attacks.