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Статті в журналах з теми "Sentenza civile europea"
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Gianfranco, Gilardi. "La responsabilitŕ patrimoniale dei magistrati." QUESTIONE GIUSTIZIA, no. 6 (February 2011): 76–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/qg2011-006007.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
1. Il principio di soggezione del giudice solo alla legge2. La responsabilitŕ patrimoniale dei magistrati nel sistema dei controlli relativi all'esercizio della giurisdizione3. Le proposte di modifica della disciplina relativa alla responsabilitŕ civile dei magistrati4. La giurisprudenza della Corte di giustizia dell'Unione europea precedente alla sentenza 24 novembre 2011 (C-379/10)5. La sentenza 24 novembre 2011 (C-379/10) della Corte di giustizia dell'Unione europea6. La legislazione degli altri Stati europei e i princěpi generali di riferimento nel contesto internazionaleConclusioni
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Chiapponi, Giovanni. "Can harmonized time limits in European civil procedure enhance the effectiveness of the enforcement of EU Law? = Possono termini processuali armonizzati in materia civile incre-mentare l’ effettività nell’esecuzione del diritto dell’Unione Europea?" CUADERNOS DE DERECHO TRANSNACIONAL 12, no. 1 (March 5, 2020): 543. http://dx.doi.org/10.20318/cdt.2020.5202.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract: The article focuses on the judgment Al Bosco, rendered by the ECJ on 4th October 2018. Al Bosco gives a new insight as to how the ECJ interprets the following questions: firstly, it clarifies the relationship between the doctrine of extended effects and that of equivalent effects; secondly, it underlines the importance of the principle of legal certainty; finally, it addresses issues concerning the time limit for the enforcement of a provisional measure issued in a Member State other than the Member State in which enforcement is sought. Against such a background, I will examine the pos-sibility of introducing a uniform and autonomous concept of harmonized time limits within the EU.Keywords: Time limits, provisional measures, recognition and enforcement of judgments in civil and com-mercial matters, civil judicial cooperation, harmonisation.Riassunto: lo scritto è di commento alla sentenza “Al Bosco”, pronunciata dalla CGUE il 4 ottobre 2018. L’arresto in parola si segnala per il quid novi introdotto dalla Corte di Lussemburgo sull’interpretazione di talune questioni: inizialmente, chiarifica il rapporto tra il principio di estensione dell’efficacia e quello di equivalenza degli effetti; sottolinea, quindi, la centralità del principio di legalità giuridica. Affronta, da ultimo, talune problematiche relative all’applicazione del termine per l’esecuzione di una misura cautelare (un sequestro conservativo) in un contesto transfrontaliero. La sentenza mi fornisce lo spunto per svolgere alcune brevi considerazioni circa l’opportunità di valutare l’introduzione di un concetto autonomo ed uniforme di termini processuali armonizzati all’interno dell’Unione Europea. Parole chiave: termini processuali, misure cautelari, riconoscimento ed esecuzione di decisioni in materia civile e commerciale, cooperazione giudiziale in materia civile, armonizzazione.
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Germanò, Alberto. "L’art. 13 TFUE e la tutela degli animali come esseri senzienti: una sentenza della Cassazione penale italiana." Przegląd Prawa Rolnego, no. 2(29) (December 30, 2021): 215–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/ppr.2021.29.2.9.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Gli animali, considerati “cose” da Aristotele, “res mancipi” dai Romani e “beni” dal codice civile italiano del 1942, vengono definiti “esseri senzienti” dall’art. 13 del Trattato sul funzionamento dell’Unione europea del 2007, cioè capaci di sentire piacere e dolore. Un capriolo ferito da un colpo di fucile venne messo, ancora vivo e scalciante, nel cassone di un veicolo. La Cassazione italiana ritiene che la fattispecie costituisca il delitto previsto dall’art. 544-ter del codice penale e punisce il cacciatore perché non ha dato il colpo di grazia all’animale per porre fine alle sue sofferenze e alla sua agonia.
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Marino, Silvia. "Use of standard forms in EU Civil Judicial Cooperation: the case of the European Certificate of Succession = L’uso di formulari standard nella cooperazione giudiziaria civile: il caso del certificato successorio europeo." CUADERNOS DE DERECHO TRANSNACIONAL 12, no. 1 (March 5, 2020): 627. http://dx.doi.org/10.20318/cdt.2020.5209.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract: The present paper analyses the recent judgment of the Court of Justice of the European Union in the Brisch case. The reference for preliminary ruling concerns the optional or mandatory nature of the application form established by the Succession Implementing Regulation for the issue of an European Certificate of Succession. The present paper tackles the general framework, from the current CJEU’s case law on the Succession Regulation’s provisions on the ECS, to the main procedural issues. Then, an analysis of the case and of the CJEU’s reasoning is offered. The concluding remarks submit some considerations on the impact of the standard forms established by the EU Regulations within the civil judicial cooperation.Palabras clave: European Certificate of Succession, Standard Forms, Succession Regulation No 650/2012, Implementing Regulation No 1329/2014.Riassunto: Il presente contributo analizza la recente sentenza Brisch della Corte di giustizia dell’Unione europea. La domanda di pronuncia pregiudiziale verte sulla natura del modello di domanda di emissione del certificato successorio europeo, previsto dal regolamento di esecuzione del regolamento sulle successioni transfrontaliere. Pertanto, il contributo affronta lo stato attuale della giurisprudenza della Corte di giustizia sul certificato successorio europeo e le regole procedimentali fondamentali per il suo ottenimento. Quindi, è analizzato il caso con particolare attenzione alla motivazione della Corte. Infine, le conclusioni presentano alcune considerazioni più generali sul valore e sugli effetti dei moduli standard, previsti nei regolamenti dell’Unione in materia di cooperazione giudiziaria civile.Parole chiave: certificato successorio europeo, moduli standard, regolamento 650/2012 sulle successioni transfrontaliere, regolamento d’esecuzione 1329/2014
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Marongiu Buonaiuti, Fabrizio. "Recognition in Italy of filiation established abroad by surrogate motherhood, between transnational continuity of personal status and public policy = Il riconoscimento in Italia del rapporto di filiazione costituito all’estero tramite maternita’ surrogata, tra continuita’ dello status e ordine pubblico." CUADERNOS DE DERECHO TRANSNACIONAL 11, no. 2 (October 1, 2019): 294. http://dx.doi.org/10.20318/cdt.2019.4959.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract: A recent judgment by the Sezioni Unite of the Italian Corte di cassazione has ruled on a highly sensible and controversial issue, concerning the compatibility with the Italian public policy of a foreign court order, establishing a bond of filiation between a child born by surrogacy and the intended father, materially the same sex spouse of the biological father, despite the absence of any genetical link. The Sezioni Unite declared that such a court order could not be recognized, as incompatible with the Italian public policy. In so deciding, they appeared to have taken a step back as compared to an earlier judgment delivered by the first civil chamber of the same Corte di cassazione in 2016, where a more favourable attitude had prevailed. As compared to the said earlier judgment, the Sezioni Unite, besides distinguishing the circumstances occurring in the two cases, provided a more flexible reading of the public policy exception in private international law, partly overruling the narrower reading provided in the earlier judgment, which had limited its scope to those principles concerning the protection of fundamental rights enshrined in international and European instruments, as well as in the Italian Constitution. In the conclusions it reaches, the judgment by the Sezioni Unite reveals a substantial alignment with the solution envisaged by the European Court of Human Rights in its Advisory Opinion of 10 April 2019, contemplating adoption by the intended, non-biological parent, as the avenue by which the right of the child to his private life with that parent might be enforced.Keywords: Status filiationis, surrogate motherhood, public policy, recognition of personal and family status, Art. 8 ECHR.Riassunto: Una recente sentenza delle Sezioni Unite della Corte di cassazione ha affrontato una questione molto delicata e controversa, costituita dalla riconoscibilità in Italia di un provvedimento giurisdizionale straniero costitutivo di un rapporto di filiazione tra un minore e il padre di intenzione – materialmente il coniuge dello stesso sesso del padre biologico – in assenza di alcun legame genetico. Nell’affermare che un tale provvedimento non può essere riconosciuto in quanto in contrasto con l’ordine pubblico, le Sezioni Unite sono parse compiere un passo indietro rispetto a una precedente pronuncia della I sezione civile della stessa Cassazione del 2016, nella quale aveva prevalso un approccio di maggiore apertura. Rispetto a tale precedente pronuncia, le Sezioni Unite, oltre a sottolineare le differenze tra le fattispecie che si presentavano nei due casi, hanno adottato una definizione maggiormente flessibile del limite dell’ordine pubblico nel diritto internazionale privato, del quale la precedente decisione della sezione semplice aveva dato una lettura eccessivamente restrittiva, limitandone la portata a quei soli principi internazionalmente condivisi in materia di tutela dei diritti fondamentali e a quegli ulteriori principi che trovano affermazione nella Costituzione italiana. Nelle conclusioni raggiunte, la pronuncia delle Sezioni Unite rivela un sostanziale allineamento con la posizione assunta dalla Corte europea dei diritti dell’uomo nel suo parere consultivo del 10 aprile 2019, facendo riferimento all’adozione del minore da parte del genitore d’intenzione privo di legami biologici, come la via attraverso la quale il diritto del minore alla sua vita privata con tale genitore può ricevere tutela.Parole chiave: rapporto di filiazione, maternità surrogata, ordine pubblico, riconoscimento degli status personali e familiari, Art. 8 CEDU.
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Ordóñez Solís, David. "Crónica de la jurisprudencia del Tribunal de Justicia de la Unión Europea." Cuadernos Europeos de Deusto, no. 55 (October 31, 2016): 195. http://dx.doi.org/10.18543/ced-55-2016pp195-234.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
I. Introducción.—II. Primera parte. Los desarrollos jurisprudenciales del derecho de la Unión Europea 1. El espacio de libertad, seguridad y justicia: ciudadanos de la Unión y de terceros países. 1.1. Los derechos de los ciudadanos de la Unión. 1.2. Los derechos de los nacionales de terceros Estados. 1.3. La cooperación judicial penal y civil 2. El mercado único europeo. 2.1. La discriminación por la edad y los trabajadores. 2.2. Los derechos de los consumidores. 2.3. La contratación pública y la libre competencia. 2.4. La protección del medio ambiente.—III. S egunda parte. La jurisprudencia europea provocada por los jueces españoles y sus efectos en el derecho interno. 1. Las sentencias prejudiciales «españolas». 1.1. Las respuestas sobre cláusulas abusivas: sentencias y autos. 1.2. La cooperación judicial civil y la traducción de los documentos: auto Alta Realitat. 1.3. El blanqueo de capitales y la financiación del terrorismo: sentencia Safe Interenvíos. 1.4. La compensación equitativa por los derechos de autor en el caso de copias privadas: sentencia EGEDA. 1.5. El alcance de la indemnización por vulneración de la propiedad intelectual: sentencia Liffers. 1.6. La prueba de medios de subsistencia en la agrupación familiar de extranjeros: sentencia Khachab. 1.7. La dimensión medioambiental de las ayudas europeas a la agricultura: sentencia Planes Bresco. 1.8. La indemnización por despido discriminatorio entre mujeres y hombres: sentencia Arjona Camacho. 1.9. Los permisos parental y de maternidad de los cooperativistas: sentencia Rodríguez Sánchez. 2. Las nuevas cuestiones prejudiciales «españolas» pendientes en el Tribunal de Justicia. 2.1. La Directiva sobre contratos de duración determinada y sus efectos en el empleo público español. 2.2. El régimen de ayudas de Estado y el cuestionamiento de los tributos autonómicos y locales. 3. Los incumplimientos medioambientales de España.—IV. Relación de las sentencias comentadas (Tribunal de Justicia y Tribunal General).
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Santaló Goris, Carlos. "Bondora: un paso más en la proceduralización de los derechos sustantivos de los consumidores." CUADERNOS DE DERECHO TRANSNACIONAL 12, no. 2 (October 8, 2020): 1187. http://dx.doi.org/10.20318/cdt.2020.5667.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
El pasado diciembre, el Tribunal de Justicia de la Unión Europea (“TJUE”) dictó la sentencia Bondora (Asuntos acumulados C‑453/18 y C‑494/18). En este asunto, el TJUE exploró la posibilidad de examinar de oficio la potencial abusividad de las cláusulas contractuales en el contexto del Procedimiento Monitorio Europeo (“PME”). Si bien el TJEU ya se había pronunciado en relación al examen de las cláusulas abusivas en relación a los procedimientos monitorios nacionales, por primera vez lo hace en relación a un procedimiento civil europeo. El presente artículo analiza el razonamiento seguido por el TJUE, así como las consecuencias mediatas e inmediatas de la sentencia en la estructura y el funcionamiento del PME.
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Ordóñez Solís, David. "Crónica de la jurisprudencia del Tribunal de Justicia de la Unión Europea." Cuadernos Europeos de Deusto, no. 54 (April 30, 2016): 269. http://dx.doi.org/10.18543/ced-54-2016pp269-303.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
<p><strong>Sumario: </strong>I. Introducción. De Skouris a Lenaerts.—II. Primera parte. Los desarrollos jurisprudenciales del derecho de la unión europea. 2.1. Los límites de los derechos fundamentales y el Derecho de la Unión: privacidad e igualdad. 2.2. La construcción del espacio europeo de libertad, seguridad y justicia. 2.3. Los delitos en materia fiscal y los límites de la protección de los intereses financieros de la Unión Europea. 2.4. La armonización de las legislaciones sobre contratos públicos y de protección del medio ambiente.—III. Segunda parte. La jurisprudencia europea provocada por los jueces españoles y sus efectos en el derecho interno. 3.1. Las sentencias prejudiciales «españolas». 3.1.1. Los límites a la contratación temporal de los empleados públicos de confianza: <em>sentencia Regojo Dans</em>. 3.1.2. La protección de los trabajadores en la duración de la jornada laboral (<em>sentencia Tyco</em>), despidos colectivos (<em>sentencia Pujante Rivera</em>), traspaso de empresas (<em>sentencia Adif</em>) y trabajo a tiempo parcial (auto Plaza Bravo). 3.1.3. Las cláusulas abusivas y los poderes del juez español: nuevas sentencias y autos interpretativos. 3.1.4. Las sentencias en materia de contratación pública y libertades económicas fundamentales: <em>sentencias Consorci </em><em>Sanitari del Maresme</em>, <em>Grupo Hospitalario Quirón </em>y <em>Grupo Itevelesa</em>. 3.1.5. La cooperación judicial civil y la notificación de documentos extrajudiciales: <em>sentencia Tecom Mican</em>. 3.2. Las nuevas cuestiones prejudiciales «españolas» pendientes ante el Tribunal de Justicia. 3.2.1. La independencia en la aplicación del Derecho europeo de la competencia. 3.2.2. La asignación de derechos de emisión de gases de efecto invernadero. 3.2.3. La gestión de las subvenciones agrícolas en Aragón. 3.2.4. La limitación en el tiempo de las cláusulas abusivas («cláusulas suelo») del Tribunal Supremo cuestionada ante el Tribunal de Justicia. 3.3. La aplicación del régimen de ayudas de Estado en España: las ayudas ilegales a la televisión digital terrestre.—IV. Relación de las sentencias comentadas (Tribunal de Justicia y Tribunal General).</p>
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Ortiz del Valle, Mª del Carmen. "Un paso más en la protección de las víc-timas de accidentes causados por vehículos: un peatón puede ser indem-nizado por su seguro obligatorio si es atropellado por su propio vehículo Sentencia del Tribunal de Justicia de la Unión Europea de 14 de septiembre de 2017 (Asunto C-503/16)." REVISTA LEX MERCATORIA Doctrina, Praxis, Jurisprudencia y Legislación 4, no. 1 (October 26, 2017): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.21134/lex.v4i1.1309.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
La evolución de la normativa de la Unión Europea en materia de seguro obligatorio de responsabilidad civil derivada de la cir-culación de vehículos automóviles pone de manifiesto que el objetivo de protección de las víctimas de accidentes causados por vehículos ha sido constantemente perseguido y reforza-do por el legislador de la Unión. En este ámbito debemos encuadrar la reciente Sentencia del Tribunal de Justicia de la Unión Europea de 14 de septiembre de 2017 (Asunto C-503/16).
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Lupoi, Maurizio. "Chancellors as civil lawyers – and the equitable notion of «fraud»." settembre-ottobre, no. 5 (October 6, 2022): 797–807. http://dx.doi.org/10.35948/1590-5586/2022.174.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The author’s view Equity’s origin is traced back to Rome’s ius commune. Chancellors were doctors in civil law and until Henry VIII’s breach with Rome, were also Bishops. Their cultural and spiritual anchors were very distinct from those dispensing justice in common law courts. In the course of the fourteenth century common law courts surrendered their discretionary powers and disavowed any reliance on conscience and opted for rigor juris. Equitable doctrines, enacted by Chancellors and Masters who knew only Roman and canon law, prevented unconscientious exercise of a plaintiff’s rights at law. «Fraud» in English equity is identical to «fraus» in Roman law; whilst France, Germany and other countries of continental Europe squandered the Roman law inheritance, English equity holds the torch for Roman principles.Tesi I Cancellieri dell’età formativa dell’equity erano usualmente dottori di diritto civile e di diritto canonico, così anche i Master che li coadiuvavano, e ignoravano la common law. Inoltre, erano vescovi e in tale veste pronunciavano sentenze nelle corti ecclesiastiche. Quando si trovarono a giudicare per delega reale, applicarono l’unico diritto che conoscevano. La «fraud» elaborata nell’equity corrisponde precisamente alla «fraus» del diritto romano e la dottrina dell’equity in forza della quale non è consentito avvalersi di una legge per sostenere una «fraud» deriva direttamente dalle fonti romane.
Книги з теми "Sentenza civile europea"
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La sentenza della Corte europea dei diritti dell'uomo del 20 luglio 2001: Giornate di studio, Università di Teramo, 11-12 aprile 2003. Milano: A. Giuffrè, 2004.
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Kelly, Phil. Defending Classical Geopolitics. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.279.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Three successive parts are presented within this article, all intended to raise the visibility and show the utility of classical geopolitics as a deserving and separate international-relations model: (a) a common traditional definition, (b) relevant theories that correspond to that definition, and (c) applications of certain theories that will delve at some depth into three case studies (the Ukrainian shatterbelt, contemporary Turkish geopolitics, and a North American heartland).The placement of states, regions, and resources, as affecting international relations and foreign policies, defines classical geopolitics. This definition emphasizes the application of spatially composed unbiased theories that should bring insight into foreign-affairs events and policies. Specifically, a “model” contains theories that correspond to its description. A “theory” is a simple sentence of probability, with “A” happening to likely affect “B.” Importantly, models are passive; they merely hold theories. In contrast, theories possess their own titles and perform actively when taken from such models.Various methodological challenges are presented: (a) combining concepts with theories, (b) estimating probability for testing theories, (c) claiming the “scientific,” (d) accounting for determinism, (e) revealing a dynamic environment for geopolitics, (f) separating realism from geopolitics, and (g) drawing classical geopolitics away from the critical. Certain theories that are placed within the geopolitical model are examined next: (a) heartlands and rimlands, (b) land and sea power, (c) choke points and maritime lines of communication, (d) offshore balancing, (e) the Monroe doctrine, (f) balances of power, (g) checkerboards, (h) shatterbelts, (i) pan-regions, (j) influence spheres, (k) dependency, (l) buffer states, (m) organic borders, (n) imperial thesis, (o) borders/wars, (p) contagion, (q) irredentism, (r) demography, (s) fluvial laws, (t) petro-politics, and (u) catastrophic events in nature. Additional theories apply elsewhere in the article as well.Of the three case studies, the Ukrainian shatterbelt represents the sole contemporary geopolitical configuration of this type, a regional conflict coupling with a strategic rivalry. Here, partisans of the civil war between the eastern and the western sectors of the country have joined with the Russians against the Europeans and Americans, respectively. Next, Turkey’s pivotal location has afforded it both advantages and disadvantages, a topic discussed at some length earlier in the article. Its “zero-problems” strategy of seeking positive relations with neighbors has now been forced to change tactics, reflective of new forces within and beyond the country. Finally, a North American heartland compares nicely to Halford Mackinder’s earlier Eurasia heartland thesis, with the American perhaps proving more stable, wealthy, and enduring, based in large part on its stronger geopolitical features.
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1- ¿Qué es el salario emocional? Hacia nuevas fórmulas de acción social empresarial. Daniel Pérez del Prado. 2- ¿La acción de reclamación de cantidad por deudas salariales frente a la empresa empleadora interrumpe el plazo de prescripción de la acción de la que dispone el trabajador para exigir la responsabilidad solidaria por ese mismo tipo de deudas a la empresa principal ex art. 42 ET?: las salas de lo social y de lo civil del Tribunal Supremo caminan juntas. Ignacio García-Perrote Escartín. Jesús R. Mercader Uguina. 3- Aproximación al comportamiento de la duración de los nuevos convenios tras la reforma laboral de 2012. Luis Gómez Rufián. 4- Las ofensas verbales o físicas como causa de despido en la doctrina del TSJ de Murcia. Fermín Gallego Moya. 5- La protección por contingencias profesionales en el régimen especial de la seguridad social de los trabajadores por cuenta propia o autónomos (RETA). José Francisco Blasco Lahoz. 6- De nuevo, sobre la videovigilancia como medida de control de la actividad laboral. Alba Pérez Canet. 7- Comentario de urgencia a la STEDH de 9 de enero de 2018. Caso López Ribalta y otras c. España. Carlos Hugo Preciado Domènech. 8- La segunda sentencia del Tribunal Europeo de Derechos Humanos en el caso Barbulescu y sus consecuencias sobre el control del uso laboral del ordenador. Aurelio Desdentado Bonete. Elena Desdentado Daroca. . Netbiblo,, 2011.
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Krieger, Heike. "Sentenza 238/2014: A Good Case for Law-Reform?" In Remedies against Immunity?, 71–89. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-62304-6_4.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractSentenza 238/2014 is an important judgment which does not only concern the concrete case at hand but also pushes for a change in the law of state immunity. However, such attempts at law-making by national courts may not always attain their goal but may exert adverse effects which are harmful for the international legal order. Sentenza 238/2014 may have an impact on three different yet related issues central to the future development of international law: the relationship between international and national law, exceptions to immunities, and individual reparations in cases of mass atrocities.This chapter criticises law-making through non-compliance with international judicial decisions by national courts. Judges in democratic states under the rule of law who try to push for law-reform, by initiating non-compliance with decisions of international courts, should be aware that they may act in the company, and thereby in support of, courts in regimes with autocratic tendencies, such as the Russian Constitutional Court, which refuses to comply with judgments of the European Court of Human Rights. Furthermore, the chapter argues that immunity from jurisdiction and immunity from execution should be kept distinct and that human rights exceptions should not be applied to immunity from execution. Such a differentiation remains justified because measures of constraint against property used for government non-commercial purposes intrude even further onto sovereign rights than the institution of proceedings before courts in the forum state. It is particularly difficult for states to protect assets and other property situated in a foreign state. These assets may therefore be more susceptible to abusive enforcement measures while simultaneously forming an essential basis for the actual conduct of international relations.The chapter concludes by advocating a cautious approach to individual reparations in cases of mass atrocities. This more cautious approach observes the complexities of ending armed conflicts and negotiating peace deals. An individual right to monetary compensation based on civil claims processes does not allow for taking into account broader political considerations related to establishing a stable post-war order. Such a right is conducive to bilateral settlements between the state parties concerned, which might create new injustices towards other groups of victims. It might also overburden negotiations for a settlement to an ongoing armed conflict.The chapter thereby starts from the assumption that the stability of the international legal order itself as guaranteed by concepts such as immunities or the respect for its judicial organs serves to protect human rights, albeit indirectly.
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Law, European. "Commencement of Proceedings." In ELI – Unidroit Model European Rules of Civil Procedure, 96–108. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198866589.003.0005.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This chapter focuses on the provisions on commencement of proceedings under the European Rules of Civil Procedure. The first section of this part of the Rules concerns the pre-commencement procedural duties. Rule 51 provides that ‘before proceedings are issued, parties shall co-operate with each other in order to avoid unnecessary disputes and costs, to facilitate the early consensual resolution of their dispute and, where such a resolution is not possible, the proportionate management of future proceedings according to Rules 2–11 and 47–50’. The second section concerns the commencement and pleadings. To commence proceedings, the claimant must submit a statement of claim to the court, as provided in Rule 53. Rule 52 sentence 1 implements the principle of party disposition from the outset of proceedings. A claimant may exercise their right of disposition at the earliest stage of proceedings by withdrawal of the claim, while a defendant may do so by admission of the claim upon notice being given. The chapter then looks at the requirements for the statement of defence and counterclaims, as well as the contents of the joint application and the termination of party-agreed-proceedings.